EXAMINING THE POTENTIAL FLORAL ENHANCEMENTS IN HARVESTED FORESTS FOR PROMOTING BEE POPULATIONS, AND THE BARRIERS AND INCENTIVES TO ADOPTING BEE-FRIENDLY PRACTICES

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: ACTIVE
• Funding Source: AFRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1030108
• Grant No.: 2023-67013-39910
• Cumulative Award Amt.: $750,000.00
• Proposal No.: 2022-08487
• Project Start Date: May 1, 2023
• Project End Date: Apr 30, 2028
• Grant Year: 2023
• Program Code: [A1113]- Pollinator Health: Research and Application

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF OREGON
1585 E 13TH AVE
EUGENE,OR 97403

Performing Department
(N/A)

Non Technical Summary
More than 450 million acres are managed for timber production in the U.S., supplyinga large portion of the world's forest products and > 5% of the global GDP. Despite growing evidence that harvested forestshold excellent opportunities for pollinator habitatconservation, very little is known about effective pollinator-friendly management. Identifying forest management practices that promote pollinator populationsis critical for broad, national pollinator conservation efforts. Focusing on a globally significant timber region, the Pacific Northwest, we propose to: Evaluate techniques forcreating native plant enhancements in harvested forests for promoting pollinator populations. To achieve our primary objective we propose a landscape-scale floralenhancement experiment to answer the following questions:Q1: Do floral enhancements augment bee community abundance, diversity and traitdiversity relative to unmanipulated post-harvest forestsQ2: Do floral enhancements augment community health through diluting diseasetransmission? Q3: Do floral enhancements augment offspring production of colonial and solitarybees? Q4: Do floral enhancements promote the colonization and persistence of species ofconservation concern, including federally petitioned bumble bee species?Q5: How can we promote the implementation of informed best management practicesfor wild bees in harvested forests?

Animal Health Component

90%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

10%

Applied

90%

Developmental

0%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
136	0612	1130	50%
123	0612	1130	50%

Knowledge Area
136 - Conservation of Biological Diversity; 123 - Management and Sustainability of Forest Resources;

Subject Of Investigation
0612 - Conifer forests of the West;

Field Of Science
1130 - Entomology and acarology;

Keywords

silviculture

bees

pollinators

restoration

Goals / Objectives
We will: Evaluate techniques forcreating native plant enhancements in harvested forests for promoting pollinator populations. To achieve our primary objective we propose a landscape-scale floralenhancement experiment to answer the following questions:• Q1: Do floral enhancements augment bee community abundance, diversity and traitdiversity relative to unmanipulated post-harvest forests? Using a before-after-control-impact design, we will seed post-harvest burned slash piles with native wildflowers andexamine their impact on plant-bee communities.• Q2: Do floral enhancements augment community health through diluting diseasetransmission? We will screen bumble bee (Bombus) species for common parasites andpathogens and relate prevalence to plant and bee diversity.• Q3: Do floral enhancements augment offspring production of colonial and solitarybees? We will deploy native Bombus vosnesenskii colonies and Osmia lignaria neststo examine the effect of the floral enhancement on their offspring production.• Q4: Do floral enhancements promote the colonization and persistence of species ofconservation concern, including federally petitioned bumble bee species? We will modelthe effect of floral enhancements on the colonization, persistence and occupancy ofpetitioned Bombus and floral specialist bees.• Q5: How can we promote the implementation of informed best management practicesfor wild bees in harvested forests? The proposed research will culminate in a stakeholdermeeting to delineate best management practices for promoting pollinators in harvestedforests. We also propose a multi-pronged outreach and engagement plan, includingextension and outreach materials, extension to small- and large-scale forest owners,public talks and podcasts, academic publication and presentations, and focused trainingfor students and technicians at the intersection of sustainable forestry and bee health.

Project Methods
Plant community surveys: The UO graduate student will lead the flowering plant andpollinator surveys (June-August, years 1-3), with additional support from the field techni-cians. To evaluate the effect of enhancements on local flowering plant communities, we willsurvey each survey area's flower abundance and diversity every 2-3 weeks across the floweringseason to capture the full phenology (June-August, years 1-3). We will randomly place 10,one m2 quadrats within each burned slash piles (enhanced and un-enhanced controls). Withthese data, we can characterize the flowering plant communities of burned slash piles withand without enhancements.Pollinator community surveys: Concurrently with the plant surveys, our team will con-duct standardized pollinator surveys. We will use a timed sampling approach to net flowervisitors for one hour of active search time (we pause the timers when handling specimens).All insect flower visitors touching the flower's reproductive parts will be collected, exceptqueen bumble bees (distinguishable by size). We will train the research team on bumblebee of conservation concern identification, and there will be catch limits on those species(set in consultation with the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife). Though our focusis primarily on bees (the most abundant pollinator in the system,[10]), non-bee records willhelp establish the full breadth of insect floral use, so all specimens will be curated and madeavailable for additional research questions in the future. We will identify bee specimensto species (or morpho-species for some groups) in consultation with an expert taxonomistAugust Jackson (Oregon Bee Atlas).We will use sterile collection methods in preparation for parasite/pathogen screening ofBombus species (gloves, sterile tubes, re-sterilization of equipment with bleach and ethanol).Specimens will be placed on dry ice, then frozen in a −80 freezer when returned to the lab.The Ponisio lab has refined a method by which we work over dry ice to identify the frozenspecimen and set aside a subset for molecular screening while pinning the rest. Using thismethod, the lab has IDed and screened > 5,000 bee specimens.Bee functional traits We will assemble a bee trait database, building on on PD Riverstrait dataset[10], using published literature, expert opinions, and specimen measurements.Following past studies on bee traits[54,57], we will focus on traits associated with a bee species'ability to respond to environmental change and disturbance, including tongue length, bodysize (estimated from inter-tegular span, mm,[76]), nest location (above, below, mixed), nestingsubstrate (e.g., ground, existing wood holes, twigs), sociality and lecty[54].Parasite and pathogen prevalence: Bees share parasites and pathogens across bee species,including between social and solitary species (e.g.,[22]). Therefore, we will focus on para-site/pathogen prevalence in Bombus spp. because of their relevance to federally petitionedspecies. We will simultaneously extract DNA and RNA from a random sample of up to 10specimens per species/survey (working with Oregon and US Fish and Wildlife on catch limitsfor federally petitioned species) with a modified protocol combining procedures from QiagenDNeasy Blood and Tissue kit and Qiagen QIAamp Viral RNA mini kit. In previous work,using rarefaction curves, we have estimated that after 10 Bombus individuals, the proportionof infected individuals is stable[22]. Using methods currently in use in the Ponisio lab[22],we will screen for the presence of 5 well-known honey bee and bumble bee parasites[77] atthe species or genus level: Apicystis spp., Ascosphaera spp., Nosema bombi (also known asVarimorpha), N. ceranae and Crithidia spp.[77-80]. These parasites negatively impact wildbee health[81]. N. bombi is thought to be involved in the decline of B. occidentialis [29]. Foreach Bombus species at each stand, we will measure the prevalence of parasitism (individualswith parasites/total number tested). We will also estimate the prevalence of three commonBombus pathogens. To screen for RNA viruses, we will synthesize cDNA with M-MLVreverse transcriptase (Promega), using current methods in the Ponisio lab. Next, we willuse qualitative PCR with gel electrophoresis with primers to detect Deformed Wing Virus(DWV) and relatives, Slow Brood Virus (SBV) and Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV) (pro-tocols described by[82,83]). We will measure the prevalence of pathogens for each bee speciesat each site (individuals with pathogen/total number tested).Experimentally placed Bombus and Osmia: The OSU graduate student will lead theassessment of bee offspring production. For O. lignaria, following previous studies fromthe Rivers lab[50], in early spring, we will place two BinderBoardTM laminate nest blocks(Pollinator Paradise, Parma, ID) 20 m distance from each other on either side of a burnedslash pile. We will install cocoon holding chambers in mid-April. After nesting activityends, nests were removed from the field, and held at ambient temperature to allow larvae todevelop. We will quantify nest contents OSU using a newly obtained digital x-ray machinefrom Creative Electron to quantify the number and sex ratio of offspring.Nests of B. vosnesenskii will be obtained from a commercial distributor and installedat each field site in early June and monitored every two weeks for six sampling eventsfrom June--August. Colonies will be placed inside a plastic container with an aeratedplenum, secured on top of a 1-meter tall structure. Colonies will be protected from insectpests by applying Tanglefoot on the legs of each structure. Each colony will be outfittedwith a modified pollen trap with a Psythirus entrance/gyne exit excluder[84]. During eachmonitoring event, colony weight and colony demographics including gyne production will beassessed. Colonies will be transported to OSU to be frozen for future research.

Progress 05/01/24 to 04/30/25

Outputs
Target Audience:During this reporting period, our outreach and educational efforts reached a diverse range of audiences through various platforms and events. The primary target audiences included: Academic and Scientific Community University faculty, researchers, and graduate/undergraduate students were engaged through conference presentations, seminars, and lab talks at institutions such as UC Riverside, University of Illinois, and international entomological conferences. These interactions often centered on advancing scientific understanding of pollinator health, pathogen ecology, and environmental impacts. Industry Professionals and Agricultural Stakeholders Beekeepers, growers, and agricultural extension professionals were reached through field days, beekeeper meetings, and grower workshops in states like California and Illinois. Topics focused on practical aspects of pollinator management, pesticide impacts, and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. Government and Regulatory Bodies USDA and state agency personnel attended briefings and presentations, contributing to informed policy and regulatory development concerning pollinator conservation. General Public and Youth Audiences Community science events, elementary school outreach, and public museum days engaged the broader public. Educational materials and hands-on activities were designed to raise awareness of pollinator importance and conservation practices. Changes/Problems:Koppert is no longer selling colonies of Bombus vosnesenskii, so we are focusing on solitary bee (Osmia lignaria) reproduction exclusively. Focusing on a single bee has enabled us to increase the stand replication. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project has provided a broad range of training and professional development opportunities for students, early-career scientists, and outreach professionals. Key highlights include: 1. Graduate Student Mentorship Two graduate students (one PhD and one MS) have led independent research projects integral to the study's objectives. These students received hands-on training in experimental design, field data collection, pollinator identification, statistical modeling, and manuscript preparation. They presented their findings at national scientific conferences, gaining valuable experience in scientific communication and professional networking. 2. Undergraduate Research Experience Five undergraduate students were employed over the course of two field seasons, receiving training in ecological field methods, insect collection and identification, specimen curation, and database management. Students gained exposure to career paths in ecology, entomology, and environmental science through close collaboration with graduate mentors and faculty. 3. Field Technician Development Eight field technicians received in-depth training in ecological monitoring protocols, plant and insect identification, and data quality assurance. These roles served as stepping stones for further academic or professional advancement. 4. Public & Youth Engagement:The team participated in multiple outreach activities--including school-based events--reaching hundreds of K-12 students and members of the general public. These events featured hands-on demonstrations and educational materials on pollinator ecology and conservation. Led by Lab role Audience/intention Event Location/Venue Presentation/Title Date Year Details Lauren Ponisio PD Land managers, pollinator conservation California Department of Fish and Wildlife webinar Bee, fire and clearcuts feb-22-2023 2023 Lauren Ponisio PD Land managers, pollinator conservation SAF webinar series Bees in harvested forests 8/15/2024 2024 https://learn.eforester.org/products/forest-management-practices-to-enhance-wild-pollinators-in-southern-pine-forests Rose McDonald PhD Student Public pollinator outreach NGSS Biology - Biodiversity Field Trip Invited speaker Pollination station 10/1/24 - 10/2/24 2024 activity for Springfield Highschool and Thurston Highschool Rose McDonald PhD Student Public pollinator outreach SAIL- UO Invited speaker Introduction to Community Ecology July 25 2024 2024 free summer camp activity for local high schoolers through UO How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?1. Peer-Reviewed Publications The first study has been published in the Journal of Forestry in a special edition on pollinator management in harvested forests, ensuring access to land managers, scientists, and policy-makers working in forest and pollinator conservation. 2. Scientific Conferences and Symposia Team members presented research at major conferences including the Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, the National Native Bee Monitoring Research Coordination Network, and the Western Forest Insect Work Conference. These events facilitated dialogue with researchers, federal agencies (e.g., USDA), and conservation organizations. Presenter Lab position Venue (ESA etc.) Location Title Invited? year talk/poster type Rebecca Hayes PhD Student University of Oregon All Biology Poster Symposium Eugene, OR Bee and floral communities influence bee gut bacterial communities no 2022 poster department Lauren Ponisio PD University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Disease in plant-pollinator communities yes 2023 talk university Lauren Ponisio PD Oregon Chapter of The Wildlife Society Bend, OR Intensively managed forest characteristics shape the prevalence of infectious parasites via effects on the host community yes 2023 talk state Rebecca Hayes PhD Student International Conference on Pollinator Biology, Health, and Policy 2023 State College, PA Evaluating forest bee community and gut parasite prevalence across a fire severity gradient yes 2023 talk international Rebecca Hayes PhD Student Ecological Society of America Portland, OR Distance decay relationship of bee gut microbiome similarity varies between host genera no 2023 talk national Rebecca Hayes PhD Student OSU Master Mellitologist Catch A Buzz series virtual Evaluating forest bee community and gut parasite prevalence across a fire severity gradient yes 2023 talk regional Nicole Martinez PhD Student Ecological Society of America Portland, OR Diversity of bees as a mechanism of dilution of parasites in wild bee communities. no 2023 talk national Rose McDonald PhD Student Ecological Society of America Portland, OR Mass-Flowering Events Alter Bee Gut Microbial Assembly no 2023 poster national Rebecca Hayes PhD Student Oregon Chapter of The Wildlife Society Hood River, OR Evaluating forest bee community and gut parasite prevalence across a fire severity gradient yes 2024 talk state Lauren Ponisio PD IEE seminar Eugene, OR Mutualistic and parasitic interactions across diverse ecosystems yes 2024 talk department Lauren Ponisio PD Invited presentation: HJ Andrews Seminar Blue River, OR The story of an accidental fire ecologist yes 2024 talk department Lauren Ponisio PD Society of American Foresters webinar series virtual Restoring bees in harvested forests yes 2024 talk national Rose McDonald PhD Student Portland Rose Society Portland, OR Fantastic Bees and Where to Find Them: history, conservation, and action yes 2024 talk regional Lauren Ponisio PD Pollinator Friendly Alliance virtual Bee, fire and harvested forests yes 2025 talk national Lily Bright MS Student Oregon Chapter of The Wildlife Society Salem, OR The role of wildflower enhancements in solitary bee reproduction in intensively managed post-fire conifer forests no 2025 talk state Rose McDonald PhD Student Oregon Chapter of The Wildlife Society Salem, OR Enhancing floral resources for pollinators in harvested forests yes 2025 talk state Lauren Grand PD Oregon Chapter of The Wildlife Society Salem, OR Bees in the woods: Communicating Pollinator Habitat Enhancement tools to Landowners yes 2025 talk state Katie Moriarty PD Western Section of the Wildlife Society Visalia, CA A bold challenge - assessing wild bee occurrence in forests that differed in stand age and fire severity at large spatial scales no 2025 talk regional 3. Targeted Outreach to Land Managers and Forestry Professionals Co-PID Lauren Grand led several extension and outreach workshops focused on bee-friendly forestry practices. These events translated research findings into actionable best management practices for professionals managing harvested forest landscapes. Led by Lab role Audience/intention Event Location/Venue Presentation/Title Date Year Lauren Grand PD Public Pollinator Outreach/Land Managers OSU Extension Workshop Eugene, Presenter Forest Pollinators 11/7/2023 2023 Lauren Grand PD Public Pollinator Outreach/Land Managers OSU Extension Workshop Eugene, Presenter Forests and Wildlfie 2/11/2025 2025 Similarly, the SAF webinar series on pollinators in harvested forests provided continuing education credits to foresters. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?1. Complete Final Field Season (Q2 Goals) Conduct the third and final field season of pollinator and plant community surveys across all forest stands. 2. Finalize Parasite Screening and Health Analyses (Q2 Continued) Complete laboratory screening of Bombus specimens for seven common pathogens. Analyze disease prevalence data in relation to floral enhancement treatments to evaluate the community dilution hypothesis. 3. Expand Monitoring of Solitary Bee Reproduction (Q3 Goals) Deploy an additional round of Osmia nest boxes and monitor emergence success, reproductive output, and floral resource use. Analyze cumulative data across years to assess how floral enhancements influence reproductive success in native solitary bees. 4. Advance Occupancy Modeling for Species of Conservation Concern (Q4 Goals) Integrate final survey data into occupancy models for petitioned and floral specialist Bombus species. Evaluate how floral enhancements affect colonization, persistence, and habitat suitability for target species. 5. Publish and Disseminate Key Findings (All Questions) Prepare and submit manuscripts on bee community responses, floral enhancement effectiveness, and parasite prevalence. Share preliminary findings with stakeholders through presentations. 6. Continue and Expand Outreach (Q5 Goals) Host additional outreach events focused on integrating pollinator conservation into forest management practices. 7. Support Training and Professional Development Continue mentoring graduate and undergraduate students, with emphasis on developing skills in data analysis, scientific writing, and stakeholder engagement. Encourage student participation in scientific meetings and community outreach. ?

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Q1: Establishment of Native Plant Enhancements in Harvested Forests We published a peer-reviewed article in the Journal of Forestry examining the effectiveness of floral enhancements for pollinators in post-harvest forest landscapes. The study, led by Phd student Rose McDonald, compared planting success between two treatments: burned slash piles and unaltered clearcut areas. Results demonstrated that planting into burned slash piles significantly improved establishment efficiency relative to direct planting into clearcuts. This project was in collaboration with the undergraduate program: The Environmental Leadership Program and engaged ~50 undergraduates in research. Q2: Impacts of Floral Enhancements on Bee Community Abundance, Diversity, and Trait Diversity To date, two of the three planned field seasons have been completed. The floral enhancements continue to thrive and produce blooms. Comprehensive plant-pollinator community surveys were conducted across 54 stands, resulting in the collection of over 8,000 pollinator specimens. The majority of bee specimens have been identified to species level, curated to museum standards, and incorporated into a relational database. This work has been led by PhD student Rose McDonald and supported by two field technicians per year and four undergraduate research assistants. Q2 (continued): Effects of Floral Enhancements on Pathogen Dynamics in Bee Communities To investigate the potential for floral enhancements to reduce disease transmission through community dilution, approximately 2,000 Bombus specimens were collected for screening of seven common bee parasites. DNA has been extracted from all specimens, and parasite-specific screenings are currently underway. Q3: Influence of Floral Enhancements on Native Solitary Bee Reproduction MS student Lily Bright deployed 63 Osmia lignaria nest boxes across 21 forest stands. Nesting was successful, resulting in the production of 1,152 nests. All nests were x-rayed to assess reproductive output, and a subsample of cocoons were incubated to measure rates of overwinter survival. 200+ provisions were also collected for pollen analysis. This effort supports ongoing investigations into the reproductive responses of native solitary bees to habitat enhancements. Q4: Promoting Species of Conservation Concern Efforts are underway to assess whether floral enhancements promote colonization and persistence of at-risk species, including federally petitioned Bombus and floral specialist bees. Preliminary occupancy models have been developed using current survey data under the leadership of Rose McDonald. Undergraduate CS major Eliza Black is training machine learning algorithms to classify floral availability across the landscape to incorporate into these models. Q5: Promoting Best Management Practices for Wild Bees in Harvested Forests a) Co-PD Lauren Grand led multiple outreach events aimed at advancing awareness and adoption of bee-friendly forestry practices. These events engaged stakeholders in practical strategies to support wild pollinators in managed forest systems. b) Co-PD Jim organized an American Society of Foresters webinar series on pollinators in harvested forests. The webinar provided continuing education credits for foresters and each presentation had over 100 viewers. ?

Publications

• Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2025 Citation: McDonald. R, Fan Brown, J., Hayes, R.H., Martinez Llaurador, N., Boulay, P., Moriarty, K, Ponisio, L.C. 2025. Enhancing floral resources for pollinators in harvested forests. Journal of Forestry

Progress 05/01/23 to 04/30/24

Outputs
Target Audience:We designed this proposal to fill research gaps expressed to us by managers of harvested forests- particularly from members of the forest products industry and government land management agencies- through individual meetings and formal workshops. Engagement by both governmental agencies and the forestry industry includes common goals of identifying new opportunities to conserve declining bees while simultaneously providing wood products for a growing human population. Specifically, opportunities for habitat enhancement by directly planting bee-friendly native flowering plants could provide local and regional benefits-- especially in the Pacific Northwest with a matrix of integrated ownership and agriculture. Such opportunities appear particularly achievable within recently harvested areas (i.e., clearcut stands)where bees are at their greatest diversity and abundance in timber-producing regions. With multiple bee species already listed or being considered for listing, the U.S.\ Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and other government agencies critically need more data regarding range and habitat quality, including harvested forests, that ultimately allow for recovering population of declining bee species. The USFWS and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife is also currently considering options for management practices that promote declining bee populations in harvested forests (see letter of support). At the same time, the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) is seeking information on how floral enhancements can be implemented in their managed forests to enhance pollinator populations (see letter of support, ODF) which is part of an ongoing discussion of the ``Forest Pollinator Working Group" which is coordinate by ODF and regularly attended by the PDs. Forest land managers(both small-scale ``woodland" owners and industrial-scale timber companies) have expressed an increased interest in supporting healthy bee communities. In addition, some beekeepers use clearcut stands as forage areas for their bees.Thus, their early involvement in planning practices to enhance pollinator resources in harvested forests will be essential to identifying synergistic practices that support both wild and managed bees. Thus far, co-PDs Rivers and Ponisio have organized a Society of American Foresters(SAF) webinar series about bees in harvested forests. Graduate student Rebecca Hayes presented preliminary results from this project atOSU Master Mellitologist Catch A Buzz series and the International Conference on Pollinator Biology, Health, and Policy. Graduate Student Rose McDonald presented at the Oregon Wildlife Societymeeting. Co-PDs Rivers and Ponisio also collaborated with the Oregon Forest Research Initiative (OFRI) to published the pamphlet "Native bees in harvested forests", for members of the forest projects industry (https://site.oregonforests.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/OFRI-WIMF-Native-Bees-2023-web.pdf). Changes/Problems:We started a portion of the project (Q3, bee demography in harvested forests) a year later than planned because there was more herbicide application in that year than we expected. The trees needed to be replanted and re-sprayed because so many saplings were lost in the 2021 heat dome. We could not put out bees in these stands because the herbicide would kill them, so we waited for the 2024 field season to deplay the bees. Consequently, the OSU masters student that will lead that project started a year later to correctly align with the field work. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Three graduate students and one undergraduate have conducted research as part of the project. Four undergraduates have conducted fieldwork, and one has analyzed project data for their senior thesis. An additional 4 field technicians have participated in field work. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have organized a webinar series through the Society of American Foresters (https://learn.eforester.org/products/how-forest-restoration-diversifies-pollination-networks-across-multiple-systems), and an informational booklet on native bees in harvested forests (https://site.oregonforests.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/OFRI-WIMF-Native-Bees-2023-web.pdf) What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue collecting field data from Q1-4.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Q1: We enhanced 20 stands in 2023, and an additional 20 in 2024. We surveyed bee communities during the summer of 2023, and are preparing for a second field season in 2024. Q2: We screened ~400 bees for 7 common parasites from the 2023 field season. We will collect additional data during the 2024 and 2025 field seasons. Q3: We were delayed in the deployment of Osmia nest boxes in 2023 due to spring herbicide spraying. We are preparing to deploy them during the 2024 field season. Q4: We have preliminary occupancy models built on pre-enhancement data to determine the effect of floral enhancements on the colonization, persistence, and occupancy of petitioned Bombus and floral specialist bees. Q5: We have organized a webinar series through the Society of American Foresters (https://learn.eforester.org/products/how-forest-restoration-diversifies-pollination-networks-across-multiple-systems), and an informational booklet on native bees in harvested forests (https://site.oregonforests.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/OFRI-WIMF-Native-Bees-2023-web.pdf)

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: https://site.oregonforests.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/OFRI-WIMF-Native-Bees-2023-web.pdf