Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Design engineers, Regulators, Public Utility Directors Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One workshop and three field days were conducted in 2017 for installer, designers and regulators in the onsite wastewater treatment community. They were: Green and Sustainable Systems for Wastewater Treatment: Systems for Wet, Shallow Soils Dec. 7, 2017, Field Dayfor installers, designers and regulators washeld on Septic System Siting July 19. Field Day for installers, designers and regulator was held onWastewater Reuse Systems with Spray Irrigation on August 1, 2017 and Ohio Onsite Wastewater Association (OOWA) hosted a field day on April 5, 2016 Onsite Disinfection of Wastewater at the OSU Molly Caren Agricultural Center. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?In addition to workshops and field days, a paper on treatment of high salt content wastewater was presented at the Water Management Association of Ohio annual conference November 2, 2017. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Two hydroponic benches (W×L×H= 1.2 m × 6 m × 1.2 m) were set on top of a small, underground sand biofilter (6 m × 12 m), all covered with a simple structure high tunnel greenhouse (W×L×H= 9 m × 18 m × 4.3 m). The hydroponic bed could hold 10 floats (0.6 m x 1.2 m x 4 cm) crafted with polystyrene foam. The float perforations were filled with coco chips (coconut husk) as a growing media, which helped seed germination root fixation. To start the seed germination, seeds were applied directly onto the floats with 100 g/m2 seed density, and then covered with burlap.Grass seeds germinated in 2 weeks on the germination rack under the hydroponic bench. Floats were then transferred into the hydroponic bed for nutrient removal. The other hydroponic bed held control group floats with no seeds applied. Treated wastewater was introduced at a 6 cm/day hydraulic loading rate. The nutrient removal test lasted for 30 days until the grass was ready for harvest.Nutrient removal was compared to a no grass system as a control. The removal ratio of ammonium-N, nitrate-N and o-phosphate-P were 61-69%, 26-47% and 63-83%, respectively. The hydroponic floating bed systems provided a simple and reliable solution to lower effluent ammonium-N and meet discharge permit standards. In addition, plants can be harvested from these systems and could be further employed as forage or compost material for a potential economic return.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Griffin, J. and K. Mancl. In press. Onsite reuse of reclaimed wastewater in winter to determine potential for pollutant runoff. Ohio Journal of Science
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Mancl, K. and R. Kopp. 2017. Birds in the Sand Sand bioreactor solves turkey processing wastewater woes. Water and Waste Digest. July https://www.wwdmag.com/industrial-water-wastes-digest/birds-sand
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Mancl, K. and K. Lee. 2016. Mentoring East Asian Women Science and Engineering Faculty. Ohio Journal of Science. 116(2):28-33.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Gunarathna, T.V.N.M., C. Wang, K. Mancl and O. Tuovinen. 2016. Evaluation of Flow-Equalization in Laboratory-Scale Sand/Textile Bioreactors for the Treatment of High-Strength Wastewater. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 32(6):803-809. DOI 10.13031/aea.32.11254
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Park, E., K. Mancl, O. Tuovinen, M. Bisesi and J. Lee. 2016. Ensuring safe reuse of residential wastewater: Reduction of microbes and genes using peat biofilter and batch chlorine in an on-site treatment system. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 121:1777-1788.doi:10.1111/jam.13288
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Liu, K. 2017. Improved Onsite Wastewater Disinfection and Nutrient Removal for Safe Discharge and Reuse. PhD Dissertation. The Ohio State University
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Conroy, K. 2017. Treating High Salt Content Wastewater with Sand Bioreactors. MS Thesis. The Ohio State University
|
Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Public Health and Environmental regulators, Food processors, Wastewater treatment system designers and installers Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One workshop and 3 field days were conducted in 2016 for installers, designers and regulators in the onsite wastewater treatment community. They were: 1.) Green and Sustainable Systems for Wastewater Treatment: Leach Field Systems workshop Dec. 8, 2016, 2.) Two field days for installers, designers and regulators were held on Soil Evaluation for Septic Systems on July 21 3.) Wastewater Reuse Systems with Spray Irrigation on August 5, 2016 and 4.) Ohio Onsite Wastewater Association (OOWA) hosted a field day April 18, 2016 Onsite Wastewater Pretreatment Systems at the OSU Molly Caren Agricultural Center. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?In addition to workshops and field days, A paper on the use of bioreactors to treat meat-processing wastewater was presented to wastewater treatment professionals at the Water Environment Federation annual conference (WEFTEC) Sept. 27. 2016 What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?A new approach to onsite disinfection, as a batch process, is being tested as an alternative to the continuous flow-through systems currently available. Batch disinfection can provide more stable disinfectant levels and reduce energy and chemical use. Chlorine and UV treatment are being evaluated. Hydroponic systems are being evaluated for nutrient removal from treated wastewater.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The impact of salt concentration on the treatment of turkey slaughterhouse wastewater using sand/gravel bioreactors was determined. Many food processers use salt, resulting in high strength, high salt content wastewater. Six unsaturated sand/gravel columns were intermittently dosed to treat the wastewater in a single pass. Turkey processing wastewater served as the control and 3 g/L and 6 g/L of salt were added to wastewater for treatment in duplicate laboratory columns. BOD5 and NH3-N removal was measured during the 74-day experiment. The BOD5 removal achieved and maintained over 99% after day 21 at all salt levels. The NH3-N removal was achieved over 99% removal after day 32. The conductivity of the effluent matched the influent indicating that the treatment system did not remove salt. It was concluded from this study that sand/gravel bioreactors were able to treat high strength, high salinity (up to 0.6%) wastewater.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Mancl, K. and K. Lee. (in press) Mentoring East Asian Women Science and Engineering Faculty. Ohio Journal of Science.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Gunarathna, T.V.N.M., C. Wang, K. Mancl and O. Tuovinen. (in press) Evaluation of Flow-Equalization in Laboratory-Scale Sand/Textile Bioreactors for the Treatment of High-Strength Wastewater. Applied Engineering in Agriculture.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Park, E., K. Mancl, O. Tuovinen, M. Bisesi and J. Lee. (in press) Ensuring safe reuse of residential wastewater: Reduction of microbes and genes using peat biofilter and batch chlorine in an on-site treatment system. Journal of Applied Microbiology.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Mancl, K., R. Kopp and O. Tuovinen. 2016. Treatment of Meat-processing Wastewater With a Low-cost Sand/gravel Bioreactor System. WEFTEC 2016. Water Environment Federation. 10 pages.
|
Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:Public Health and Environmental regulators, Food processors, Wastewater treatment system designers and installers Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Green and Sustainable Systems for Wastewater Treatment: Mound Systems workshop Dec. 10, 2015 for installers, designers and regulators in the onsite wastewater treatment community. Ohio Society of Professional Engineers on Nov. 5, 2015 and the Ohio Water Environment Association on May 11, 2015 conducted workshops Treatment of High Strength, High Fat Content Wastewater for engineers and treatment plant operators. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The Ohio Onsite Wastewater Association (OOWA) hosted a field day April 22, 2015 Onsite Wastewater Distribution and Reuse Systems at the OSU Molly Caren Agricultural Center. The workshop was attended by installers, designers and regulators in the onsite wastewater treatment community. A paper on the use of bioreactors to treat meat-processing wastewater was presented to Agricultural and Food Engineers at the Annual International meeting of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers in July 2015 What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?A new approach to onsite disinfection, as a batch process, is being tested as an alternative to the continuous flow-through systems currently available. Batch disinfection can provide more stable disinfectant levels and reduce energy and chemical use. Chlorine and UV treatment are being evaluated. Hydroponic systems are being evaluated for nutrient removal from treated wastewater.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Reuse of reclaimed residential wastewater for landscape irrigation onsite is an attractive option to conserve water and avoid the deterioration of water quality. Sustainable onsite wastewater reuse depends on disinfection systems to remove microbial pollutants. This research evaluated the efficiency of an onsite wastewater treatment and disinfection systems before reuse system and examined the capacity of soils to remove microbial pollutants under wet and cold conditions. Household wastewater was treated with a peat biofiter and the effluent was disinfected with chlorine before reuse. Chlorine disinfection completely inactivated E. coli, but in the final effluents, viable C. perfringens and F-specific coliphage were frequently detected. The disinfection efficiency for removing F-specific coliphage was significantly reduced during winter/spring compared to the summer/autumn season. qPCR analysis showed that Arcobacter spp. were the most dominant organisms in the treated wastewater followed by Shiga toxin-producing E coli. The reductions in Arcobacter and tetQ were greater than that of gyrB, which were mostly attributed to removal by the peat biofiltration. In a cold weather microcosm study, soil columns were placed in a freezer and irrigated daily with treated wastewater. The study showed that very shallow soils (15 cm) did not achieve 3-log reduction of E. coli under wet and cold conditions. The 22.5 and 30 cm soil depths did not increase removal efficiency. This study indicated that recent regulation of vertical separation distance (15 cm) may not provide adequate ground water and public health protection and additional disinfection methods need to be applied. qPCR analyses showed that the 15 to 30 cm soil columns removed B. fragilis completely and most of tetQ and sul1 (antibiotic resistant bacteria), while removing Salmonella spp. by 1.5 order of magnitude.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Gaur, R.S., K.M. Mancl and O.H. Tuovinen. 2015. Treatment of Turkey Processing Wastewater Using Sand and Textile Bioreactors. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 31(4):605-609
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Mancl, K. R. Kopp and O. Tuovinen. 2015. Low-cost treatment of meat processing wastewater with a sand/gravel bioreactor system. Annual International Meeting ASABE. Publication Number 152176190.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Liu, K. and K. Mancl. 2015. Sand and Media Bioreactors: Pressure Distribution of Wastewater Design and Construction in Metric Units. Extension Bulletin 829.1. The Ohio State University
|
Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Public Health and Environmental regulators Food processors Wastewater treatment system designers and installers Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Ohio Water Quality & Waste Management Conference- Reuse of Graywater Onsite. 2-day conference held in Columbus, OH Sept. 4 & 5, 2014 Three offerings of Ohio Septic System Short Course for professional engineers and architects were held in Columbus (Aug. 1), Akron (Oct. 2) and Toledo (Nov. 13, 2014) How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results were shared with the Ohio Department of Health. The results were used to develop the Spray Irrigation Special Device Approval, signed by the ODH Director of Health July 16, 2014. Now any Ohio Health district can apply for the installation of onsite spray irrigation systems following the approved special device document. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Effectiveness of disinfection systems is evaluated in field settings using newly designed batch systems. Chlorine, UV and soil treatment are being evaluated. Hydroponic systems are being evaluated for nutrient removal from treated wastewater.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
A replicated, controlled field study continued Dec. 1, 2013 – April 30, 2014 to explore the use of surface irrigation to reclaim wastewater in cold temperatures. The objective of the experiment was to determine if the potential for pollutants to run off of a site was increased by the surface irrigation of treated wastewater in the winter. Two possible runoff mechanisms were considered. One mechanism considers frozen soil to be impervious, therefore any treated wastewater applied during the winter could runoff rather than infiltrate. The second mechanism considers lack of plant growth in the winter and limited ability to utilize the water, organic matter and plant nutrients in the treated wastewater. Therefore the water and pollutants can accumulate on the soil surface and runoff with precipitation events. In the severe winter of 2014, the soil on the test plots froze 3 times. Runoff occurred from wastewater irrigated plots and/or non-irrigated control plots 11 times through the winter. Four pollutants are regulated through NPDES, BOD5, total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia and E coli bacteria. For BOD5, TSS, E coli bacteria and ammonia, no significant difference was observed between the wastewater irrigated plots and the control plots in collected runoff events. The ammonia levels were significantly higher off the wastewater irrigated plot but below the NPDES limit. Over the course of the winter, runoff occurred only 7% of the time.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Deng, Y., J. Xu, Y. Liu and K. Mancl. 2014. Biogas as a sustainable energy source in China: Regional development strategy application and decision making. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 35(2014):294-303.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Xu, J., K. Mancl, and O. Tuovinen. 2014. Using a hydroponic system with tall fescue to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from renovated turkey processing wastewater. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 30(3):435-441.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Rowan, M. K.M. Mancl and O. Tuovinen. 2013. Evaluation of drip irrigation emitters distributing primary and secondary wastewater effluents. Irrigation and Drainage Systems Engineering. 2(3): 7
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Gunarathna, N.M., K. Mancl and G. Kaletunc. 2014. Electrochemical Disinfection in the Fresh-cut Produce Industry. Extension Fact Sheet AEX-322. The Ohio State University.
|
Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Public Heath and Environmental regulators, food processors, wastewater treatment system designers and installers Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Monthly workshops are conducted at the newly constructed wastewater treatment system at a turkey slaughterhouse. Meat company personnel and wastewater treatment system operators have attended How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? An Extension bulletin on suitability of Ohio soils for wastewater treatment. At the annual meeting of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, three presentations were made on nutrient removal from wastewater using hydroponic systems, low-cost wastewater dosing systems and clod temperature performance of wastewater treatment systems What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Evaluate reuse of reclaimed wastewater during winter conditions. Field work at three locations is supplemented with controlled studies in a laboratory freezer. Effectiveness of disinfection systems is evaluated in field settings using newly designed batch systems. Chlorine, UV and soil treatment are being evaluated.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
A replicated, controlled field study was conducted beginning January 21 – May 1, 2013 to explore the use of surface irrigation to reclaim wastewater in cold temperatures. The objective of the experiment was to determine if the potential for pollutants to run off of a site was increased by the surface irrigation of treated wastewater in the winter. Two possible runoff mechanisms were considered. One mechanism considers frozen soil to be impervious, therefore any treated wastewater applied during the winter could runoff rather than infiltrate. The second mechanism considers lack of plant growth in the winter and limited ability to utilize the water, organic matter and plant nutrients in the treated wastewater. Therefore the water and pollutants can accumulate on the soil surface and runoff with precipitation events. Throughout the experiment these mechanisms were not observed. Instead water and treated wastewater did infiltrate the soil throughout the winter. If runoff occurred, pollutants were not at higher concentrations on a wastewater irrigated plot than a water irrigated plot. Nutrient removal was studied using commerciallyavailable tall fescue, for wastewater treatment in a laboratory-scale hydroponic system. The wastewater, from a turkey processing plant, was first treated in a sand bioreactor system. Nitrate and phosphorus were measured in wastewater influent and effluent to evaluate the nutrient removal performance of the laboratory-scale hydroponic system. Tall fescue was cultured on media consisting of perforated plastic plates and one layer burlap. The plate/fabric/grass cells were tested at different hydraulic retention times. Two days of retention achieved 53% NO3--N removal and 68% PO43--P and was considered optimal for nutrient removal at 22-28 days of growth.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Mancl,K. and B. Slater. 2013. Suitability of Ohio Soils for Treating Wastewater. Extension Bulletin 896. The Ohio State University
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Agidi,S.,S. Vedachalam, K.Mancl and J.Lee. 2013. Effectiveness of onsite wastewater reuse system in reducing bacterial contaminants measured with human-specific IMS/ATP and qPCR. Journal of Emvironmental Management. 115(2013):167-174.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Mancl, K. R. Gaur and O. Tuovinen. 2013. Cold temperature impacts on treatment of meat processing wastewater. Proc. 2013 Annual meeting ASABE. St. Joseph, MI. Paper number 1583136
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Xu, J., K Mancl and O. Tuovinen. 2013. Using tall fescue to remove nutrients from renovated turkey processing wastewater. Proc. 2013 Annual meeting ASABE. St. Joseph, MI. Paper number 1583354.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Wang, C., K. Mancl and O. Tuovinen. 2013. Comparison of application strategies for fixed-media treatment of turkey processing wastewater. Proc. 2013 Annual meeting ASABE. St. Joseph, MI. Paper number 1581692.
|
Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Nutrient removal from treated wastewater was explored in a greenhouse setting. Tall fescue grass was grown in the laboratory under artificial light with treated turkey processing wastewater as the water and nutrient source. Two approaches to wastewater application were evaluated: demand dosing and timed dosing. In laboratory-scale bioreactors 24 doses were applied each day. In time- dosed reactors, application was evenly divided into hourly doses. For demand dosed reactors, applications were made every 15 minutes for 3 hours in the morning and repeated for 3 hours in the evening. No difference in BOD removal was observed under the 2 different dosing approaches. Results of the nutrient removal by greenhouse plants was shared at the annual conference of the Water Management Association of Ohio. Published three refereed journal articles in 2012. Four graduate students and three undergraduate students participated in the research. PARTICIPANTS: Peter Ling, Food, Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Olli Tuovinen, Microbiology TARGET AUDIENCES: Environmental and Public Health Regulators, Wastewater treatment systems designers and installers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Pilot studies in greenhouse showed: Hydraulic retention time was important in nutrient removal with 24 hours the optimal time. Throughout a 36 day growth cycle 70% N and 80% P removal was achieved. Test also showed distributing wastewater over the surface of large sand bioreactor systems can present challenges. Research on treatment of turkey slaughterhouse wastewater has resulted in the construction and operation of a full-scale treatment system. The 4-acre sand and gravel bioreactor is treating the wastewater from the processing of 7000 birds per day. IMPACT: The bioreactor cost is estimated to be $2.8 million over 20 years saving the owner about $10 million from the proposed alternative of pretreatment before discharge to a municipal treatment plant. The new bioreactor plant went online in August 2012 and is achieving 99% BOD removal and 53% - 85% ammonia removal.
Publications
- Velachalam, S., F.J. Hitzhusen and K.M. Mancl. 2012. Economic analysis of poorly sited septic systems: a hedonic pricing approach. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2012.673864
- Velachalam, S.J. and K. Mancl. 2012. Water resources and reuse: perceptions of students at the Ohio State University. Ohio Journal of Science. 110(5):104-113.
- Velachalam, S., E. Hacker and K. Mancl. 2012. The Evolution of Septic System Practices in Ohio. Journal of Environmental Health. 75(5): 22-27.
|
Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A survey of property values was conducted in the rural areas of Licking County Ohio to determine the impact of soil suitability for septic systems on property value. Soil suitability for different treatment systems was a function of soil depth. The least expensive systems, septic leach fields, require the deepest soils. Sewage can be treated on shallower soils with the use of mound systems and the shallowest soils require self-contained treatment systems with dispersal of treated and disinfected effluent to the soil through onsite irrigation systems. Survey results revealed that homes on lots with deeper soils were worth $15,752 more than similar homes on shallower soils and more than $20,000 more than homes on the shallowest soils. OSU students were asked about their perceptions of water resources and wastewater reuse. Eight hundred and nineteen students responded to a web survey. The survey results showed that students support water management and wastewater reuse programs. The presence of fecal bacteria in an onsite wastewater reuse system was detected using human-specific IMS/ATP and qPCR. The results showed 2-log reduction of fecal indicators following treatment through a peat bioeactor. Chlorine dioxide disinfection achieved 5-log reduction resulting in wastewater that is safe for spray irrigation in a public access area. Results have been shared through the Ohio Water Quality and Waste Management Conference hosted by the PI. In 2011 the conference presented research on the "Impact of Cold Weather on Wastewater Treatment". Two OSU Extension publications were also completed in 2011. PARTICIPANTS: Jiyoung Lee, Environment Health, OSU, Fred Huitzhusen, Agricultural, Environmental and Developmental Economics, OSU, Licking County Health Department TARGET AUDIENCES: Environmental and Public Health Regulators, Wastewater treatment systems designers and installers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Research on treatment of turkey slaughterhouse wastewater has resulted in the construction of a full-scale treatment system. The 4-acre sand and gravel bioreactor will treat the wastewater from the processing of 7000 birds per day. The bioreactor cost is estimated to be $2.8 million over 20 years saving the owner about $10 million from the proposed alternative of pretreatment before discharge to a municipal treatment plant. The new bioreactor plant is under construction, under budget and expected to be fully online by July 2012.
Publications
- Mancl, K. and J. Tao. 2011. Sand and Media Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment for Ohio Communities. Extension Bulletin 876. The Ohio State University.
- Vedachalam, V. and X. Huang and K. Mancl. 2011. Reuse of Reclaimed Wastewater - Disinfection to Protect Public Health. Extension Bulletin 943. The Ohio State University.
- Gunn, K., K. Mancl. 2011. Investigating Methods for Preventing Cold Induced Freezing of Irrigation Sprinklers. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 27(2):253-260.
- Tao, J. K. Mancl, and O. Tuovinen. 2011. A Potential Sanitary Sewer Overflow Treatment Technology: Fixed Media Bioreactors. Water Environment Research. 83(8):714-721.
- Vedachalam, Sridhar. 2011. Attitudinal, Economic and Technological Approaches to Wastewater Management in Rural Ohio. PhD Dissertation, Ohio State University (Mancl)
|
Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A pilot plant was built at a turkey processing facility to optimize bioreactor systems to treat wastewater. Various media options were evaluated to evaluate cost, ease of construction, transport of media to site. Two sand uniformities were compared (effective size: 0.93 mm; uniformity coefficient: 1.50 and effective size: 0.3 mm; uniformity coefficient: 4.0). No differences in BOD5 and COD removal efficiencies were observed. Clogging may be an issue with the less-uniform sand (effective size: 0.3 mm; uniformity coefficient: 4.0) as one of the sand/gravel column clogged during the experiment. Textile chips as a substitute for coarse sand/pea gravel layer was investigated. No practical difference in the treatment performance of Sand/gravel and Sand/textile bioreactors was observed. Sand/textile bioreactors can be built at difficult to access sites as the textile chips are lighter and easily hauled. Textile chips can easily be replaced, if there is a need, and is not as labor intensive as replacing a gravel/coarse sand layer. The 3 pilot-plants treating turkey processing wastewater, were exposed to fluctuation in the characteristics of wastewater that was due to time day, processes occurring in processing plant, number of birds processed, water use etc. This affected the pollutant concentrations in the wastewater. Results indicated more than 95% CBOD and TSS removal. Removal for oil and grease and phosphorus was > 90% and >50%, respectively. Ammonia removal up to 70% was observed but decreased at low temperature during winter. Work to identify ammonia removal mechanisms in gravel/sand bioreactors and evaluate management strategies was undertaken. The impact of freezing on bioreactors operated outdoors during winter was studied with small bioreactor just outside the laboratory. The experiments with 4 bioreactors included 5 freezing events. The samples were analyzed for COD, BOD5 and ammonia as soon as the bioreactors thawed following a freeze event. The results indicated no difference in the treatment efficiency before and after the freeze event. However, ammonia removal was affected by factors such as ambient air temperature, duration of freeze and influent ammonia concentration. To remediate the impact of cold temperature on ammonia removal, experiments using small polishing filters were conducted in a controlled environment. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate and compare the performance of fine sand polishing filters to remove ammonia at low and room temperature. Bioreactors were placed in refrigerators at ~ 5-6 degree C to study the impact of low temperature on the treatment performance of bioreactors. These bioreactors were operated at hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 1.75 gal/ft2/day. Two sets of polishing filters were also kept in the refrigerators or at room temperature and operated at HLRs of 10 and 30 gal/ft2/day to assess their performance in treating ammonia. Results indicated that during the six-month study ammonia was removed effectively by fine sand polishing filters even at low temperature. The effluent ammonia concentration met the effluent discharge guidelines. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Olli Tuovinen Department of Microbiology, OSU, Mr. Jim Arnold Department of Design, OSU Whitewater Processing Inc. City of Columbus Ohio Water Development Authority Madison County Health Department Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. TARGET AUDIENCES: Environmental and public health regulators Wastewater treatment designers and operators Wastewater treatment system builders and installers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
An NPDES permit and Permit to Install was issue by Ohio EPA to construct a full size treatment plant at a Turkey processing plant in Harrison, Ohio. The OSU design was used to prepare the application. The system will be constructed in Spring 2011. The system cost is one fourth the cost of connecting to a nearby community sewer system and one half the cost of the commonly used onsite treatment system. The OSU research on system maintenance resulted in a smaller facility than first required, saving about $250,000 of construction costs. This research effort kept the plant from closing saving 130 jobs in rural Ohio.
Publications
- Mancl. K. 2010. Culture of Water Pollution Control in Rural China. Annual International Meeting ASABE. Publication Number 1008338. 17 pages. (search at asae.frymuti.com)
- Velachalam, S.J. and K.Mancl. 2010. Student perceptions of water resources and reuse at a large university. Proceedings of Water Reuse Symposium. WEF, WateReuse Assoc. and AWWA. 12 pages.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Fat, oil and grease in wastewater can be difficult to treat because of their slow decomposition. The pretreatment of animal fat-containing wastewater was studied in sand and sand/gravel filters. The system facilitates the conversion of slowly degradable organic matter measured as the difference between chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Turkey-processing wastewater was applied at a constant hydraulic loading rate of 132 L/m2/day. Two types of fixed media reactors were employed: (i) one set with a varying depth of coarse sand, and (ii) the second was similar but with an additional pea gravel cap. The results indicated that the relative removal of COD was slightly improved in the sand bioreactors with a pea gravel cap irrespective of the depth of coarse sand, but partial conversion to BOD5 was not consistently demonstrated. Multiple dosing at the same daily loading rate slightly improved the treatment efficiency of the sand bioreactors. The ratios of influent-COD/effluent-COD were always greater than 1.0 following a change in the dosing frequency after a rest period, suggesting that organic matter, specifically fat globules in this case, was retained by the column matrix. Five types of fixed media bioreactors - sand, felt (textile), peat, felt/sand, and peat/sand - were used to treat sanitary sewer overflow (SSO). A simulated 6-h peak flow of a 25-yr SSO event contained 40-125 mg/l biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and was loaded on the bioreactors at a high hydraulic loading rate of 0.2 m/h. The sand bioreactors were the most effective in the treatment, reducing BOD5 by 84 plus minus 9%. The combination media peat/sand and felt/sand showed similar efficiency with peat, higher than felt. After the initial start-up, all the bioreactors reached >90% reduction of total suspended solids. The bioreactors also effectively removed ammonia and total phosphorus concentrations in a 2-h SSO loading, which would occur more often than a 6-h peak flow in a 25-yr SSO event. The effluent concentration of nutrients increased with continued loadings after the first 2 h. A new wastewater disinfection devise using chlorine dioxide is being developed. Severe water scarcity in many parts of the world has aroused renewed interest in recycling water. It is imperative to destroy the dangerous pathogens transmitted by the fecal-oral route by adequately disinfecting wastewater. Chlorine dioxide has been found to be an effective USEPA approved disinfectant. Small packets of precursor chemicals are commercially available to generate small quantities of chlorine dioxide onsite in an automated delivery device for dispensing this disinfectant in the form of a packet. The automation of the delivery device involved the design of a Geneva mechanism to drop the packet into a reaction chamber. This packet dropping mechanism was designed for use both in a manual mode and an automated mode. Disinfected water is safe for discharge on open lawns and gardens since the chlorite ion, a byproduct, is present in low concentration. However, wastewater discharge and reuse may be subject to local or state regulations. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Olli Tuovinen Department of Microbiology, OSU Dr. Jim Schmiedler Department of Mechanical Engineering, OSU (now at University of Notre Dame) Mr. Jim Arnold Department of Design, OSU Whitewater Processing Inc. City of Columbus Ohio Water Development Authority Madison County Health Department Ohio Environmental Protection Agency US Geological Survey Avantec Technologies, Inc. TARGET AUDIENCES: Environmental and public health regulators Wastewater treatment designers and operators Wastewater treatment system builders and installers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Planning is underway to construct a full size treatment plant at a Turkey processing plant in Harrison, Ohio. The OSU design was used to prepare the application for an NPDES permit. A public hearing was held and comments are being received. This research effort kept the plant from closing saving 130 jobs in rural Ohio.
Publications
- Gaur, RS, L Cai, OH. Tuovinen and KM, Mancl. 2010. Pretreatment of turkey fat-containing wastewater in coarse sand and gravel/coarse sand bioreactors. Bioresource Technology. 101(3):1106-1110.
- Tao, J. K. Mancl, and O. Tuovinen. 2010. Attenuation of pollutants in sanitary sewer overflow: comparative evaluation of treatment with fixed media bioreactors. Bioresource Technology. 101:1781-1786.
- Tao, J. K. Mancl, and O. Tuovinen. 2009. Using Fixed Media Bioreactors to Control the Environmental Impact of Sanitary Sewer Overflow. Proceedings of WEFTEC 2009. Water Environment Federation. Orlando,Florida Oct. 2009.
- Tao, J. K. Mancl, and O. Tuovinen. 2009. Treatment of Sanitary Sewer Overflow with Fixed Media Bioreactors. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 25(1):39-43.
- Mancl, K. 2009. Septic Tank - Soil Treatment Systems for Ohio Rural Homes. Extension Bulletin 939. The Ohio State University.
- Gunn, K.M. 2009. (K. Mancl, advisor) Developing Strategies for Year-round Spray Irrigation of Wastewater Effluent in Ohio. MS Thesis. The Ohio State University.
- Vedachalam, S, J. Schmiedeler, and K. Mancl. 2009. Automation of delivery device for chlorine dioxide disinfection. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 25(6):915-921.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Results from bench scale studies on treatment of turkey processing wastewater resulted in a pilot-plant being constructed onsite to investigate the efficiency of a layered sand bioreactor in removing organic and inorganic pollutants. Hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 1.6 gal/sq ft/day was used in the beginning but was reduced to 1.0 gal/sq ft/day after 10 months of sand bioreactor operation as effluent from one of the bed became turbid and had an increase in effluent CBOD. CBOD and TSS removed were always more than 90% and nitrogen content remained almost the same in effluent as well as the influent. An isolated incident of high TSS and CBOD in one of the effluent was observed during studies and was attributed to soil washing out from one of the bed as unwashed gravel was used as top layer. The gravel was removed, washed and replaced to fix this problem. Results obtained, so far, indicate that a layered sand bioreactor can effectively remove readily biodegradable organic carbon fraction. An additional textile bioreactor has been put in line very recently to investigate the removal of nitrogen. This research was expanded to the application of fixed media bioreactors to the treatment of sanitary sewer overflows (SSO) at high hydraulic loading of 0.2 m/h. Sand, peat, and textile (felt) were used as media to treat simulated 6-h peak flows for a 25-year SSO event in the city of Columbus, Ohio. The influent SSO was a mixture of primary sludge from a wastewater treatment plant diluted with tap water. Sand as a filter medium had the best removal of organic matter with an average 84% reduction of BOD5 and 90% of COD. The TSS removal was more than 90% in all media. Peat and felt were somewhat more efficient than the sand in the TSS removal. The media type and influent BOD5 concentration were two major factors that impacted the treatment of BOD5 (p<0.007). For the treatment of COD, significant factors were media type, influent concentration, and time course of loading in each SSO event (p≤ 0.001). Refereed Journal article submitted on research. A new wastewater disinfection devise using chlorine dioxide is being developed with patent applied for. Automation of the delivery device for chlorine dioxide disinfection was achieved using the Geneva mechanism. It was shown to be operable in two modes - manual and automated. Using the water take-off mechanism from an irrigation pump allowed for uniform distribution of chlorine dioxide within the water in the dosing tank. PARTICIPANTS: Mancl,K TARGET AUDIENCES: Design engineers, environmental and public health regulators PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The first pilot treatment plant in Ohio was constructed and put into operation at a turkey processing plant in Harrison, Ohio. The OSU design was used and results mirror the laboratory findings. Planning is underway to construct a full size treatment plant. This research effort kept the plant from closing saving 130 jobs in rural Ohio.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1. The feasibility of treating turkey processing wastewater using fixed film column bioreactors that contained either sand layers or a combination of sand and textile layers evaluated. Wastewater samples initially containing 1,010-2,360 mg COD/L and 463-1,250 mg BOD5/L were applied to bioreactors at 1.5 gallons/ft2/day. The bioreactors reached >95% and >99% removal of COD and BOD5, respectively, within one month of operation. The stable performance data showed that biofilm microorganisms in the bioreactors maintained their activity for over ten months of operation. There was no evidence for clogging of the bioreactors during this study. 2. Disinfection of treated wastewater was studied using chlorine dioxide. Chlorine dioxide gas is produced when a reactant packet by Avantec Technologies is exposed to moisture or immersed in water. Chlorine dioxide has the ability to kill viruses and parasites. Product design fundamentals such as problem decomposition methods and function
diagrams were used to identify the functions of the delivery device design The delivery device comprises a top rack, a bottom rack, a wastewater drum, a circulating pump, and a wastewater storage tank. When a chlorine dioxide packet from the top rack is dropped into the bottom rack of the chlorine dioxide device, wastewater from the storage tank is added to and circulated in the wastewater drum enclosing the bottom rack. As a result chlorine dioxide gas is generated which mixes with the circulating wastewater to form a chlorine dioxide solution. The dropping of a chlorine dioxide packet is timed and controlled according to wastewater level in the tank. A patent has been applied for. 3.Research began on treatment of sanitary sewer overflows using onsite system technologies. Sand, peat and textile (felt) as treatment medi were tested. To simulate a 25-year overflow event, the wastewater was loaded at 0.2 m/hr (5 gal/ft2/hr) for six hours once a month, followed by monitoring of the
effluent BOD5 and COD. The filter media and influent BOD5 concentration were two major factors that impacted the removal of BOD5 (p<0.001). The effluent BOD5 concentration of sand columns was the lowest, 14+-8 mg/L. Filter media type, influent concentration, and operation time each had a significant effect on the COD removal of bioreactors (p≤ 0.001). Sand bioreactors averaged about 90% COD removal.
PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Don Stoeckel, US Geological Survey; Ms. Peggy Williams, Avantec Technologies, Inc.; Y.W. Kang; O. Tuovinen; H.K. Caldwell; M. Quigley; R. Gaur; H.S. Gulian-Krishnaswamy; J.Tao.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Design Engineers, Regulators, Public Utility Directors
Impacts
The first pilot treatment plant in Ohio was constructed and put into operation at a Turkey processing plant in Harrison, Ohio. The OSU design was used and results mirror the laboratory findings. Planning is underway to construct a full size treatment plant. This research effort kept the plant from closing saving 130 jobs in rural Ohio.
Publications
- Kang, Y.W., K. Mancl and O. Tuovinen. 2007. Treatment of Turkey Processing Wastewater with Sand Filtration. Bioresource Technology. 98(7):1460-1466.
- Kang, Y.W., K. Mancl and O. Tuovinen. 2007. Recovery of Sand Bioreactor Performance Through Resting Following Treatment of Turkey Processing Wastewater. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 23(6):719-725.
- Caldwell, H. K. Mancl and M. Quigley. 2007 The effect of year-round irrigation of landscape plant quality and health in Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science 107(4):77-81.
- Gaur, R. and K. Mancl. 2007. Spectrophotommetric Measurement of Chlorine Dioxide Residuals in Wastewater Disinfection Using Lissamine Green B. Proc. of the 11th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems ASABE. Publication Number 701P1107. 6 pages.
- Gulian-Krishnaswamy, H.S. and K. Mancl. 2007. Design of Delivery Device for Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection. Proc. of the 11th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems ASABE. Publication Number 701P1107. 8 pages.
- Tao, J., K. Mancl, O. H. Tuovinen. 2007. Removal of COD and BOD5 in Sanitary Sewer Overflow with Fixed Media Bioreactors. Proc. of the 11th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems ASABE. Publication Number 701P1107. 7 pages.
- Gaur, R., K. Mancl, O. Tuovinen. 2007. Pretreatment of Turkey Fat in Wastewater in Sand Bioreactors. Proc. of the 11th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems ASABE. Publication Number 701P1107. 7 pages.
- Gaur, R., K. Mancl, O. Tuovinen. 2007. Treatment of Turkey Processing Wastewater with Sand and Sand-Textile Bioreactors. Proc. of the 11th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems ASABE. Publication Number 701P1107. 4 pages.
- PCT Application No. PCT/US2007/083967, filed November 7, 2007 Priority: U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/864,706, filed November 7, 2006 Title: SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TREATING A FLUID Inventors: Harsha S. Gulian Krishnaswamy, Karen M. Mancl, Margaret E. Williams, Blaine W. Lilly and James Liang-Hiong Chia
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Treatment of High Strength Wastewater - Food Processing Wastewater Phase 2 project between OSU and Whitewater Processing, Inc. is well underway. Whitewater Processing is a small turkey slaughter facility just northwest of Cincinnati. In this study, bench-scale experiments were carried out to evaluate the treatment of turkey processing wastewater using fixed film bioreactors. Two systems were evaluated: a layered sand biofilter and a layered textile-sand combination. The layered sand biofilter comprised three layers: fine sand (18 in. deep) in the bottom, coarse sand (6 in.) in the middle and pea gravel (6 in.) on the top. Fine sand was supported by a 2-in. layer of pea gravel at the base of the filter to facilitate drainage. In the layered textile-sand filter, the top pea gravel and coarse sand layer was replaced by a 12-in. layer of synthetic polymer fabric. Following an initial phase of biofilm development with microorganisms that used the wastewater as the
substrate, these two bioreactor types were tested for COD and BOD5 removal from the high FOG turkey processing wastewater. Multiple daily doses of wastewater ( BOD5: 463-567 mg/Land COD: 1011-1495 )were applied to these bioreactors at a hydraulic loading rate of 1.5 gallons/ft2/day. After several months of operation the fixed film bioreactors showed more than 99% and 95% removal of BOD and COD, respectively. Both types of bioreactors have performed at high efficiency and columns have not showed any signs of clogging. The stable performance data showed that the biofilms were robust and maintained their lipolytic activity over several months. New disinfection system for small and onsite sewage treatment Waterborne diseases, ranging from gastrointestinal illness to hepatitis, are caused by viruses and parasites and are spread through the waste of an infected person. A large outbreak of water borne illness greatly impacted the resort area of South Bass Island in 2004. Hundreds of people
fell ill and tourism was affected. As people continue to build homes in dense developments in environmentally sensitive areas, like South Bass Island, the threat of water borne illness continues. Chlorine dioxide is a highly effective disinfection agent. However, only 1 paper "The Use of Chlorine Dioxide in Disinfection of Wastewater" has been found. The paper was presented by an engineer from Israel at an international conference in 1987. The first phase of this team research project developed a new, highly effective and easy to use disinfection system for small wastewater treatment systems. The team included research scientists and engineers from OSU Food, Agricultural & Biological Engineering, OSU Industrial, Welding and Systems Engineering, Avantec Technologies, Inc. and US Geological Survey. A prototype machine to deliver chlorine dioxide packets to the effluent of a small wastewater treatment system was constructed. The invention of the machine has been disclosed only to the OSU
Office of Technology Licensing for patent application consideration.
Impacts
Whitewater processing has constructed a pilot wastewater treatment plant, following the project research design, at it's turkey processing facility. They were able to construct the plant themselves with plant labor, at a considerable cost savings. A patent disclosure has been filed on a new disinfection devise using chlorine dioxide. Phase two of the project begins Spring 2007 to develop the control system for the devise which will lead to a marketable devise.
Publications
- Kang, Y.W., K. Mancl and O. Tuovinen. 2007. Treatment of Turkey Processing Wastewater with Sand Filtration. Bioresource Technology. 98(7):1460-1466.
- Zhou, Lan. 2006. Long term turkey processing wastewater treatment by sand bioreactor. MS Thesis. The Ohio State University.
- Gulian Krishnaswamy, H.S. 2006. Design of Delivery Devise for Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection. MS Thesis, Ohio State University. 99 pages.
- Dispenser for Chlorine Dioxide Packets. Nov. 7, 2006. US Patent Application. No. 60/864,706.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
The treatment of turkey processing wastewater using coarse/fine sand filtration was investigated. Turkey fat was identified as the most challenging component to degrade. Research on pretreatment of fat was conducted in gravel/sand columns. The goal was to determine appropriate media depth and dosing patterns to facilitate pretreatment. Findings suggest that a 4" depth of coarse sand (2.5 to 3.5 mm) is optimum for fat pretreatment. Disinfection of treated wastewater was studied using chlorine dioxide. Chlorine dioxide is a wide spectrum disinfectant and is more effective than the tradition disinfectants; chlorine and ultraviolet light. In the past chlorine dioxide use has been restricted to large drinking water systems due to the need for on site generation using expensive equipment. It has not been used before in wastewater disinfection. A new product is now available to generate small volumes of chlorine dioxide on site. It is a small packet of dry chemicals, that
once dropped in water, generates a small quantity of chlorine dioxide. This research project involves using the packets to disinfect treated wastewater from onsite systems. Research began on treatment of sanitary sewer overflows using onsite system technologies. Hydrographs were obtained for extreme events and laboratory experiments were designed to evaluate treatment technologies at the extremes. Fixed film systems using gravel/sand, foam, textile, and peat are being evaluated.
Impacts
Both the Ohio Environmental protection Agency and the Ohio Department of Health are developing new rules on onsite wastewater treatment. The finding from this research are being directly incorporated into these new laws.
Publications
- Xi, J., K. M. Mancl and O. H. Tuovinen. 2005. Carbon Transformation During Sand Filtration of Cheese Processing Wastewater. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 2(2): 271-274.
- Mancl, K. and J.D. Slates. 2005. Demonstrating Manure Spreader Calibration at Field Days. Journal of Extension (www.joe.org). 43(4):4IAW5.
- Guar, R. S., L. Cai, K. Mancl, O. Tuovinen. 2005. Pretreatment of animal fat through coarse sand filters. Proceedings NOWRA Annual Conference. Cleveland, Ohio. 10 pages.
- Kang, Y.W., K. Mancl, O. Tuovinen. 2005. Feasibility of Renovating Turkey Processing Wastewater Using Fixed Film Bioreactors. Proceedings NOWRA Annual Conference. Cleveland, Ohio. 10 pages.
- Rowan, M., K. Mancl, O. Tuovinen. 2005. Performance of Drip Irrigation Emitters Distributing Primary and Secondary Wastewater Effluent. Proceedings NOWRA Annual Conference. Cleveland, Ohio. 10 pages.
- Rowan, M., K. Mancl. 2005. Spray Irrigation Design for On-site Wastewater Treatment Systems in Ohio. 2005. Proceedings NOWRA Annual Conference. Cleveland, Ohio. 7 pages.
- Slater, B. and K. Mancl. 2005. Soil and Site Evaluation for Onsite Wastewater Treatment. Extension Bulletin 905. The Ohio State University.
- Kang, YW, K. Mancl and R. Gustafson. 2005 Mound Systems: Pressure Distribution of Wastewater. Extension Bulletin 829. The Ohio State University.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
The treatment of turkey processing wastewater using coarse/fine sand filtration was investigated. The effects of operational parameters such as hydraulic and organic loadings, filter design, dosing frequency, and detergent as an additive on the treatment of turkey processing wastewater were studied using bench-scale sand filters. The efficiency and life span of the treatment process were related to the extent of hydraulic loading of the sand filters. Three-layer sand filter design, that features a pea-gravel cap, is recommended to achieve optimum organic material removal and extended operation. Multiple dosing of sand filters provided superior performance in the treatment efficiency and filter run time. Resting and drying of used sand filters for 35 days improved the treatment and lengthened the filter runs. The three-layer sand filter without additional detergent effectively removed fat from the turkey processing wastewater. Multiple dosing with a lower loading rate
improved the fat removals. Four types of drip irrigation emitters distributed influents of different qualities. The experimental emitters were designed for treated wastewater. The emitters distributed tap water, primary septic tank effluent and secondary sand bioreactor effluent. Each effluent was distributed through each emitter type for ten minutes every six hours, seven days a week for twelve months. Emitter flow rates were measured each month to identify clogged emitters. The control emitters exhibited significant reduction in flow while the experimental emitters were not different. Emitter clogging was gradual and incomplete. Flow rates fluctuated over time. Clogged emitters recovered to near their original flow rates with time. The emitters distributing the septic tank effluent exhibited the most significant reduction in flow. The sand bioreactor reduced the degree of clogging in all four types of emitters. Biofilms were analyzed to determine their influence on emitter
performance. ATP measurements revealed emitters distributing septic tank effluent contained higher biomass amounts than both tap water and sand bioreactor effluent. The ATP measurements did not show strong correlation with flow reduction. Biofilms were not shown to be the cause of emitter clogging. Wastewater quality was a determining factor in emitter function. Secondary treatment reduced emitter clogging. Wastewater quality was a determining factor in biofilm development. Secondary treatment reduced the extent of biofilm development in the emitters. After one year, the three driplines as designed.
Impacts
Both the Ohio Environmental protection Agency and the Ohio Department of Health are developing new rules on onsite wastewater treatment. The finding from this research are being directly incorporated into these new laws.
Publications
- Rowan, M. K. Mancl, O. Tuovinen. 2004. Clogging of Drip Irrigation Emitters Distributing Effluents of Differing Levels of Treatment. Proc. of the 10th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems ASAE. St. Joseph, MI., pages. 84- 91.
- Mancl, K., B. Slater. 2004. Soil Environment Technology Learning Lab. Proc. of the 10th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems ASAE. St. Joseph, MI. pages 700-707.
- Rowan, M., K. Mancl, H. Caldwell. 2004. On-site Sprinkler Irrigation of Treated Wastewater in Ohio. Extension Bulletin 912. The Ohio State University.
- Chen, C.L., K. Mancl. 2004. Mound Systems for Onsite Wastewater Treatment. .. Siting, Design and Construction in Ohio. Extension Bulletin 813. The Ohio State University.
- Young Woon Kang. 2005. Biological treatment of turkey processing wastewater with sand filtration. PhD Dissertation, The Ohio State University.
- Xi, J, K. M. Mancl and O. H. Tuovinen. 2004. (Accepted for publication) Carbon Transformation During Sand Filtration of Cheese Processing Wastewater. Applied Engineering in Agriculture.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
The feasibility of coarse/fine sand filtration for renovating organic material and nutrients from turkey processing wastewater was investigated. The column operation was tested with three organic and hydraulic loadings. Six columns were filled with fine and coarse sand to a height of 66 cm. The two-layered columns were initially inoculated with a mixture of 20% of lagoon sludge, 40% of turkey processing wastewater and 40% BOD5 dilution water before starting the column operation with turkey processing wastewater. The wastewater was applied to each sand bioreactor at hydraulic loading rates of 264, 132, and 66 L/m2/day. Each group comprised duplicate columns with the same hydraulic loading. A commercially available detergent, Ivory, was added to the wastewater at 0.04%. Because the sand columns were inoculated, maximum removal efficiencies of effluent quality were reached rapidly within 10 days. Over the 80 days of column operation at low and mid hydraulic loading rates
(below 132 L/m2/day) the concentration of organic materials in the effluents was low because of the >95% removal of BOD5, COD and TOC. The removal efficiency of a high hydraulic loading rate columns (264 L/m2/day) declined after the appearance of a black zone in the top of the fine sand layer on day 50.
Impacts
Based on the feasibility study, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, has granted a permit for a pilot scale treatment system at the Whitewater Processing turkey plant in Harrison, OH. The pilot plant will yield the operating parameters necessary to construct a full size treatment facility. Without the option of onsite treatment, sewer construction costs and wastewater surcharges at the town treatment facility exceeded the monthly income of the turkey processing plant - closing a slaughter facility serving Ohio and Indiana turkey growers. Once demonstrated, the treatment technology will be available for application with small food processing facilities throughout Ohio.
Publications
- Liu, Q. K. Mancl, O. Tuovinen. 2003 Biomass accumulation and carbon utilization in layered sand filter biofilm systems receiving milkfat and detergent mixtures. Bioresource Technology 89(2003):275-279.
- Mancl, K. D. Slates. 2003. Farmer Estimates of Manure Application. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal, Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes. ASAE St. Joseph, MI. pages 200-203.
- Xi, J., Mancl, K. O. Tuovinen. 2003. Transformations and accumulation of carbon in gravel/sand filters treating cheese processing wastewater. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal, Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes. ASAE St. Joseph, MI. pages 341-349.
- Kang, Y.W., Mancl, K., O. Tuovinen. 2003. Biological Treatment of Turkey Processing Wastewater with Coarse/fine Sand Filtration. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal, Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes. ASAE St. Joseph, MI. pages 44-49.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Biological treatment of turkey processing wastewater with coarse/fine sand filtration Meat processing wastewater presents challenges in wastewater treatment. It's high BOD5 of over 1500 mg/l O2 and high fat content overwhelms conventional wastewater treatment processes. This research investigated feasibility of coarse/fine sand filtration for removing organic materials and nutrients in turkey processing wastewater. Six, 2-layer, laboratory columns of three groups were filled with fine and coarse sands to a height of 26 inches. Turkey processing wastewater mixed with detergent was applied to each sand bioreactor with different hydraulic loading rates (1.570, 0.785 and 0.393 gal/ft2/day). Maximum removal efficiencies of effluent quality were reached rapidly within 10 days of experiment period. For the duration of over 80 days, low and mid hydraulic loading rate columns (below 0.785 gal/ft2/day) maintained the low and constant organic materials in the effluents with over
95 % of BOD5, COD and TOC. However, removal efficiencies of high hydraulic loading rate columns (1.570 gal/ft2/day) declined rapidly after observing the black zone in the top of the fine sand layer (Day 50). Additionally, nutrients including ammonia and phosphorous were removed in this operation conditions. According to the results obtained in this research, sand bioreactor receiving appropriate doses of turkey processing wastewater present a reliable and efficient treatment process. The performance of sand bioreactor related with effluent quality and life span of reactor was dependent upon organic and hydraulic loadings.
Impacts
Small 'family' food processing plants are being stressed by ever more stringent wastewater treatment regulations. Research is underway to developed simple, low-cost and low-management wastewater treatment systems to protect Ohio's water and keep small businesses viable.
Publications
- Mancl, K. 2002. Model for Success in Onsite Wastewater Management. Journal of Environmental Health. 64(9):29-31.
- Mancl.K. 2002. The Role of Manure Application in Fish Kills. Ohio Country Journal. Feb. p. 27.
- Mancl, K. and B. Slater. 2002. Suitability of Ohio Soils for Treating Wastewater. Extension Bulletin 896. The Ohio State University
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
The objectives of this research project are to: Examine the feasibility of using a bioreactor systems to treat turkey processing wastewater. Identify critical design and management factors for bioreactor system for turkey processing wastewater including; wastewater pretreatment, hydraulic and organic loading rates, reactor media characteristics, reactor configuration and management requirements. Treatment of food processing wastewater through a bioreactor will be examined in replicated experiments using laboratory-columns. All column studies were be conducted at room temperature. Turkey processing wastewater mixed with detergent was applied in 24 small doses per day. Each set of columns received different daily loading rates. The low rate column received 83,960 mg O2/m2/d COD, the medium rate 167,920 and the high rate 335,840. The influent BOD5 ranged from 383 mg/l to 1,320 mg/l. Over a 3 month experiment nearly 100% of the BOD5 was removed by the filters, with the
mid and low rate filters achieving less than 10 mg/l BOD5 in the effluent. While none of the filters clogged over the course of the feasibility study, the high rate columns exhibited signs of fouling. By resting the high rate column for 2 months, the accumulated organic material degraded and all signs of fouling diminished. Based on the positive results of the feasibility study, a comprehensive experiment is being conducted on the effect of pretreatment on the renovation of turkey processing wastewater.
Impacts
Small 'family' food processing plants are being stressed by ever more stringent wastewater treatment regulations. Research is underway to developed simple, low-cost and low-management wastewater treatment systems to protect Ohio's water and keep small businesses viable.
Publications
- Mancl, K. R. Rosencrans. 2001. Water Augmentation Through Onsite Wastewater Management. Proc. of the 9th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems ASAE.St. Joseph, MI.
- Mancl, K. S. Patterson. 2001. Twenty Years of Success in Septic System Management. Proc. of the 9th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems ASAE.St. Joseph, MI.
- Mancl, K. 2001. Onsite Wastewater Management: A Model for Success. Proc. of the 9th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems ASAE.St. Joseph, MI.
- Verma, A. K. Mancl. 2001. Emperical Models for Effectiveness of Single Pass Sand Filters for Wastewater Treatment. Proc. of the 9th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems ASAE.St. Joseph, MI.
- Mancl, K. M. Vollmer. 2001. Management of Individual Mechanical Sewage Treatment Systems - How Much is Needed? Journal of Environmental Health. 63(9):22-25.
- Mancl, K. B. Slater. 2001.Suitability Assessment of Ohio's Soils for Soil-based Wastewater Treatment. Ohio Journal of Science. 101(3/4):48-56.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Cheese processing wastewater was effectively treated in laboratory experiments using gravel sand filters. Filters were constructed in plastic columns and contained a 5 cm layer of pea gravel, a 30 cm layer of coarse sand topped with a 30 cm layer of pea gravel. Columns were loaded with daily doses ranging from 3900 mg O2 COD per ft2 to 15600 mg O2 COD per ft2. Columns achieved more than 99% BOD5 removal. Clogging is a concern with media filters. Clogging was measured as the ratio of effluent collected in 1.5 hours over the total influent. Daily COD loading rate had no impact on clogging. Systems received either one dose per day or the daily load divided into 12 equal doses applied throughout the day. Systems receiving one dose per day dropped to a clogging ratio of 10% after 90 days and remained at that level for the remainder of the 210 day experiment. Systems receiving 12 doses per day dropped to a clogging ratio of only 60%. Cheese processing wastewater has a pH of
12.7. One group of experiments were conducted to pretreat the wastewater to pH 7.0. In all experiments, with or without pretreatment, the pH of the effluent stabilized at 9.5. It was concluded that pretreatment to neutralize pH was unnecessary.
Impacts
Cheese processing wastewater treatment using gravel sand filters is feasible. Pretreatment to lower high pH levels is unnecessary. Applying the wastewater in small doses spaced throughout the day is effective in reducing clogging and improving effluent quality.
Publications
- Xi. J. 2000. Biological Treatment of Cheese-processing Effluents with Sand/gravel Filtration. Unpublished Masters Thesis. The Ohio State University.
- Jones,D. G. McCluer, K. Mancl, T. Mescher 2000. Neighbor Attitudes About New or Expanding Livestock Facilities in Rural Ohio. Proceedings of Swine Housing Conference. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI. pages 260-266.
- Liu, Q., K. Mancl, O. Tuovinen. 2000. High Fat Wastewater Remediation Using Layered Sand Filter Biofilm Systems. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal, Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes. ASAE St. Joseph, MI. pages 242-248.
- Xi, J. K. Mancl, O. Tuovinen. 2000. Biological Treatment of Cheese-Processing Effluents with Gravel/Sand Filtration. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal, Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes. ASAE St. Joseph, MI. pages 151-157.
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