Progress 03/01/22 to 02/28/25
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences for this project are beef producers and research scientists. Beef producers are targeted because the goal of our program is to develop technologies that will be implemented in the beef industry. Research scientists have been targeted because as we increase our fundamental understanding of the impact of immunity of physiology of the bovine reproductive and immune systems other scientists will be able to use this knowledge to further impact beef production. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One graduate student (Kaitlin Epperson) worked on this project and graduated with her Ph.D. a second student (Sarah Blaske) worked on this project and completed her M.S., and a third student (Haley Weidman) started her M.S. and worked on this project. Kaitlin Epperson (Ph.D.) - first 13 months of the project. Research from this project was part of her Dissertation. Kaitlin has learned the skills involved in conducting experiments on immune function and large field trials, and presented data from this project at an international conference. Sarah Blaske (M.S.) - entire reporting period. Research from this project was part of her Thesis. Sarah has learned the skills involved in conducting experiments on immune function and large field trials, and presented data from this project at an international conference. Haley Weidman (M.S.) - last seven months of the project. Research from this project will be part of her thesis. Haley haslearned the skills involved in conducting experiments on immune function and large field trials, and presented data from this project at a conference. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Data has been presented to the scientific community at several regional, national, and international conferences (American Society of Animal Science, the International Ruminant Reproduction Symposium, SouthernSection Animal Science). Data has also been presented to producers at the Applied Reproductive Strategies in beef cattle conference, the National Cattlemen's Beef Association annual convention (2024 and 2025), the Annual Field days, and local extension meetings. Data has been reported to veterinarians at regional meeting and veterinarian training meetings in Kansas, Nebraska and Texas. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1. To determine the impact of timing interval between vaccination (with either a MLV or IV) and the start of the breeding season on reproductive performance. Data was collected on 4868animals for determining the effect of interval from vaccination to insemination on conception rates.Analysis of these data indicated that pregnancy success tended to be decreased when a MLV was administered 30 days before the start of the breeding season, and was decreased when a MLV was administered 40 and 60 day prior to the start of the breeding season compared to a IV. When a MLV was administered greater than 60 days before the start of the breeding season pregnancy success was not decreased compared to a IV, Impact statement: When a modified live combination vaccine was given at 60 days or less it resulted in a 8.2% decrease in pregnancy success compared to giving a inactivated combination vaccine at the same interval. Objective 2. To determine changes in immune cell types and their activity following administration of a MLV or IV vaccine. Animals (d0) were immunized with one of four treatments: 1) combination MLV containing both BVDV and IBR (BVDV+IBR; n=5), 2) MLV containing only IBR (IBR; n=5), 3) killed combination viral vaccine containing both BVDV and IBR (IVV; n=5), or 4) sterile saline (CON; n=5). Blood samples were collected via venipuncture on d-3, 0, 3, 5, 11, 18, 21, 28, 34, 48, and 62 and plasma was isolated from each sample.Animals (d0) were immunized with one of four treatments: 1) combination MLV containing both BVDV and IBR (BVDV+IBR; n=5), 2) MLV containing only IBR (IBR; n=5), 3) killed combination viral vaccine containing both BVDV and IBR (IVV; n=5), or 4) sterile saline (CON; n=5). Blood samples were collected via venipuncture on d-3, 0, 3, 5, 11, 18, 21, 28, 34, 48, and 62 and plasma was isolated from each sample.IL-1α was decreased in all vaccinated animals compared to CON; IL-1β was increased in BVDV+IBR compared to all other treatments; IL-10, IP-10, and MCP-1 were decreased in BVDV+IBR compared to all other treatments; IL-4 and IL-6 increased in IVV compared to all other treatments; and TNF-α decreased in both BVDV+IBR and IVV compared to both CON and IBR. Data from three studies were compiled and analyzed to determine differences in cytokine concentrations between animals with normal and abnormal cycles following vaccination..IL-1β wasincreased from day 0 to 4 in animals with abnormal cycles compared to animals with normal cycles. IFN-γ concentrations increased from day 0 to 2 in animals with abnormal cycles and were greater overall in animals with abnormal cycles compared to animals with normal cycles. VEGF-A wasgreater on d 8 and 10 among animals with abnormal cycles compared to animals with normal cycles. Furthermore, animals with abnormal cycles had greater concentrations of IL-4 compared to animals with normal cycles. Overall, MLV combination vaccination resulted in abnormal cycles and increased concentrations of IL-1β, IL-4, VEGF-A, and IFN-γ among animals with abnormal cycles. Impact Statement:Modified live combination vaccination resulted in abnormal estrus cycles (decreased pregnancy success) and increased concentrations of IL-1β, IL-4, VEGF-A, and IFN-γ among animals with abnormal cycles.
Publications
- Type:
Peer Reviewed Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
5. Epperson, J. J. J. Rich, S. Menegatti Zoca, L. K. Quail, T. N. Andrews, A. C. Kline, F. J. White, R. F. Daly, R. A. Cushman, A. P. Snider, and G. A. Perry. 2024. Influence of commercial inactivated or modified-live virus vaccination at time of AI on corpus luteum development and function in beef cattle. Animal Reproduction Science. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107594
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Blaske, S., J. N. Ketchum, L. K. Quail, A. C. Mattos, A. P. Snider, C. P. Carson, C. R. Long, and G. A. Perry. 2024. Combination and individual vaccines for bovine viral diarrhea virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis effects on reproductive cyclicity and immune response. Journal of Animal Science 102(Supplement_3):269-270.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2025
Citation:
Weidman, H., S. Blaske, K. Epperson, L. K. Quail, J. N. Ketchum, S. Menegatti Zoca, J. J. J. Rich, T. N. Andrews, A. C. Kline, R. F. Daly, A. P. Snider, R. A. Cushman, and G. A. Perry. 2025. Changes in Cytokine Concentrations among Beef Cattle that had a Normal and Abnormal Estrous Cycle after Vaccination with a Modified Live Viral Vaccine: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Animal Science (Supplement)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2025
Citation:
Weidman, H., S. Blaske, C. Carson, A. P. Snider, C. Long, and G. A. Perry. 2025. Changes in Cytokine Concentrations among Bos indicus and Bos indicus-influenced Cattle after Vaccination with a Combination or Individual Modified Live Viral Vaccine. Journal of Animal Science (Supplement)
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Progress 03/01/23 to 02/29/24
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences for this project are beef producers and research scientists. Beef producers are targeted because the goal of our program is to develop technologies that will be implemented in the beef industry. Research scientists have been targeted because as we increase our fundamental understanding of the impact of immunity of physiology of the bovine reproductive and immune systems other scientists will be able to use this knowledge to further impact beef production. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One graduate student (Kaitlin Epperson) worked on this project and graduated with her Ph.D. a second student (Sarah Blaske) started her M.S. and has been working on this project since. Kaitlin Epperson (Ph.D.) - first months of the reporting period. Research from this project was part of her Dissertation. Kaitlin has learned the skills involved in conducting experiments on immune function and large field trials, and presented data from this project at an international conference. Sarah Blaske (M.S.) - entire reporting period. Research from this project will be part of her Thesis. Sarah has learned the skills involved in conducting experiments on immune function and large field trials, and presented data from this project at an international conference. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Data has been presented to the scientific community at the International Ruminant Reproduction Symposium in May of 2023 and at the National AmericanSociety of Animal Science meeting in July of 2023. Data has also been presented to producers at the 2023 Applied Reproductive Strategies in beef cattle conference and at the National Cattlemens Beef Association winter meeting. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Objective 1. To determine the impact of timing interval between vaccination (with either a MLV or IV) and the start of the breeding season on reproductive performance. We will finish collecting data on the interval from vaccination until AI and its impact on reproductive success. Objective 2. To determine changes in immune cell types and their activity following administration of a MLV or IV vaccine. We will finish evaluating the data that has been collected and finish writing the manuscript.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1. To determine the impact of timing interval between vaccination (with either a MLV or IV) and the start of the breeding season on reproductive performance. Data has been collected on over 1000 animals for determining the effect of interval from vaccination to insemination on conception rates. We are in theprocess of collecting data on another 600 animals. Objective 2. To determine changes in immune cell types and their activity following administration of a MLV or IV vaccine. Introduction: Vaccines are created to help the immune system fight pathogens faster and more effectively, but little is known on how season of the year impacts the immune system response to vaccination. This research was conducted to evaluate how ambient temperature (summer vs fall) impacted antibody production and immune cell type changes in Brahman and Brahman-influenced cows. Materials and Methods: Cows (n=18) were immunized (2mL I.M.) with a combination Modified Live Vaccine for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus (IBR) in July 2022 (Summer; n=12) or November 2022 (Fall; n=6). Blood samples (30 mL/cow) were collected on d -3, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14 post vaccination. Samples were transferred to 50mL conical tubes containing EDTA to separate plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Density gradient centrifugation was used to isolate PBMC. Cells were incubated with propidium iodide and antibody surface cell markers for CD4, CD8, CD25, CD14, CD86, and CD 335. An Amnis FlowSight flow cytometer was used to determine the percentage of each cell type in the PBMC. Concentrations of antibodies for BVDV and IBR were determined in samples collected pre-vaccination (d -3 and 0) and on d 14. Differences in antibody titers and leukocyte populations were analyzed as repeated measures using the MIXED model procedure in SAS. Results: There was no difference in IBR (P = 0.2012) or BVDV (P = 0.4668) antibody concentrations between seasons. Percentage of antigen presenting cells (P = 0.011; Summer=11.7±1; Fall=7.3±1.1) was greater in the Summer compared to the Fall, but natural killer cells (P = 0.002; Summer=0.6±0.6; Fall=4.4±0.7) were greater in the Fall compared to the Summer. There was a significant treatment by time interaction for antigen presenting cells (P = 0.0387), T-helper cells (P = 0.0066), activated T-helper cells (P ≤ 0.0001), activated cytotoxic T-cells (P = 0.0267), activated T-cells (P ≤ 0.0001), and natural killer cells (P ≤ 0.0001), but there was no difference between seasons in activated antigen presenting cells (P = 0.1855). From pre-vaccination to d 14, natural killer cells were elevated during the Fall compared to the Summer on all days (P = 0.0359). Antigen presenting cells were greater in the Summer compared to the Fall on d 4, 10 and 14 (P < 0.02). T-helper cells, activated T-helper cells, activated cytotoxic T-cells, and activated T-cells increased post-vaccination in the Fall, but did not change during the Summer. Conclusion: Thus, ambient temperature (summer vs fall) did not directly impact production of antibodies for IBR or BVDV but did induce changes in specific immune cells following vaccination.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Epperson, K. M., J. N. Ketchum, L. K. Quail, C. P. Guy, C. R. Long, and G. A. Perry. 2023. Characterization of immune cell populations induced from two types of pre-breeding vaccination in Brahman cows. International Ruminant Reproduction Symposium. Animal Science Proceedings 14(3):536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2023.01.005
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Blaske, S., K. M. Epperson, L. K. Quail, J. N. Ketchum, C. P. Guy, C. R. Long, and G. A. Perry. 2023. Impact of ambient temperature on bovine viral diarrhea virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccination response. American Society of Animal Science. Journal of Animal Science 101(Supplement_3): 5758, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad281.071
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Progress 03/01/22 to 02/28/23
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences for this project are beef producers and research scientists. Beef producers are targeted because the goal of our program is to develop technologies that will be implemented in the beef industry. Research scientists have been targeted because as we increase our fundamental understanding of the impact of immunity on physiology of the bovine reproduction system other scientists will be able to use this knowledge to further impact beef production. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One graduate students (Kaitlin Epperson) has helped work on this project. Kaitlin Epperson (Ph.D.) - entire reporting period. Research from this project will be part of her Dissertation. Kaitlin has learned the skills involved in conducting experiments on immune function and large field trials, and will be presenting data from this project at a international conference. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Data will be presented at the International Ruminant Reproduction Symposium in May of 2023. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective 1. To determine the impact of timing interval between vaccination (with either a MLV or IV) and the start of the breeding season on reproductive performance. We will continue to collect data on the interval from vaccination untilAI and its impact on reproductive success Objective 2. To determine changes in immune cell types and their activity following administration of a MLV or IV vaccine. We will finish evaluating the data that has been collected and begin writing the manuscript.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1. To determine the impact of timing interval between vaccination (with either a MLV or IV) and the start of the breeding season on reproductive performance. Data is being collected on to determine interval from vaccination to insemination on conception rates. Data has already been collected on 600 animals and we ar in the process of collecting data on another 600 animals. Objective 2. To determine changes in immune cell types and their activity following administration of a MLV or IV vaccine. Introduction: A tight relationship exists between the immune system and ovarian function; identification of leukocytes specifically involved in vaccine response would narrow research focus to which cells may be eliciting negative effects on the corpus luteum. Our objective was to characterize the immune response and identify changes in select leukocyte populations. Materials and Methods: Brahman and Brahman-cross females (n=22) were given prostaglandinF2α on day -3 to induce luteolysis. On day 0, treatment was administered; modified-live virus vaccination (MLV; BoviShield Gold FP5VL5), inactivated virus vaccination (IV; ViraShield 6VL5HB), or saline (CON). Blood samples were collected into conicals containing K3-EDTA to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) on days 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14 from all animals, and from different subsets (n=10) on 28, 46, and 65. Density gradient centrifugation with Ficoll Paque-PLUS allowed for collection of PBMC, which were incubated with propidium iodide (cell viability) and antibodies for surface cell markers CD4, CD8, CD25, CD14, CD86. Antibody stained PBMC were evaluated with an Amnis FlowSight flow cytometer and data processed with IDEAS 6.2 software. Approximately 10,000 single cells were acquired per sample. Percentages of leukocytes from days 0-14 were analyzed in SAS as a repeated measure using the MIXED procedure, including treatment, day, and their interaction in the model. Populations on days 28, 46, and 65 were each evaluated by an ANOVA using the MIXED procedure. Results: Treatment alone had no effect on day 0-14 populations of measured leukocytes (P≥0.25), but populations of CD14+, CD335+, CD86+CD335-, CD4+, CD8+, CD25+, and CD25+CD4+ differed over time (P≤0.03). The interaction of treatment and time affected CD14+ (monocyte), CD25+ (activated T-cell) and CD25+CD4+ (T-regulatory) cells (P≤0.05). On day 2, MLV females had an elevated monocyte population compared to CON. Percentage of activated T-cells decreased from day 0 to 2 in all treatments and gradually returned to levels similar to day 0. T-regulatory cells were variable over time, but were similar within each sample day among treatments. Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+) on day 28 and natural killer cells (CD335+) on day 46 were increased in vaccine treatments (P≤0.03) compared to CON. T-helper cells (CD4+) and cytotoxic T-cells tended to be decreased on days 65 and 46, respectively, in vaccinated animals (P=0.08). Conclusion: Leukocyte populations were affected by vaccination. In understanding changes which occur following vaccination, efforts to isolate leukocyte involvement in ovarian regulation can be identified.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
K.M. Epperson1,2, J.N. Ketchum1,2, L.K. Quail1,2, C.P. Guy2, C. R. Long2, and G.A. Perry. 2023. Characterization of immune cell populations induced from two types of pre-breeding vaccination in Brahman cows. Proceedings of the International Ruminant Reproduction symposium.
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