Progress 12/15/21 to 12/14/24
Outputs
Target Audience:The research target audience described herein includes poultry and other meat consumers, industry and research professionals in the poultry and meat production industries, and researchers and legislatures involved in the regulation and research regarding the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in the agricultural environment. Furthermore, this project has participants and education targets such as undergraduate and graduate students who participate in the described studies and undergraduate students participating in courses co-instructed by the PD at Iowa State University. Participants in the undergraduate-supported research of this project include Cyclone Scholars, George Washington Carver scholars, and University honors scholars in undergraduate research programs at Iowa State University. This project aimed to understand the relational impacts of hosts, host-associated factors, and interventions on the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria associated with bacterial plasmid conjugation. It is expected that the results of these studies may result in the informed development of common-sense interventions in both humans and animals by commercial, clinical, and consumers to mitigate the risk of antimicrobial resistance in one health approach. Herein, we targeted a prolific host (chickens) of foodborne illnesses that are directly responsible for supplying nutrition to vast portions of the human population. Identifying these host and microbial-associated factors and interventions through the support of undergraduate and graduate students provides a direct avenue for increasing public safety and health while also helping provide opportunities for the professional advancement of both the PD and contributing students. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?PD utilized support from the USDA-NIFA fellowship to present work completed on understanding the role of host secretory miRNA on bacterial plasmid conjugation at the Conference for Research Workers on Animal Diseases (CRWAD 2022) in Chicago, Il. The fellowship has further supported the PD's travel to the conference for the American Society for Microbiology (ASM 2024, Atlanta, Georgia), where PD presented results from the undergraduate-led project on evaluating the role of the dietary supplement, Zinc Gluconate as a potent conjugation inhibitor and the role of bacterial gene regulation induced by zinc supplementation on bacterial physiology. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated through one oral presentation (CRWAD) and one poster presentation (ASM), as well as through a number of media interviews with ASM as well as with administrators at Iowa State University. Furthermore, two first-author research articles were published in high-impact peer-reviewed journals in the reporting period detailing the use of SCFA as well as zinc as conjugation inhibitors. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Impact Statement: The gastrointestinal tract of animals serves as a potent reservoir for the lateral transmission of DNA from bacteria to bacteria. This lateral transfer process is mediated by the physical exchange of plasmid DNA from cell to cell through a complexly regulated conjugation system that involves both molecular signaling and complex protein structures. These complex systems are the target of multiple efforts to prevent this process and the resulting emergence of plasmid-encoded antimicrobial resistance and virulence in both human and animal environments. We initially identified the role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in inhibiting this process. We additionally identified a number of compounds with potential applications as conjugation inhibitors. Specifically, we identified the role of dietary Zinc as a new conjugation inhibitor with similar potential to SCFA. In fulfillment of this project, we aimed to determine if these common dietary components served as potent conjugation inhibitors, as well as attempted to identify their applicability in animal models for gut-mediated bacterial plasmid conjugation. This is in the attempt to identify the potential of using these novel inhibitors as interventions for the mitigation of the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria and reduce the economic and clinical burden of such bacteria in the world. Objective 1: Determine if SCFAs regulate bacterial conjugation in explant cultures.We utilized a novel chicken ceca explant assay. This assay allows for the translation of lab-based, host-independent experiments with what may be observable in an animal gut while removing confounding factors that play a significant role in masking or preventing direct observation of the intervention effect. Utilizing this in vitro explant model, we demonstrated that short-chain fatty acids, microbially-derived host and bacterial metabolites, confer significant regulatory effects on bacterial plasmid conjugation in an environment associated with living host tissue. Regardless of which short-chain fatty acid was used, a significant decrease in bacterial plasmid conjugation was observed, indicating that the specific mechanism of action for SCFA inhibition is potentially due to a conserved factor associated with SCFAs and rebukes the assumption of previous studies that report the specific action of medium and long chain fatty acids in bacterial conjugation in non-host associated models. These results clearly indicate that previous expectations on the mechanism of fatty acid inhibition of bacterial conjugation are not entirely reflective of the molecular interaction responsible for inhibition and require further evaluation for both specific mechanisms as well as the applicability in the animal host. Objective 2: Identify if the inhibition of conjugation was limited to the plasmid type tested or was broadly effective against other plasmid types.We evaluated the inhibitory effect of SCFAs on representative plasmids from both broad (transfer to many different bacteria) and narrow (transfer to specific bacteria) host range plasmids. We observed universal inhibition of plasmid transfer associated with both broad and narrow host range plasmids of all three SCFAs with significance in the animal gut. These results indicate that SCFAs offer a broad or universal role in inhibiting plasmid conjugation regardless of the plasmid type and may be evaluated further as universal interventions both in animal and human applications. Objective 3: Evaluation of dietary components for roles as conjugation inhibitors and stimulators in vitro. To evaluate if other dietary components used in human and animal health have roles as conjugation inhibitors, high throughput in vitro conjugation assays were performed using suspensions of over-the-counter supplements purchased commercially from a retail store. Of the components selected, a number demonstrated potential as conjugation inhibitors. The dietary supplement Zinc Gluconate was chosen for a full evaluation as initial assays demonstrated complete inhibition of bacterial plasmid conjugation. We further identified a dose-dependent reduction in bacterial plasmid conjugation with diminishing rates of plasmid transfer associated with increased concentrations of zinc gluconate. To determine if the inhibition of plasmid transfer is due to the presence of the active zinc component or the other matrix components of the dietary supplement, replicated experiments were conducted on pure zinc gluconate reagent free of matrix contamination. We observed the same inhibitory effect. Objective 4: Identify the molecular mechanisms behind the observed inhibition associated with the heavy metal zinc on bacterial plasmid conjugation. Previous literature conducted in soil and wastewater fields has shown that trace amounts of heavy metals, such as copper and cobalt, have stimulatory effects on bacterial plasmid conjugation through the induction of the bacterial stress response system. Activation of this stress response in bacteria is known to correlate with an increase in bacterial plasmid conjugation. However, in our models, we observed inhibitory effects associated with the inclusion of the heavy metal zinc in the form of zinc gluconate in bacterial plasmid conjugation assays. To determine why we observe inhibition rather than stimulation as expected from the literature, we evaluated the actual changes in bacterial gene expression associated with bacterial plasmid conjugation in exposure to zinc gluconate. We found that under zinc supplementation, we observe a significant upregulation of the plasmid-encoded genes responsible for both replication of plasmid DNA as well as for the genes that encode the proteins that both build and operate the bacterial machinery used to recognize mating partners as well as to build the bacterial protein bridge used to transfer the DNA. However, we observed key down regulation of genes with extreme importance in the fertile transfer of plasmid DNA. One gene, traA, encodes the actual protein that the cell assembles into the bridge structure itself. The second gene, traS, is expressed in the bacterial cell that receives the plasmid DNA and tells the donor cell to stop the process after it completes successfully. The absence of expression of either of these genes on their own could explain the rapid decrease in plasmid transfer, as the absence of traT would prevent the physical interactions between bacterial mating pairs, and the absence of traS would result in the donor cell overwhelming the recipient bacteria with DNA and causing cellular damage and death. In combination, this interaction likely results in both the death of fertile plasmid transfer cells as well as the inhibition of starting the process in the first place. Conclusions Overall, these studies have highlighted the significant role of host factors, such as dietary components, on the incidence of bacterial plasmid conjugation in the gut. Ultimately, this further identifies how little we currently understand the relationship between the bacteria in our gut and either the other bacteria in our gut or the host itself. These studies provide strong justification for further evaluation of this gut mediated process and how we can use readily available products, such as dietary supplements like SCFAs and Zinc, as potent regulators over bacterial processes that have significant implications for both human and animal health. Furthermore, these studies demonstrate the potential use of cheap chemicals with potential application as feed additives to help mitigate the economic burden of the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria in food production and agriculture, with specific emphasis on animal production.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Ott, Logan C, and Melha Mellata. Short-Chain Fatty Acids Inhibit Bacterial Plasmid Transfer through Conjugation in Vitro and in Ex Vivo Chicken Tissue Explants. Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 15, 6 June 2024, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1414401. Accessed 23 July 2024.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Copy citations directly into your paper
AMA 11th - American Medical Association, 11th Edition
OTT, L.C., 2024. Bacterial Plasmid Transfer in the Gut: Regulation and Inhibition. Order No. 31334199 ed. United States -- Iowa: Iowa State University Dissertations & Theses @ Iowa State University; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. ISBN 9798384490944.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Logan C. Ott, Chloe Smith, Melha Mellata. (2024 June). Zinc inhibits bacterial plasmid conjugation by regulating the expression of repA and traA. Poster presented at the American Society for Microbiologys Conference ASM Microbe 2024. Atlanta, GA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Logan C. Ott, Caleb Skow, Melha Mellata. (2024 January). Role of chicken miRNA in the regulation of bacterial plasmid conjugation in vitro. Oral presentation given at the Conference for Research Workers on Animal Diseases (CRWAD). Chicago Il.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Chloe Smith, Logan C. Ott, Melha Mellata. (2024 April). In Vitro Inhibition of Bacterial Plasmid Transfer by Dietary Zinc. Poster presentation at the National Conference on Undergraduate Research (NCUR). Long Beach, CA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Chloe Smith, Logan C. Ott, Melha Mellata. (2024 April). In Vitro Reduction of Bacterial Plasmid Transfer by Dietary Zinc is Associated with an Upregulation of traQ Expression. Oral presentation at the Symposium on Undergraduate Research and Creative Expression (SOURCE). Ames, IA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Chloe Smith, Logan C. Ott, Melha Mellata. (2024 April). In Vitro Reduction of Bacterial Plasmid Transfer by Dietary Zinc Corresponds with a Downregulation of traA Expression. Poster presentation at the Stupka Undergraduate Research Symposium. Ames, IA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Luke Westrick, Logan C. Ott, Melha Mellata. (2023 December). The Effect of Chicken Egg Proteins on Bacterial Conjugation of Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids. Poster presented at the Fall Undergraduate Honors Research Symposium 2023. Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Ott L, Smith C, Mellata M. Dietary zinc supplementation inhibits bacterial plasmid conjugation in vitro by regulating plasmid replication (rep) and transfer (tra) genes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2024 Oct 23;90(10):e0148024. doi: 10.1128/aem.01480-24. Epub 2024 Oct 3. PMID: 39360838.
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Progress 12/15/22 to 12/14/23
Outputs
Target Audience:The research target audience described herein includes poultry and other meat consumers, industry and research professionals in the poultry and meat production industries, and researchers and legislatures involved in the regulation and research regarding the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in the agricultural environment. Furthermore, this project has participant and education targets such as undergraduate and graduate students who participate in the described studies and undergraduate students participating in courses co-instructed by the PD at Iowa State University. Participants in the undergraduate-supported research of this project include cyclone scholars and members of the George Washington Carver undergraduate research programs at Iowa State University. Furthermore, this project incorporates members of the undergraduate honors mentorship program at Iowa State University. Changes/Problems:This project identified additional compounds of interest (egg proteins, dietary supplements including zinc and caffeine, and fatty acids such as linoleic acid) as potential conjugation inhibitors. These compounds have additionally been determined to be important targets and are evaluated alongside SCFAs in animal models (chickens and mice). What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?PD utilized support from the USDA-NIFA fellowship to present work completed on understanding the role of egg components on the conjugation of antimicrobial resistance plasmids in vitro at the Conference for Research Workers on Animal Diseases (CRWAD 2023) in Chicago, Il. The fellowship has further supported the PD's travel to the conference for the American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP 2023, Jacksonville, Florida), where PD presented results from work completed with chickens on the host-microbial interactions involved in regulating bacterial plasmid transfer. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated through two oral presentations (CRWAD, AAAP). Furthermore, undergraduate research projects of six undergrads were presented at undergraduate research symposiums and honors project presentations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?I plan to evaluate the composition and release kinetics of novel alginate microparticles and test their efficacy in vivo. Furthermore, we plan to evaluate the role that dietary yeast cell wall extracts provided on the intestinal concentration of both SCFAs and the abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes in the gut of a chicken challenge model.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Impact statement: The gastrointestinal tract of animals serves as a potent reservoir for the lateral transmission of DNA from bacteria to bacteria. This lateral transfer process is mediated by the physical exchange of plasmid DNA from cell to cell through a complexly regulated conjugation system that involves both molecular signaling and complex protein structures. These complex systems are the target of multiple efforts to prevent this process and the resulting emergence of plasmid-encoded antimicrobial resistance and virulence in both human and animal environments. We have identified the potential role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in inhibiting this process. Identifying how and if this occurs in the animal host is crucial to empower its use in a commercial and clinical context to prevent the emergence and spread of antimicrobial bacteria in food, animals, and humans. Objective 1: Determine if SCFAs regulate bacterial conjugation in explant cultures. (Completed in previous reporting cycle) Ceca tissues were harvested from 2-week-old Dekalb White birds, rinsed of their natural microbiota with antibiotics, sectioned into 1 cm2 portions, and then inoculated with culture media containing donor (plasmid bearing) and recipient (plasmid receptive) bacteria. To these cultures, aliquots of the SCFAs formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isovalerate, isobutyrate, and two methyl butyric acids individually were added at the approximately physiological levels (25 mM). Cultures were incubated for six hours, and the populations of donors, recipients, and transconjugants were enumerated. Enumeration of the donor, recipient, and new transconjugant populations demonstrated a significant reduction in bacterial transconjugants, regardless of the short-chain fatty acid used. This indicates that in the chicken ceca environment, short-chain fatty acids retain their inhibitory quality in host-associated environments. This finding needs to be confirmed in the living animal host. Objective 2: Identify if the inhibition of conjugation was limited to the plasmid type tested or was broadly effective against other plasmid types. (Completed in the previous reporting period) In vitro, conjugation assays were prepared between donor (plasmid bearing) and recipient (plasmid receptive) bacteria in rich growth media. Plasmids used were those of the narrow host range incompatibility group IncF and IncI and the broad host range plasmid group IncP. To conjugation assays, acetate, propionate, or butyrate were added at physiological levels (0.025 M). Enumeration of the donors, recipients, and transconjugants after incubation demonstrated a significant reduction. In transconjugant populations for each of the three plasmid types tested. These results indicate that SCFAs offer a broad or universal role in inhibiting plasmid conjugation regardless of the plasmid type. Objective 3: Creation and validation of microparticles containing SCFA for targeted release in the large intestine of chickens (current reporting period) Microparticles have been prepared by sodium alginate internal gelation method containing both butyrate, and tributyrin. Both beads are under evaluation for encapsulation efficiency and release kinetics in simulated gastrointestinal media through the development and use of an HPLC-DAD method. Currently, limitations are being identified, including the volatile nature of SCFAs. Tributyrin is currently characterized as an alternative, nonvolatile compound that may be used instead of butyrin in microparticles. Once evaluated for composition and efficacy, nanoparticles will be utilized in in vivo challenge experiments (spring 2024). Objective 4: Evaluation of Yeast cell wall extracts as a source of dietary SCFAs for release in the large intestines of chickens. (Current reporting period) Yeast cell wall extracts serve as a source of easily digestible mannan --oligosaccharides, which can be used as a feedstock by the gut microbiota to produce SCFAs in the large intestine. PD conducted an in vivo pilot study to determine the efficacy of dietary supplementation with yeast cell wall extracts on the abundance of both SCFAs and antimicrobial resistance genes in the gut of a chicken layer model. Analysis of the intestinal content and the abundance and distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes is underway.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Meinen-Jochum J, Ott LC, Mellata M. Segmented filamentous bacteria-based treatment to elicit protection against Enterobacteriaceae in Layer chickens. Front Microbiol. 2023 Jul 31;14:1231837. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1231837. PMID: 37583515; PMCID: PMC10423809.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Luke Westrick, Logan C. Ott, Melha Mellata. (2023 December). The Effect of Chicken Egg Proteins on Bacterial Conjugation of Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids. Poster presented at the Fall Undergraduate Honors Research Symposium 2023. Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Logan C. Ott, Melha Mellata. (2023 June). Divergent Chicken Genetics Correlate with Shifts in Cecal As-sociated Antimicrobial Resistance Transfer Ex Vivo. Abstract accepted for oral presentation at the American Association of Avian Pathologists. Jacksonville Fl.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Carissa Gerwig, Logan C. Ott, Melha Mellata. (2023 May). Effect of Tea on Bacteria and Their Antimicrobial Resistance. Oral presentation at the Iowa State University Symposium on Undergraduate Research. Ames IA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Eli Engelkes, Logan C. Ott, Melha Mellata, (2023 May). Effect of Omeprazole, biotin, and laxatives on Bacterial Plasmid Conjugation. Oral presentation at the Iowa State University Honors Undergraduate Research Symposium. Ames IA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
McKenzie Flemming, Logan C. Ott, Melha Mellata. (2023 May). Effect of Infant Formulas Supplemented with Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Bacterial Plasmid Conjugation. Oral presentation at the Iowa State University Honors Undergraduate Research Symposium. Ames IA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Chloe Smith, Logan C. Ott, Melha Mellata. (2023 May). Effect of the Dietary Supplements Zinc And Vitamin D3 on Bacterial Plasmid Conjugation. Oral presentation at the Iowa State University Honors Undergraduate Research Symposium. Ames IA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Abigail Champion, Logan C. Ott, Melha Mellata. (2023 May). Effect of Caffeine and Melatonin on Bacterial Plasmid Conjugation. Oral presentation at the Iowa State University Honors Undergraduate Research Symposium. Ames IA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Logan C. Ott, Mackenzie Souchek, Kelsa Heseltine, Melha Mellata. (2023 January). Egg Components Inhibit the Transfer of Antimicrobial Resistance Plasmids in vitro. Poster accepted for presentation at the Conference for Research workers on Animal Diseases. Chicago IL.
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Progress 12/15/21 to 12/14/22
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience of the research described herein includes poultry and other meat consumers, industry and research professionals in the poultry and meat production industries, and researchers and legislatures involved in the regulation and research regarding the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in the agricultural environment. Furthermore, this project has participant and education targets such as undergraduate and graduate students that participate in the described studies, as well as undergraduate students participating in courses co-instructed by the PD at Iowa State University. Participants in the undergraduate-supported research of this project include cyclone scholars and members of the George Washington Carver undergraduate research programs at Iowa State University. Furthermore, this project incorporates members of the undergraduate honors mentorship program at Iowa State University. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The fellowship has afforded the PDs travel to three conferences to present the results obtained in his studies on the inhibition of conjugation. He attended the American society of microbiology (ASM) Microbe in Washington DC in June 2022, The conference on beneficial microbes (CBM) in Amsterdam, Netherlands, in November 2022, and the Conference for Research Workers on Animal Diseases (CRWAD) in Chicago IL in January 2023. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated through two conference posters (ASM, CBM) and oral presentations (CBM, CRWAD). Furthermore, a review paper was accepted and published in the journal mSphere on the use of in vivo models to study gut-mediated horizontal gene transfer through plasmids. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?I plan to generate a microparticle containing the SCFAs of interest for delivery to the gut environment of interest (large intestine). We are collaborating with the Nanovaccine Institute at Iowa State University to formulate and validate a particle for such means that we will test in vivo in chickens.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Impact statement: The gastrointestinal tract of animals serves as a potent reservoir for the lateral transmission of DNA from bacteria to bacteria. This lateral transfer process is mediated by the physical exchange of plasmid DNA from cell to cell through a complexly regulated conjugation system that involves both molecular signaling and complex protein structures. These complex systems are the target of multiple efforts to prevent this process and the resulting emergence of plasmid-encoded antimicrobial resistance and virulence in both human and animal environments. We have identified the potential role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in inhibiting this process. Identifying how and if this occurs in the animal host is of crucial necessity to empower its use in a commercial and clinical context to prevent the emergence and spread of antimicrobial bacteria in food, animals, and humans. Objective 1: Determine if SCFAs regulate bacterial conjugation in explant cultures. Ceca tissues were harvested from 2-week-old Dekalb White birds, rinsed of their natural microbiota with antibiotics, sectioned into 1 cm2 portions, and then inoculated with culture media containing donor (plasmid bearing) and recipient (plasmid receptive) bacteria. To these cultures, aliquots of the SCFAs formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isovalerate, isobutyrate, and two methyl butyric acids individually were added at the approximately physiological levels (25 mM). Cultures were incubated for six hours, and the populations of donors, recipients, and transconjugants were enumerated. Enumeration of the donor, recipient, and newly transconjugant populations demonstrated that regardless of short-chain fatty acid used, a significant reduction in bacterial transconjugants was observed. This indicates that in the chicken ceca environment, short-chain fatty acids retain their inhibitory quality in host-associated environments. This finding needs to be confirmed in the living animal host. Objective 2: Identify if the inhibition of conjugation was limited to the plasmid type tested or was broadly effective against other plasmid types. In vitro conjugation assays were prepared between donor (plasmid bearing) and recipient (plasmid receptive) bacteria in rich growth media. Plasmids used were those of the narrow host range incompatibility group IncF and IncI and the broad host range plasmid group IncP. To conjugation assays, either acetate, propionate, or butyrate was added at physiological levels (0.025 M). Enumeration of the donors, recipients, and transconjugants following incubation demonstrated, again, a significant reduction in transconjugants populations for each of the three plasmid types tested. These results indicate that SCFAs offer a broad or universal role in inhibiting plasmid conjugation regardless of the plasmid type.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Ott LC, Mellata M. Models for Gut-Mediated Horizontal Gene Transfer by Bacterial Plasmid Conjugation. Front Microbiol. 2022 Jun 30;13:891548. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.891548. PMID: 35847067; PMCID: PMC9280185.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Logan C. Ott, Melha Mellata, (2022 June). Chicken Ceca of Different Genetic Backgrounds Regulate Bacterial Plasmid Conjugation Differentially In Vitro. Poster presented at ASM Microbe 2022. Washing-ton, DC.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Logan C. Ott, Melha, Mellata, (2022 November). Short Chain Fatty Acid Inhibition of Bacterial Plasmid Conjugation in Broth and Chicken Ceca Explants. Poster Presented at the Beneficial Microbes Conference. Amsterdam, NL.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Logan Ott, Mackenzie Souchek, Kelsa Heseltine, Melha Mellata, (2023 January). Egg Components Inhibit the Transfer of Antimicrobial Resistance Plasmids in vitro. Conference for Research Workers on Animal Diseases. Chicago IL.
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