INFEWS/T1:SUSTAINABLE URBAN FOOD (SURF) ACTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH, EQUITY & RESILIENCE AT THE FEW NEXUS: LINKING DISTRIBUTED AGRICULTURE, NEW TECHNOLOGIES & BEHAVIORAL NUDGES

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: EXTENDED
• Funding Source: AFRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1020965
• Grant No.: 2019-67019-30463
• Project No.: NJ.W-2019-04589
• Proposal No.: 2019-04589
• Program Code: A3151
• Project Start Date: Sep 1, 2019
• Project End Date: Aug 31, 2023
• Grant Year: 2021

Project Director
Ramaswami, A.

Recipient Organization
PRINCETON UNIV
(N/A)
PRINCETON,NJ 08544

Performing Department
(N/A)

Non Technical Summary
Many Food-Energy-Water (FEW) nexus studies focus on global- or national-scales, or on agricultural production, recognizing that the food system is responsible for >10 million premature deaths globally (Forouzanfar et al 2016), contributes to 15% U.S. energy use (Canning et al 2010), 30% of global GHG emissions, and, water stress, water pollution and land-use change (Vermeulen et al 2012, Hu et al 2018). However, recent studies show cities--where a majority of food consumption and food waste generation, and some agriculture, occurs--can be a large leverage point to transform the FEW nexus. For example, Mohareb et al (2018) estimate that US cities collectively directly influence two-thirds of the food sector GHG emissions. Specifically, three key urban food system actions taken at the city-scale have the potential to substantially improve local and global FEW sustainability outcomes:i) Behavioral nudging toward healthy (H) and environment-friendly (E) diets: Transitions to a 25% vegetarian diet in the US is estimated (methods Boyer & Ramaswami 2018) to reduce GHG emissions by 7%, land-use by 4%, while increasing water use by 9%, and having health benefit (Tilman & Clark 2014). Several communities are implementing promising diet change interventions; however, new science is needed to enhance participation, measure persistence, and assess the extent to which real-world (vs scenario) shifts toward healthy diets intersect with environment-friendly diets.ii) New "fit-for-purpose" food-waste valorization technologies are being developed that generate a range of products, including (at the simplest level) biogas replacing dirty cooking fuels or fossil fueled-electricity; waste-derived liquid fertilizers and biochar combinations that can outperform chemical fertilizers; animal feed that can be cycled back into food production. While preventing waste is best, food-waste valorization technologies can yield exceptionally high environmental (E) benefits at the FEW nexus, given food waste accounts for 34% blue water-, 31% land-, 35% fertilizer, and 35% energy use/GHGs related to individual's food-related resource use (Birney et al 2017). Advanced food waste valorization technologies (e.g., nutrient amended biochars) have the potential to do even better, triggering a virtuous cycle of benefits in FEW systems, by improving farm yield with reduced water and fertilizer use. However, such quantifications require linking lab studies with field studies and systems tools, with actual impact shaped by people participating in waste separation.iii) Localized and distributed urban agriculture are hypothesized to offer many local benefits: local food provisioning/nutrition (benefiting health, H), urban cooling that reduces energy use and human health risks during extreme heat events, enhancing community-resilience (R), and, happiness/wellbeing (W) benefits (Siegner et al 2018). However, there is a fundamental lack of data and science at the much smaller spatial scales of urban farms, and the distributed nature of these farms, wherein hundreds of farmers/gardeners using diverse farming practices are growing food in backyard vegetable gardens, community gardens versus commercial farms in the urban periphery. In contrast, heat island phenomena have been studied at coarser scales often with a focus on ground temperatures (Imhoff et al 2010), while air temperatures are of interest to public health (Xu et al 2017). Such intra-urban spatial detail matters because the spatial distribution of these burdens and benefits impacts social equity, e.City Food System Actions: What would happen if all cities undertook all three actions? They could substantially reduce water-, energy- and fertilizer-use, and associated air pollution and GHG emissions--transforming the FEW nexus at levels comparable with major changes in agriculture. AND, they can advance multiple wellbeing, health, environment, community-resilience, and equity (WHERe) objectives within cities. Thus urban food system actions are large transformative levers in the local-to-global FEW nexus, which are motivated by the promise of advancing multiple WHERe benefits within cities. Indeed, more than 100 US Cities, >1500 world cities and international organizations ICLEI and UN Environment are presently engaged in urban food action planning and finding that the fundamental science, data, and knowledge are lacking. Hence, the focus of this INFEWS proposal on urban food system actions in the context of the local-to-global FEW nexus sustainability.

Animal Health Component

0%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

0%

Applied

70%

Developmental

30%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
724	6010	3010	14%
403	5370	2020	14%
805	6050	0001	14%
132	0530	2070	14%
102	0530	1000	14%
402	0530	2020	15%
903	6050	3020	15%

Knowledge Area
724 - Healthy Lifestyle; 403 - Waste Disposal, Recycling, and Reuse; 805 - Community Institutions, Health, and Social Services; 102 - Soil, Plant, Water, Nutrient Relationships; 132 - Weather and Climate; 903 - Communication, Education, and Information Delivery; 402 - Engineering Systems and Equipment;

Subject Of Investigation
6010 - Individuals; 5370 - Sewage and waste disposal facilities and systems; 0530 - Parks and urban green space; 6050 - Communities, areas, and regions;

Field Of Science
0001 - Administration; 2070 - Meteorology and climatology; 2020 - Engineering; 3020 - Education; 3010 - Economics; 1000 - Biochemistry and biophysics;

Keywords

greenhouse gases

urban agriculture

coupled social biophysical scenario models

community resilience and equity

food waste

behavioral sciences

climate science

transboundary processes

Goals / Objectives
This proposal seeks to develop an interdisciplinary convergence science of Sustainable Urban Food (SUrF) systems to advance wellbeing, health, environment, resilience & equity (WHERe) outcomes at the urban food-energy-water (FEW) nexus, using a trans-boundary coupled social-biophysical systems framework. Specifically, we will integrate different strategies to advance WHERe outcomes in urban food systems including spatial design of distributed urban agriculture, food waste valorization, behavioral nudging for sustainable diet change, and city organizational capacity to implement these actions in city food action plans.The proposal integrates research expertise across environmental science & engineering, climate science, soil science, public affairs, applied economics, and public health. Researchers will engage with city policymakers and practitioners with the goal of engaging 20 cities across the U.S. and 20 cities internationally through partnerships with Minneapolis, ICLEI-USA and the United Nations Environment Program Cities Unit. Educational materials will be developed for professional education drawing upon experiences of this project.This proposal is split into 5 themes, each with specific goals and themes, as outlined below:THEME 1: Distributed Urban Agriculture and Spatial Distribution of WHERe outcomesGoal: Measure and model the spatial distribution of WHER benefits of distributed urban agriculture at fine intra-urban scales considering three types: backyard vegetable gardens, community vegetable gardens, and larger urban farms, informing spatial equity (e).THEME 2: New Fit-for-Purpose Food Waste Valorization Technologies for FEW benefitsGoal: Develop new methods to maximize environmental and circular economy benefits of food waste valorization technologies at the urban FEW nexus. We will quantify linkages among diverse food waste types, microbial conversion pathways and fit-for-purpose end-use options in cities, assessing impacts on water, energy/GHG, nutrients and land, within and outside urban areas.THEME 3: Behavioral Nudges for Food Waste Separation & Diet ChangeGoal: Develop a multi-level framework to design customized messages to diverse individuals (w widely varying values, beliefs, norms, and WHERe priorities) that maximizes participation in two key interventions at the Urban FEW nexus (workplace lunch programs and household food waste). The framework integrates intra-personal, inter-personal, contextual and issue-based (WHERe) factors.THEME 4: Coupled Biophysical-Social Scenario Modeling for ConvergenceGoal: Theme 4 seeks to operationalize the systems frameworkby integrating knowledge from each of the Themes 1-3 (related to the three SUrF Actions) into a scenario modeling platform that supports action in cities and communities (Theme 5). To date, cities have been considering the three SUrF actions in a disconnected manner as they influence different parts of the FEW system, unable to make comparisons on a consistent basis. In Theme 4, we seek to demonstrate:Impacts of all three SUrF actions within a specific urban system (specific to each city), to quantify local-to-global FEW linkages with associated environmental footprints (water, energy, GHG, air pollution, nutrients and land), and the local WHERe benefits of each of the interventions.Develop generalizable tools that can be used and disseminated broadly across all US Metro Areas, and in international locations (through partnerships with ICLEI-USA, ICLEI-Global, and UNEP-Cities).THEME 5: Evaluating Co-learning & Convergence Science with CitiesGoal: Theme 5 advances convergence science by developing methods to evaluate 5 dimensions of learning that occur and understanding how structures and processes shape learning in multi-sector-scale urban systems.

Project Methods
THEME 1: Distributed Urban Agriculture and Spatial Distribution of WHERe outcomesThe methods of Theme 1 aim to quantify the multiple outcomes (well-being, health, environment, resilience and equity) of distributed urban agriculture. Specific methods include:Instrumentation of 60 backyard gardens, and 30 community gardens evaluating key biophysical parameters related to soil quality and health, water quality, and ecosystem nutrient cyclingCitizen science engaging ~100 backyard and community gardeners to maintain a daily diary of inputs (fertilizer, labor, gardening supplies) and outputs (harvests and food eaten/purchased) over a 3 week period.Heat island modeling that incorporates distributed urban agriculture: Numerical WRF experiments to assess the determinants of air temperatures, including urban ag by different crops at different scales. The model will include nested multi-scale measurement and modeling protocol to assess interactions among urban form (buildings, shade, trees), land surface features (albedo, roughness, porosity, heat fluxes from vegetated, non-vegetated and irrigated lands), wind velocities and regional climate drivers through new high-resolution spatial mapping of 3-D urban formAssessment of human well-being benefits of urban agriculture to assess experiential well-being (W), with detailed interviews to assess nutrition (H) & livelihood benefits of distributed agriculture to different farmers.THEME 2: New Fit-for-Purpose Food Waste Valorization Technologies for FEW benefitsThe methods of theme 2 test aim to determine the maximize environment and circular economy benefits of food waste valorization technologies at the urban FEW nexus. This includes:Lab-scale benchmarking: We will collect and mix different food wastes to obtain different ratios of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and fiber. The different ratios lead to variations in conversion products.Systems Analysis of Multiple E Impacts: Data from the benchmarking reactors will feed into systems-level analysis and footprinting which is discussed further in Theme 5.THEME 3: Behavioral Nudges for Food Waste Separation & Diet ChangeThe methods of theme 3 will study the impact of two types of behavioral interventions of 1) workplace cafeteria diet change interventions through messaging and price differentiation, and 2) messaging for food waste separation.The cafeteria diet change interventions include1) Multi-dimensional customized messaging using workforce emails addressing intra-personal, inter-personal, contextual and lastly the specific outcomes (e.g. health, environmental & local, etc.) 2) Customized messaging + reducing price risk to customer of purchasing salads. The interventions will take place over a 6 month period. We will be assessing change in diet and persistence of diet change through 2-day food recall surveys before and after the interventions.For food waste, participants will be shown various messages relating to different valorization pathways of food waste end points, comparing locally used electricity or fertilizer in order to determine preferences of consumers, in order to inform city campaigns aimed at increasing participation in food waste separation initiatives.THEME 4: Coupled Biophysical-Social Scenario Modeling for ConvergenceThe methods of theme 4 incorporate insights from Themes 1-3 in systems models to inform food action planning for cities. This will including:Modeling the link between food, nutrition, environment & health risks going from food items eaten (e.g., sandwiches, salads, etc. tracked in Theme 3 cafeteria study) to upstream agri-food production needed to "support" the food.Multiple Environmental Impacts of the FEW nexus across Local-Global Scales will be delineated by assessing local FEW demand (part A); the potential for meeting such demand through local urban agriculture and circular economy options (Themes 1 & 2), and, trans-boundary supplyStakeholder mapping will identify the various actor across scale, relevant to each of the SUrF actions.THEME 5: Evaluating Co-learning & Convergence Science with CitiesThe methods of Theme 5 evaluate the policy process surrounding food action planning in cities. This includes:Assess policy-oriented learning among the various stakeholders involved in the food action planning process- including city, university, community and policy. Surveys and interviews will be conducted to assess stakeholder learning on five key dimensions of learning, with example measuresWe will assess the contexts in which convergence science occurs for Minneapolis and the 40 cities who will engage with this INFEWS in action-oriented learning, to assess how structural aspects influence learning.

Progress 09/01/21 to 08/31/22

Outputs
Target Audience:Highlights: We have four main audiences: cities, urban farmers, academic, and international. For cities, we continued food action planning in Minneapolis; created an open source, county-level database on agrifood consumption and production (Nixon & Ramaswami, 2022); and interfaced with ICLEI USA to share the published data. We surveyed 207 participants on urban gardening and completed soil testing of 44 backyard gardens, 33 community gardens, and 4 urban farms. The team conducted field visits to community gardens in Newark, Patterson, and Jersey City, as well as outreach through the Rutgers "master gardener" network in six counties (Union, Passaic, Mercer, Ocean, Essex and Bergen), and presented INFEWS research at the bi-annual meeting of the NJ Food Democracy Collaborative. For academic audiences, we published 5 papers, with 1 additional paper under review, and gave 15 conference presentations (See "Products" section for detailed citations). These publications and presentations feature new methodologies, including: Methodology for mapping urban farms (Boyer et al., 2022 - under review) Survey tool to assess who gardens (Das & Ramaswami, 2022) Methodology to assess consumption and production at the county level (Nixon & Ramaswami, 2022) Advanced laboratory studies to convert food waste to tunable products (Leininger & Ren, 2022 conference presentations) Advanced lifecycle assessment of food waste to biogas and biochar in a zero-carbon future, with greenhouse studies showing the benefits of biochar to farms (Chen & Ramaswami, 2022 conference presentation) Continued finescale modeling of urban heat island benefits of urban agriculture For international policymakers, PI Ramaswami served as a lead author on a new United Nations International Resource Panel (IRP) report on urban agriculture, Urban Agriculture's Potential to Advance Multiple Sustainability Goals: An International Resource Panel Think Piece. The report evaluates to what extent, and in which conditions, urban agriculture can enhance the sustainability of urban-rural food systems and promote a circular economy in cities. An accompanying summary report, Urban Agriculture's Potential to Advance Multiple Sustainability Goals: Policy Guidance from the International Resource Panel, provides recommendations for policymakers. Both publications were launched at a webinar in early 2022 with attendees from around the world. INFEWS PI Workshop At the closing INFEWS PI Workshop in Feb. 2022 (held virtually) co-hosted by PI Ramaswami and Chad Higgins (Oregon State), our team shared research with other INFEWS projects and PIs through talks and posters. More details on the INFEWS PI Workshop are in the "Accomplishments" section. Ramaswami, A., Twine, T., Jelinski, J., Elnakib, S., Nixon, P., Das, K., Schassler, K., Liess, S., Boyer, D., Ambrose, A. (2022). Sustainable Urban Food Actions: Interdisciplinary Frameworks. INFEWS PI Workshop, virtual talk, Feb. 9, 2022. Leininger, A. & Ren, Z.J. (2022). Doubling down on food waste: synchronous as codigestion substrate and biochar feedstock enhances food-energy-water circularity. Poster presentation. INFEWS PI Workshop, virtual poster presentation, Feb. 9, 2022. Ren, Z.J. & Leininger, A. (2022). Microbial electrochemical co-valorization of organic waste and CO2. INFEWS PI Workshop, virtual talk, Feb. 11, 2022. Heshmatpour, M. & Peterson, H. (2022). Effects of social norm and educational interventions on household organics recycling: Evidence from two municipal curbside organics recycling programs. INFEWS PI Workshop, virtual talk, Feb. 10, 2022. Changes/Problems:The team requested and received a no-cost extension until August 2023 to allow time to complete all research, which experienced delays due to the pandemic. Also related to the ongoing pandemic, the INFEWS PI Workshop, originally postponed from August 2021 to August 2022, underwent another postponement due to continuing uncertainty around travel. While the event was originally to be held on Princeton University's campus, the university extended restrictions on campus visitors. Therefore, the organizing committee postponed the event again to February 2022 and worked on organizing a hybrid version of the event, with an in-person component at a hotel in Princeton complemented by live streaming and recording of sessions for remote participants. However, new policies from Princeton University announced in December 2021 prohibited events with food, whether on or off campus. Due to the continuing difficulty of hosting in-person visitors, the team, in consultation with NSF/USDA program officers and the INFEWS Workshop Scientific Advisory Board, decided to hold the event virtually. The benefits of holding the event virtually included greater accessibility to participants who may not have been able to travel, ability to host a larger number of participants, as well as certainty of being able to have the event on the dates planned. The event had strong participant turnout and more than 250 registrations, with very positive feedback from PIs and attendees. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?With research delayed by COVID-19 continuing into this reporting period, creation of training materials will take place in the next no-cost extension period. These include the modules identified in the previous annual report: Leverage co-learning workshops to translate deep dive Minneapolis/St. Paul findings for broader general training context Produce beta training modules Engage stakeholders in beta review and revisions Disseminate final training modules Planned graduate and practitioner training modules include: Urban FEW footprinting: assessing direct & indirect city FEW demand (PI Ramaswami) Food waste-to-value technology and policy options (Co-PI Ren) Assessing multiple co-benefits of urban agriculture (PI Ramaswami, Co-PI Jelinski) Designing and evaluating diet change campaigns (Co-PI Peterson) Urban heat island monitoring network (PI Ramaswami, Co-PI Twine) Food policy council decision tools and metrics (PI Ramaswami, Co-PI Siddiki) The INFEWS PI Workshop, co-hosted by Anu Ramaswami and Chad Higgins (Oregon State University), which had been postponed multiple times due to COVID-19, was successfully held in virtual format on Feb. 9-11, 2022, providing an opportunity for researchers affiliated with 128 INFEWS projects (with more than 250 individual registrants) to share project findings and discuss synthesis and convergence science, providing a professional development opportunity for researchers to present and engage at the conference. The INFEWS Workshop Scientific Advisory Committee reviewed abstract submissions and guided the development of the three-day program, formulating session topics and making sure everyone had the chance to present. The event featured 87 speakers (including INFEWS program officers, PIs, policy partners, and students) in 20 sessions, including plenary synthesis panels, breakout panels, and group discussions. There were also 39 posters shared in 2 poster sessions. Synthesis papers from the workshop will disseminate synthesis FEW nexus findings from the overall INFEWS program, with publication costs supported by workshop funding. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The team engaged with the academic community through the publication of peer-reviewed journal articles as well as presentations at conferences and professional societies (see "Target Audience" and "Products"). In addition, the INFEWS PI workshop, held virtually on Feb. 9-11, provided an opportunity for the team to discuss findings with other INFEWS projects, which included PIs, their students, and policy partners. PI Ramaswami presented about INFEWS interdisciplinary frameworks, in addition to moderating several sessions.Co-PI Ren shared findings on microbial electrochemical co-valorization of organic waste and CO2, with further Theme 2 work shared in a poster by Aaron Leinginer. Co-PI Peterson's work on social norm and educational interventions on household organics recycling was presented by Masoumeh Heshmatpour. Co-PI Siddiki presented about stakeholder engagement with food policy councils. Overall, the INFEWS PI Workshop represented rich opportunities for synthesis. We plan to disseminate findings and research from the conference further through two avenues. First, conference funds will be used to support publication costs of synthesis INFEWS research articles in peer-reviewed journals published by conference attendees. Second, video recordings of conference sessions will be shared online. Findings have also been disseminated through local-scale interactions in cities, such as through recruiting gardeners for surveys and a presentation to the NJ Food Democracy Collaborative. We plan to further share findings from knowledge co-production with cities through dissemination through ICLEI-USA. In Theme 5's work with food policy councils, practitioner reports have been returned to councils that have engaged in our interview process. These reports offer council specific insights from our engagement. In the next project period, interactions through food action planning in New Jersey will also provide an opportunity to engage local policymakers. For international policymakers, PI Ramaswami served as a lead author on a new United Nations International Resource Panel (IRP) report on urban agriculture, Urban Agriculture's Potential to Advance Multiple Sustainability Goals: An International Resource Panel Think Piece. The report evaluates to what extent, and in which conditions, urban agriculture can enhance the sustainability of urban-rural food systems and promote a circular economy in cities. An accompanying summary report, Urban Agriculture's Potential to Advance Multiple Sustainability Goals: Policy Guidance from the International Resource Panel, provides recommendations for policymakers. Both publications were launched at a webinar in early 2022 with attendees from around the world. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?THEME 1: Distributed urban agriculture Soil testing: planned testing of an additional 16 backyard gardens and 30 food- and non-food-producing green spaces in 2022 We are consolidating data from these field tests to produce multi-variate analyses of the impact of management and land use on metrics of soil health. These will also include spatial analysis of soil carbon, nutrient, and contaminant stocks in food-producing and non-food producing spaces in Minneapolis-St Paul. We will further develop the fine-scale WRF model to quantify cooling effects and mitigation potential of green infrastructure and other built environment interventions (including white/green roofs). We will conduct a comparison of direct-to-consumer farms with urban agriculture. We will conduct a scenario analysis of different environmental management options by applying the newly developed city-level nutrient footprints tool to evaluate nutrient footprints reduction potentials and provide practical policy suggestions from a city perspective THEME 2: Food waste valorization Continued analysis of experimental protocols for electrofermentation benchmarking Lifecycle assessment of processes and feedstocks THEME 3: Behavioral Nudges for Food Waste Separation & Diet Change Write research manuscripts on the food waste data for peer-reviewed publications Evaluate the effectiveness of the identified message on reducing red meat consumption among families with children through PowerUp (HealthPartners) network Collate results of studies and share with Theme 5 THEME 4: Coupled Biophysical-Social Scenario Modeling for Convergence Food action planning in New Jersey Ramaswami is in discussion with Angie Fyfe, executive director of ICLEI, to create a virtual cohort of cities interested in exploring and adopting science underlying urban food systems developed in this INFEWS grant (in 2022) Continue ongoing development of analysis methods and tools for scenario modeling THEME 5: Complete analysis of data collected among food policy councils Disseminate research through conference presentations aimed at practitioners and academics and peer-reviewed journal publications Continue to disseminate research through practitioner reports. One report for each of the councils included in the study will be generated and shared with council participants City workshop work to be completed during next reporting period

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Researchers completed the following as of July 2022: THEME 1: Distributed urban ag (Direct & indirect benefits across household, community, commercial gardens) Proposed Timespan: Yrs 1-2 Leads: PI Ramaswami, Co-PI Jelinski Urban farm field tests Completed soil testing of 44 backyard gardens, 33 community gardens, 4 urban farms Worked with communities & urban agroecological networks on research, co-learning, data interpretation Jelinski, N, Nicklay, J, Giles, M. (2022). Relationship-based translation & application of ecosystem service research to urban agriculture land use & management in Minneapolis/St Paul. UMN Institute on Environ. Impact Goals Salon. May 2022 Nicklay, J, Jelinski, N. (2022). A Critical Environmental Justice Analysis of Soil C Storage in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Urban Farms & Gardens. Urban Food Systems Symposium, Kansas City, MO Nicklay, J. (2021). Participatory data analysis in urban agroecology: Centering relationships and liberation to envision just food systems. Dimensions of Political Ecology Conf, Virtual, Feb 2021 Nutrition study to assess diet differences of household, community, non-gardeners in NJ with NIH recall survey (ASA24): Completed survey of 207 participants Paper in prep: Das, K, Ramaswami, A, Elnakib, S. (2022). Quantifying Nutritional & Well-being Benefits of Urban Agriculture Spatial mapping of urban farms & 3D urban form Submitted: Boyer, D, Kosse, R, Ambrose, G, Nixon, P, Ramaswami, A. A hybrid methodology to assess frequency of household urban ag gardening: Implications for sustainable food action planning Subjective wellbeing of gardeners: complete In revision: Ambrose, G, Das, K, Fan, Y, Ramaswami, A. (2022). Comparing happiness associated with household & community gardening: Implications for food action planning, Landscape & Urban Planning Understanding who gardens: complete Das, K & Ramaswami, A. (2022). Who Gardens & How in Urban USA: Informing Social Equity in Urban Ag Plans. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems Air temp monitoring: Urban heat island Sensors removed Jun 2022; data being processed & analyzed Fine-scale WRF modeling for urban heat island WRF ongoing to model MSP urban heat island; quantify cooling effect of green infrastructure/other interventions THEME 2: Food waste valorization Proposed Timespan: Yrs 1-3 Lead: Co-PI Ren Developing experimental protocols for electrofermentation benchmarking Designed & tested novel fluidized bed electrofermentation reactor to improve tunability of food waste fermentation toward higher molecular weight products and/or inhibit methanogenesis. Experimental results w glucose in PBS & real food waste suggest anodic working electrode potential can shift from acetogenic to lactate-yielding fermentation, opening door for lactate recovery and/or chain elongation Leininger, A & Ren, Z. (2022). Relating product tunability & microbiome assembly in non-axenic fluidized bed electrofermentation, Intl Water Association AD17 Mtg, Ann Arbor, Jun 2022 Leininger, A, Yan, Y, Lu, S, Bian, Y, Strycharz-Glaven S, Ren, Z. (2022). Product tunability in undefined culture fluidized bed electrofermentation is dependant on inoculum and pH. In prep Diverse mixes of food waste inputs & biochar assessment Meso-scale codigestion reactors operated to produce collect food biochar-enriched biosolids Shipped dewatered biosolids to UMN for collard greens study to evaluate efficacy of biochar-enriched biosolids vs traditional biosolids as a soil amendment Leininger, A & Ren, Z. (2022). Food waste-derived biochar as an effective and urban-internal codigestion amendment, Oral presentation, Intl Water Association AD17 Mtg, Ann Arbor, MI, Jun 2022 Leininger, A & Ren, Z. (2021). Doubling down on food waste: Co-use as codigestion substrate and biochar feedstock enhances food-energy-water circularity. Poster, Andlinger Ctr for Energy & Environment Annual Mtg, Oct 2021. Systems-based LCA & footprinting Data to be requested from codigestion matrix experiment & pilot-scale kiln High Plains Biochar THEME 3: Behavioral Nudges for Food Waste Separation & Diet Change Proposed Timespan: Yrs 1-2 Lead: Co-PI Peterson Coordinate w/ HealthPartners on diet change messaging Literature on factors affecting red meat consumption complete (Nov 2021) Interview protocol developed & conducted to gain insight into messaging (Mar-Apr 2022) Survey instrument developed to test viability of messages (Apr-May 2022) Survey administered using mixed mode approach (June 2022) Food waste messaging evaluation Analyzed changes in knowledge, confidence & habits (prelim findings, Aug 2021) Collected responses to analyze amounts of organics waste (May 2022) Full report to cities (Aug 2022) Collate results to share w/ Theme 5 Ongoing THEME 4: Coupled Biophysical-Social Scenario Modeling for Convergence Proposed Timespan: Yrs 1-3 Lead: PI Ramaswami Work w/ Minneapolis to co-develop parameters for SUrF convergence science: Complete Expanding food action planning S. Elnakib has network in New Brunswick-Newark NJ for food action planning Ramaswami in discussion w/ ICLEI to create virtual cohort of cities interested in exploring & adopting science of urban food systems Develop analysis methods & tools for scenario modeling Scenario modeling of urban greenery impact on heat islands (Ramaswami, Twine, Liess) Ongoing modeling of impact of increasing urban ag (Ramaswami, Nixon) Nixon, P & Ramaswami, A. (2022). County-level analysis of current local capacity of agriculture to meet household demand: a dietary requirements perspective. Environ Research Letters, 17(4). Analysis of US Ag Census microdata complete, comparing farming practices in 3 states, highlighting differences between farms of different size/output (Ramaswami, Schassler, Nixon) Additional methods development Developing & evaluating a machine learning-based approach to monitor crop burning w high-res satellite data Zeng, L & Ramaswami, A. City-level nitrogen footprints: methodology development & scenario analysis. In prep Synthesis paper: Ramaswami, A & Boyer, D. (2022). Principles for a Sustainable Circular Economy at the Urban-Regional FEW Nexus: Advancing Environment, Health, & Equity. The Bridge, 52(2) Household Demand: Dietary Intake Perspective Statistical framework outlined to analyze implications of dietary intake by demographic (Ramaswami, Nixon, Shah) LCA of bioresource tech in FEW-waste urban-rural systems (Ramaswami, Chen, Leininger, Ren) Chen, J & Ramaswami, A (2022). LCA of byproducts from food waste valorization technologies: Implications for soil, energy use & GHG emissions. Assoc of Environ Engineering & Science Professors Conf, St. Louis, Jun 2022. Implement modeling, share insights, co-develop visuals for community Knowledge co-production in Minneapolis complete Presented INFEWS work at NJ Food Democracy Collaborative meeting THEME 5: Evaluating co-learning & convergence science w cities Proposed Timespan: Yrs 2-3 Lead: Co-PI Siddiki Multi-dimensional learning surveys & interviews Instrument implementation in-progress (Siddiki, Ramaswami, Ambrose) 15 food policy councils identified for implementation 3 food policy councils recruited; interviews complete: Hartford, Minneapolis, Lawrence/Douglas County Practitioner Reports: Completed and returned to Hartford; in prep for Lawrence/Douglas Cty Ambrose G, Siddiki S, Brady U (2022). Assessing Design of Public Food Policy Councils Engaged in Local Food System Governance, accepted in Policy Design & Practice. Data collection almost complete; moving toward analysis, synthesis Streamline questionnaires for evaluating city workshop learning; food policy networks Ongoing Analyze larger n city data for structural/institutional convergence Ongoing discussion w policy partners (ICLEI, UN Environment, ICMA)

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Leininger, A. & Ren, Z.J. (2022). Relating product tunability and microbiome assembly in non-axenic fluidized bed electrofermentation, Oral presentation, International Water Association AD17 Meeting, Ann Arbor, MI, June 2022.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2022 Citation: Leininger, A., Yan, Y., Lu, S., Bian, Y., Strycharz-Glaven S., & Ren, Z.J. (2022). Product tunability in undefined culture fluidized bed electrofermentation is dependant on inoculum and pH. IN PREPARATION
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Leininger, A. & Ren, Z.J. (2022). Food waste-derived biochar as an effective and urban-internal codigestion amendment, Oral presentation, International Water Association AD17 Meeting, Ann Arbor, MI, June 2022.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Leininger, A. & Ren, Z.J. (2021). Doubling down on food waste: co-use as codigestion substrate and biochar feedstock enhances food-energy-water circularity. Poster presentation. Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment Annual Meeting, October 2021.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2022 Citation: Ambrose, G., Das, K., Fan, Y., Ramaswami, A. (2022). Comparing happiness associated with household & community gardening: Implications for food action planning. Landscape & Urban Planning. REVIEWED; UNDER REVISION (Moderate revision)
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Das, K., & Ramaswami, A. (2022). Who Gardens and How in Urban USA: Informing Social Equity in Urban Agriculture Action Plans. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.923079
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Ramaswami, A., & Boyer, D. (2022). Principles for a Sustainable Circular Economy at the Urban-Regional Food-Energy-Water Nexus: Advancing Environment, Health, and Equity. The Bridge, 52(2).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Nixon, P., & Ramaswami, A. (2022). County-level analysis of current local capacity of agriculture to meet household demand: a dietary requirements perspective. Environmental Research Letters, 17(4).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Chen, J. & Ramaswami, A. (2022). Lifecycle analysis of byproducts from food waste valorization technologies: Implications for soil, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions. Oral presentation, Association of Environmental Engineering & Science Professors Conference, St. Louis, MO, June 2022.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Nixon, P. & Ramaswami, A. (2022). Land, water, and nutrient co-benefits of localizing agriculture in and around US metropolitan areas: Nationwide study. Poster presentation, Association of Environmental Engineering & Science Professors Conference, St. Louis, MO, June 2022.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Ramaswami, A. (2022). Co-designing urban infrastructure and food systems for sustainability, health, wellbeing, and equity. Workshop presentation, Association of Environmental Engineering & Science Professors Conference, St. Louis, MO, June 2022.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Ramaswami, A. (2022). Transboundary urban systems analysis to quantify circularity benefits at the food-energy-water nexus. First Indian Institute of Technology Madras International Conference on Circular Economy for Sustainable Water Management, Keynote address, virtual, March 24, 2022.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Jelinski, N.A., Nicklay, J., Giles, M. Relationship-based translation and application of ecosystem service research to urban agriculture land use and management in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota. UMN Institute on the Environment Impact Goals Salon. May 2022.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Nicklay, J.A., N.A. Jelinski. (2022). A Critical Environmental Justice Analysis of Soil Carbon Storage in Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN Urban Farms and Gardens. Urban Food Systems Symposium, Kansas City, Missouri.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Nicklay, J.A. Participatory data analysis in urban agroecology: Centering relationships and liberation to envision just food systems. Oral Presentation . Dimensions of Political Ecology Conference (virtual), Feb. 2021.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2022 Citation: Ambrose, G., Siddiki, S., Brady, U. (2022). Assessing Design of Public Food Policy Councils Engaged in Local Food System Governance. Policy Design and Practice, accepted (soon to be in press).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2022 Citation: Boyer, D., Ramaswami, A., Nixon, P., Jelinski, N. (2022). A Hybrid Method to Quantify Household Urban Agriculture Gardening: Implications for Sustainable and Equitable Food Action Planning. Submitted to Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Leininger, A. & Ren, Z.J. (2022). Doubling down on food waste: synchronous as codigestion substrate and biochar feedstock enhances food-energy-water circularity. Poster presentation. INFEWS PI Workshop, virtual poster presentation, Feb. 9, 2022.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Ramaswami, A., Twine, T., Jelinski, J., Elnakib, S., Nixon, P., Das, K., Schassler, K., Liess, S., Boyer, D., Ambrose, A. (2022). Sustainable Urban Food Actions: Interdisciplinary Frameworks. INFEWS PI Workshop, virtual talk, Feb. 9, 2022.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Siddiki, S. & Ambrose, G. (2022). Stakeholder engagement with food policy councils. INFEWS PI Workshop, virtual talk, Feb. 9, 2022.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Heshmatpour, M. & Peterson, H. (2022). Effects of social norm and educational interventions on household organics recycling: Evidence from two municipal curbside organics recycling programs. INFEWS PI Workshop, virtual talk, Feb. 10, 2022.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Ren, Z.J. & Leininger, A. (2022). Microbial electrochemical co-valorization of organic waste and CO2. INFEWS PI Workshop, virtual talk, Feb. 11, 2022.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Ramaswami, A., Ayuk, E. T., Das, K., Teixeira, I., Akpalu, W., Ferreira, J., & de Leao, V. S. (2022). Urban Agricultures Potential to Advance Multiple Sustainability Goals: Policy Guidance from the International Resource Panel . International Resource Panel. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/38399/urban_agriculture_pol.pdf
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Ayuk, E. T., Ramaswami, A., Teixeira, I., Akpalu, W., Eckart, E., Ferreira, J., Das, K., et al. (2022). Urban Agricultures Potential to Advance Multiple Sustainability Goals: An International Resource Panel Think Piece. International Resource Panel. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/38398/urban_agriculture.pdf
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2022 Citation: Zeng,L., Ramaswami, A. City-level nitrogen footprints: methodology development and scenario analysis. IN PREPARATION.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2022 Citation: Das, K., Ramaswami, A., Elnakib, S. Quantifying the Nutritional and Well-being Benefits of Urban Agriculture. IN PREPARATION.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2022 Citation: Jelinski, N.A., Nicklay, J.A., LaBine, K. Spatial distribution of soil carbon, phosphorus, and lead stocks in food-producing and non-food producing areas of the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, USA.

Progress 09/01/20 to 08/31/21

Outputs
Target Audience:During this reporting period, the team worked to share results with both academic and public audiences. Academic audiences were reached through peer-reviewed publications in various journals and presentations at a variety of conferences (held as virtual events, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic). The project also aims to reach public audiences to educate them about food systems and influence behavior at the local scale. Public audiences have been reached through the food action planning effort with the city of Minneapolis, and similar work is now being pursued in other cities. In addition, the gardening life cycle analysis and nutrition studies provided opportunities to engage with members of the public in the geographic locations being studied. Academic: Peer-Reviewed Articles: During the last reporting period, the team published the below articles in peer-reviewed journals: Leininger, A. & Ren, Z.J. (2021). Circular utilization of food waste to biochar enhances thermophilic co-digestion performance. Bioresource Technology, 332, 125130 Milnar, M., & Ramaswami, A. (2020). The impact of urban expansion and in-situ greenery on community-wide carbon emissions: Method development and insights from eleven US cities. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(24), 16086-16096 Nicklay, J.A., Cadieux, K.V., Rogers, M.A., Jelinski, N.A., LaBine, K., & Small, G.E. (2020). Facilitating Spaces of Urban Agroecology: A Learning Framework for Community-University Partnerships. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 4, 143 Additional papers are in preparation and will be submitted in the next reporting period. Conference Papers: Many conferences were rescheduled as virtual events. This enabled the team to present at a variety of conferences despite continued travel restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heshmatpour, M., & Peterson, H.H. "Effects of social norm and educational interventions on household organics recycling: Evidence from two municipal curbside organics recycling programs." Paper presented at the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association and Western Agricultural Economics Association Joint Annual Meetings, Austin, TX and online, Aug. 1-3, 2021. Liess, S., Twine, T. E., Milnar, M., & Ramaswami, A. "Urban Street-Scale Climate Simulations for Sustainability, Health, and Social Equity." American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting, virtual December 1-17, 2020. Liess, S., Twine, T. E., Milnar, M., & Ramaswami, A. "Urban Street-Scale Climate Simulations for Sustainability, Health, and Social Equity." University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute Research Exhibition, April 20, 2021. Milnar, M. "The impact of urban expansion and in-situ greenery on community-wide carbon emissions: Method development and insights from eleven US cities." Paper presented at AGU Fall Meeting. Virtual, Dec. 7, 2020. Nicklay, J.A., & Jelinski, N.A. "Trends in Ecosystem Service Metrics of Urban Agriculture in Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN." Urban Food Systems Symposium hosted by Kansas State University. Virtual, Oct. 14, 2020. Additionally, PI Ramaswami gave featured talks about food sytems at high-profile professional society meetings, where she was an invited speaker: Ramaswami, A. "The urban food system and opportunities for circularities." Keynote talk at Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) Workshop, session on Circularity in Food Systems. Virtual, Oct. 12, 2020. Ramaswami, A. "Leveraging the Urban Food-Energy-Water Nexus for Sustainability and Health." Keynote talk at American Institute of Chemical Engineers' (AIChE) Food-Energy-Water Nexus Conference. Virtual, Feb. 10, 2021. Ramaswami, A. "Systems science at the urban Food-Energy-Water (FEW) nexus for resource circularity with environmental and health co-benefits." Invited presentation at American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) 2021 Annual International Meeting. Virtual, Jul. 12, 2021. Public: Food action planning in Minneapolis provided engagement opportunities with the public. Food action planning efforts are now being expanded to cities in New Jersey as described in Theme 4, which will include Paterson, NJ, widening the geographic areas reached and increasing the number of people involved. Co-PI Siddiki's work in Theme 5 has involved outreach to public food policy councils. In addition, the gardening life cycle and nutrition studies provided opportunities to engage with members of the public. Participants in the nutrition study will receive a nutrition profile. News coverage of the team's research also reached a wider general audience when journalists interviewed PI Ramaswami for various articles. Recent articles included: Princeton University News (Sept. 21, 2020): The future of food in a changing climate - https://www.princeton.edu/news/2020/09/21/future-food-changing-climate Times of India (April 3, 2021): 'Better food waste management will give India both nutritional and environmental security' - http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/81876281.cms New Scientist (March 24, 2021): Green spaces aren't just for nature - they boost our mental health too - https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24933270-800-green-spaces-arent-just-for-nature-they-boost-our-mental-health-too/ Changes/Problems:The ongoing nature of the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated some changes to the original research plan. The Theme 3 study of cafeterias was the most impacted by COVID-19 because it would have involved studying peoples' behavior in cafeterias. The cafeteria selected for the study was shut down for an extended period starting in March 2020, as of the writing of this report, has not yet reopened. While the cafeteria plans to re-open in Sept. 2021, its operations will be modified to accommodate public health protocols, hindering its efficacy as a study environment. Theme 3 researchers continued to collaborate with HealthPartners and shifted the study toward focus groups to understand behavior levers that could reduce red meat consumption. Focus group meetings and the identification of messaging strategies will take place in the fall and winter of 2021, followed by interventions that will be evaluated in family settings in the spring of 2022. While the family settings will be less controlled than the originally planned cafeteria study, they will be advantageous in that they likely will produce results with greater generalizability and impact. In line with the original research goals, the interventions will remain multidimensional and will include customized messaging and price differentials. A further change to the plan for this reporting period was that the INFEWS PI Workshop, scheduled for Aug. 11-13, 2021, was postponed to 2022, due to ongoing travel and event restrictions because of the pandemic. Event organizers are now planning a hybrid in-person/online workshop that will take place in early 2022 (January or February), and will present the same opportunities for researchers to share their work, network, hear from speakers, and disseminate their findings after the workshop. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Because of COVID-19, planning and creation of training materials in year 2 was delayed. As such, plans from the last reporting period will take place in year 3. Planned steps include: Leverage co-learning workshops to translate deep dive Minneapolis/St. Paul findings for broader general training context Produce beta training modules Engage stakeholders in beta review and revisions Disseminate final training modules Planned graduate and practitioner training modules include: Urban FEW footprinting: assessing direct & indirect city FEW demand (PI Ramaswami) Food waste-to-value technology and policy options (Co-PI Ren) Assessing multiple co-benefits of urban agriculture (PI Ramaswami, Co-PI Jelinski) Designing and evaluating diet change campaigns (Co-PI Peterson) Urban heat island monitoring network (PI Ramaswami, Co-PI Twine) Food policy council decision tools and metrics (PI Ramaswami, Co-PI Siddiki) The INFEWS PI workshop, co-hosted by Anu Ramaswami and Chad Higgins (Oregon State University), was intended to provide an opportunity for researchers to learn about projects across INFEWS and formulate ways to synthesize and carry their research forward. The workshop was originally scheduled for Aug. 11-13, 2022, but due to the ongoing pandemic, has been postponed to early 2022. It will take place in a hybrid in-person/online format and will provide opportunities for participation for both young scholars and professionals working in INFEWS-related fields. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The team has engaged with communities that span both the academic sphere as well as the general public. For academic communities, results have been shared through several publications in peer-reviewed journal articles and conference presentations. As part of the 2022 INFEWS workshop, researchers will produce white papers and/or journal articles synthesizing key takeaways of the event. Findings have been disseminated to the general public through the process of food action planning with the City of Minneapolis and future food action planning to take place in Paterson, NJ. Results will be disseminated to cities in the US and internationally. Findings from knowledge co-production will be shared with cities and disseminated through ICLEI-USA. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the next reporting period, in line with the work plan of the proposal, Year 3 work will include: THEME 1 (Distributed urban agriculture) Soil testing: planned testing of an additional 17 backyard gardens and 30 community gardens in 2021 Second round of nutrition study surveys will be conducted between December 2021 and February 2022 to assess differences in diets between household gardeners, community gardeners, and non-gardeners across multiple cities in New Jersey. Data will be used in conjunction with data collected in summer 2021 to assess differences in diets between the growing and non-growing seasons. We will further develop the fine-scale WRF model to quantify cooling effects and mitigation potential of green infrastructure and other built environment interventions (including white/green roofs). We will conduct a comparison of direct-to-consumer farms with urban agriculture. THEME 2 (Food waste valorization) Collecting results for bioreactor benchmarking: Operating fluidized bed electrofermentation reactors with different electrode configurations to optimize product tunability Use of multiomics and material characterization tools to advance understanding of electrofermentation mechanisms Assessment of electrofermentation performance using diverse real food waste feedstocks Randomized complete block experiment using biosolids from codigestion mesocosms as soil amendments planned at UMN Plant Growth Facilities (July-Sept. 2021) w/ collard greens Assess diverse mixes of food waste inputs and biochar assessments in field/greenhouse tests of codigestion biosolids Perform life cycle assessment on different processes and feedstocks THEME 3 (Behavior change for diets and food waste separation) Analyze and report the food waste data Conduct focus groups and identify behavioral change messaging for reducing red meat consumption in family consumption Implement and evaluate family interventions through PowerUp (HealthPartners) network Collate results of studies and share with Theme 5 THEME 4 (Coupled Biophysical-Social Scenario Modeling for Convergence) Phase 2 of the food action planning will begin in Fall 2021, based on COVID restrictions in Minnesota, and with new priorities revealed by the pandemic related to food insecurity. This work will be led by Hikaru Peterson with Tamara Downs-Schwei, with periodic participation by Anu Ramaswami Ramaswami is in discussion with Angie Fyfe, executive director of ICLEI, to create a virtual cohort of cities interested in exploring and adopting science underlying urban food systems developed in this INFEWS grant (in 2022) Continue on-going development of analysis methods and tools for scenario modeling THEME 5 (Evaluating co-learning & convergence science with cities) Complete analysis of data collected among food policy councils Disseminate research through conference presentations aimed at practitioners and academics and peer-reviewed journal publications Disseminate research through practitioner reports. One report for each of the councils included in the study will be generated and shared with council participants. City workshop work to be completed during next reporting period

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Each theme achieved the following accomplishments as of July 2021. THEME 1: Distributed urban agriculture (Direct & indirect benefits of household/community/commercial gardens) Proposed Timespan: Years 1-2 Leads: PI Ramaswami, Co-PI Jelinski Urban farm field tests Completed soil testing of 43 backyard gardens Worked w/ communities & urban agroecological networks on research, co-learning Nicklay, J., Cadieux, K. Rogers, M., Jelinski, N., LaBine, K., Small, G. (2020). Facilitating Spaces of Urban Agroecology: A Learning Framework for Community-University Partnerships. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 4, 143 Nicklay, J., Jelinski, N. (2020). Trends in Ecosystem Service Metrics of Urban Agriculture in Minn.-St. Paul, MN. Urban Food Systems Symposium, Oct. 2020 20-week input diary study (summer 2021) w/ ~150 gardeners to estimate material inputs against yield; develop community/household gardening lifecycle analysis (LCA) (Ramaswami, Milnar, Jelinski, Elnakib) Nutrition study pilot (summer 2021) to assess diet differences of household/community/non-gardeners in NJ cities w/ NIH recall survey (ASA24) (Ramaswami, Das, Elnakib) In the process of creating subcontract (w/ permission of Jim Dobrowolski) to engage Sara Elnakib, family & community health sciences educator, Rutgers NJ Ag Experiment Station, who will connect w/ community gardening organizations to recruit survey participants & assist w/ fieldwork Spatial mapping of urban farms & 3D urban form: complete Complete: 3D modeling; provided for WRF modeling (Ramaswami, Milnar) Paper in prep: Boyer, D., Kosse, R., Ambrose, G., Nixon, P., Ramaswami, A. A hybrid methodology to assess frequency of household urban agriculture gardening: Implications for sustainable food action planning Subjective wellbeing of gardeners: complete Paper in prep: Ambrose, G., Das, K., Fan, Y., Ramaswami, A. (2021). Comparing happiness associated with household & community gardening: Implications for food action planning Understanding who gardens New research Q identified, paper in prep: Exploring demographics of gardeners across US cities (Ramaswami, Das) Air temp monitoring: Urban heat island monitoring network (Ramaswami, Twine) 12 air temp/relative humidity sensors installed summer 2020 Sensors record measurements hourly for block energy usage study; compare neighborhood tree canopy cover & buildings Fine-scale WRF modeling for urban heat island Testing complete; model operational w/ updated WRF WRF ongoing to model MSP urban heat island; quantify cooling effect of green infrastructure/other interventions Liess, S., Twine, T., Milnar, M., Ramaswami, A. "Urban Street-Scale Climate Simulations for Sustainability, Health, & Social Equity." AGU Fall Meeting, Dec. 2020. Liess, S., Twine, T., Milnar, M., Ramaswami, A. "Urban Street-Scale Climate Simulations for Sustainability, Health, & Social Equity." UMN Supercomputing Institute Research Exhibition, Apr. 2021 THEME 2: Food waste valorization Proposed Timespan: Years 1-3 Lead: Co-PI Ren Developing experimental protocols for bioreactor benchmarking & results: complete (Ren, Leininger) Lab testing complete Diverse mixes of food waste inputs & biochar assessment (Ren, Leininger) Investigated food waste-derived biochars in degradation pathways compared w/ biochars across 4 food waste types. Food waste biochar improved biogas production & yield relative to control & other biochar amendments; outperformed wood-based biochar as codigestion amendment across food waste types; could provide circularity advantage Leininger, A. & Ren, Z.J., 2021. Circular utilization of food waste to biochar enhances thermophilic co-digestion performance. Bioresource Technology, 332, 125130. Operated meso-scale codigestion reactors to collect food biochar-enriched biosolids; shipped dewatered biosolids to UMN for greenhouse study Developing novel fluidized bed electrofermentation reactor to improve tunability of food waste fermentation toward higher molecular weight products and/or inhibit methanogenesis Systems-based LCA, footprinting of results (Ren, Leininger, Ramaswami) Data to be requested from codigestion matrix experiment & pilot-scale kiln High Plains Biochar THEME 3: Behavior change for diets & food waste separation Proposed Timespan: Years 1-2 Lead: Co-PI Peterson Coordinate w/ HealthPartners on cafeteria intervention (Peterson, Heshmatpour) Cafeteria-based intervention halted; cafeteria closed Mar. 2020 due to COVID-19. Cafeteria announced it would open Sept. 2021 w/ modified operations Research shifted from cafeteria to focus groups to understand red meat consumption; identify potential messaging (fall-winter 2021). Collaboration w/ HealthPartners continued, studying behavioral levers to reduce red meat consumption Food waste messaging evaluation Selected St. Louis Park & Edina, 2 cities near Minneapolis; both offer curbside organics recycling June 2021: ~300 residents from each city participated in 6-week program; received weekly emails w/ video messaging and recorded organics recycling. Residents received social norm messaging, educational messaging and filler messaging (control). Messaging materials developed w/ city staff. Collate results to share w/ Theme 5 Ongoing THEME 4: Coupled Biophysical-Social Scenario Modeling for Convergence Proposed Timespan: Years 1-3 Lead: PI Ramaswami Work w/ Minneapolis to co-develop parameters for SUrF convergence science Food action planning phase 1 complete, led by Dana Boyer & PI Ramaswami w/ Tamara Downs-Schwei & Minneapolis Food Policy Council. Knowledge co-production achieved w/ coordination meetings Expanding food action planning Will partner w/ Sara Elnakib (see Theme 1) on Paterson food action planning (2022) Ramaswami in discussion w/ Angie Fyfe, executive director of ICLEI, to create virtual cohort of cities interested in exploring & adopting science of urban food systems (2022) Develop analysis methods & tools for scenario modeling Scenario modeling of urban greenery impacts on heat islands (Ramaswami, Twine, Liess) Conceptual modeling framework paper on GHG impact of urban food systems will incorporate ag innovations & waste resource circularity (Ramaswami, Boyer, Pandey, Nixon) Ongoing modeling of impact of increasing urban ag (Ramaswami, Nixon) Paper in prep: Nixon, P. & Ramaswami, A. County-Level Analysis of Current Local Capacity of Agriculture to Meet Household Demand: A Dietary Intake Perspective LCA of bioresource technologies in FEW-waste urban-rural systems (Ramaswami, Chen, Leininger, Ren) Ongoing modeling of indirect benefits of urban trees on energy system (Ramaswami, Tong) Synthesis paper submitted to Environmental Research Letters Ramaswami, A., Tong, K., Ren, Z.J, Kockelman, K. & Seto, K. (2021). Pathways toward Net-Zero Carbon Cities & Urban Regions Implement modeling, share insights, co-develop visuals for community See knowledge co-production w/ Minneapolis; future activities w/ Paterson NJ THEME 5: Evaluating co-learning & convergence science w/ cities Proposed Timespan: Years 2-3 Lead: Co-PI Siddiki Multi-dimensional learning surveys & interviews Instrument implementation in-progress (Siddiki, Ramaswami, Ambrose) 15 food policy councils identified for implementation. Recruitment in progress in 3 waves (5 councils each; first 2 waves conducted) (1) Minneapolis, Hartford, Winston-Salem, Austin, Colorado Springs; (2) Detroit, St. Paul, San Francisco, New Orleans, Washington, DC; (3) New Brunswick, Lawrence, Ft. Scott, Bridgeport, New Haven Paper in prep: Assessing Design of Public Food Policy Councils Engaged in Local Food System Governance Streamline questionnaires for evaluating city workshop learning & food policy networks Ongoing Analyze larger n city data for structural/institutional convergence Ongoing discussion w/ policy partners (ICLEI, UN Environment) on city partnerships

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Leininger, A. & Ren, Z.J. (2021). Circular utilization of food waste to biochar enhances thermophilic co-digestion performance. Bioresource Technology, 332, 125130.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Nicklay, J.A., Cadieux, K.V., Rogers, M.A., Jelinski, N.A., LaBine, K., & Small, G.E. (2020). Facilitating Spaces of Urban Agroecology: A Learning Framework for Community-University Partnerships. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 4:143.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Ramaswami, A. Systems science at the urban Food-Energy-Water (FEW) nexus for resource circularity with environmental and health co-benefits. Invited presentation at American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) 2021 Annual International Meeting. Virtual, Jul. 12, 2021.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Milnar, M. The impact of urban expansion and in-situ greenery on community-wide carbon emissions: Method development and insights from eleven US cities. Paper presented at AGU Fall Meeting. Virtual, Dec. 7, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Heshmatpour, M., & Peterson, H.H. Effects of social norm and educational interventions on household organics recycling: Evidence from two municipal curbside organics recycling programs. Paper presented at the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association and Western Agricultural Economics Association Joint Annual Meetings, Austin, TX and online, Aug. 1-3, 2021.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Liess, S., Twine, T. E., Milnar, M., & Ramaswami, A. Urban Street-Scale Climate Simulations for Sustainability, Health, and Social Equity. American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting, virtual December 1-17, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Nicklay, J.A., & Jelinski, N.A. Trends in Ecosystem Service Metrics of Urban Agriculture in Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN. Urban Food Systems Symposium hosted by Kansas State University. Virtual, Oct. 14, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ramaswami, A. The urban food system and opportunities for circularities. Keynote talk at Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) Workshop, session on Circularity in Food Systems. Virtual, Oct. 12, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Ramaswami, A. Leveraging the Urban Food-Energy-Water Nexus for Sustainability and Health. Keynote talk at American Institute of Chemical Engineers' (AIChE) Food-Energy-Water Nexus Conference. Virtual, Feb. 10, 2021.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Liess, S., Twine, T. E., Milnar, M., & Ramaswami, A. Urban Street-Scale Climate Simulations for Sustainability, Health, and Social Equity. University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute Research Exhibition, April 20, 2021.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Ramaswami, A., Tong, K., Ren, Z.J., Kockelman, K. & Seto, K. (2021). Pathways toward Net-Zero Carbon Cities and Urban Regions. Submitted to Environmental Research Letters
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Milnar, M., & Ramaswami, A. (2020). The impact of urban expansion and in-situ greenery on community-wide carbon emissions: Method development and insights from eleven US cities. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(24), 1608616096.

Progress 09/01/19 to 08/31/20

Outputs
Target Audience:We reached bothpublic and academic audiences during the research period. Academic audiences were reached by multiple presentations as well as a contribution by PI Ramaswami to the National Academies "Innovations in the food system" report. Public: The team reached public audiences through a robust food action planning process in the city of Minneapolis. From April 2019-March 2020, the INFEWS team PI Ramaswami and Research Manager Boyermet twice monthy with the Minneapolis Food Policy Council to coordinate and cocreate the food action planning process. Every other month the largerINFEWS team participated in a public presentation of INFEWS research related to food action planning. This process also gathered community input to further shape the food action plan and our INFEWS research.Details of the bi-month presentations are as follows: Boyer, D, T Downs-Schwei, A Ramaswami. "Minneapolis Food Action Plan - Topic 1: Food Justice & Equity." Community & stakeholder input meeting for Minneapolis Food Action Plan. Minneapolis, MN. May 15, 2019. Ramaswami, A, D Boyer, T Downs-Schwei, T Kottke, M Canterbury. "Minneapolis Food Action Plan - Topic 2: Diets & Community-wide Demand." Community & stakeholder input meeting for Minneapolis Food Action Plan. Minneapolis, MN. July 24, 2019. Ramaswami, A, D Boyer, T Downs-Schwei. "Minneapolis Food Action Plan - Topic 3: Agricultural Food Production." Community & stakeholder input meeting for Minneapolis Food Action Plan. Minneapolis, MN. Sept. 11, 2019 Boyer, D, T Downs-Schwei, H Peterson, A Ramaswami. "Minneapolis Food Action Plan - Topic 4: Processing, Wholesale, Retail, Distribution." Community & stakeholder input meeting for Minneapolis Food Action Plan. Minneapolis, MN. November 13, 2020. Boyer, D, T Downs-Schwei, A Ramaswami. "Minneapolis Food Action Plan - Topic 5: Food Waste Generation & Management." Community & stakeholder input meeting for Minneapolis Food Action Plan. Minneapolis, MN. January 8, 2020. Boyer, D, T Downs-Schwei, A Ramaswami. "Minneapolis Food Action Plan Meeting, Topic 6: Governance, Finance & Implementation." Community & stakeholder input meeting for Minneapolis Food Action Plan. Minneapolis, MN. Ramaswami, A. "Shrink Your Food's Carbon Footprint." Community presentation to Sustainable Princeton. June 4, 2020. Academic: Our ability to reach academic audiences was more limited than expected due to COVID-19 and the canceling of multiple conferences. Despite this challenge, PI Ramaswami was a participant in theNational Academies workshop and subsequent report"Innovations in the Food System: exploring the future of food," along with other academic presentations, with details below: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Innovations in the food system: Exploring the future of food: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. A Ramaswami Contributor to: "Chapter 3 Innovations in Food Production and Processing and Implications for Food Systems" Ramaswami, A. "Sustainable Urban Food Systems and Food Action Planning in the U.S. and India." Princeton Environmental Institute Faculty Seminar. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. Dec. 3, 2019. Changes/Problems:The project experienced some minor delays in activitiesdue to COVID. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project is currently in the planning stage of creating training materials for broader dissemination in years 2-3. Planned steps include: Leverage co-learning workshops to translate deep dive MSP findings for broader general training context (year 2) Produce beta training modules (year 2) Engage stakeholders in beta review and revisions (years 2 & 3) Disseminate final training modules (year 3) Planed graduate and practitioner training modules include: Urban FEW footprinting: assessing direct & indirect city FEW demand (PI Ramaswami) Food waste-to-value technology and policy options (Co-PI Ren) Assessing multiple co-benefits of urban agriculture (PI Ramaswami, Co-PI Jelinski) Designing and evaluating diet change campaigns (Co-PI Peterson) Urban heat island monitoring network (PI Ramaswami, Co-PI Twine) Food policy council decision tools and metrics (PI Ramaswami, Co-PI Siddiki) Additionally, in the summer of 2021, PI Anu Ramaswami will co-host (with Chad Higgins at Oregon State University) the final INFEWS PI workshop, which will provide an opportunity for researchers to learn about projects across INFEWS and formulate ways to synthesize and carry their research forward. The event plans to provide opportunities for participation for both young scholars and professionals working in INFEWS-related fields. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The team has actively engaged public audiences through a robust food action planning process in the city of Minneapolis. From April 2019-March 2020, the INFEWS team PI Ramaswami and Research Manager Boyermet twice monthly with the Minneapolis Food Policy Council to coordinate and cocreate the food action planning process. Every other month the largerINFEWS team participated in a public presentation of INFEWS research related to food action planning. Going forward,we plan to disseminate results, along with training modules for policymakers and practitioners, to a cohort ofcities (both in the US and internationally)inyears 2-3 of the project. This will include leveraging co-learning workshops to translate deep-dive MSP findings for a broader general training context. To reach academic audiences, our INFEWS team already hastwo publications already under review, and many more in preparation, and plans to present INFEWS research as relevant food-energy-water conferences. As part of the 2021 INFEWS workshop, researchers will produce white papers and/or journal articles synthesizing key takeways of the event. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the next reporting period, in line with the work plan of the proposal, Year 2 work will include: THEME 1 (Distributed urban agriculture) Year 2 will include the second season of urban agriculture field testing, including soil testingand long term gardenerinput diaries Furtherdevelop fine-scale WRF model THEME 2 (Food waste valorization) Collecting results for bioreactor benchmarking; Assess diverse mixes of food waste inputs and biochar assessments in field/greenhouse tests THEME 3 (Behavior change for diets and food waste separation) Implement cafeteria intervention in HealthPartners (once cafeteria activity has resumed post-COVID 19 Expand cafeteria intervention to a city or university collate results of studies and share with Theme 5 THEME 4 (Coupled Biophysical-Social Scenario Modeling for Convergence) Continue on-going development of analysis methods and tools for scenario modeling; Continue engaging with the community of Minneapolis to implement modeling, share insights, and co-develop visuals for the community, culminating with the creation of the Minneapolis Food Action Plan. THEME 5 (Evaluating co-learning & convergence science with cities) Multi-dimensional learning surveys and interviews in Minneapolis Streamline questionnaires for evaluating learning in city workshops and broad food policy networks Dissemination: In the next reporting period, we will also begin work on creating training materials (described in "What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?") Additionally, several journal article manuscripts in preparation this year will be completed and submitted in the next award period. Hosting the INFEWS PI Workshop 2021 Lead PI Ramaswami was selected to host the combined 2020-21 closing INFEWS PI workshop in partnership with Chad Higgins at Oregon State University. The event will bring PIs from the 120+ INFEWS projects to Princeton's campus to share and synthesize research across INFEWS projects, with an expected attendance size of 250+ participants.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The following accomplishments were achieved for each theme as of June 2020. THEME 1: Distributed urban agriculture (Direct & indirect benefits across household, community and commercial gardens) Proposed Timespan: Years 1-2 Leads: PI Ramaswami, Co-PI Jelinski Urban farm field tests Soil testing planned for ~50 gardens in summer 2020, with accompanying diary survey across the summer to estimate yield and material inputs for life cycle assessment (Nic Jelinski, Anu Ramaswami) Six-week garden input diary planned for ~20 gardeners to estimate material inputs against yield to develop a community & household gardening LCA Nutrition study pilot planned for summer 2021to assess differences in diets between household gardeners, community gardeners, and non-gardeners across multiple cities with the use of the NIH dietary recall survey (ASA24) (Anu Ramaswami, Dana Boyer) Spatial mapping of urban farms and 3D urban form - completed Publication submitted to Landscape & Urban Planning in Feb. 2019 describing method and application to the Twin Cities of mapping household and community gardens (Anu Ramaswami, Dana Boyer, Rachel Kosse, Graham Ambrose, Peter Nixon) 3D modeling conducted 2019-2020 and provided for WRF modeling (Anu Ramaswami, Mike Milnar) Air temperature monitoring Bicycling heat island study planned for summer 2020 in Minneapolis to assess the potential cooling effects of urban agriculture as a function of plot size and distance from plot (Tracy Twine, Anu Ramaswami) (change from HOBO to bicycling approach, based off a study from Wisconsin, Madison, Ziter et al. 2019, PNAS) Fine-scale WRF modeling for urban heat island WRF modeling on-going to model urban heat island in Minneapolis (Tracy Twine, Anu Ramaswami, Stefan Lies, Mike Milnar) Subjective wellbeing of gardeners - completed Compared community gardeners versus household gardeners tracked with phone app summer 2019 (Publication in prep) (Anu Ramaswami, Graham Ambrose, Kirti Das, Yingling Fan). Publication is in prep, with intent to submit July 2020 THEME 2: Food waste valorization Proposed Timespan: Years 1-3 Lead: Co-PI Ren Developing experimental protocols for bioreactor benchmarking & results Lab testing fall 2019: Matrix experiment with adjustments to feedstock/seed ration for multiple food waste types; developed methods for biogas and primary fermentation products Next steps: Materials classifications and electrofermentation Diverse mixes of food waste inputs and biochar assessment Exploring potential of greenhouse studyin order to increase the amount of yield testing of different combinations than the traditional field plots (Jason Ren, Nic Jelinski) Systems-based LCA and footprinting of above results (Anu Ramaswami, Jason Ren) Planned for late 2020 THEME 3: Behavior change for diets and food waste separation Proposed Timespan: Years 1-2 Lead: Co-PI Peterson Coordinate with HealthPartners for cafeteria intervention Literature review of diet change interventions, identifying key areas to advance science in design of intervention (Hikaru Peterson, Masoumeh Heshmatpour) Ongoing coordination with HealthPartners, Peterson research team, and cafeteria vendors (Hikaru Peterson, Masoumeh Heshmatpour, Tom Kottke, Marna Canterbury) Interventions include: increasing hot veg options; fixed price salad bar; timing of messaging Assessment will include short- and long-term diet changes Expand cafeteria intervention to city or university (Hikaru Peterson, Masoumeh Heshmatpour) Ongoing discussions with Princeton dining services (Smitha Haneef) Conduct food waste messaging pilot w Minneapolis (Hikaru Peterson, Masoumeh Heshmatpour) Pursuing PI Peterson's existing partnership with the city of Maplewood, MN characterizing food waste Collate results of above studies to share with Theme 5 (Hikaru Peterson, Masoumeh Heshmatpour) THEME 4: Coupled Biophysical-Social Scenario Modeling for Convergence Proposed Timespan: Years 1-3 Lead: PI Ramaswami Work w/ Minneapolis to co-develop parameters for SUrF convergence science interactions Twice-monthly meetings (coinciding with executive food council meetings and full council meetings) held since spring 2019 to coordinate food action planning process (Tamara Down-Schwei, Anu Ramaswami, Dana Boyer) Coordinate w/ Minneapolis to co-develop scenarios Insights from community input gathered from 6 public meetings (2019-2020) (Anu Ramaswami, Dana Boyer, Tamara Down-Schwei) Establish an agenda for food policy council working group sessions Process for public meetings every other month, matched with debriefing and synthesis meetings on alternative months was co-created with research team, City of Minneapolis and community representatives through the Homegrown Minneapolis Food Council. This process was implemented from 2019-2020. (Tamara Downs-Schwei, Anu Ramaswami, Dana Boyer) Develop analysis methods and tools for scenario modeling On-going modeling of urban farms and greenery impact on urban flooding (Anu Ramaswami, Lin Zeng) On-going modeling of the environmental impacts of increasing urban agriculture (Anu Ramaswami, Peter Nixon) On-going modeling of indirect benefits of urban agriculture and greenery on the energy system (Anu Ramaswami, Kangkang Tong) Implement modeling, share insights and co-develop visuals for the community Select insights shared with community members during 6 public meetings (2019-2020) (Anu Ramaswami, Dana Boyer, Tamara Down-Schwei) Ongoing community engagement planned with city to reach diverse communities (Tamara Down-Schwei, Anu Ramaswami, Dana Boyer) THEME 5: Evaluating Co-learning & convergence science with cities Proposed Timespan: Years 2-3 (currently in planning stage) Lead: Co-PI Siddiki Multi-dimensional learning surveys and interviews in MSP Instrument in progress (Saba Siddiki, Anu Ramaswami, Graham Ambrose) Streamline questionnaires for evaluating learning in city workshops and broad food policy networks Work on this deliverable will occur in the next reporting period. Analyze larger n city data for structural/institutional convergence factors On-going discussions in policy partners (ICLEI, UN Environment) on city partnerships

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Innovations in the food system: Exploring the future of food: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. A Ramaswami Contributor to: Chapter 3 Innovations in Food Production and Processing and Implications for Food Systems
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2020 Citation: Boyer, D., R. Kosse, G. Ambrose, P. Nixon, A. Ramaswami (2020). A hybrid transect & remote sensing approach for mapping urban agriculture: informing food action plans & metrics. In revision at Landscape & Urban Planning.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: E. Bell, M. Chaney, T. LaShae, M. Anderson, C. Baglien, N.A. Jelinski. The Future of Urban Agriculture. Panel Session Presentation. 2019 Food Justice Summit, Duluth, MN, Nov. 4-6, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Nicklay, J.A., V. Cadieux, N.A. Jelinski, K. LaBine, M. Rogers, G.E. Small. Initial trends in ecosystem service metrics of urban agriculture in Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN. Oral Presentation Presenter: J.A. Nicklay. 2019 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings, San Antonio, TX, Nov. 10-13, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jelinski, N.A., K. LaBine. Urban Soil Interpretations. Oral Presentation Presenter: N.A. Jelinski. 2019 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings, San Antonio, TX, Nov. 10-13, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Boyer, D, T Downs-Schwei, A Ramaswami. Minneapolis Food Action Plan -Topic 1: Food Justice & Equity. Community & stakeholder input meeting for Minneapolis Food Action Plan. Minneapolis, MN, May 15, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ramaswami, A, D Boyer, T Downs-Schwei, T Kottke, M Canterbury. Minneapolis Food Action Plan -Topic 2: Diets & Community-wide Demand. Community & stakeholder input meeting for Minneapolis Food Action Plan. Minneapolis, MN. July 24, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ramaswami, A, D Boyer, T Downs-Schwei. Minneapolis Food Action Plan -Topic 3: Agricultural Food Production.Community & stakeholder input meeting for Minneapolis Food Action Plan. Minneapolis, MN.Sept. 11, 2019
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Boyer, D, T Downs-Schwei, A Ramaswami. Minneapolis Food Action Plan -Topic 4: Processing, Wholesale, Retail, Distribution. Community & stakeholder input meeting for Minneapolis Food Action Plan. Minneapolis, MN.November 13, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Boyer, D, T Downs-Schwei, A Ramaswami. Minneapolis Food Action Plan -Topic 5: Food Waste Generation & Management. Community & stakeholder input meeting for Minneapolis Food Action Plan. Minneapolis, MN.January 8, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Boyer, D, T Downs-Schwei, A Ramaswami. Minneapolis Food Action Plan Meeting, Topic 6: Governance, Finance & Implementation. Community & stakeholder input meeting for Minneapolis Food Action Plan. Minneapolis, MN.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ramaswami, A. Sustainable Urban Food Systems and Food Action Planning in the U.S. and India.Princeton Environmental Institute Faculty Seminar. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. Dec. 3, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ramaswami, A. Shrink Your Foods Carbon Footprint. Community presentation to Sustainable Princeton. June 4, 2020
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2020 Citation: Nicklay, J.A., V. Cadieux, M.A. Rogers, N.A. Jelinski, K. LaBine, G.E. Small. In Review. Facilitating Spaces of Urban Agroecology Learning: a Framework for Practicing Participatory Community-University Partnerships. Submitted to: Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems: Agroecology and Ecosystem Services (invited contribution).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2020 Citation: Milnar, M., & A. Ramaswami (2020). The impact of urban expansion and in-situ greenery on community-wide carbon emissions: Method development and insights from eleven US cities. Submitted to Environmental Science & Technology