Progress 09/15/24 to 09/14/25
Outputs
Target Audience:Diagnosticians at land grant universities (LGU), state departments of agriculture (SDA), plant pathologists, entomologists, nematologists, weed scientists, extension educators, growers and producers, crop consultants, Master gardeners, and the general public. Changes/Problems:Increased costs for personnel (including salary and benefits) and supplies have reduced the power of NPDN funds. Labs are increasingly questioning the value of the time commitment that NPDN membership entails. It has become increasingly difficult to recruit diagnosticians to assume leadership roles on NPDN committees.Those who commit to committee leadership roles are receiving additional funds. NPDN Leadership continues to strategically consider NPDN governance, requests, and impacts to maximize efficiency. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?NCPDN has in-person regional meetings that provide professional development and networking opportunities. NCPDN also participates in professional development activities offered nationally by NPDN, and regional staff contribute to them as necessary. During 2024, NPDN offered the following professional development events to all members. The 2024 National Meeting held in Portland, Maine, September 8-10. 7 diagnostic workshops and 2 field trips held in Portland, Maine, September 11-12, as part of the 2024 National Meeting. 5 in-person Advanced Diagnostic Workshops held at APHIS Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Laboratory (PPCDL) in Laurel, Maryland, March 4 - April 4, 2024. Morphological Fungal Identification Techniques Workshop conducted at the USDA-Professional Development Center in Frederick, Maryland. Two sessions: February 27-29 and April 9-11, 2024 2 virtual diagnostic workshops run in collaboration with PPCDL, March 8-21, 2024. Two sessions each. 8 weekly GPDN webinars recorded live, January 31 - March 20, 2024. 51 virtual trainings and recorded webinars available to NPDN members in the NPDN on-demand virtual learning system. 16 one-hour Accreditation Help sessions between February and April (twice a week) and 8 between October and December (once a week) for 2024 How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?NCPDN diagnosticians are actively engaged in scientific communication within the field of diagnostics. During 2024, NCPDN diagnosticians produced 20 refereed publications related to NPDN or their diagnostic work. Referred publications may include Books, Book Chapters, Conference Abstracts, Journal Articles, and Thesis/Dissertations. During 2024, NCPDN labs also prepared 67 publications related to Outreach & Extension. NCPDN labs remained active in outreach scientific dissemination. Diagnosticians delivered 111 outreach and extension presentations (Table 1) , including workshops on disease diagnosis and management, pesticide safety, master gardeners training, event booths, and grower association meetings across various sectors (nurseries, commodities, forest, and landscape). Other kinds of dissemination work done by NCPDN diagnosticians included 25 presentations in scientific conferences and 62 courses and workshops related to diagnostic training. Courses and workshops included teaching extension educators; integrated pest management trainings, and field diagnostic trainings. Presentations for scientific audiences included presentations at scientific meetings and symposiums and diagnostic courses at universities. In addition, NCPDN diagnosticians had 28 appearances in radio/TV related to their extension work. Altogether, these efforts reached an estimated audience of 105,604. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?NCPDN will continue engaging labs in each state, by providing funds to support quality diagnostics, professional development, and communications. NCPDN labs are expected to assist in fulfilling the mission and goals of the NPDN by conducting quality plant pest/disease diagnoses as needed by their clientele, remain actively engaged with the network programs and activities, and submit relevant data to the National Repository. To continue fulfilling the goals of this project, fall of 2025 will be spent writing the new cooperative agreement. During the next phase, NPDN leadership will assess priorities that fit our mission statement and continue the important work of supporting this nation's plant diagnostic network.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Detection NCPDN labs contribute to the distributed capacity to support diagnostic work in the region. All 8 states in the NCPDN region have USDA permits which allow them to receive samples from out of state. Financial support from this project made it possible for MSU PPD to provide subsampling, DNA extraction, and real time PCR testing for Phytophthora austrocedri, this work supported a new detection and survey work that was being done by the Oregon Department of Agriculture. The plant diagnostics labs at Michigan State and Purdue Universities were selected in 2024 to participate in a capacity building project. Using funds provided by APHIS these labs have received equipment that builds diagnostic capacity, and in some cases supports higher throughput. Additionally, the development of training to support the use of the equipment and new protocols is being planned. This capacity will support the diagnostic needs of agriculture throughout the US. Diagnosis During 2024, NCPDN labs processed 25,862 samples.NCPDN labs continue offering a variety of diagnostic disciplines to their clientele. All states in the North Central region can provide plant pathology and entomology services. Many NCPDN states also have access to nematology, weed/plant identification, and seed testing. Diagnoses uploaded to the National Data Repository (NDR) are categorized by pest classification.Across all uploaded NCPDN diagnoses, true fungi were the most common class of diagnoses, accounting for 6,012 diagnoses, of which 3,652 were confirmed. NCPDN labs in all states have access to both conventional and real time. Real time PCR has higher reagent costs but provides significant time savings over conventional PCR; therefore labs are increasingly using real time PCR. Culturing of samples, and morphological identification of the fungi recovered, remains a critical component of the diagnostic process in all diagnostic laboratories. The regional center lab maintains USDA certification and provides qPCR testing for Phytophthora ramorum. The testing provided supports surveys and trace forwards for both SDA and LGU labs in all 48 contiguous states in the NPDN. Additionally, MSU PPD offers molecular testing for suites of viruses relevant to several crops (hops, grapes, blueberries) that are important to the NCPDN region. Reporting - lab NCPDN labs primary reporting responsibility is to their clients. Labs in the region provide diagnostic reports and management recommendations to their clients. Lab clientele includes growers, nurseries, state or federal regulatory agencies, residents, extension specialists in their institution, public gardens, landscape managers, forest managers, and public agencies. Different NPDN labs have different clientele depending on their state and institutional needs and extension programs. NPDN labs also report some diagnostic data to the NPDN National Data Repository (NDR). Through 2024, NDPDN labs submitted 23,825 diagnoses to the NDR. NCPDN regional accomplishments (by state) in 2024. The number of diagnoses uploaded to the NDR is lower than the number of samples processed for several reasons: 1) labs do not usually upload regulatory screening samples (see section on regulatory support below); 2) In the NCPDN region, some states had more than one lab reporting their sample capacity; but only NCPDN funded labs are required to submit data. So, sample load includes counts for more than one lab in the state, while upload counts represent only one lab. Reporting - Regulatory In addition to reporting to their clients and the NPDN NDR, labs are required to report diagnoses or findings regarding organisms of concern to their state or the U.S. to regulatory agencies. At that point, any findings from the lab are considered preliminary until confirmed by the appropriate federal or state laboratories, which may subsequently collect additional samples. Regulatory agencies use this information to take appropriate action, if needed, to contain the problem and prevent the spread of disease. During 2024, NCPDN labs reported 16 diagnoses to regulatory agencies. NCPDN regional accomplishments (by state) in 2024.
Publications
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Miles, L., Marcy R., and Chahal K. 2024. New MSU research puts oak wilt testing within reach of homeowners. Michigan State University Extension News. September 10, 2024. Available online at: https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new-research-puts-oak-wilt-testing-within-reach-of-homeowners.
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Progress 09/15/23 to 09/14/24
Outputs
Target Audience:Diagnosticians at land grant universities (LGU), state departments of agriculture (SDA), plant pathologists, entomologists, nematologists, weed scientists, extension educators, growers and producers, crop consultants, Master gardeners, the public Changes/Problems:Increased costs for personnel (salary and benefits) and supplies have decreased the power of NPDN funds. Labs are increasingly questioning the value of the time commitment that NPDN membership entails. It has been increasingly difficult to recruit diagnosticians to take on leadership roles on NPDN committees. Diagnosticians that commit to committee leadership roles are receiving additional funds. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?In April 2023, diagnosticians at Iowa State University's Plant Diagnostic Laboratory hosted the region for a multi-day regional meeting. The meeting began at Corteva, where we toured their diagnostic facilities and had discussions about diagnostics, impacts the NDR has on private industry and possible ways to collaborate. Day 2 of the meeting included presentations from faculty at ISU and covered a variety of topics including delusory parasitosis, grape vine decline, a new pathogen of corn, plant pathology communications, the Crop Protection Network, and NDPN Core Accreditation. The meeting concluded with state reports where members shared highlights of their year. Jan Byrne led the Accreditation Committee's efforts to conduct a hybrid meeting to help members begin the process of accreditation. The meeting included presentations and work sessions. The one and a half day workshop was held in Beltsville, Maryland and offered in a hybrid format; it was attended by 57 diagnosticians from across the country. Feedback from attendees prompted the committee to hold additional online sessions in shorter time periods, several drop-in sessions were hosted by NCPDN members. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Many LGU diagnosticians have extension or outreach roles and use in person workshops, training, lab websites, University extension communication services (fact sheets, images, etc), and social media to disseminate current information to our clients and communities. For example, University of Wisconsin and MSU's diagnostic labs maintain Twitter accounts, Wisconsin's Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection emails a weekly newsletter, and Purdue publishes a Purdue Landscape Report. Diagnosticians in the region produced 11refereed publications and 102non-refereed publications. Over 100 extension and 19 scientific conference presentations were given. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The NCPDN will: Continue to meet monthly to discuss issues related to diagnostics and appropriate methods. Provide travel funds for a minimum of one diagnostician per sub award to attend NCPDN regional meetings and NPDN national diagnostic meeting. Provide funds to attend professional society meetings that are relevant to diagnostics. Encourage regional representation on the NPDN Committees. Have regional representation and provide guidance to the Lab Accreditation Committee. Develop and offer accreditation work sessions to diagnosticians preparing for core accreditation. Represent the region on national NPDN committees Leadership will meet as a group 1-2 times per month to discuss on work on national priorities and initiatives.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1. Detection Iowa's diagnosticians noted several first reports on the specific host, which included several bacterial pathogens, one fungal, and an aphid. Illinois has several first detections on hemp including Fusarium flower blight and two insects. Indiana had several first detections of pathogens identified to the species level including Phytophthora capsica on Sassafras, Pythium myriotylum on sweet basil, and Diplodia cupressi on Rocky Mtn. Juniper. Michigan's diagnosticians had first reports of beech leaf disease, caused by a nematode and Ralstonia solanacearum on Osteospermum in California. A first report of Ralstonia was also made in Minnesota, from ginger. Missouri published a first report of charcoal rot on hemp (https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-02-23-0385-PDN). Pepper thrips were a first detection in Wisconsin. Refer to Appendix A for more information. 2. Diagnosis In 2023, NCPDN diagnosticians processed over 17,000 samples using a variety of diagnostic methods. Almost half of these samples were evaluated for pathogens. Nematodes (4,835) and arthropods (1,959) made up large proportions of the rest of the samples. Labs in Illinois and Michigan also offer resistance testing for both herbicides and fungicides. Laboratory methods used at each lab vary slightly, but all labs use molecular techniques (conventional or real-time PCR) including sequencing to identify pests. Collectively NCPDN labs uploaded 1,664, 724, and 100 diagnoses using conventional, real-time PCR, and sequencing methods respectively. Purdue University has found sequencing is a convenient way to resolve diagnoses that otherwise could not be made beyond a more general level. Diagnosticians attribute a confidence level to each uploaded diagnosis; approximately 10,000 samples had a diagnosis with a confirmed level of confidence. Also important are those samples with a "not detected" confidence level, compromising 5,926 diagnoses. For many clients knowing that a particular pest or pathogen is not present is just as valuable as having one confirmed. Testing offered through NPDN labs is cost-effective for growers looking to screen plant material for specific pathogens, often viral pathogens. 3. Reporting In the time period of January 1, 2023, through December 31, 2023diagnosticians in the region uploaded 17,429diagnoses from 14,078samples to the NPDN national data repository (NDR). There were 35 first detections communicated to regulatory officials. NCPDN diagnosticians have good relationships with their regulatory partners. Indiana does not have a regulatory lab and Purdue fulfills that role. The lab is Wisconsin is a regulatory lab, this relationship has helped build better connections with the NPDN regulatory committee and the regulatory community at large.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Luis, J., Mehl, H., Plewa, D., and Kleczewski, N. 2023. Is Microdochium maydis associated with necrotic lesions in the tar spot disease complex? A culture-based survey of maize in Mexico and the Midwest United States. Phytopathology. 113: 1890-1897. https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PHYTO-04-23-0109-R
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
John Hammond, Dimitre Mollov, Ronald Ochoa, Ramon L. Jordan, Todd Rounsaville, Emily Johnson, Samuel Grinstead, Karen K. Rane, Tom C. Creswell . 2023. Natural host range, putative vector, and diversity of Lindera severe mosaic-associated virus, a recently identified emaravirus.. Poster, APS Plant Health. https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360928
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Guan, W, J Bonkowski, T. Creswell, D Egel.2023. Strawberry Cultivar Susceptibility to Neopestalotiopsis leaf spot in Indiana.. Plant Health Progress,. (Editors pick Oct 30, 2023) https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-05-22-0049-RS
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Critchfield, R., J. King, J. Bonkowski, D. Telenko, T. Creswell, L Zhang. 2023 Characterization of Virulence Phenotypes of Heterodera glycines during 2020 in Indiana.. J. Nematology, 2023 Feb; 55(1), doi: 10.2478/jofnem-2023-0039
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
First Report of Colletotrichum fioriniae Infecting Hop (Humulus lupulus) in Michigan
Ross J. Hatlen, Rebecca M. Swift, Laura A. Miles, Jan M. Byrne, and Timothy D. Miles Plant Disease 2023 107:10, 3280
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
First report of anthracnose on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) caused by Colletotrichum incanum in Michigan, USA. L. E. Hanson, E. M. Schlachter, D. H. Minier, J. Byrne, J. F. Willbur
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Salgado JS, Alvarez-Quinto R, Bauman M, Arenz BE, Lockhart B, and Mollov D (2023) First Report of Tobacco Rattle Virus Infecting Weigela florida in the United States Plant Disease 107:9, 2894 https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-23-0351-PDN
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Goodnight, Karen Morgan, Peng Tian, and Kaitlyn M. Bissonnette. "First Report of Charcoal Rot Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina on Hemp (Cannabis sativa) in Missouri." Plant Disease 107.9 (2023): 2856.
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Progress 09/15/22 to 09/14/23
Outputs
Target Audience:Diagnosticians at land grant universities (LGU), state departments of agriculture (SDA), plant pathologists, entomologists, nematologists, weed scientists, extension educators, growers and producers, crop consultants, Master gardeners, the public. Changes/Problems:Increased costs for personnel (salary and benefits) and supplies have decreased the power of NPDN funds. Labs are increasingly questioning the value of the time commitment that NPDN membership entails. It has been increasingly difficult to recruit diagnosticians to take on leadership roles on NPDN committees. Diagnosticians that commit to committee leadership roles are receiving additional funds. The lab accreditation manager will be hired at theNEPDN regional center(University of Maine) instead of the NCPDN regional center (Michigan State University). What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The NCPDN continues to emphasize training for diagnosticians to enhance diagnostic ability. Diagnosticians within the region continue to add assays to their testing capability, molecular detection capacity for Agrobacterium, Rhodococcus, Bretziella fagacearum, phytoplasmas have increased in several labs. Fourteen members attended workshops that were coordinated by NPDN and offered by USDA staff (Laurel, MD). Topics included bioinformatics, isothermal amplification, Phytophthora, phytoplasmas, and potato wart. Seven members attended other professional conferences. The North Central region is represented by Brett Arenz (MN) and Chelsea Harbach (IA) on the NPDN Professional Development Committee. This committee has developed an onboarding checklist for new diagnosticians, which continues to be used and valued by new NPDN members. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Many LGU diagnosticians have extension or outreach roles and use in person workshops, training, lab websites, University extension communication services (fact sheets, images, etc), and social media to disseminate current information to our clients and communities. For example, University of Wisconsin and MSU's diagnostic labs maintain Twitter accounts, Wisconsin's Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection emails a weekly newsletter, and Purdue publishes a Purdue Landscape Report. Diagnosticians in the region produced 12 refereed publications and 61 non-refereed publications. Over 100 extension and 17 scientific conference presentations were given. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?NCPDN is working with an assessment specialist who guided some changes to the annual capacity and accomplishment survey that all subcontractors complete annually. Additionally, data is being analyzed to identify changes over time in capacity, professional development, and lab scope. Guidelines to capture examples of the impact of NPDN in diagnostic cases stories will be developed by the assessment specialist. The region will continue to meet monthly to discuss issues related to diagnostics and appropriate methods. NDPN members will continue to represent the region on national NPDN committees. NCPDN leadership will meet as a group 1-2 times per month to discuss on work on national priorities and initiatives.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal #1 - Detection Two labs (Iowa State and Ohio State) had staffing changes; three new diagnosticians were hired to fill vacancies at these labs. The new diagnosticians have brought additional expertise and approaches to diagnostics and client services. The NCPDN region includes eight states, each with a land grand university diagnostic lab that is a member institution. Additionally, six of the NC states have state department of agriculture diagnosticians and staff that are engaged members or partners of NPDN. This legacy of networking and interaction has improved communication and collaborative work during regulatory events such as the recent detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in imported geraniums. A diagnostic lab in each of the states within the NCPDN uploads data to the NPDN NDR. Data is uploaded using a set of universal host and diagnosis codes. Daily emails are sent to NPDN members which include a list of the codes that were used for the first time in that state. This serves as a notification of possible first detections for diagnosticians and engaged regulatory members. NCPDN funds were used to purchase reagents and maintain qPCR equipment needed to provide testing for regulatory pathogens (ex. P. ramorum, tomato brown rugose fruit virus). The equipment is also used to provide cost-effective testing for viruses of hops, grapes, and other niche crops that is otherwise cost prohibitive. Growers use this service to screen new plant material prior to establishment in their fields. This supports good IPM practices, economically viable agriculture industries, and food security in our region. Goal #2- Diagnostic Support The region holds annual meetings for our members; the 2022 meeting was held at UC Davis as part of the national NPDN meeting, members attended either in person or virtually. Regional monthly conference calls are held to promote networking, sharing of diagnostic challenges, discussions of new protocols, and provide onboarding support to new diagnosticians. A part time lab accreditation manager position was established and posted. A hybrid lab accreditation workshop was developed and planned; over 50 NPDN members registered to attend. The workshop will review the NPDN core accreditation standard and allow attendees to work on their own lab quality manual, the first step in the lab accreditation process. Goal #3- Reporting In the time period of January 1, 2022, through December 31, 2022 diagnosticians in the region uploaded 18,101 diagnoses from 13,747 samples to the NPDN national data repository (NDR). There were 307 first uploads from the NCPDN, some but not all, represent new pest detections. Some of the first detections included Peronospora trifoliorum on lupine, Ceratocystis fimbriata on sweet potato, Corynespora cassiicola in soybean, Phytophthora kelmanii on Canaan fir, Litylenchus crenatea on beech, and multiple instances of Ceratobasidium theobromae.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Beckerman, J., Creswell, T. (2022) Symptoms and Signs for Plant Problem Diagnosis - An Illustrated Glossary; Factsheet https://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?itemID=24577
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Bonkowski J, Crow WT, Habteweld A. (2022) First Report of Belonolaimus longicaudatus Infecting Soybean in Indiana. J Nematol. Nov 12;54(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2022-0034
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Bonkowski, J, Ruhl, G., Creswell, T. (2022) First report of Exserohilum pedicellatum causing root rot of corn in Indiana Plant Disease. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-21-1245-PDN
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Crain, B., Cregg, B., Byrne, J., (2022) Leaf scorch or oak wilt: Whats plaguing my tree? MSU Extension News. Sept 26, 2022.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Crizon Cortes S., Hanson L., Miles L. A., Wilbur J., and Naegele R. (2022) Diagnostic guide for Alternaria leaf spot on sugar beet, red beet, and chard. Plant Health Prog. 23:497-506.
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Hammerschmidt, R., A. Tenney, and E. Hill. (2022) Nematode diagnostics, a changing of the guard at MSU Plant & Pest Diagnostics. Michigan State University Extension News. October 7, 2022. Available online at: https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/nematode-diagnostics-a-changing-of-the-guard-at-msu-plant-pest-diagnostics
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Hill, E. and E. Patterson. (2022) 2022 Status of herbicide-resistance weeds in Michigan. Michigan State University Extension News. September 10, 2022. Available online at: https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/2022-status-of-herbicide-resistant-weeds-in-michigan
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hanson, L.E., Schlachter, E.M., Minier, D.H., Byrne, J. & Willbur, J.F. (2023) First report of anthracnose on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) caused by Colletotrichum incanum in Michigan, USA. New Disease Reports, 47, e12152. https://doi.org/10.1002/ndr2.12152
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Hatlen R., Swift R. M., Miles L. A., Byrne J., and Miles T. D. (2022) First report of Colletotrichum fioriniae infecting Humulus lupulus in Michigan. Plant Dis. Accepted with revisions.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Heger, L., Giraud, D., Miles, L., Byrne, J., and Miles, T.D. (2022) First report of Neofusicoccum rubis causing stem blight and dieback of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). Plant Disease (in press). https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-22-1519-PDN
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Kaishan, P., Creswell, T., Bonkowski, J. Aime C. (2022) First report of smoketree rust, caused by Pileolaria cotini-coggygriae, in the Midwest USA. Plant Health Progress, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-08-22-0080-BR
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Maclot, F.J., Mandujano, M., Nakasato, K., Byrne, J., Paudel, S., Guyer, D., Malmstrom, C. (2022) First report of tobacco ringspot virus infecting pawpaw orchard (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal) in North America. Plant Disease (in press). https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-22-2639-PDN
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Weisberg, A., Ruitta, E., Kilday,K., Bonkowski, J., Creswell, T., Daughtrey,M., Rane,K., Grunwald, N., Chang, J., Putnam, M. (2022) Whole genome sequencing-based tracing of a 2022 introduction and outbreak of Xanthomonas hortorum pv. pelargonii. Phytopathology, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-09-22-0321-R
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Willbur, J. Schlachter, E.M., Satoh-Cruz, M., Rush, S., Burek, C., Byrne, J. (2022) First report of Geotrichum candidum causing rubbery rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum) in Michigan. Plant Disease
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