Progress 09/01/23 to 08/31/24
Outputs
Target Audience:Grape and muscadine breeders, geneticists, and pathologists; high school students and teachers; undergraduate and graduate students; grape extension and outreach specialists and educators; grape and wine industry workers and support industries including vineyard workers, winery managers, winemakers, and wine and grape business owners; academic and industry engineers and roboticists; crop insurance companies; local, regional, state, federal, and global agency leaders and legislators including members of the UN FAO and New York State Congress; consumers and the general public; marketing and consumer behavior researchers; our industry advisory board members. Changes/Problems:Objective 1: NA Objective 2: NA Objective 3a: NA Objective 3b: At NDSU the germination of some seed lots was unexpectedly poor, resulting in fewer-than-expected plants. There was a personnel change in grape breeding program directorship at the University of Minnesota with the hiring of Dr. Soon Li Teh (documentation already provided to USDA NIFA). Objective 3c: NA Objective 4: There were several manufacturer errors that delayed setting up eye-tracking and EEG equipment. The Objective 4 team worked with the manufacturers to troubleshoot technical issues with the hardware and software and are working with a local engineer to optimize the equipment, integrate the data streams, and conduct mock experiments for quality assurance. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?At the Annual Meeting, Garrett Steede created and led a professional development session for the entire project team titled "Communicating Your Science to the Public: Writing and Promoting Research in Plain English." This workshop included an orientation to the basics of science communication, how to get started writing a Research in Plain English (RIPE) article, and the role that AI and similar assistive tools can play in science communication work. Project manager Kate Fessler is also collaborating with industry advisors including representatives from Sun World, E. & J. Gallo, Grapery, USDA-ARS, and NGRA to host a production tour of several facilities in California's Central Coast region. This trip is being organized at the behest of the advisory board and will serve as a professional development opportunity for graduate students, postdocs, and early-career faculty to network with industry representatives and deepen their understanding of the broader grape industry. Objective 1: Manon Paineau, postdoc in the Cantu lab, has developed computational skills. She has learnt to perform pseudomolecule reconstruction of grape genomes and manual refinement of the NLR gene models. Objective 2: Five international faculty and graduate students visited VitisGen activities in Geneva, NY to be trained on Blackbird or rhAmpSeq technologies. One PhD graduate student was trained on disease resistance genetics. One MS graduate student was trained on disease resistance genetics. One MS graduate student was trained on genetics of pathogen virulence. Eight undergraduate students were trained on disease resistance phenotyping using computer vision. Dustin Wilkerson helped train and/or do general troubleshooting of using rhAmpseq markers for genetic mapping and breeding for researchers from groups led by: Lance Cadle-Davidson, Jason Londo, Harlene Hatterman-Valenti, Luis Diaz-Garcia, Margaret Worthington, and Surya Sapkota. Objective 3a: Graduate student Niko Janke has begun work on using biocontrols to design epidemiology driven disease control programs. He was able to present at the VitisGen3 Annual Meeting in San Diego, January 2024. Objective 3b: Project manager Kate Fessler, MS, independently planned and executed the entirety of the VitisGen3 annual meeting, which included research lightning talks and networking opportunities for a variety of graduate students. This contributed to the professional development and soft skill training of these students. At the University of Minnesota, five graduate students are currently being trained in viticultural practices. A grape phenotyping roundtable took place on April 15, 2024 with input from Drs. Bruce Reisch (Cornell University), Peter Cousins (E. & J. Gallo), and Matt Clark (University of Minnesota). This workshop was promoted internally to the project and the recording is available publicly at https://mediaspace.umn.edu/media/t/1_lgkpu1jb. At Cornell University, training opportunities included the interactions of project technician Felex Pike with VitisGen3 personnel and activities. Additionally, during leaf tissue collection, two additional graduate students (2) and one high school student were trained in techniques used for seedling DNA extraction as well as the broader goal of data generation and processing to effect marker-assisted selection. Dr. Madeline Oravec, incoming Cornell grape breeder, was supported to attend the VG3 annual meeting to learn about previous project accomplishments and meet with collaborators and industry professionals. At the USDA-ARS Parlier, Dr. Summaira Riaz has one technician and two undergraduate students involved in data acquisition, sampling, and maintaining plants. All of them are receiving valuable training for organization and project management. One PhD student (North Dakota State University) is being trained using populations in Parlier and will be including data from these two populations in her dissertation. At UCDavis, two undergraduate students have worked in Dr. Luis Diaz-Garcia's lab for the past year. Their primary focus has been plant propagation, leaf sampling for rhAmpSeq genotyping, and providing support for various trials. Additionally, Dr. Diaz-Garcia has two Ph.D. students who are receiving partial funding from VitisGen3. These students are actively involved in supporting the breeding program and the development of powdery mildew resistant varieties. At South Dakota State University, one PhD student (QTL mapping), two MS graduate students, and two undergraduate students are being trained in the vineyard. One MS and two PhD students have been involved with VitisGen3 at North Dakota State University. These students traveled for the VitisGen3 annual meeting, which allowed students to exchange ideas with scientists leading VG3 efforts and receive formative feedback. Additionally, presentations developed around VG3 data have served as invaluable professional development opportunities for these students. Objective 4: The project provides the opportunity for graduate students and faculty to learn how to conduct quality research using new techniques for studying consumer behavior including neuroscientific tools such as eye-tracking and electroencephalography (EEG). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We estimate that we have disseminated results to over 3000 individuals in our communities of interest via: conference abstracts and presentations; extension events and regional/state grower meetings; field days and tours; course lectures; and internal workshops and meetings. Results and research updates have additionally been promoted on VG3 digital platforms including: Instagram (@vitisgen3, 173 followers, 359+ unique interactions over last 90 days); Twitter (@vitisgen, 1361 followers); the VitisGen3 website and blog (vitisgen3.umn.edu, 1900+ users, and 19000+ events); and internal newsletter (80 subscribers). Combining in-person and online interactions, we have reached over 6700 individuals in the last reporting period. In combination with last year's estimate of 6694 individuals reached, we have already surpassed our original proposed goal of reaching 12,000 individuals over the life of the project. Additionally, several Extension and popular press articles were published and well received by the industry including: Combs, D.B. and Gold, K.M. Life after broad spectrums... can we survive? Appellation Cornell. May 10, 2024 https://cals.cornell.edu/news/2024/05/life-after-broad-spectrums-can-we-survive Carey, R. VitisGen3 Variety Trial Enhances Biopesticide Management. Wine Business Monthly. August 2023. https://vitisgen3.umn.edu/sites/vitisgen3.umn.edu/files/2023-09/biologicalpesticides-vitisgen.pdf Stakeholders: Grape consumers and the general public; grape and muscadine breeders, geneticists, and pathologists; grape and wine industry workers and support industries including vineyard workers, winery managers, winemakers, and wine and grape business owners; graduate and undergraduate students; VitisGen3 industry advisory board. Presentation outputs from project's research: 30 academic presentations from 19 co-PDs, graduate students, and staff. Select presentations: Cadle-Davidson, L., Underhill, A., Bidese, R., Sapkota, S. D., Qiu, T., Wiseman, M. S., ... & Jiang, Y. Blackbird Microscopy Robot for High Throughput Quantification of Disease Severity and Other Foliar Traits. Plant & Animal Genome Conference. San Diego, CA. January 12-17, 2024. Cantù, D. Leveraging diploid genome assemblies and pangenomes to advance the science of grapevines. Universidad de Chile. Santiago, Chile. June 13, 2023. Clark, M.D. VitisGen3: Completing the grapevine powdery mildew resistance pipeline. North American Grape Breeders Association Conference. Fayetteville, AR. October 3, 2023. Jin, D. & Jiang, Y. Deep reinforcement learning-based navigation for autonomous robots for laboratory experiments. 2024 ASABE Annual International Meeting. Anaheim, CA, USA. July 28-31, 2023. Svyantek, A., Stenger, J., Theisen, N., Brooke, M., Auwarter, C., Hatterman-Valenti, H. Assessment of 'Frontenac' and 'King of the North' as potential genotypes for late harvest and ice wine production in North Dakota. European Horticulture Congress. Bucharest, Romania. May 12-16, 2024. Stakeholders: Grape and wine industry workers and support industries including vineyard workers, winery managers, winemakers, and wine and grape business owners; grape and muscadine breeders, geneticists, and pathologists; academic and industry engineers and roboticists; graduate and undergraduate students; VitisGen3 industry advisory board members. Presentation outputs from project's extension and education activities: 44 workshops, field days, grower meetings, tours, seminars, etc. from 24 co-PDs, graduate students, and staff. Select Extension activities: Diaz-Garcia, L. "On the Road" Extension program. Tulare, Lodi, Mendocino, and Paso Robles, CA. Various dates. Fennell, A. Nutrition 426: Fermentation, Brewing and Spirits. South Dakota State University. Fessler, M. K. Spotlight Science: Plant Genetics. University of Minnesota Bell Museum of Natural History. St. Paul, MN. March 16, 2024. Galarneau, E. Community College Viticulture Job Fair. Upstate NY. April 9, 2024. Jiang, Y. AI and robotics for affordable, nutritious, sustainable, and resilient (ANSR) specialty crops. Field Day with the Director General of United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization (UN FAO). Geneva, NY. May 8, 2024. Lowder, S. Georgia Wine Producers Conference. Macon, GA. January 28-30, 2024. Reisch, B., Cousins, P., Clark, M.D. VitisGen3 Grape Phenotyping Workshop. Online. April 15, 2024. Sapkota, S. USDA Grape Breeding Update. Virginia Vineyards Association Winter Technical Meeting. Charlottesville, VA. February 21-22, 2024. Teh, S.L. Midwest Wine: Cultivars, research and future grapes at the University of Minnesota. Illinois Grape Growers Vintner Alliance Annual conference. Springfield, IL. February 28, 2024. Worthington, M. Hosted North American Grape Breeders Meeting. Fayetteville, AR. October 3-5, 2023. Stakeholders: Grape and muscadine breeders, geneticists, and pathologists; high school students and teachers; undergraduate and graduate students; grape extension and outreach specialists and educators; grape and wine industry workers and support industries including vineyard workers, winery managers, winemakers, and wine and grape business owners; academic and industry engineers and roboticists; crop insurance companies; local, regional, state, federal, and global agency leaders and legislators including members of the UN FAO and New York State Congress; consumers and the general public; marketing and consumer behavior researchers; our industry advisory board members. A comprehensive list of all Y2 reporting period presentations and extension activities can be provided. Please email PM, Kate Fessler, at fessl023@umn.edu What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective 1: During the upcoming reporting period, we plan to finish the annotation of the NLR genes within the Ren1 haplotypes and their alternatives for all the five Ren1+ V. vinifera ssp. vinifera and two Ren1+ V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris. Then, RNA-seq data will be used to identify candidate genes. For identifying candidate genes among Ren13 locus, vines with potential recombinants in close proximity to the locus will undergo rephenotyping to assess their resistance characteristics. Additionally, we will conduct skim-seq analysis to obtain genotypic information. We will also perform transcriptomic analysis to gain insights into the gene expression profiles associated with the Ren13 locus. Transgenic plants expressing the candidate genes of Run1.2b (4 genes), Run2.2 (1 gene), Ren6 (4 genes), and Ren7 (2 genes), will be tested for powdery mildew susceptibility to identify which genes confer disease resistance. Gene-edited plants with the candidate genes of Ren4U, Ren11, and Ren12 knocked out will be tested for powdery mildew susceptibility to evaluate the gene function by gain of susceptibility. Objective 2: Our genotyping focus will be on identifying REN13 and RPV27 candidate genes for testing in objective 1, using rhAmpSeq data for accelerated trait introgression, and providing support for DNA marker application. We will also continue to work on mapping new disease resistance QTLs and developing and validating new KASP markers of known QTLs. Our computer vision focus will continue execution of 8 precisely controlled laboratory experiments per year on Blackbird microscopy robot, and implementation of computer vision imaging and analysis in all public grape breeding programs where interest is expressed and infrastructure is compatible. Specifically, Dr. Jiang's lab will focus on: 1. Developing improved AI-based models for analyzing image datasets that have been and will be collected using the imaging system developed and distributed through the previous reporting period. 2. Containerizing the developed image analysis pipelines to make them accessible to all VG3 participating breeding and research programs for measuring phenotypic traits related to grape diseases such as powdery mildew. 3. Developing and refining the next generation of sensing modules and integrated robotic systems for high throughput phenotyping with improved accuracy and efficiency for powdery mildew and extended capabilities for other traits of interest such as plant morphology and other diseases. Objective 3a: The field trial team will continue vine maintenance in the experimental vineyard established during Y1 and will start the 'spray/no spray' programs that will allow for evaluation of powdery mildew and downy mildew resistance. Objective lead Dr. Katie Gold will also plan the Y3 workshop that all Extension pathologists will attend, with the goal of establishing a plan for funding future multi-state trials of VG3 disease resistant cultivars. Objective 3b: Plans for Y3 vary across participating programs, but fall primarily into the categories of vineyard and Blackbird imaging, rhAmpSeq and KASP marker assisted selection and/or population mapping, and further development of new hybrid varieties. In the imaging category, University of Minnesota and USDA-ARS Kearneysville will receive and implement their in-vineyard imaging systems and begin collecting image data for processing by the Objective 2 computer vision team. South Dakota State University and USDA-ARS Parlier will continue collecting images to improve existing models, with a focus on flowering, disease resistance, and growth traits. University of Arkansas, Cornell University, and University of Minnesota will also send populations for phenotyping with Blackbird and Hyperbird technologies. Programs at University of Arkansas, USDA-ARS Kearneysville, Cornell University, University of California Davis, and North Dakota State University will develop linkage maps for hybrid populations, conduct genetic mapping of multiple disease resistance phenotypes using rhAmpSeq markers, and, at NDSU, explore potential correlations between powdery mildew resistance and cold hardiness. All programs will continue to make crosses to introgress disease resistance and quality trait loci into breeding material, as well as conduct local phenotyping of existing germplasm. NDSU specifically plans to utilize Renstack lines for crossing in the coming year, and SDSU plant to explore rootstock population traits through scion phenotype plasticity and map vessel diameter and stomatal conductance to identify loci of importance. Objective 3c: Extension and education continue to be an important priority of the project, with many events already being planned. USDA-ARS Kearneysville will host several undergraduates and graduate students who will be trained in viticulture, breeding, and data analysis. These students and Dr. Surya Sapkota will have the opportunity to present findings at local grower meetings and host an annual field day. At the University of Minnesota two new graduate students are starting in Fall of 2024, and Dr. Soon Li Teh will commence teaching of HORT 1031: Vines and Wines. Minnesota events planned for the year include: their annual Fall Grape Breeding & Enology field day; annual Winter Grape Research Update; presentations at the Minnesota Fruit & Vegetable Growers Association Meeting and the Cold Climate Wine Conference; as well as co-hosting the International Cold Climate Wine Competition. Findings from the project will continue to be disseminated nationally and internationally at various conferences and local meetings. Extension pathologists will continue planning for the planting of cultivar trials generated from the project, and will seek potential funding sources to support the planting and maintenance of the cultivar trial. Objective 4: Eye-tracking and EEG experiments will be carried out at locations in Minnesota and Oregon to gather necessary data (sample size is 100). The collected data will be thoroughly analyzed to derive meaningful insights and conclusions. A comprehensive report detailing the findings from the experiment and data analysis will be prepared and manuscripts will be submitted for publication.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: For the Ren1 locus, all the chromosome-scaled genome assemblies were made. These include the Vitis vinifera ssp. vinifera Husseine (Ren1+), Karadzhandal (Ren1+), Khalchili (Ren1+), Late Vavilov (Ren1+), and Sochal (Ren1+), as well as the V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris DVIT3603.16 (Ren1+) and its sib-line DVIT3603.07 (Ren1-). The resistance loci and their alternatives were located in the genomes by aligning genetic markers. Differences in terms of size and structures were observed between haplotypes. Annotation of the Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-rich repeat protein (NLR) genes and manual refinement of their gene models are ongoing. Through comparative genome alignment and the utilization of rhAmpSeq markers, the haplotype associated with disease resistance was identified in both Ren4 haplotypes: Ren4U and Ren4D. Both haplotypes were found rich in NLR genes. Using allelic-specific RNA-Seq analysis, we identified four candidate genes in the locus Ren4U. The Ren11 locus was identified on the chromosome 15. We genotyped 79 vines showing recombination near the locus using skim-seq. RNA-seq experiments were performed on these vines to gain insights into gene expression patterns. No NLR gene has been identified within the candidate region. This discovery highlights a potentially unique mechanism of resistance. Together with RNA-Seq analysis, we proposed four candidate genes for further analysis. Regarding the locus Ren12, allelic-specific RNA-seq analysis revealed significant differential expression of four NLR genes following grape powdery mildew inoculation. The Ren13 locus was identified on chromosome 8 in Norton (Hwang, Sapkota, et al., unpublished). We sequenced the genome of the resistant donor using PacBio HiFi sequencing. The resulting diploid genome was assembled to high quality, with an N50 value of 20 Mbp. Vines with potential recombination in close proximity to the candidate region have been identified. The role of the candidate genes identified in Ren6 and Ren7, and Run1.2b and Run2.2 (Massonnet et al., 2022) will be tested through stable knockin. For Ren6 and Ren7 loci and Run1.2b and Run2., the binary vectors designed to express the candidate genes under their native promoter and the CaMV 35S promoter as control in Thompson seedless were submitted to UC Davis Plant Transformation Facility in fall 2023. Stable transformation and regeneration of grapevine plants is ongoing in Dhekney lab. The role of the candidate genes identified in Ren4U, Ren11, Ren12, will be tested through stable knockout using gene-editing. Meristematic bulk explants from Ren4U+ plants are thriving. Embryogenic callus from Ren11+ plants is established but growing slowly. Regarding Ren12, we have started in vitro propagation and meristematic bulk induction. tRNA-gRNA sequences targeting the candidate genes are out for synthesis. Objective 2: 19 Blackbird phenotyping experiments, totaling 15,321 leaf discs and 87,289 images, were completed. This included imaging of 600 National Plant Germplasm System accessions for resistance to powdery and downy mildew. Sensing, robotics, and AI technologies for high throughput plant phenotyping are deploying to new locations to increase access for scientists and breeders. The genome-wide rhAmpSeq markers developed by VitisGen are used for marker assisted selection for tracking 28 disease resistance alleles and 7 fruit quality traits. We are designing new breeding markers to increase density at target loci. In collaboration with ARS-GGRU and Breeding Insight, we ran rhAmpSeq markers on both NPGS national Vitis repositories, and analyzed 5500 diverse accessions for 28 disease resistance alleles. Five breeding programs also collaborated to verify KASP markers for 10 QTLs, including seedless, flower sex, and disease resistance related traits and worked with the project manager to re-design the genotyping pipeline to incorporate the KASP genotyping system. Objective 3a (field trial): The experimental vineyards (planted during Y1) were maintained and trials will begin in Spring of 2025 when vines reach sufficient maturity. Planning is underway for the VG3 workshop to design our upcoming multistate trial. The workshop will be coordinated in collaboration with BEVNY 2025 and will include members of the 3c Extension pathology team, 3b breeding team, and members of our industry advisory board. Objective 3b (breeding): Breeders used rhAmpSeq to select and discard early-generation seedlings to reduce cost and increase efficiency. Breeders at University of Arkansas, USDA-ARS Kearneysville, Cornell, and U. Minnesota also sent samples for validation of new diagnostic KASP markers. U. Arkansas validated new markers for sex and seedlessness in approx. 1000 grapes, muscadines, and wide hybrids, as well as provide muscadine GBS data to the Objective 2 and Breeding Insight teams. At the USDA-ARS Parlier and South Dakota State University, phenotyping for powdery mildew continued via imaging systems. Dr. Jiang is using annotated images to train computer vision models. The populations in Parlier (950 plants in four populations) are being sampled for downy mildew phenotyping using Blackbird. The team at South Dakota State University have provided photoperiod response images to the computer vision team and phenotyped photoperiod response in an F1 population using PPB and chlorophyll fluorescence. Additional phenotyping of an F2 population for QTL mapping of traits including fruitful node position and shoot growth parameters (vertical vs. trailing, pruning weight and cane vessel diameter and vessel distribution). Additional projects include the investigation of cold hardiness in USDA-ARS Parlier populations with Vitis riparia and Vitis amurensis backgrounds. This work is being completed by a North Dakota State University PhD candidate who collected hardwood cuttings in January 2024 and completed genotyping in June 2024. At Missouri State University, local phenotyping was carried out for winter hardiness, powdery mildew resistance, and berry quality traits on their 'Chambourcin' x 'Cabernet Sauvignon' mapping population; and Penicillium chrysogenum resistance and rooting ability of hardwood cuttings from their 'Norton' x 'Cabernet Sauvignon' mapping population. A grape phenotyping roundtable took place on April 15, 2024 with input from Drs. Bruce Reisch (Cornell U.), Peter Cousins (E. & J. Gallo), and Matt Clark (U.Minnesota). This workshop was promoted internally to the project and the recording is available publicly at https://mediaspace.umn.edu/media/t/1_lgkpu1jb. Objective 4: A preliminary open-ended survey has been conducted with 500 US consumers for each product, i.e., wine, table grapes, and raisins. We asked consumers several questions: Frequency of product purchase, factors that influence product purchase, label preferences, design preferences, etc. The survey data have been analyzed and presented at the annual project meeting at San Diego, where feedback was obtained from the research team and advisory panel members. Focus group discussions were conducted in June & July 2023. Findings from the focus groups were used to design the stimuli for the eye tracking experiments. Additionally, findings were presented at the annual project meeting in San Diego and findings are currently in development for peer reviewed journal submission. Based on the survey results, focus group results, and feedback from the advisory panel members, labels for the three products (raisins, grapes, and wine) were developed for testing in the forthcoming experiment. Experiments have been designed and we are currently improving the design, including through mock experiments conducted in June 2024.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Zou, C., Sapkota, S., Figueroa-Balderas, R., Glaubitz, J., Cantu, D., Kingham, B. F., Sun, Q., & Cadle-Davidson, L. (2023). A multitiered haplotype strategy to enhance phased assembly and fine mapping of a disease resistance locus. Plant physiology, 193(4), 23212336. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiad494
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Cantu, D., Massonnet, M., Cochetel, N. (2024). The wild side of grape genomics. Trends in genetics. In press.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Duwadi, A., Sapkota, S., Zou, C., Chen, L., Cadle-Davidson, L., Hwang, C. (2024). Construction of a linkage map and detection of a new grapevine powdery mildew resistance locus in Chambourcin-based hybrids. Under Review.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Hosseinzadeh, S., Martinez, D., Yu, J., Weber, R.H., Paul, A., Chen, C., Underhill, A., Cadle-Davidson, L., Bitsadze, N., Moreno, J., Jiang, Y, and Gold, K.M. Hyperbird: Automated hyperspectral microscopy for diverse plant phenotyping and detection applications. In preparation for Plant Phenomics.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Kaya, O., Delavar, H., Shikanai, A., Auwarter C. and Hatterman-Valenti, H. (2024). Assessing the influence of autumnal temperature fluctuations on cold hardiness in different grapevine cultivars: variations across vine age and bud positions. Front. Plant Sci. 15:1379328. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1379328.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Patel, S., Harris, Z.N., Londo, J.P., Miller, A., Fennell, A. (2023) Genome assembly of the hybrid grapevine Vitis 'Chambourcin'. GigaByte. doi: 10.46471/gigabyte.84
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Torres-Lomas E., Lado-Bega J., Garcia-Zamora, G., Diaz-Garcia, L. (2024.) Segment Anything for comprehensive analysis of grapevine cluster architecture and berry properties. Plant Phenomics. In Press.
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Progress 09/01/22 to 08/31/23
Outputs
Target Audience:Grape and muscadine breeders, geneticists, and pathologists; New York state legislatures including state senators and assembly members; Technology industries focusing on robotics and AI; Table grape and wine industry professionals; Grape and wine producers; Undergraduate and graduate students; Table grape, wine, and raisin consumers as well as the general public. Changes/Problems:Objective 1: NA Objective 2: Backordered parts have slightly delayed the timeline for shipping computer vision imaging equipment to participating sites. Equipment will be delivered and personnel trained in mid-July 2023. UMN was unable to hire a graduate student for this objective during this academic year, but will begin recruiting again during fall 2023 for the 2024 season. Objective 3a, & b (field trial & breeding): Three new co-Pis will be added to the project as of the 2024 reporting season, including Drs. Luis Diaz-Garcia (UCDavis), Soon Li Teh (UMN), and Sarah Lowder (University of Georgia). Due to the retirement of Dr. Bruce Reisch (Cornell) and the redefined role of Dr. Matthew Clark (University of Minnesota), new faculty have been hired for two of our major grape breeding programs. These hires at Cornell and UMN are, respectively, Dr. Madeline Oravec and Dr. Soon Li Teh. Dr. Clark will continue to serve as Project Director. Objective 4: We originally proposed to use only eye-tracking equipment to track people's eyes when they view the product labels, which will provide very useful information for label designing. But there is a lack of understanding about people's brain activities when experiencing the visual stimuli of product labels. To address this gap in knowledge, we will also scan participants' brains while they are viewing the labels using EEG equipment. The combination of eye-tracking and EEG technologies will help us get a deeper and more comprehensive understanding about people's behavior and provide marketing implications for the industry. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Objective 1: Manon Paineau, postdoc in the Cantu lab, has developed computational skills and has learned to perform pseudomolecule reconstruction of grape genomes. Dustin Guy Wilkerson, a new postdoc, joined the project VG3. He has learned genomic skills to narrow down candidate genes in the resistance loci. Objective 2: Eight international faculty and graduate students have visited VitisGen activities in Geneva, NY to be trained on Blackbird or rhAmpSeq technologies. The Jiang lab recruited two PhD students who are supported by this grant and will join the team Fall 2023 to develop and improve the proposed imaging robots and AI-based analysis algorithms for the phenotyping objective in this project. The Jiang and Cadle-Davidson groups have hired two summer undergraduate scholars in Summer 2023 for operating robots for field data acquisition and improving AI analytical pipeline for lab phenotyping. The Gold and Cadle-Davidson labs hired four summer undergraduate scholars in Summer 2023 to execute Blackbird microscopy robot experiments and learn computer vision approaches. Objective 3a (field trial): The installation of the vineyard has provided professional development for many of the technical staff, students and academics at Agritech, being involved in the physical placing of vines in the ground, irrigation installation and scouting for vine development. Included in these activities are: David Combs, Dr. Rocio Calderon, Dr. Saeed Hosseinzadeh, Kathleen Kanaley, Jaclyn Eller, Fernando Galvan, Angela Paul, Nicole D'Aurizio, Liam Crawley. Objective 3b (breeding): Dr. Luis Diaz-Garcia, at UCDavis, is mentoring 2 undergraduate students who are focusing on plant propagation and leaf sampling for rhAmpSeq genotyping, and 2 PhD students are being partially funded by VitisGen3. At UMN, PM Fessler has attended several conferences (PAG 2023, GiESCO 2023), developed skills in web design and development, and become rapidly familiarized with grape breeding and enology research. Two fruit breeding graduate students are being trained in vineyard management and are part of the discussion on vineyard design for the use of image acquisition at the Horticultural Research Center. In Arkansas, an undergraduate student has been training with Dr. Margaret Worthington, and will be transitioning to an MS program in the fall. An MS student and 2 undergraduate students are being trained by Dr. Anne Fennell at South Dakota State University. At Cornell AgriTech and USDA-ARS-Geneva, NY, a new PhD student (Aliyah Brewer) was recruited to focus on grapevine resistance breeding and genome-wide marker analyses. She is working this summer in ARS-Kearneysville, WV to help establish the new grape breeding program and learn about resistance sources and markers in that USDA breeding program. Objective 4: Two PhD students, Uma Parasuram (UMN, advisor: Dr. Chengyan Yue) and Qingwei Qiao (Washington State University, advisor: Dr. Karina Gallardo) have comprehensive training including conducting literature reviews, developing surveys, presenting their projects, designing experiments, and collaborating in a large team context. Undergraduate graphic design student, Nicholas Parkhill (supervisor: Dr. Garrett Steede) has developed the project logo, branded letterheads, promotional materials, and slide decks. He will also design visual stimuli for this fall's experiments. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Project information has been disseminated to the general public and to any interested stakeholders via many channels. Popular press outlets include: SevenFiftyDaily (https://daily.sevenfifty.com/could-gene-editing-create-more-disease-resistant-grape-varieties/); CBC News (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/wine-future-hybrids-crispr-1.6766089); InsideHook (https://www.insidehook.com/article/booze/hybrid-grapes-wine-future); Wine Business Monthly (https://www.winebusiness.com/news/article/268948); Agri-Pulse (https://www.agri-pulse.com/articles/19534-scientist-new-epa-regulations-will-hinder-specialty-crop-breeding); and The Fence Post (https://www.thefencepost.com/news/senate-ag-subcommittee-holds-hearing-on-horticulture/). These have been further promoted on VG3 digital platforms, including: Instagram (98 followers, 2719+ unique interactions); Twitter (1305 followers, 3269+ unique interactions); the website and blog (vitisgen3.umn.edu, 640 users and 8300+ events); and internal newsletter (69 subscribers). This amounts to over 6694 individuals reached via our digital platforms alone, who comprise more than half of our original proposed goal of reaching 12,000 individuals. Stakeholders: The general public, crop breeders, pathologists, geneticists, industry professionals, and grape and wine producers. Objective 1: NA Objective 2: Since Summer 2023, the Jiang lab has offered 6 tours to disseminate VG3 project vision as well as robots and AI tools developed from this project. Stakeholders: students from 4H programs, growers, researchers across the US, and New York state legislatures. Popular press articles: Autonomous Robots to Help Modernize Grape, Wine Industry. 2022. Tech Briefs by Sarah Thompson. https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/insiders/ra/stories/47735 Seeing the light: innovation in powdery mildew treatment. 2022. Australian and New Zealand Grapegrower and Winemaker by Simone Madden-Grey. https://winetitles.com.au/gwm/articles/june-701/seeing-the-light-innovation-in-powdery-mildew-treatment/ In the Quest for a Healthier Grape, AI Uncorks a Defense. 2022. Vision Spectra by Jake Saltzman. https://www.photonics.com/Articles/In_the_Quest_for_a_Healthier_Grape_AI_Uncorks_a/p21/vo212/i1366/a67730 Objective 3a (field trial): Gold, K. 2023. Plant Disease Sensing: Studying Plant-Pathogen Interactions at Scale. Kansas State University, Department of Plant Pathology, May 5, 2023. Stakeholders: Geneticists, pathologists, and plant scientists. Gold, K. 2023. Plant Disease Sensing: Studying Plant-Pathogen Interactions at Scale. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Plant Pathology, April 19, 2023. Stakeholders: Geneticists, pathologists, and plant scientists. K.M. Gold, D.B. Combs. 2023. Grape disease control when chemical options are limited. E&J Gallo Spring Grape Grower Event. Geneva, NY. May 2, 2023. Stakeholders: Wine industry professionals and wine grape producers. K.M. Gold, D.B. Combs. 2023. Biopesticides for Grape Disease Control. BEV-NY 2023. Syracuse, NY, March 29, 2023. Stakeholders: Wine industry professionals and wine grape producers. Objective 3b (breeding): Clark, MD. 2023. UMN Research Updates. Minnesota Grape Growers Association Annual meeting. Chaska, MN. February 24th, 2023. Stakeholders: 100+ wine and grape producers. Clark, MD, Cadle-Davidson, L, Cantu, D, Gold, K, and Yue, C. 2023. VitisGen3: Advancing Powdery Mildew Resistance in Grape. Plant and Animal Genome Conference. San Diego, CA. January 15, 2023. Stakeholders: 50+ academic peers including crop breeders, geneticists, and pathologists. Diaz-Garcia, L. 2023. California Grape Rootstock Improvement Commission program visit. Davis, CA. June 21st, 2023. Stakeholders: Industry professionals. Duwadi, A., Chen, L., and Hwang, C. Genetic Study of Botrytis Bunch Rot Resistance in a Vitis aestivalis-derived 'Norton'-based Population. 2023. Show Me Grape and Wine Symposium. Columbia, MO. March 1, 2023. Oral Presentation. Stakeholders: Crop breeders, geneticists, and pathologists. Duwadi, A., Chen, L., and Hwang, C. 2023. Genetic Study of Postharvest Berry Rot Resistance in a Vitis aestivalis-derived 'Norton'-based Population, Annual Frank Einhellig Graduate Interdisciplinary Virtual Forum. Springfield, MO. April 29, 2023. Poster Presentation. Stakeholders: Crop breeders, geneticists, and pathologists. Duwadi, A., Chen, L., and Hwang, C. 2023. Genetic Study of Postharvest Berry Rot Resistance in a Vitis aestivalis-derived 'Norton'-based Population. 47th American Society for Enology and Viticulture-Eastern Section (ASEV-ES). Austin, TX. June 7th, 2023. Poster Presentation. Stakeholders: Grape and wine industry professionals, crop breeders, geneticists, and pathologists. Fennell, A. 2023. Publications (see #2). Stakeholders: Academic peers including crop breeders, geneticists, pathologists, and grape and wine producers. Hatterman-Valenti, H. 2023. North Dakota State University Field Days. Upcoming: July 25th, 2023 and September 9th, 2023. Stakeholders: Wine and table grape producers. Shahid, T., Chen, L., and Hwang, C. 2023. Cold Hardiness in Chambourcin-based Hybrids. Show Me Grape and Wine Symposium. Columbia, MO. March 1, 2023. Oral Presentation. Stakeholders: Crop breeders, geneticists, and pathologists. Shahid, T., Chen, L., and Hwang, C. 2023. Cold Hardiness in 'Chambourcin' X 'Cabernet Sauvignon' Grapevine Population. Annual Frank Einhellig Graduate Interdisciplinary Virtual Forum. Springfield, MO. April 29, 2023. Poster Presentation. Stakeholders: Crop breeders, geneticists, and pathologists. Shahid, T., Chen, L., and Hwang, C. 2023. Cold Hardiness in 'Chambourcin' X 'Cabernet Sauvignon' Hybrids. 47th American Society for Enology and Viticulture-Eastern Section (ASEV-ES). Austin, TX. June 7th, 2023. Oral Presentation. Stakeholders: Grape and wine industry professionals, crop breeders, geneticists, and pathologists. Schneider, J., Chen, L., and Hwang, C. 2023. Marker Discovery for Adventitious Rooting Ability in Dormant Hardwood Cuttings of Grapevine. Show Me Grape and Wine Symposium. Columbia, MO. March 1, 2023. Oral Presentation. Stakeholders: Crop breeders, geneticists, and pathologists. Objective 4: NA What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals??Objective 1: During the upcoming reporting period, we plan to finish the chromosome-scaled assembly of the Ren1+ and Ren1- Vitis vinifera ssp. vinifera and Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris. RNA-seq data will be used to identify candidate genes in the Ren4U and Ren11 loci. The skim-seq, phenotyping replication, and transcriptome analysis will be conducted for Ren13. Transgenic plants expressing the candidate genes of Run1.2b (4 genes), Run2.2 (1 gene), Ren6 (4 genes), and Ren7 (2 genes) will be produced by the UC Davis Plant Transformation Facility (David Tricoli). We will also aim to initiate stable knock-out of the candidate genes identified for Ren4U, Ren11, and Ren12. Objective 2: Our genotyping focus will be on identifying candidate genes (eg Ren1, Ren4U, Ren4D, Ren11, Ren12, Ren13, RPV27) for testing in objective 1, providing rhAmpSeq data for genetic analysis and accelerated trait introgression, and providing low cost DNA markers with fast turnaround time. Our computer vision focus will continue execution of 8 precisely controlled laboratory experiments per year on Blackbird microscopy robot, and implementation of computer vision imaging and analysis in all public grape breeding programs where interest is expressed and infrastructure is compatible. We also aim to start the design of a next-gen imaging system dedicated to powdery mildew detection and quantification and start the design of additional robots to increase the throughput of current lab phenotyping robots. Objective 3a (field trial): Observe and record vine and disease developments in its first year of growth. Incorporate human, remote and robotic sensing devices to determine these factors. Objective 3b (breeding): In the next reporting period, all programs participating in MAS (UCDavis, UMN, NDSU, Cornell, MoSU, ARS) plan to complete local phenotyping, analyze rhAmpSeq marker datasets for use in informing 2024 crosses, participate in 2024 genotyping and phenotyping, and continue with genetic map construction and QTL analysis. The NDSU program intends to specifically make crosses between extremely cold hard breeding lines and lines carrying known resistance to powdery and downy mildew for later selection. At South Dakota State University, there are further plans to explore rootstock population traits through scion phenotype plasticity. The University of Arkansas group plans to genotype their Vitis germplasm and Muscadinia x Vitis hybrid selections to determine segregation of known resistance alleles and phenotype these populations for cold hardiness, fruit quality, seedlessness, and disease resistance (including about 1200 Muscadinia x Vitis seedlings). Missouri State University researchers plan to preserve the existing mapping populations of 'Norton' x 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chambourcin' x 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Jaeger 70/Munson' x 'Vignoles'. ARS-Geneva/Kearneysville strives to obtain early flowering to attain the second generation of crosses in that new breeding program. Objective 4: We will analyze the focus group discussion question and pre-survey results. Based on the results, the formal experiments will be designed to explore the effective labeling for wine, table grapes, and raisins made from disease-resistant cultivars through eye-tracking and brain scanning.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Efforts were focused on identifying candidate genes responsible for grape powdery mildew (PM) resistance among genetic loci identified in wild Vitis species: Ren1, Ren4U, Ren6, Ren7, Ren11, Ren12, Ren13, Run1.2b, and Run2.2. This included chromosome-scaled genome assembly of 19 grapevines (Vitis vinifera ssp. vinifera Husseine (Ren1+), Karadzhandal (Ren1+), Khalchili (Ren1+), Sochal (Ren1+), Late Vavilov (Ren1+); V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris DVIT3603.16 (Ren1+) and its sib-line DVIT3603.07 (Ren1-); six F1 vines from the crossing of Vitis vinifera ssp. vinifera F2-35 and V. piasezkii DVIT2027 (Ren6+/Ren7+); V. romanetii C166-026 (Ren4U+) and V. romanetii C166-043 (Ren4D+); Tamiami (Ren11), Vitis amurensis PI 588631 (Ren12), Norton (Ren13), and Muscadinia rotundifolia Trayshed (Run1.2b and Run2.2). Combined with allele-specific gene expression via RNA sequencing data of hundreds of full-sibling progeny, these genomes have enabled identification of 2 or more candidate NLR (Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-rich repeat protein) genes for functional characterization, per resistance locus. Cloning of the binary vectors for knock-in of candidate genes in the PM-susceptible Vitis vinifera ssp. vinifera Thompson Seedless is ongoing for Ren6, Ren7, Run1.2b and Run2.2. Binary vectors have been designed to express the candidate genes under their native promoter. The one exception to the NLR story is the Ren11 locus, for which no NLR gene has been identified within the candidate region. This discovery highlights a potentially unique mechanism of resistance against PM in this locus. Objective 2: Blackbird phenotyping was successful during this reporting period and included 19 experiments totaling 27,448 leaf discs and 107,768 images. This included imaging of 800 National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) accessions, as well as leaf tissue from 211 'Norton' x 'Cabernet Sauvignon' progenies (plus parents) and 146 'Jaeger 70/Munson' x 'Vignoles' progenies (plus parents) from the University of Missouri, both for powdery mildew and/or downy mildew resistance. ARS researchers in Geneva, New York germinated a total 4000 grapevine seedlings segregating for resistance to downy mildew and/or powdery mildew. ARS-Geneva then collected vineyard disease ratings from 3 mapping families, including images and ground truth data. The genome-wide rhAmpSeq markers developed by VitisGen continue to be widely used for marker assisted selection (MAS) in public and private breeding programs, tracking 18 disease resistance loci and 7 fruit quality traits. In FY23, these rhAmpSeq markers were applied to 19,000 grape samples from 11 research programs on three continents, including running rhAmpSeq markers on both NPGS national Vitis repositories with collaboration from Breeding Insight. We have also developed new low-cost DNA markers (KASP) for quick screening of eleven high-priority grapevine traits. The Jiang lab is also working to deliver custom imaging and AI-based analysis systems for high throughput plant phenotyping of grape diseases. The Jiang lab developed three sets of custom strobe-light based cameras with needed hardware and computer programs for field data collection in three collaborating breeding programs (California, South Dakota, and New York) in this project. Establishment of a new grape breeding program for the Mid-Atlantic US located at The Innovative Fruit Production, Improvement, and Protection is located in Kearneysville, WV which included new vineyard infrastructure, new irrigation, and permanent planting of 4000 grapevines. Deploy custom, strobe light-based imaging acquisition systems for three collaborative breeding programs within the project for field data collection. Objective 3a (field trial): Under Objective 3, we made significant progress towards "developing strategic and epidemiologically based management programs that are effective and sustainable," by establishing the two aforementioned new research vineyards at Cornell AgriTech to develop strategic management programs based on varying numbers of stacked resistance gene with conventional and biological fungicide applications to determine disease control. Two research vineyards were planted at Cornell AgriTech: 2 acres of NY06.0514.06, that will be blocked in to a spray/no spray experiment to test the resistance genes against powdery and downy mildews; 1 acre of a variety trial consisting of Arandel, NY06.514.06, La Cresent, NY06.512.01, NY10.0910.01 and NY15.0414.01. Each cultivar will serve as a replicate for timed fungicide applications to determine optimum timing for disease control. Coordination of grape pathologists to attend multistate VG3 variety trial "SCRI planning" workshop in March 2024. Pre-workshop meeting was held June 6, 2023, with 10 attendants. Objective 3b (breeding): Breeders at University of California, Davis (UCDavis), University of Minnesota (UMN), Cornell University, North Dakota State University (NDSU), the University of Arkansas, and the USDA at Kearneysville, WV and Parlier, CA, submitted over 12,000 samples for genotyping for using rhAmpSeq. These materials included breeding materials for marker assisted selection (MAS), mapping populations for marker-trait discovery, and diverse germplasm which will be used to generate rhAmpSeq data for identifying disease resistant material and novel resistance alleles. These cross-institutional results have been coordinated by PD Clark and PM Fessler at the UMN. At the University of Arkansas, Vitis x Muscadinia hybrid populations are under development, which segregate for disease resistance and seedlessness. Local phenotyping has occurred at South Dakota State University (SDSU) for shoot growth parameters and fruitful node position. At the University of Missouri local phenotyping has occurred for winter cold hardiness of a 'Chambourcin' x 'Cabernet Sauvignon' mapping population, as well as for Penicillium chrysogenum resistance and rooting ability from hardwood cuttings for a 'Norton' x 'Cabernet Sauvignon' mapping population. Objective 4: The socio-economic team has conducted a comprehensive literature review on consumer preferences for wine, table grapes, and raisins. The team has developed the focus group discussion questions and met with the industry advisory panel members on the question development. The questions were finalized and the focus group discussions were conducted in late June/early July, 2023. Pre-survey questions for table grapes and raisins have been developed and the team is polishing the questions and the pre-survey will be distributed in September, 2023.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Alahakoon, D., & Fennell, A. (2023). Genetic analysis of grapevine root system architecture and loci associated gene networks. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1083374. PMID: 36816477; PMCID: PMC9932984.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Clark, M. D., Luby, J. J., & Atucha, A. (2023). Clarion Grapevine: A Cold Climate Wine Cultivar for Midwest United States Production. HortScience, 58(2), 231-233. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI16849-22
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Gadoury, D.M., Sapkota, S., Cadle-Davidson, L., Underhill, A., McCann, T., Gold, K., Gambhir, N., & Combs, D. (2022). Effects of Nighttime Applications of Germicidal Ultraviolet Light upon Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe necator), Downy Mildew (Plasmopara viticola), and Sour Rot of Grapevine. Plant Disease, First Look. https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0984-RE
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Alahakoon, D., Fennell, A., Helget, Z., Bates, T., Karn, A., Manns, D., Mansfield, A. K., Reisch, B. I., Sacks, G., Sun, Q., Zou, C., Cadle-Davidson, L., & Londo, J. P. (2022). Berry anthocyanin, acid, and volatile trait analyses in a grapevine-interspecific F2 population using an integrated GBS and rhAmpSeq genetic map. Plants, 11, 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050696
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Liu, E., Gold, K. M., Combs, D., Cadle-Davidson, L., & Jiang, Y. (2022). Deep semantic segmentation for the quantification of grape foliar diseases in the vineyard. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.978761
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Gold, K. M., & Kanaley, K. (2023). Grape Disease Control, June 2023. Pg 4. Retrieved from https://blogs.cornell.edu/grapes/ipm/diseases/grape-disease-control-spring-2023/
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Conner, P., & Worthington, M. (2023). Muscadine grape breeding. Plant Breed. Rev., 46, 31-119. ISBN: 978-1-119-87412-6
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Jenkins, D., Juba, N., Crawford, B., Worthington, M., & Hummel, A. (2023). Regulatory frameworks for plant varieties developed using new breeding techniques must focus on the product to ensure societal benefit. Nature Plants. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-023-01403-2
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Liu, E., Monica, J., Gold, K., Cadle-Davidson, L., Combs, D., & Jiang, Y. (2023). Vision-based Vineyard Navigation Solution with Automatic Annotation. In 2023 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Detroit, USA (Accepted).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Massonnet, M., Riaz, S., Pap, D., Figueroa-Balderas, R., Walker, M. A., & Cantu, D. (2022). The grape powdery mildew resistance loci Ren2, Ren3, Ren4D, Ren4U, Run1, Run1.2b, Run2.1, and Run2.2 activate different transcriptional responses to Erysiphe necator. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 1096862.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Reshef, N., Karn, A., Manns, D. C., Mansfield, A. K., Cadle-Davidson, L., Reisch, B., & Sacks, G. L. (2022). Stable QTL for malate levels in ripe fruit and their transferability across Vitis species. Horticulture Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhac009
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Patel, S., Harris, Z. N., Londo, J. P., Miller, A., & Fennell, A. (2023). Genome assembly of the hybrid grapevine Vitis Chambourcin. Gigabyte: gigabyte84. doi: 10.46471/gigabyte.84
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Sapkota, S., Zou, C., Ledbetter, C., Underhill, A., Sun, Q., Gadoury, D., & Cadle-Davidson, L. (2023). Discovery and genome-guided mapping of REN12 from Vitis amurensis, conferring strong, rapid resistance to grapevine powdery mildew. Horticulture research, 10(5), uhad052. https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhad052
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Qiu, T., Underhill, A., Sapkota, S., Cadle-Davidson, L., & Jiang, Y. (2022). High throughput saliency-based quantification of grape powdery mildew at the microscopic level for disease resistance breeding. Horticulture Research, uhac187. https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhac187
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Nigar, Q., Cadle-Davidson, L., Gadoury, D. M., & Hassan, M. U. (2022). First Report of Colletotrichum fioriniae Causing Grapevine Anthracnose in New York. Plant Disease. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-22-0604-PDN
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
VitisGen3 Project Website: vitisgen3.umn.edu (Published 2023) ed. K. Fessler.
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