Source: TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
CLIMATE RESILIENT HIGH-QUALITY TOMATO VARIETIES FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
ACTIVE
Funding Source
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1032975
Grant No.
2024-51181-43464
Cumulative Award Amt.
$6,401,829.00
Proposal No.
2024-05397
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Sep 1, 2024
Project End Date
Aug 31, 2028
Grant Year
2024
Program Code
[SCRI]- Specialty Crop Research Initiative
Recipient Organization
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
750 AGRONOMY RD STE 2701
COLLEGE STATION,TX 77843-0001
Performing Department
(N/A)
Non Technical Summary
Tomato is one of the most widely cultivated, extensively consumed, and economically important horticultural crops in the US. However, the US tomato industry is facing certain major challenges, such as sustaining the competitiveness of domestic production, resilience to the increased frequency and severity of biotic and abiotic stresses driven by climate change, and meeting consumer demands for high-quality fresh and processed tomato products. Hence, the project will focus on developing tomato lines with high water use efficiency (WUE) and heat tolerance (HT) to mitigate the impacts of biotic and abiotic stresses compounded by a dynamic and changing climate. It is anticipated that this stakeholder-driven approach will lead to the development of n regionally adapted, disease-resistant, high-quality WUE and HT advanced breeding lines that support breeding flavorful, high-quality, healthy tomatoes, thus adding value for tomato breeders, seed companies, producers, distributors, processors, and retailers via increased consumer demand (SCRI focus areas 1, 3, and 5). Moreover, the high WUE and HT tomatoes will reduce the cost of tomato production while enhancing economic opportunities in agricultural areas and supporting rural living. The project focuses on field-grown tomatoes, but the identified traits and advanced breeding lines will be useful for tomatoes grown in other production systems. The project will yield vital data, advanced breeding lines, molecular breeding tools, elite inbred lines for fresh, mature green, and processing tomato types, and novel genetic diversity that breeders can use to improve future varieties.
Animal Health Component
50%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
30%
Applied
50%
Developmental
20%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2011460108160%
2041460101010%
7121460116010%
2031460102010%
7011460101010%
Goals / Objectives
The long-term goal of this multidisciplinary project is to commercialize high water use efficiency (WUE) and heat tolerance (HT) tomato varieties with high-quality fruit, reduced foodborne pathogens (FBP) contamination, and improved postharvest shelf-life. In the timeframe of the project, we will focus on developing advanced breeding lines and molecular breeding tools (e.g., markers) that will be useful to both public breeders and seed companies for the further development of elite varieties with enhanced WUE, HT, and fruit quality targeted to specific growing regions and production systems (field, greenhouse, and Controlled Environment Agriculture). By combining traits that benefit producers (WUE, HT, shelf-life, and regional adaptation) and consumers (quality and decreased FBP susceptibility) with a robust evaluation of key marketing factors, our project activities will also support the eventual adoption of the resulting improved varieties across the supply chain to consumers.The project goal will accomplish the five stakeholder-driven objectives:Objective 1. Identify novel tomato genotypes with improved WUE, HT, disease resistance, and high nutritional and fruit quality. We believe that a broad panel of germplasm from across the U.S. will provide sufficient diversity for identifying loci/alleles and markers associated with key traits to improve abiotic/biotic stress tolerance and tomato fruit quality/nutrition, broadening trait improvement opportunities for all breeding programs.Objective 2. Develop and share advanced germplasm with the traits in Objective 1 and regional adaptation. The selected accessions from Obj 1 will have regional-specific adaptability, allowing us to develop germplasm specific to various geographic regions with unique climatic conditions.Objective 3. Produce advanced breeding lines and test their economic feasibility. A deep reservoir of germplasm diversity will enable the development of high-WUE and HT tomato accessions with high quality, shelf-life, texture, and nutrient traits. Informing consumers about the enhanced quality, health benefits, and climate resilience will support acceptance.
Project Methods
The following methods will be employed to achieve planned objectives.Activity 1.1: Screening and breeding for high WUE and HT tomatoes.Method 1. Screening of fresh market and processing tomato types for WUE and HT: Each breeding program will contribute 100 inbred lines and a core panel of 200 sequenced tomato accessions. WUE and HT traits will be field-evaluated to link them with genomic loci through GWAS and develop genomic selection models.Method 2. Morpho-physiological evaluations: Yield and quality will be assessed through leaf-level measurements of flower number, pollen and stigma health, fruit set, and size, damage from heat or sun, acidity, firmness, harvest index, ripening patterns, retail/eating quality, and disorders such as blossom-end rot and sunburn.Method 3. Root architecture analysis: High and low WUE genotypes will be evaluated for root architecture using high-resolution digital scans analyzed with WinRHIZO Pro software, crucial for understanding plant responses to soil, water, and nitrogen availability.Activity 1.2: Breeding for combined WUE and HT tomatoes: Each breeding program will focus on regional adaptability. OSU will develop WUE processing tomatoes for dry farm production. UF will breed for Florida and the Southeast, combining HT with resistance to multiple viruses and diseases using marker-assisted selection (MAS).Activity 1.3: Genomic and genetic studies to understand genes and markers associated with high-WUE and HTMethod 1. Marker development: Strong QTLs identified by GWAS will be validated using linkage analysis with four mapping populations of 200 F2 plants, phenotyped under water or heat stress. Genotyping will utilize the TAMU AgSeq platform, traditional GBS, or the Commercial Fresh Market Tomato PlexSeq SNP Panel.Method 2. QTL mapping: We'll map the chromosome 12 HT QTL using flanking markers in a backcross to pinpoint recombination. Progeny will be field-tested for fruit set and yield traits. Candidate genes will undergo functional analysis, and enhanced molecular markers linked to the QTL will be developed for MAS or genomic selection in breeding.Method 3. Genome and transcriptome profiling: Tomato pangenome will be integrated into transcriptome mapping to identify novel and variant transcripts. Trait-linked genomic regions will be analyzed for sequence and expression changes associated with traits of interest. Candidate genes linked to WUE, HT, disease resistance, and quality traits will undergo functional analysis using gene editing techniques.Method 4. Genomic selection: GS methods (GBLUP, RRBLUP, and LASSO) will be evaluated for prediction accuracy, with the best selected. The TAMU AgSeq platform or Agriplex PlexSeq SNP Panel will provide informative SNPs. Prediction accuracy will be the mean Pearson correlation between predicted GEBVs and phenotypic BLUPs.Method 5. Marker-assisted selection for disease resistance: Breeding will use marker-assisted selection for key disease resistance genes (Ty-1, Ty-2, Ty-3, Ty-6, Sw-5, Sw-7, Tm-2, I-2, I-3, Frl, Ve, Mi) each cycle. Advanced HT and WUE lines and hybrids will be evaluated using seedling disease screens and natural field disease pressures and then tested at multiple locations.Activity 1.4: Evaluating fruit quality: Physico-chemical, sensory, and metabolomic analyses will be conducted annually on top-performing fresh market and processing tomato lines, using tomato juice processed via the hot break method to assess attributes.Method 1. Physicochemical evaluation: Internal and external fruit color (Chroma Meter), titratable acidity (DL 22 Food and beverage analyzer), texture, firmness (digital penetrometer), and total soluble solids (TSS, digital refractometer) will be evaluated for all the selected breeding lines.Method 2. Sensory evaluation: Sensory quality, including color, flavor, and texture, of tomato cultivars will be evaluated using affective scaling instruments like the 9-point Hedonic scale, 5-point Just-About-Right scale, and Check-All-That-Apply scale to assess overall acceptability and specific attributes.Method 3. Metabolomic analysis by GC-MS, GC - olfactory detector, and UHPLC-MS: We will evaluate improved HT and WUE lines for consumer-preferred nutritional and phytochemical compositions, including vitamins, carotenoids, polyphenols, amino acids, GABA, fatty acids (FAs), and green leaf volatiles (GLVs). Volatiles will be analyzed by GC-MS with olfactory detection, and non-volatile flavor compounds by LC. Metabolites will be identified and quantified using UHPLC-HR-ESI-QTOF-MS and GC-MS.Activity 2.1: Impact of genotype x environment on selected WUE and HT tomato lines: The team will analyze GxE interactions, collect yield data, assess disease resistance, and evaluate regional adaptability across multiple states. They'll also test promising germplasm for yield, size, health, and fruit quality.Activity 2.2: Development of CRISPR higher-order knockout WUE and HT lines for reduced decay and higher juice viscosity: Gene-edited knockouts of PG, PL, PME, and LOB1 will be created using Golden Gate technology with Cas9 plasmids. Transformants will be assessed for enzyme activity reduction in ripe fruit and monitored for fruit traits and juice consistency.Activity 2.3: Stress management of WUE and HT tomatoes by using growth regulators: Transient growth attenuation induced by plant hormones is integral to stress tolerance. As a complementary, non-GMO approach, we will use commercial plant growth regulators, such as paclobutrazol (antagonist of gibberellin) and abscisic acid, to optimize growth and stress tolerance.Activity 2.4: Flavor, aroma, and quality profiling of selected lines: As per Activity 1.4, the quality, sensory, and metabolomic analysis of the selected advanced breeding lines will be performed on both fresh market and processing tomato types.Activity 3.1: Assessment of microbial load, pathogen attachment, and surface decontamination of various tomato advanced breeding linesMethod 1. Efficacy of HT and high WUE tomatoes in deterring FBP attachment & internalization.HT and high WUE tomato lines will undergo field assessment for microbiological quality and pathogen prevalence. Lines will be categorized based on microbial attachment strength and correlated with intrinsic antimicrobials.Method 2. Evaluation of postharvest sanitation treatments of selected HT and high WUE tomato lines for FBP decontamination. We will test gaseous ozone, plant-based antimicrobials via low-water fogging, and a commercial sanitizer to evaluate bacterial populations at different concentrations and contact times.Activity 3.2: Evaluation of postharvest fruit rotting: To evaluate fruit susceptibility to fungal decay in the selected advanced breeding lines with high WUE and HT, two common postharvest pathogens (Rhizopus stolonifera and Botrytis cinerea) will be used for fruit inoculations.Activity 3.3: Mining for potential metabolite markers linked to disease resistance and microbial control in high WUE and HT tomatoes: Metabolomic analysis will be performed on the high and low fruit surface attachment lines for FBP. GLVs and FA levels will be measured, and their correlation with disease resistance and microbial control will be evaluated.Activity 3.4: Economic feasibility study of developed advanced breeding lines and consumer neuro-economics analysis: Consumer attention, evaluated through sensory evaluation and neuroscience techniques, will predict willingness to pay (WTP) for new food products, shaping marketing strategies and policies. Promising WUE and HT tomato lines will be screened based on consumer willingness-to-accept (WTA) and WTP for sensory and nutritional qualities.Activity 3.5: Dissemination of information to key stakeholders: To efficiently disseminate information, bilingual fact sheets will be created for producers, processors, retailers, seed companies, extension agents, dietitians, and the public.

Progress 09/01/24 to 08/31/25

Outputs
Target Audience:Objective 1. The target audience includes the research community, tomato producers who face significant economic losses from biotic and abiotic stresses, and consumers who want high-quality, nutritious tomatoes. The development of resilient tomato cultivars benefits a wide range of stakeholders, including public and private sector breeders and researchers focused on drought and heat tolerance, small-scale and organic growers seeking high-quality, heat-tolerant varieties (e.g., viatheTexas Organic Farmers & Gardeners Association (TOFGA) outreach), and high school and undergraduate students engaged through field tours and research presentations. Growers require varieties adapted to local conditions to maintain consistent productivity, while breeders and seed companies aim to develop elite cultivars with improved WUE, HT, and enhanced fruit quality. Consumers seek affordable, safe, and nutritious tomatoes, and retailers prioritize a reliable supply of flavorful produce and diversified sourcing to minimize price fluctuations during extreme weather. The scientific community gains valuable insights into how environmental factors affect yield, flavor, disease resistance, and stress tolerance, advancing future breeding strategies. Objective 2. The target audience for these efforts includes tomato growers across multiple regions (GA, NC, NY, TX, CA) seeking disease-resistant and abiotic stress-resilient varieties, tomato breeders and seed company representatives evaluating regional adaptation and performance, and extension agents supporting cultivar recommendations and trial results. The breeding team met with two growers and established field trials of heat-tolerant TAMU hybrids, with growers expressing interest in reducing heat damage and sunburn, which cause significant yield losses for vine-ripe tomatoes. Additionally, over 40 attendees at the TOFGA conference, primarily small-scale growers, showed interest in WUE and fruit quality for organic markets. These activities support tomato breeding programs, particularly for processing varieties, by providing tools to maintain yield and quality under challenging conditions. Overall, the audience encompasses the research community and producers facing economic losses from physiological disorders such as blossom-end rot (BER), which are increasingly exacerbated by heat stress events due to severe weather shifts. Objective 3. The target audience for this objective includes tomato growers, packers, processors, distributors, and consumers. Engaging these groups is critical because raw tomatoes are frequently linked to foodborne outbreaks due to their high vulnerability to contamination. Despite this risk, studies on tomato food safety and effective surface treatment methods remain limited. By providing these stakeholders with relevant information, the project aims to enhance the safety of tomatoes, benefiting growers, processors, and consumers alike. Changes/Problems:Objective 1. In the first year of the project, our breeders faced significant environmental challenges that substantially impacted research progress. Dr. Carlos Avila at TAMU-WL reported that WUE trials in Spring 2025 were impacted by extreme flooding, with 18 inches of rain in a single night. While the plants survived, the development of shallow root systems may have affected WUE results, and the trials will be repeated in Fall 2025 for validation. Multi-location evaluations will also be conducted to strengthen germplasm selection decisions. At TAMU-CS, Dr. Kevin Crosby noted that several breeding lines were severely damaged by Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, and only resistant lines will be included in future field trials. At UF, Dr. Jessica Chitwood-Brown reported that Hurricane Milton destroyed the HT trial in Fall 2024; two additional trials on grower farms are planned for Fall 2025 to compensate for the loss. Together, these activities reflect our commitment and ongoing efforts to evaluate and validate germplasm under challenging environmental conditions. Objective 3. Obtaining a high population of Salmonella on the tomato surface had been difficult to achieve. Preliminary work was performed to determine the best method for inoculating and recovering S. Newport from the tomato surface. Overnight cultures of S. Newport were grown at 18, 20, and 22 h using non-shaking and shaking incubation methods to increase theS. Newport population in overnight cultures. Additionally, overnight cultures were grown using TSB and TSBYE to determine if the addition of yeast extract would help increase S. Newport population. Whole tomatoes were sampled after inoculation with various overnight cultures. None of these methods gave a high recovery of Salmonella from the surface of tomatoes. A new method of tomato inoculation and sampling was developed, which obtained about 7 log CFU/g on the tomato surface. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Objective 1. Training and capacity-building efforts across the breeding teams involved multiple personnel at different stages of the project. Texas A&M Breeder trained one postdoctoral researcher, two undergraduate students, and one research assistant in tomato breeding protocols. Texas A&M AgriLife Weslaco breeder provided training to one research scientist, one postdoctoral associate, and two research associates in WUE plot setup, monitoring, and data analysis, including the use of Watermark sensors. The NCSUbreeder added one graduate student to the project in August 2025, and the breeder from the UF involved one PhD student starting in August 2024 and two biological scientists who participated in phenotyping activities focused on heat tolerance. Together, these efforts enhanced expertise in both traditional breeding practices and advanced field-based phenotyping and data collection methods. During this project period, the Crop Extension team provided training opportunities for one undergraduate student and two technicians to develop skills in greenhouse and field tomato production practices, as well as research techniques, including instrumentation use, data collection, and sample processing. The Genomics team trained a research assistant scientist and a full-time graduate student on their respective project objectives. In the Quality and Nutrition team, a full-time research scientist, three postdoctoral researchers, three graduate students, and two undergraduates are receiving training in the development of robust analytical methods for the accurate quantification of a range of metabolites, including both primary and secondary metabolites, and their role in HT and WUE, and map the alteration in metabolic pathways in response to such stresses. Objective 2. Activity 2.2. The Genomics team provided hands-on training to two graduates and two undergraduate students in the use of CRISPR tools, greenhouse management, and fruit quality assessments. This experience contributed to their development in horticultural research. No postdoctoral researchers or technicians were involved in the team during this time. Objective 3. The Food Safety team at Arizona State University has provided the opportunity for two graduate students, one undergraduate student, and one high school student intern to learn numerous techniques and skills related to food safety research, including but not limited to sampling of tomatoes, processing tomatoes for background microorganism enumeration and Salmonella detection, and inoculation of tomato surface with S. Newport. They were also trained in oral presentation of the research findings in the lab meetings and preparing a scientific poster based on the research, for presentation at conferences. The graduate students learned to design experiments and develop protocolsfor surface inoculation. The high school student learned media making and enumeration of native/background microorganisms on the tomato surface. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Objective 1. Our breeding team has actively disseminated research outcomes and addressed grower concerns during this period. Dr. Kevin Crosby (breeder at Texas A&M) met with two tomato growers to discuss project goals and gather feedback, identifying heat tolerance and sunburn as key challenges. He also presented at the TOFGAconference, highlighting the development of heat-tolerant, flavorful tomato cultivars for organic growers, and distributed seeds of two TAMU HT cultivars to small-scale producers. Dr. Carlos Avila (Texas A&M AgriLife Weslaco) conducted presentations and hosted field and laboratory tours for high school and undergraduate students, emphasizing traits such as WUE, HT, and fruit quality. Dr. Jessica Chitwood-Brown (UF) organized a Tomato Field Day in May 2025, showcasing hybrids under development for heat tolerance. Collectively, these outreach activities engaged growers, students, and the broader community, effectively sharing research findings and promoting practical solutions to pressing production challenges. Our crop management and extension team at Texas A&M AgriLife Weslaco engaged with local vegetable growers to support diversification of their commodity base using resilient vegetable cultivars. The team hosted two local growers to discuss strategies for incorporating resilient crops into local markets and provided resources to three additional growers through the USDA Rio Grande Colonias Business Builder Farm and Food Program. Additionally, the team attended the 2025 Food Summit: A Farmer, Rancher & Community Event (April 22, 2025, Brownsville, TX), co-organized by the USDA Rio Grande Colonias Business Builder Farm and Food Program, where they engaged with local growers interested in resilient vegetable cultivars for local market production. Dr. Bhimu Patil and his team, working on fruit quality and nutrition, were widely recognized and invited to present their research at several prestigious conferences. Patil delivered keynote/plenary presentations at six international conferences, including the X International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables in New Zealand, the International Conference on Food Bioactives & Health in France, XXXII International Conference on Polyphenols in Finland, ACMAP, among others. His team also presented at the American Society for Horticultural Sciences Annual Conference, New Orleans; American Chemical Society, Washington, DC; South-Regional American Society of Horticultural Sciences, Dallas, Texas; and ACMAP, Prairie View, Texas. The results of the tomato fruit nutrition and quality research, focusing on method optimization for accurate estimation of phytochemicals, have been finalized and submitted for publication. Similarly, the findings from the genomic research have been submitted to a peer-reviewed journal and are currently under review. Objective 3. Dr. Jim Myers (OSU) participated in the Culinary Breeding Network's Variety Showcase in Portland, OR (September 2024), where experimental tomato lines were presented and made available for tasting. Meanwhile, the Food Safety team engaged in outreach and education for the scientific community, academic faculty, the general public, and college and high school students through an exhibit session highlighting preliminary research. As part of the Steps to STEM Program, a high school student presented a poster on the differences in background microbiota on the skin and stem scars of conventional and organic tomatoes-on-the-vine, further showcasing the team's efforts to connect research with educational initiatives. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective 1. During the next reporting period, Dr. Jim Myers at OSU will continue seed production for difficult accessions, distributing them to USDA-ARS Ithaca, UF, and TAMU, while conducting field evaluations of the diversity panel using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for imaging to collect data on biomass, photosynthesis, leaf temperature, and stomatal conductance. Promising accessions will be further selected for crossing with elite lines to introgress drought tolerance, and a field day will be hosted in partnership with the dry farm group. Dr. Dilip Panthee at NC State will analyze first-year heat stress data from Piedmont, NC, identifying lines for further testing. Dr. Kevin Crosby at TAMU-CS will train a new graduate student on WUE and HT screening in greenhouse and field trials, plant seeds from Year 1 interspecific and breeding populations under normal and deficit irrigation, and evaluate root traits using WinRhizo software alongside assessments of fruit yield and quality. Dr. Carlos Avila at TAMU-WLwill re-evaluate top and bottom WUE candidates identified in Spring 2025 and use multi-location trial data to conduct GWAS for identifying QTLs associated with high WUE. Dr. Jessica Chitwood-Brown at UF will continue heat stress evaluations of UF breeding lines and hybrids at UF and two new grower farm locations, assess a diversity panel of 136 accessions for HT, evaluate a RIL population to fine-map a QTL on chromosome 12, and train an initial genomic selection model for HT in inbred lines. Collectively, it is expected that these activities will advance the selection and evaluation of tomato lines for drought tolerance and WUE, HT, and overall performance under diverse growing conditions. Activity 1.1: Screening and breeding for high WUE and HT tomatoes: During Fall 2025, screening investigations will be repeated under cooler temperature conditions to assess the effects of HT on plant physiology, growth, and yield. Growth-stage specific impacts of reduced water supply on yield, quality, and WUE will also be quantified, alongside the characterization of strategies to mitigate heat stress effects. California researchers will coordinate field trials to evaluate WUE and HT materials. In support of Activity 1.3, genome resequencing and transcriptome studies will be initiated using core collections, while marker development with genotyping-by-sequencingand the Tomato PlexSeq single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Panel will begin using mapping populations in collaboration with the breeders. Activity 1.4: Evaluation of fruit quality The most promising breeding lines exhibiting HT and high WUE will be analyzed for consumer-preferred dietary, nutritional, and phytochemical traits, including sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, polyamines, fatty acids, vitamins, polyphenols, carotenoids, and flavor and aroma volatiles. Detailed metabolomic analyses will be conducted to characterize the metabolic fingerprints of HT and WUE-tolerant tomatoes in comparison to susceptible varieties. Key stress markers will be identified and quantified, along with alterations in metabolic pathways associated with stress tolerance. This information will guide the use of specific tolerant breeding lines to further enhance stress resilience. Additionally, the volatile profiles of selected tomato varieties will be evaluated to assess volatile richness, focusing on compounds that are desirable to consumers, possess antimicrobial properties relevant to food safety, and minimize off-odors or undesirable volatiles in the developed breeding lines. The breeding lines rich in nutritional, flavor, and phytochemical traits will further be sent to Dr. Kaushik Adhikari (UGA) for sensory analysis. Objective 2. Dr. Jim Myers (OSU) will evaluate feedback from partner trials to determine which lines should be advanced or dropped, while Dr. Dilip Panthee (NC) will use 2025 field data to identify hybrids suitable for broader production. Seeds of the newly identified hybrids will be sent to crop management and extension collaborators for multi-location trials. In support of Activity 2.3, we will assess the effects of PGRson stress tolerance, specifically evaluating 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), a synthetic auxin, and its impact on vascular development and fruit calcium (Ca²+) to minimize BERin two tomato cultivars, 'Pony Express' and 'Plum Regal'. Phenotyping of quality traits will be completed in two tomato varieties used for initial CRISPR edits, one fresh-market and one processing variety, to identify the most effective combination of gene edits that confer desired traits, such as high-viscosity juice for processing tomatoes or firm fruit with long shelf life for fresh-market tomatoes. Coordination with the breeding team will also begin to select varieties with strong WUE and HT for future CRISPR editing. Objective 3. Along with developed breeding lines from our breeders, we will extend our food safety preliminary work to include other varieties, such as small cherry tomatoes and larger beefsteak tomatoes. Protocols will be further developed for ozone and fumigation treatments to achieve effective surface decontamination, as well as for evaluating pathogen attachment and internalization on tomatoes. Additionally, we will begin selecting advanced lines with high WUE and HT to assess their susceptibility phenotypes.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Obj. 1 (Activity 1.1): Our multi-institutional tomato breeding program has advanced germplasm with improved heat tolerance (HT) and water-use efficiency (WUE). At OSU, 207 accessions were increased, with 106 field-tested under irrigated and dry-farm conditions; 123 accessions were shared with NCSU, and 136 with UF. NCSU evaluated 250 genotypes, including wild relatives, under heat stress. TAMU-CS tested 100+ lines across four sites, advancing compact dwarf types, while Weslaco emphasized fruit set, firmness, color, virus resistance, and sunscald tolerance in fresh-market and processing types. Greenhouse efforts included interspecific populations (S. lycopersicum × S. cheesemaniae) and Sw-1/Sw-5 resistance lines. At Weslaco, 309 breeding lines and 147 accessions were tested under deficit and well-watered irrigation for yield, quality, and drought indices. UF evaluated 177 lines and hybrids under heat stress, developed a RIL population for mapping a heat tolerance QTL (chromosome 12), and genotyped 150 elite lines for genomic selection. Collectively, these efforts lay a strong foundation for breeding tomatoes resilient to heat and drought stress. Crop management and extension team initiated field trials in spring (March 2025) at Weslaco, TX, using 5-week-old seedlings of 12 novel advanced breeding lines and hybrids, TAM-Hot-Ty, TAM-HT1, TAM-KC-T5, TAM-KC-T48, TAM-C6, TAM-C9, TAM-FLW2, TAM-FLW3, TAM-J-T1, TAM-J-T5, TAM-J-T6, and TAM-J-T8, developed by TAMU breeders. Tomato seedlings, including Roma, beefsteak, and grape types, were planted in replicated 100 ft² raised-bed plots covered with plastic mulch and irrigated via drip tape buried 20 cm deep. After 4 weeks, a deficit irrigation (SDI; 75% ET) treatment was applied to half the plots, while controls received full ET (100%) replacement. Leaf gas exchange, WUE, and photosynthetic efficiency (via chlorophyll a fluorescence) were measured twice. At harvest, yield and quality responses to irrigation levels are being analyzed to identify superior lines. Trial will be repeated in fall 2025 under cooler conditions to assess HT effects on physiology, growth, and yield. The goal is to identify pre-breeding lines for developing elite tomato varieties with improved WUE, HT tolerance, and fruit quality. As part of obj. 1 (activity 1.3), our genetics and molecular research team, in collaboration with breeders, identified a core collection of 250 lines, procured and distributed seeds to team members across different states, and is using these lines for genomic and genetic characterization studies. Following obj. 1 (activity 1.4), our Quality and Nutrition team developed robust analytical methods to quantify key metabolites linked to WUE and HT using HPLC, UPLC, LC-MS, GCMS, 2D-GCMS, and NMR. A novel non-buffered UPLC method for amino acid (AA) estimation outperformed conventional buffered methods by simplifying workflows, reducing clogging, and delivering faster runs, better resolution, and higher sensitivity. Validated in 2 tomato cultivars, it effectively tracked AA shifts during fruit development, supporting research, breeding, and quality control. Its accuracy, sensitivity, and reproducibility were validated across multiple commodities, confirming its versatility for amino acid profiling under heat and drought stress to assess crop resilience. Tomatoes are rich in carotenoids, key to their red color and health benefits, making precise quantification critical for breeding. While trans-lycopene predominates, it has lower bioaccessibility than its cis-isoform. To address this, we are developing a LC method to quantify cis-/trans-lycopene, β-carotene, lutein, and stress-related tocochromanols (including tocotrienols). This method enhances efficiency, accuracy, and detection, supporting nutritional research and crop improvement. Volatile compounds strongly influence consumer preference, and with 2D-GCMS we are expanding detection of tomato volatiles and their role in flavor. Fresh fruit analysis revealed cultivar variability, with 2D-GCMS identifying compounds like linalool and limonene absent in conventional GCMS. Stress markedly shifts volatile profiles, indicating heat- and drought-resilient varieties may offer unique flavors that enhance acceptance. We are developing robust methods to track these volatiles while also studying phenolics, organic acids, sugars & sugar alcohols as stress markers. Together, this work will generate a detailed metabolite map of advanced breeding lines to improve resilience, fruit quality, nutrition, and consumer appeal. Obj. 2: This objective has made strong progress across institutions. OSU sent 13 slicer/paste lines to UC Davis and 4 to Cornell for regional testing, while 98 lines were grown for drought stress assessment. NCSU planted 10 disease-resistant hybrids in GA, NC, and NY to evaluate yield, heat tolerance, and resistance. TAMU-WL identified heat-tolerant hybrids and advanced lines, distributing seeds to NY, CA, and TX. UF created 30+ new crosses with potential heat tolerance, with seeds available next year. Collectively, these efforts strengthen regional evaluation and collaborative breeding for heat- and drought-resilient tomatoes. Under Obj.2 (Activity 2.2), CRISPR vectors were developed and tested to generate single, double, and triple gene edits in 2 tomato lines. These tools confirmed editing efficiency and potential for desirable trait expression. Early findings will inform the development of advanced lines with improved WUE and HT later in the project. For Activity 2.3, we proposed examining the effects of plant growth regulators on stress tolerance. Accordingly, we pursued an assessment of how auxin application influences vascular bundle development, calcium (Ca²?) levels, and the incidence of blossom-end rot (BER). An initial screening experiment was conducted using 7 tomato cultivars. Based on measurements of electrolyte leakage, BER incidence, and other plant traits, 2 elongated cultivars, Plum Regal' and 'Pony Express', were selected for subsequent auxin application trials. Obj. 3. Activity 3.1. Salmonella Newport Overnight Culture Population Determination: Preliminary trials optimized S. Newport growth for tomato inoculation. Cultures grown in tryptic soya broth (TSB) for 18, 20, and 22 h in a shaking incubator reached 9.0-9.1 log CFU/ml. To test for higher populations, TSB and TSB + 0.6% yeast extract (TSBYE) were compared under shaking and non-shaking conditions, yielding 8.2-9.0 log CFU/ml across treatments with no significant differences. Thus, TSB with 22 h non-shaking incubation, was chosen for future inoculations. Dip-inoculation of Roma tomatoes showed ~1.0 log CFU/g at 1:200 dilution, 2.27 ± 0.03 log CFU/g at 1:40, and 4.7 log CFU/g with undiluted cultures. For excised store-bought tomato skin (wax removed, 3×3 cm pieces, UV-dried), inoculation yielded 7.4-7.7 log CFU/ml, confirming their suitability for attachment and sanitization studies. Native surface microbiota on Roma tomatoes averaged 4.79 log CFU/g, with no Salmonella detected, suggesting competition from resident microbes. Background microbiotas were compared to conventional and organic vine tomatoes. No Salmonella was found. Conventional stem scars had higher total aerobes (4.2 vs. 3.1 log CFU/g on skin) and greater lactic acid bacteria and coliforms (3.4 and 2.3 log CFU/g) than organic (2.4 and 1.9 log CFU/g). On skin, conventional tomatoes also showed higher counts (2.4 and 2.2 vs. 1.7 log CFU/g each). Yeast and mold populations were similar between types (2.8-2.9 log CFU/g on stem scars; 1.4-1.5 on skin). Activity 3.4: A comprehensive review of consumer acceptance of new food technologies is identifying factors shaping willingness to pay and acceptance of novel tomato varieties, with outcomes guiding choice experiments (Activity 3.4), comparative analyses (Activity 3.3), and outreach for producers and industry stakeholders.

Publications

  • Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Bhattarai, S., Jha, D.K., Singh, J., Zhen, S., Patil, B.S. (2025). Supplemental greenhouse lighting enhances the abundance of cis-lycopene isomers in tomato fruits, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, Volume 142, 107534
  • Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Bhattarai, S., Jha, D.K., Balyan, S., Zhen, S., Pillai, S.S., Patil, B.S. (2025). UV-B and blue light supplementation improves tomato quality and antioxidant dynamics: A novel approach for sustainable greenhouse production, Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, Volume 22, 102054
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Doggett, G., Dang, N., Ravishankar, S. 2025. Safety First, Snacks Second: My Life in a Food Microbiology Lab. 2025 Steps 2 STEM Exhibit Tucson, Arizona, June 27, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Patil, B.S. and Jha, D.K. (2025). Geographical, genetic, and environmental factors shape the volatile organic compounds that determine fruit quality and aroma, American Chemical Society Fall Conference, Washington DC, August 17th  21st 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: . Dadwal, V., Jha, D.K., Patil, B.S. (2025). Efficient detection and quantification of amino acids using an unbuffered UPLC-FLD gradient method, American Chemical Society Fall Conference, Washington DC, August 17th  21st 2025.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Jha, D.K., Dadwal, V., Avila, C., Patil, B.S. (2025). Seed priming with iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) nanoparticles enhances germination, yield, and potential health-promoting attributes in tomato fruit, American Chemical Society Fall Conference, Washington DC, August 17th  21st 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Cervantes, B., Chatterjee, D., Dadwal, V., Jha, D.K., Patil, B.S. (2025). A Robust UHPLC Method Using Multiple Modifiers for Carotenoid Analysis of Tomatoes of Different Colors, American Society of Horticultural Sciences Conference, New Orleans, LA, July 27th  August 1st, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Dadwal, V., Balyan, S., Cervantes, B., Chatterjee, D., Jha, D.K., Patil, B.S. (2025). Estimation of ?-aminobutyric acid and other amino acids as metabolic precursors in tomatoes using a novel unbuffered UPLC-FLD analytical approach, American Society of Horticultural Sciences Conference, New Orleans, LA, July 27th  August 1st, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Jha, D.K., Dadwal, V., Jifon, J., Malla, S., Patil, B.S. (2025). Priming onion seeds with iron and copper nanoparticles enhances yield, reduces pungency, and improves postharvest quality and storability of onion bulbs, American Society of Horticultural Sciences Conference, New Orleans, LA, July 27th  August 1st, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Wayapalkar, S., Avila, C., Jha, D.K., Patil, B.S. (2025). Seed Nanopriming with Iron Enhances Yield, Quality, and Potential Health-Promoting Attributes of Tomato Fruit, American Society of Horticultural Sciences Conference, New Orleans, LA, July 27th  August 1st, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Bhattarai, S., Jha, D.K., Patil, B.S. (2025). UV-B and Blue Light Supplementation Enhance the Yield and Quality of Greenhouse-grown Tomato Fruit, American Society of Horticultural Sciences Conference, New Orleans, LA, July 27th  August 1st, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Chatterjee, D., Dadwal, V., Jha, D.K., Patil, B.S. (2025). Assessing the Effect of Processing on Volatile Organic Compounds in Tomatoes Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, American Society of Horticultural Sciences Conference, New Orleans, LA, July 27th  August 1st, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Balyan, S., Dadwal, V., Jha, D.K., Patil, B.S. (2025). Postbiotic Biopolymers as Natural Antimicrobial Emulsifiers for Post-Harvest Preservation and Food Safety, American Society of Horticultural Sciences Conference, New Orleans, LA, July 27th  August 1st, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Sharma, A., Dadwal, V., Jha, D.K., Patil, B.S. (2025). Limonoid glucoside and dietary fiber co-treatment enhances salt tolerance, growth kinetics, antioxidant potential, and amino acid metabolism of Lactobacillus plantarum, American Society of Horticultural Sciences Conference, New Orleans, LA, July 27th  August 1st, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Perera, J., Jha, D.K., Patil, B.S. (2025). Zinc Nanoparticles as a Seed Priming Agent to Improve Postharvest Quality of Onion Bulbs, American Society of Horticultural Sciences Conference, New Orleans, LA, July 27th  August 1st, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Bhattarai, S., Jha, D.K., Zhen, S., Patil, B.S. (2025). Photoregulation of bioactive compounds in greenhouse-grown tomatoes, Southern Region American Society of Horticultural Sciences Conference, Dallas, Texas, January 31st  February 2nd, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Balyan, S., Dadwal, V., Jha, D.K., Patil, B.S. (2025). Probiotic-Derived Exopolysaccharide as a Natural Emulsifier for Limonene: Enhanced Stability and Antimicrobial Applications, Southern Region American Society of Horticultural Sciences Conference, Dallas, Texas, January 31st  February 2nd, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Dadwal, V., Balyan, S., Cervantes, B., Chatterjee, D., Jha, D.K., Patil, B.S. (2025). A Non-Buffered UPLC-FLD Gradient Method for Identifying GABA and Essential Amino Acids in Tomatoes, Southern Region American Society of Horticultural Sciences Conference, Dallas, Texas, January 31st  February 2nd, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Chatterjee, D., Dadwal, V., Jha, D.K., Patil, B.S. (2025). Enhancing Detection of Volatiles in Tomato Fruit by Optimizing Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Southern Region American Society of Horticultural Sciences Conference, Dallas, Texas, January 31st  February 2nd, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Jha, D.K., Patil, B.S. (2025). Seed Nanopriming with Copper (Cu) Enhances Yield, Quality, and Potential Health-Promoting Attributes in Tomato Fruit, Southern Region American Society of Horticultural Sciences Conference, Dallas, Texas, January 31st  February 2nd, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Adhikari, J., Adhikari, K., Singh, R., Patil, B.S. (2025). Continuous High-Pressure Homogenization for Reducing Thermal Degradation and Preserving Bioactive Compounds in Fruit Juices, American Society of Horticultural Sciences Conference, New Orleans, LA, July 27th  August 1st, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Avila, CA. D.R. Kandel, H. Awika, R.H. Bedre, K.K. Mandadi, K. Crosby. 2025. Association mapping of Fruit Quality traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). ASHS Annual Conference New Orleans, LA July 28th to Aug 1st, 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: (Keynote) Patil, B.S., Dadwal, V., Jha, D.K. (2024) pre-and post-harvest conditionings for high-quality fruits and vegetables, ASHS Annual Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii. September 23-27, 2024
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: (Plenary) Patil, B.S., Dadwal, V., Jha, D.K. (2024). Climate Resilience and Its Influence on Bioactive Compounds in Fruits and Vegetables: Implications for Health and Gut Microbiota, American Council for Medicinally Active Plants (ACMAP), Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA. 3-6 October, 2024
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: (Keynote) Patil, B.S., Dadwal, V., Jha, D.K. (2024). Exploration of sensory and health-promoting bioactive attributes of different hybrid melon varieties by improving the quality traits cultivated at various locations, 13th Eucarpia Metting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding, Vico Equense (NA) Italy. 3-6 November, 2024
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: (Keynote) Patil, B.S., Dadwal, V., Jha, D.K. (2024). High-quality fruits and vegetables for a healthier population, X International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables (FAVHEALTH 2024), New Zealand, 11-15 November, 2024
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: (Keynote) Patil, B.S., Dadwal, V., Jha, D.K. (2025). Citrus Flavonoids and Their Precursors: Insights on Bioactivity and Cancer Inhibition, International Conference on Food Bioactives & Health, Marseille, France, 5 June 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Jha, D.K., Dadwal, V., Avila, C., Patil, B.S. (2024). Seed nanopriming with nitrogen-doped carbon dots enhances yield, quality, and potential health-promoting attributes in tomato fruit, American Council for Medicinally Active Plants (ACMAP), Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA. 3-6 October, 2024
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Balyan, S., Dadwal, V., Patil, B.S. (2024). Utilizing biopolymers from lactic acid bacteria to enhance the stability, bioactivity, and antimicrobial efficacy of eugenol, American Council for Medicinally Active Plants (ACMAP), Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA. 3-6 October, 2024
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Dadwal, V., Jha, D.K., Patil, B.S. (2024). Synergistic effects of citrus terpenoid and dietary fibers on Lactobacillus growth and metabolite production, American Council for Medicinally Active Plants (ACMAP), Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA. 3-6 October, 2024
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Bhattarai, S., Jha, D.K., Patil, B.S. (2024). Supplemental lighting influences the antioxidant content and associated kinetic attributes in greenhouse-grown tomatoes, American Council for Medicinally Active Plants (ACMAP), Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA. 3-6 October, 2024
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Adhikari, J., Singh, R., Adhikari, K., Patil, B.S. (2024). Comparison of health-beneficial compounds: Lycopene and citrulline retention in watermelon juice using hgh-pressure homogenization vs. heat processing, American Council for Medicinally Active Plants (ACMAP), Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA. 3-6 October, 2024
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Balyan, S., Jha, D.K., Dadwal, V., Patil, B.S. (2025). Lactobacillus-derived postbiotic nano emulsions for enhanced stability and biological activity of plant essential oils, American Chemical Society Fall Conference, Washington DC, August 17th  21st 2025
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2025 Citation: Patil, B.S., Adhikari, J., Araghi, L., Singh, R., Adhikari, K. (2025). Continuous flow high-pressure homogenization enhances retention of polyphenolic compounds in grapefruit juice under simulated market conditions, XXXII International Conference on Polyphenols, Turku, Finland, July 7th  10th 2025