Progress 02/15/24 to 02/14/25
Outputs
Target Audience:Small to mid-sized poultry processors are the target customers and audience however, additional groups that will receive secondary focus include: the scientific community, government regulators and public health/natural resource managers. Advancing disinfection technology and innovation that improves agricultural biosecurity can also increase competition within the poultry industry and help lower barriers of entry for small and mid-sized processors. Poultry Processors Poultry processors face rising costs of freshwater and wastewater disposal. Wastewater reuse is a promising method to decrease freshwater demands and wastewater treatment costs while promoting sustainability. Poultry process water reuse is allowed for the same purpose (i.e. chilling or washing) after measures have been taken to reduce physical, chemical and microbiological contamination. Our water reuse systems can potentially provide thousands of gallons of treated water per day back to the plant for major savings in annual water usage. Poultry processors are dependent on water disinfection to maintain food safety and avoid the economic impacts associated with foodborne illness outbreaks. The USDA Economic Researhch Service (ERS)estimates that foodborne illness costs the U.S. economy over $17 billion annually. In addition to saving poultry processors financially by cutting freshwater and sewer costs, the proposed research can help ensure that food supply is safe for consumers and meets foreign and domestic regulatory requirements. The most common disinfection method involves adding chlorine; however, consumers have raised concerns about disinfection by-products such as trihalomethane. Other potential energy and costs savings will result from the reduced production, shipping, handling and storage of hazardous chlorine chemicals. The Scientific Community The potential benefits of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are a popular topic of research and similar applications have been designed to disinfect poultry wastewater and eggshells. While other authors have identified biocidal effects of AOPs, to the best of our knowledge, none have investigated the proposed combination of treatments. For example, we recently presented the rate of hydroxyl radical generation during electrolysis of water containing chlorine-free electrolytes using alternating electric current and stainless steel electrodes at the ACS Spring Meeting in New Orleans (March 2024). Additional R&D focused on the use of curcumin as a photosensitizer was presented at teh ACS Fall Meeting in Denver, CO (August, 2024). Curcumin'sinsecticidal and antimicrobial properties have been studied and are attributed to their ability to generate singlet oxygen. To date, use of curcumin for wastewater treatment has not been elucidated and a better understanding of decontamination and water reuse is urgently needed. Government Regulators/International Trade To prevent microbial contamination, the USDA developed Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) programs and in 2020, increased the stringency of pathogen standards for broiler chickens. In 2022, the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) initiated new strategies to control Salmonella in poultry products and methods to more effectively reduce foodborne Salmonella infections linked to these products. As recently as January 2024, FSIS was reporting on Salmonella outbreak in ready-to-eat charcuterie meat products suggesting a better understanding of Salmonella disinfection is urgently needed.To directly incentivize competition in food processing and create more market opportunities, a recent Federal Action Plan was established to promote a fairer, more competitive, and more resilient meat and poultry supply chain. To that end, our Phase III project aims to expand capacities outside the largest meat and poultry processors and our collaborators are independent operations. Last, more broadly, decontamination methods that are environmentally friendly, safe, and that do not produce harmful disinfection by-products have clearly become an area of interest for wastewater treatment facilities and the US government (e.g. food safety, agricultural resiliency and environmental protection). Most poultry processing plants utilize chlorine to disinfect processing water for less than $1 per 1,000 gal. Others, including those that export to the European Union, have converted to more costly alternative water treatments such as ozonation and Ultraviolet radiation (UV). In response to public health concerns about chlorine disinfection and microbial cross-contamination, the European Union has restricted the importation of chemically treated chicken. Prior to the European ban in 1997, annual US exports were valued over $50 million. Reducing the chemical and biological hazards associated with chlorine use in poultry processing could help reopen international markets. Public Health and Natural Resource Managers This technology can lower public health risks and protect natural resources. Treating and reusing wastewater has ecological and social benefits. The proposed approach uses AOPs which are environmentally friendly because end-products of the reactions are innocuous (e.g. carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts). Water recycling has the added public benefit of reducing the environmental impacts associated with water consumption, especially in regions facing water restrictions. Changes/Problems:On January 8th, Microtracers applied for a No-Cost Extension (NCE) through agrant management specialist and the USDA Awards Mangament Division and the NCE was approved in early 2025. The primary justifications for the NCE inluded: Limitations scheduling with academic calendar (Grant was awarded in February-March 2023, and the Spring semester was well underway, so recruiting students had to wait until August2023&Limitations hiring graduate students (Visa limitations for graduate students hired in August 2023) Unexpected delays with new equipment performance Unexpected delays with equipment performance on disinfecting pathogenic versus non-pathogenic bacteria. We were able to troubleshoot and make necessary modifications to the equipment and methodology. Limitations with the small commercial processing facility in Clinton, AR (The processing facility does not operate full processing operations in the winter months limiting our ability to get commercial processing water for trial run and onsite trials had to be delayed to Spring-Summer 2025.) What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Several people employed by the Eurasian National University (ENU) (Nur-Sultan , Kazakhstan) were receiving consultations from Dr. Nikolay Barashkov related to the activities on electro- and photochemical treatment of water contaminated with bacteria. Particularly, the graduate student of the ENU A. Zhumagul with a mentor's help from Dr. Barashkov was involved in experimental study of fluorescent dye curcumin that is used as a photosensitizer. This compoundparticipates in generation of singlet oxygen - disinfecting agent which has a high activity in purification of contaminated water. The initial results of this study were included in the presentation at the National Meeting of the ACS (Denver, CO, August, 2024). Dr. Obe taught methods to reuse processing wastewater, including electrochemical and photochemical processes to University of Arkansas students in the Processing Regulations course in Fall 2024. This lecture was also prepared and presented to the poultry industry during The Poultry Federation Processing Symposium in October 2024. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?In addition, Dr. Barashkov and Mark Carlson (Senior R&D) are long-time contributing members of the American ChemicalSociety (ACS) and prepare and present posters at multiple conferences each year. Two example conferences andposters were listed above and include the ACS Spring Meeting in New Orleans (March, 2024) and the ACS Fall Meeting inDenver, CO (August, 2024). A technical paper summarizing the results of combined electro/photochemical treatment of water contaminated with Salmonella has been publishedin the Poultry Science Journalin December, 2024. A conference presentation on the utility of the electro/photochemical treatments was presented to the poultry industry during the International Poultry Production/Processing Expo (IPPE) in Atlanta, GA (January 2025). A technical paper summarizing these results is in preparation to be submitted to the Journal of Food Protection in April 2025. Further results of the disinfection poultry processing water will be presented at two conferences - Poultry Science Association and Internation Association for Food Protection in Summer 2025. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?During the next reporting period, we will generate reproducible results using 30L setup for treatment of poultry processing water at Pilot Poultry Plant (Fayetteville,AR) then coolaborate with administration of the Natural State Processing facility (NSP, Clinton, AR) for moving and installation of 30L setupin their location. We will then run trials and collect reproducible results of using 30L setup for treatment of poultry processing water at NSP (Clinton, AR). In addition to finishing data collection, we plan to present the new results at international conferences including: Poultry Science Association (PSA), lnternation Association for Food Protection and the American Chemical Society Conferences.There will be additional efforts made to analyze/characterize wastewater includingtotal dissolved solids (SM2540 C), total suspended solids (SM2540 D), chemical oxygen demand (SM5220 D), and biological oxygen demand (SM5210 B) for PPW before and after treatment in 30L setup.To complete this project we also will prepare a Final Report and associated manuscripts.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Part 1. Design and Assemble Pilot Scale Systems In addition to one 7 L prototype and 30 L prototype both containing electrochemical and photochemical cells delivered to the University of Arkansas, asecond and third 7 L prototypes were designed and built. One of these newly created prototypes was delivered to Fayetteville, AR in the laboratory of Dr. Tomi Obe disinfection trials of simulated poultry water contaminated with Salmonella and Campylobacter bacteria.The construction of photochemical cell of this particular prototype was modified in order to allow more convenient method of replacing curcumin-coated fluorescent spheres. The second of created 7L prototypes was used in R and D laboratory of Micro-Tracers, Inc in order to proceed with bacteria-free treatments of water containing 0.2% of ammonium sulfate with added two type indicators: p-nitrosodimethylaniline (RNO) which allows to control the generation of hydroxyl radicals and (cysteinato-N,S)bis- (ethylenediamine)cobalt-(III), or Co(III),which allows to control the generation of singlet oxygen. The kinetics of generation of both types of reactive species responsible for killing bacteria was estimated within 3-hour-long trials and obtained data were discussed in combination with data accumulated with a simulated poultry water contaminated with Salmonella and Campylobacter bacteria during trials performed in the University of Arkansas. The results of both types of trials were discussed in a technical paper "Disinfection of Campylobacter species and Salmonella Typhimurium in Simulated Contaminated Wastewater using Advanced Oxidation Processes" submitted for publication in Poultry Science Journal. The enlarged prototype for the total volume of 170 L containing two electrochemical cells with 75 electrodes made of stainless steel each and four photochemical cells have been designed and built by engineering team of Rio Seco Company. The series of trials included bacteria-free treatments of water containing 0.2% of ammonium sulfate performed in the presence of RNO as indicator which showed that tested prototype is able to generate hydroxyl radicals. Testing of photochemical cells with using vanillic acid as indicator was performed and effective generation of singlet oxygen was demonstrated. The series of experiments were performed in a 30L prototype installed in 2023 in the laboratory of Micro-Tracers Inc with a purpose to determine an optimum concentration of ammonium sulfate (AmS) as electrolyte for electrochemical generation of hydroxyl radicals.Particularly it has been shown that increasing concentration of AmS from 0.05 to 0.1% leads to noticeable increase in the rate of generating OH-radicals. However, this effect is less significant at increasing concentration of AmS from 0.1 to 0.2% Part 2. Evaluation of30L and 170 L prototypes The PC reaction cell was composed of a transparent polycarbonate tube that supported the passage of wastewater. The transparent tube also allowed wastewater to be exposed to visible light which excited a photosensitizer (Ps), curcumin, incorporated in a polymercoating on the surface of 3.5 cm-diameter Styrofoam spheres. The spherical shape of the styrofoam material created a relatively large surface area and the porous texture helped with adhesion of the photosensitive coating made of a polymer matrix. (combination of ethyl cellulose and shellac 75:25 w/w containing curcumin). The fluorescent dye, curcumin, was incorporated into coatings of two separate treatments: 2X (0.80%) and 4X (1.60%). Low-intensity, visible light was provided from a LED sheet lampwith light emission spectrum covering all visible region around 410-450 nm range (i.e. region of absorbance for curcumin). During disinfection trials, the flow rate of the wastewater and buoyancy of the styrofoam kept the immersed spheres suspended while facilitating the generation of singlet oxygen during timed trials. Four different types of indicators were used in PCs for evaluation of efficiency of singlet oxygen: Co(III), Red #40, anthracene and vanillic acid. All four indicators are capable to change their spectral properties as results of reaction with singlet oxygen. Therefore, the degree of these changes registered on spectrophotometer can serve for quantitative measurements of photosensitizer's efficiency. It was found that in case of using curcumin dispersed as photosensitizer in coating of Styrofoam spheres at concentrations of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6%, the higher concentration of curcumin, the larger amount of singlet oxygen is generated. The purpose of the series of experiments performed in 170 L setup was to provide the comparison of performance of 30 spheres with 0.8% curcumin with 45 similar spheres where 30 spheres are illuminated with one LED sheet lampand 45 spheres are illuminated with two LED sheet lamps. It was shown that using vanillic acid as indicator for SO-generation two lamps produced SO generation in ~1.4 times more efficiently than one lamp. Trials in a 30L prototype with different concentration of electrolyte and different pumping rate In series of experiments electrochemical treatment of bacteria-free water withdifferent concentration of ammonium sulfate (from 0.05 to 0.2%) with and without activated PC cells has been performed. It was shown that that increasing concentration of ammonium sulfate from 0.05 to 0.1% leads to noticeable increase in the rate of generating OH-radicals. However, this effect is less significant at increasing concentration of ammonium sulfate from 0.1 to 0.2%. The results of OH-radicals' generation obtained in experiments with a voltage demand of 30 and 50 volts were evaluated by controlling the decreasing the intensity of absorbance anthracene at 396 nm. The comparison of results related to consumption of anthracene with results obtained in the presence of E.coli and in its absence has been performed. These results confirmed the conclusion made previously with using different types of the OH- radicals indicators (RNO, Red #40, and vanillic acid) that at a voltage demand of 50 v the OH-radicals' generation proceeds more efficiently than at a voltage demand of 30 v.
Publications
- Type:
Peer Reviewed Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2025
Citation:
Cheruvu, S. A. R., Betiku, E., Calson, M., Barashkov, N., Owens, C., & Obe, T. (2025). Research note: Reduction of Salmonella enterica in simulated wastewater using electrochemical and photochemical processes. Poultry Science, 104(2), 104674.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Carlson. M & N. Barashkov. (2024). Impact of voltage and alternating current on hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical generation in a chlorine-free electrochemical disinfection process. American Chemical Society Poster (ID: 3988973). New Orleans, Spring 2024.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Carlson, M. & N. Barashkov. (2024). Generation of singlet oxygen using polymer films containing curcumin for photochemical wastewater disinfection. American Chemical Society Poster (ID: 4103087). Denver, Fall 2024.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Adesope, S., S.A.R. Cheruvu, E. Betiku, M. Carlson, N. Barashkov, C. Owens, & T. Obe. (2024). Advanced Oxidation Processes Effectively Attenuate Salmonella and Campylobacter in Simulated Wastewater. International Association for Food Protection Presentation. Kentucky
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Progress 02/15/23 to 02/14/24
Outputs
Target Audience:Small to mid-sized poultry processors are the target customers and audience however, additional groups that will receive secondary focus include: the scientific community, government regulators and public health/natural resource managers. Advancing disinfection technology and innovation that improves agricultural biosecurity can also increase competition within the poultry industry and help lower barriers of entry for small and mid-sized processors. Poultry Processors Poultry processors face rising costs of freshwater and wastewater disposal. Wastewater reuse is a promising method to decrease freshwater demands and wastewater treatment costs while promoting sustainability. Poultry process water reuse is allowed for the same purpose (i.e. chilling or washing) after measures have been taken to reduce physical, chemical and microbiological contamination. Our water reuse systems can potentially provide thousands of gallons of treated water per day back to the plant for major savings in annual water usage. Poultry processors are dependent on water disinfection to maintain food safety and avoid the economic impacts associated with foodborne illness outbreaks. The USDA Economic Research Service (ERS) estimates that foodborne illness costs the U.S. economy over $15 billion annually. In addition to saving poultry processors financially by cutting freshwater and sewer costs, the proposed research can help ensure that food supply is safe for consumers and meets foreign and domestic regulatory requirements. The most common disinfection method involves adding chlorine; however, consumers have raised concerns about disinfection by-products such as trihalomethane. Other potential energy and costs savings will result from the reduced production, shipping, handling and storage of hazardous chlorine chemicals. The Scientific Community The potential benefits of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are a popular topic of research and similar applications have been designed to disinfect poultry wastewater and eggshells. While other authors have identified biocidal effects of AOPs, to the best of our knowledge, none have investigated the proposed combination of treatments. For example, we recently presented the rate of hydroxyl radical generation during electrolysis of water containing chlorine-free electrolytes using alternating electric current and stainless steel electrodes at the ACS Fall Meeting in San Francisco, CA. Additional R&D focused on the use of curcumin, D&C Orange #5 Lake and metal-organic framework porphyrin-based metallo-organic frameworks (MOFs)synthesized specifically for this project. Curcumin is a bright yellow chemical produced by plants of the Curcuma longa species. Its insecticidal and antimicrobial properties have been studied and are attributed to their ability to generate singlet oxygen. To date, use of curcumin for wastewater treatment has not been elucidated and a better understanding of decontamination and water reuse is urgently needed. Government Regulators/International Trade To prevent microbial contamination, the USDA developed Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) programs and in 2020, increased the stringency of pathogen standards for broiler chickens. In 2022, the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) initiated new strategies to control Salmonella in poultry products and methods to more effectively reduce foodborne Salmonella infections linked to these products. As recently as January 2024, FSIS was reporting on Salmonellaoutbreak in ready-to-eatcharcuterie meat productssuggesting a better understanding of Salmonelladisinfectionis urgently needed. In addition, USDA Economic Research Service (ERS) is also responsible for addressing the challenges of a changing climate and increased weather variability and the need to protect and maintain the environment while improving agricultural competitiveness and economic growth. To directly incentivize competition in food processing and create more market opportunities, a recent Federal Action Plan was established to promote a fairer, more competitive, and more resilient meat and poultry supply chain. To that end, our Phase III project aims to expand capacities outside the largest meat and poultry processors and our collaborators are independent operations. Last, decontamination methods that are environmentally friendly, safe, and that do not produce harmful disinfection by-products have clearly become an area of interest for wastewater treatment facilities and the US government (e.g. food safety, agricultural resiliency and environmental protection). Most poultry processing plants utilize chlorine to disinfect their processing water for less than $1 per 1,000 gal. Others, including those that export to the European Union, have converted to more costly alternative water treatments such as ozonation and Ultraviolet radiation (UV). In response to public health concerns about chlorine disinfection and microbial cross-contamination, the European Union hasrestricted the importation of chemically treated chicken. Prior to the European ban in 1997, annual USexports were valued over $50 million. Reducing the chemical and biological hazards associated with chlorine use in poultry processing could help reopen. Public Health and Natural Resource Managers This technology can lower public health risks and protect natural resources. Treating and reusing wastewater has ecological and social benefits. The proposed approach uses AOPs which are environmentally friendly because end-products of the reactions are innocuous (e.g. carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts). Water recycling has the added public benefit of reducing the environmental impacts associated with water consumption, especially in regions facing water restrictions. Changes/Problems:The reason that an attempt to use ultrasound treatment for disinfection of contaminated water within the current project was related to the fact that ultrasonic has been widely used in a variety of processing applications, including bacteria inactivation. Limited amount experiments have been performed for evaluation of generation oxidants by using 750 Watt Ultrasonic processor (Cole-Parmer Co) in water contaminated with E.coli. The bactericidal effect of this treatment was evaluated in the same trials with using the colorimetric method of monitoring the oxidant formation. Noticeable rate of killing bacteria was observed with using a powder demand of 600 Watt within 3 hrs of treatment. The limitations of this treatment, however, include the high energy consumption and necessity to provide cooling of treated water. Therefore, the installation of ultrasonic processor in 30 literspilot size equipment has not been implemented yet. Several trials were performed with a purpose to investigate an ability to generate oxidants in water contaminated with E.coli during irradiation of photosensitizer - porphyrin-based metallo-organic frameworks (MOFs). It was expected that MOF-based photosensitizer possess a higher level of lightfastness compared with traditional and commercially available fluorescent dyes. Data on the rate of generating oxidants and on the rate of bactericidal process when MOF is used as an photoactive media were compared with data obtained in similar experimentswith using food grade dye curcumin as photosensitizer. Results of this comparison were analyzed together with consideration that preparation of porphyrin-based MOF is time consuming and expensive process. It was found that curcumin provided the better rate of bactericidal process and curcumin is commercially available and a relatively inexpensive fluorescent dyes. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Several people employed by the Eurasian National University (ENU) (Nur-Sultan , Kazakhstan) were receiving consultations from Dr. Nikolay Barashkov related to the activities on electro- and photochemical treatment of water contaminated with bacteria. Particularly, the graduate student of the ENU A. Aldongarov with a mentor's help from Dr. Barashkov was involved in experimental study of photostability fluorescent dyes that play role of photosensitizers. These compounds participate in generation of singlet oxygen - disinfecting agent which has a high activity in purification of contaminated water. The initial results of this study were included in the presentation on the National Meeting of the ACS (Indianapolis, March, 2023). During several months of the current project (February-May, 2023) Dr. Barashkov was acting as a mentor of junior member of R&D team of Micro-Tracers, Inc (and recent graduate of University of California Davis) Joseph Shin. Under this mentorship J.Shin was assisting to Dr. Barashkov in performing experimental trials on electro- and photochemical treatment of E.coli in water. The results of this activity were presented on the National Meeting of the ACS (San Francisco, August 2023). Graduate students (PhD and MS) and research associate on the project under the direction of Drs. Obe and Owens at the University of Arkansas resumed training on the use of photochemical and electrochemical processes for the following on a small-scale (7 Liters prototype) through different timed trials: 1) The reduction of individual bacterial pathogens. The goal here is to be able to significantly reduce pathogens of concerns to the poultry industry. 2) The reduction of mixed bacterial pathogens, since bacteria in processing environment exist in a community with varying tolerance to disinfectants. 3) The disinfection of wastewater on a small-scale and large-scale to benefit the poultry industry.The students have continued to improve the methodology while assessing different parameters to optimize the process before using the 30 liters equipment at the pilot processing plant. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Micro-Tracers, Inc. (1961) has experience working with senior technical staff at many of the poultry integrators in the USand abroad. Our distributors around the world also have excellent contacts in the poultry industry. The poultry industry in the US is highly concentrated with the four largest companies representing over 50% of production and the ten largest representing nearly 80% of production. Many of the potential customers for the mentioned treatment technology are existing customers of Micro-Tracers, Inc. In addition, Dr. Barashkov and Mark Carlson (Senior R&D) are long-time contributing members of the American Chemical Society (ACS) and prepare and present posters at multiple conferences each year. Two example conferences and posterswere listed above and include ACS Fall Meeting in San Francisco, CA (8/23) and the ACS Spring Meeting in Indianapolis, IN (3/23).Next two poster presentations on the electro- and photochemical treatments of water contaminated with bacteria are in the process of preparation for upcoming National Meetings of the ACS in New Orleans, LA(3/24) and Denver, CO (8/24). A technical paper summarizing the results of four poster presentations on this subject will be prepared and is being considered for submission to the journalEnvironmental Science & Technologypublishedby the ACS. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the upcoming second year of this MPPRI Phase III project, trials will continue at the pilot processing plant at the University of Arkansas, processing approximately 300 chickens. Four separate trials will be conducted on different days to evaluate the electro/photochemical treatment for disinfecting poultry processing wastewater to meet regulatory wastewater reuse standards. The disinfected wastewater will be evaluated for chemical composition, residual hydrogen peroxide antimicrobial activity, and reduction in microbial load for fitness to reuse during poultry processing. As mentioned in our project description, these disinfection protocols will be validated at Natural State Processing, a Cypress Valley meat company, which is a commercial small/medium size poultry processing facility that processes over 3000 chickens per day. With operational and installation support from consultant engineers in Colorado, Phase III technology will be integrated on-site at the processing facility. Complementary efforts at the University of Arkansas will evaluate the conservation of water used for processing, reuse of the disinfected wastewater for sanitation of processing equipment/facility. At the close of this project, the associated rapid technological advancements will be assessed for potential commercialization to small and mid-size processors. This technology has potential use to treat all the water used in a given poultry processing facility while reducing occupational risks and ensuring the safety of poultry products derived from a mid-sized processing facility.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In the first year of this MPPRI Phase III project, the electrochemical generation of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals using pilot-scale (30 liter equipment) was investigated and optimized. Complimentary photochemical technology was scaled-up and optimized for photostability and singlet oxygen generation. The possibility to boost hydroxyl radical formation by using ultrasonic treatment of contaminated water was additionally considered. Unique combinations of oxidants were used to inactivate bacteria such as E. Coli and Salmonella during disinfection trials. An engineering consultant, Rio Seco, LLC (Colorado, formerly HES) provided technical desigin and development of three disinfection systems: an updated benchtop prototype with a volume of 7 liters and two pilot-scale prototypes with volume of 30 liters; each containing upscaled electro- and photochemical reaction cells. Disinfection equipment was built and tested in Colorado then shipped to San Francisco. At Micro-Tracers, Inc. R&D laboratories (California), an initial study was performed using existing experimental setup that showed the fluorescent dye curcumin incorporated into polymer film (made of ethyl cellulose and shellac) was able to generate the singlet oxygen at levels capable to kill E. Coli. Next all three types of disinfection equipment were assembled and tested for ability to generate hydroxyl radicals in the electrochemical cell and singlet oxygen in the photochemical cell. Once these processes were validated and optimized, quantitative analyses on survival of pathogens were performed in contaminated water in over 50 experiments using the pilot size prototype. Relative to Phase I equipment, disinfection rates were comparable for Phase III equipment and it was shown that combined antimicrobial processes were more effective at reducing microbial survival than individual processes. At the Poultry Science Department at the University of Arkansas, twoprototypes (one with 7liters and a second with 30liters) were receivedand assembled. Initial laboratory trials using the bench-top prototype with a volume of 7 liters confirmed the processes to generate hydrogen peroxide in electro-and photochemical cells and logarithmic reductions ofSalmonella Kentuckywere measured.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
M. Carlson, Barashkov, N., Shin, J., Lam, L. and Eisenberg, D. (2023). Disinfection of Water Contaminated by Bacteria using Combined Advanced Oxidation Processes. American Chemical Society Poster in San Francisco, CA, 08.15.2023.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
N. Barashkov, Sakhno, T., Irgibayeva , I., Aldongarov, A. (2023) Photochemical disinfection of water contaminated with E.coli: supramolecular approach of increasing efficiency of singlet oxygen generation by fluorescent dyes. American Chemical Society Poster in Indianapolis, IN. 03.30.2023.
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Mann, B., (2023). Novel wastewater disinfection technology aims to reduce water usage in poultry production. Online news article for University of Arkansas, Cooperative Extension Service/Division of Agriculture. Website:
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