Progress 12/01/23 to 11/30/24
Outputs
Target Audience:The project reached a wide variety of audiences during this reporting period. Outreach to target audiences is summarized per task below: Task 2 Tyree, S., T. Daugaard, R. Smith, T. Brown, D. Kumar, R. Brown. "Increased sugar production from continuous autothermal pyrolysis of hemicellulose extracted willow." (poster) Tcbiomass2024, Itasca, IL, September 10, 2024. This poster presentation was given to a mixed academic and industry audience in the field of thermochemical processing of biomass. Task 6 Brown, T.R. "The climate- and environmentally-beneficial valorization of woody biomass in New York State." Key Technologies of the Bioeconomy 2024, Ubatuba, Brazil, October 4, 2024. This presentation was given to the Global Bioeconomy Alliance, which is an academic consortium representing universities in Germany, Denmark, Brazil, and Australia. Along with the presentation, discussions were held with the GBA leadership to discuss barriers to the bioeconomy that have been encountered in those countries and how strategies have been developed to overcome them. Jordan, M. and T. Brown. "Willow Renewable Distillate Fuels - Project Summary." This is a 2-pager summarizing the barriers to willow feedstock renewable diesel and policy recommendations for overcoming them that was developed during the current reporting period. This document has since been shared with relevant state policymakers and other relevant stakeholders in Albany, NY during the subsequent reporting period. Jordan, M., E. Peunte Sanchez, and M. Hari. "Policy Recommendations to Support Adoption of Distillate Biofuels in NYS." December 2024. This is Evidn's final report identifying barriers to willow feedstock renewable diesel in NYS and policy recommendations for overcoming them. Changes/Problems:As mentioned in the prior year's annual report, the SUNY ESF team encountered graduate student recruitment delays that prevented the graduate students engaged on this project from commencing work until January 2024, relatively late in the current year's reporting period. This resulted in a no cost extension being requested (and granted) through November 2025.As such the ESF team does not have as many presentations and publications in the current annual report as had originally been anticipated and reported graduate student expenditures are also low. The full team at ESF has achieved high productivity since then, however, resulting in multiple manuscript submissions and presentations since the end of the current reporting period that will be provided in the final report. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate students were responsible for the majority of the work that was performed under Tasks 1-5 during the current reporting period. ISU's graduate student was heavily involved in the pyrolysis trials and mild hydrogenation process described in the previous section and achievedsubstantial professional development in both processes. The two graduate students at SUNY ESF were responsible for developing the full feedstock production and conversion LCA/TEA models during the current reporting period and received extensive training on the development of these types of models from underlying process models. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?There was limited dissemination of results to communities of interest during the current reporting period as the team worked to finalize the results under Task 6 that will be (and already have been) widely disseminated during the subsequent reporting period. However, initial results under Tasks 2-3 were presented at the tcbiomass2024 conference in Illinois while preliminary results from Task 6 were included in an oral presentation that was given to the Global Bioeconomy Alliance in Brazil, both during the current reporting period. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The ESF and ISU teams have reached the point of being able to incorporate data from Tasks 1-3 into the integrated LCA/TEA models that were mostly completed at the end of the current reporting period. During the next reporting period these models will be finalized and run in an interative process to calculate carbon abatement costs for willow renewable diesel under NYS-specific production conditions. For the LCA, the next step involves analyzing the environmental impact of renewable diesel using the developed LCA model. The scenarios under consideration for the analysis include: (1) willow biomass without hot water pretreatment, (2) hot water pretreated willow, and (3) combined hot water and ferrous sulfate pretreatment. This analysis will be informed by mass and energy balance results from the process modeling task, which is currently underway.The ESF team has three manuscripts that were in preparation at the end of the current reporting period that will be submitted during the next reporting period (one is already under revision and resubmission), and additional manuscripts presenting the final results will be prepared and submitted by the ISU and ESF teams during the next reporting period. Abstracts for multiple conference presentations (e.g., AIChE) have been submitted and are under review. Pilot-scale hydroprocessing is already underway at Chevron REG using phenolic oils produced by the ISU team. This work is expected to be completed during the next reporting period and one or more manuscripts presenting the results will be prepared and submitted during that same period. The results of Task 6 will be disseminated widely during the next reporting period (and have already begun to be). PI Brown has accepted speaking opportunities at 6 academic and industry events during the next reporting period where the results will be presented to audiences comprising a wide variety of stakeholders. In January 2025 PI Brown also gave an informal presentation at the City & State NY Thought Leaders Dinner in Albany, NY to an audience comprising members of the NYS Executive and Legislature on the findings of Task 6, and conversations have continued during the next reporting period regarding those findings.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
TASK 1: Hot water extraction of shrub willow The hot water extraction (HWE) of willow chips was performed using a pilot digester (Struthers-Well 65 ft3 stainless lined batch digester; 1.841 X 106 cm3; Santa Fe Springs, CA, USA) located in the Chemical engineering Department (Walters Hall) at the SUNY-ESF. The extraction was performed at 160 °C for 2 h, the conditions found optimum from the previous studies. The same conditions were used for the HWE of willow using lab-scale M-K digester and results were provided in the previous report. About 280 kg (dry basis) of wood chips were processed in one batch at a 4:1 water to wood ratio. After extraction and washing, 215 kg of chips (dry basis) were recovered, indicating 75.4% recovery or 24.6% mass loss. About 200kg of HWE chips were sent to the team a Iowa State University for the pyrolysis studies. TASKS 2 AND 3: Pyrolysis of HEC and extraction of sugar and phenolic oil from bio-oil heavy ends Pyrolysis trials of hemicellulose-extracted wood chips (HEC) continued at ISU by the Task 2 team during the reporting period. The ICP data shows that the HWE effectively removed most of the potassium from the feedstock, aligning with expectations of ash removal during the process. Additionally, the increase in iron of the HEC willow biomass co-treatment suggests ferrous pretreatment during extraction was effective. The high concentrations of calcium before and after extraction suggest the hot water extraction process is not effective at calcium removal. These AAEM concentrations were used to determine proper ferrous sulfate pretreatment levels for the post-extraction treatments. The pyrolytic sugar yield more than doubles for all hot water extracted feedstocks when compared to as-received willow. Interestingly, the ferrous treatment had little to no effect on the pyrolytic sugar yield either during the extraction co-treatment or post-extraction. This was somewhat unexpected considering the presence of AAEM, particularly Calcium, remaining in the feedstocks. Furthermore, the ferrous treatment of original willow did show an increase in sugars but not to the extent of that yielded from the HEC feedstocks. The presence of a high amount of Calcium and the potential lack of passivation from ferrous treatments was investigated throughout the reporting period. Various pretreatments and tests were conducted in a Frontier micropyrolyzer directly coupled with a GC-MS (gas chromatography - mass spectrometry) for online product analysis. Results were inconclusive for increasing sugar yields beyond results. The focus of Task 2 and 3 into the next phase of the project is processing HEC willow on ISU's large pilot-scale autothermal pyrolyzer. A supersack of material was produced by the Task 1 team and received by ISU. The phenolic oil produced from the pilot trials will serve as the hydrotreating material for Task 4. TASK 4: Hydroprocessing of phenolic oil Following the down selection of desired feedstock (HEC willow) for autothermal processing, efforts shifted towards determining the desired phenolic oil preprocessing deemed necessary for hydroprocessing. Task 4 team's focus during the current reporting period was to produce and compare composition of raw phenolic oil, mild hydrogenated phenolic oil, and stabilized phenolic oil for further hydroprocessing in collaboration with Chevron Renewable Energy Group. Samples of control phenolic oil feedstock were produced and successfully hydrogenated during this budget period. A benchtop hydrogenation system operating at low temperatures and low pressures, previously developed at ISU[1], was used to stabilize raw phenolic oil and raw heavy ends. A picture of the system is shown in Figure 4. Approximately 20 grams of phenolic oil is dissolved in 200 mL of methanol. This mixture is added to a Pd-C catalyst in the reactor vessel and placed under vacuum. Balloons filled with hydrogen are used to occupy the headspace of the system so that hydrogenation can occur. Reaction times of 8 up to 24 hours were tested. Preliminary results suggest successful stabilization of the phenolic oil. Figure 5 shows FTIR analysis of the phenolic oil before and after 24 hours of hydrogenation. The peak at approximately 1020 cm-1 shows the most evidence and is representative of a C-O bond stretch for alcohols. This is supported by previous published work from Rover et al. Further evidence of successful hydrogenation was present in the significant reduction in viscosity. At room temperature, the raw phenolic oil is extremely viscous to the point of solid-like, whereas the stabilized phenolic oil flows similar to that of maple syrup at room temperature. Additional analysis of the raw and stabilized phenolic oil is ongoing. This includes compositional analysis, ultimate analysis, determining viscosity, and determining moisture content. The ISU team is currently working with Chevron Renewable Energy Group to conduct some preliminary hydroprocessing of the raw phenolic oil and stabilized phenolic oil according to industry standard upgrading. This will help determine the conditions for larger-scale hydroprocessing of the phenolic oil produced from ISU's large pilot-scale reactor in the next phase. [1] Rover, Marjorie R., et al. "Stabilization of bio-oils using low temperature, low pressure hydrogenation."Fuel153 (2015): 224-230. TASK 5: Integrated TEA-LCA A comprehensive process model was developed in Aspen Plus to simulate renewable diesel production from hot water-extracted willow biomass. This model supports a detailed techno-economic analysis of the proposed biorefinery, which is designed to process 2,000 tons per day of as-received woody biomass, operating 330 days per year. TEA modeling of willow production under policy constraints neared completion. Work also continued on development of the LCA model. Over the reporting period, we reviewed existing literature on renewable diesel production, compiled a list of background process data from available databases (USLCI and Datasmart), and developed the LCA model for converting Hot water extracted willow chips. The system boundary includes willow cultivation, transport, pretreatment, pyrolysis, upgrading bio-oil to diesel, and end-use combustion (Figure 1). The functional unit is 1 MJ of renewable diesel. TASK 6: Educate STEM students and policy professionals Evidn completed all work under their subaward in November 2024. During the current reporting period Evidn conducted a Behavioral Systems Analysis with 25 industry stakeholders to understand the driving and restraining forces toward scaling the commercial production of willow feedstock renewable energy operations in NYS. Stakeholder engagement was supplemented with a desktop review of existing research and evidence that provides insights into biomass adoption and market commercialization attitudes and behaviors. The insights gained from the behavioral analysis informed the development of a number of foundational recommendations including leveraging the strong identities and established norms within farming communities, engaging local champions who can inspire grassroots efforts, and utilizing targeted communications to reach new growers andstakeholders. Additionally, fostering collaboration among biomass leaders both within New York State and across North America is essential for creating a unified approach to expansion. Building on these foundational recommendations, Evidn developed a set of NYS-specific policy proposals aimed at encouraging greater adoption of willow biomass. These policy recommendations are crafted to address and reduce resistance to biomass energy, with the goal of boosting participation in the state's bioeconomy. The recommendations are: 1. Establish NYS Interdisciplinary Biomass Advisory Board 2. Build Awareness & Workforce Capacity 3. Embed Biomass in Existing NYS Planting Programs & Incentives 4. Develop Regional Biomass Working Groups
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Brown, T.R. The climate- and environmentally-beneficial valorization of woody biomass in New York State. Key Technologies of the Bioeconomy 2024, Ubatuba, Brazil, October 4, 2024.
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Progress 12/01/22 to 11/30/23
Outputs
Target Audience:The project reached a wide variety of audiences during this reporting period. Outreach to target audiences is summarized per task below: All tasks An update on all of the project's tasks was presented at the U.S.Department of Agriculture 2023 Principal Investigator Meeting: Brown, T.R., T. Volk, R.W. Malmsheimer, D. Kumar, and O. Therasme. "Renewable carbon-negative distillate fuels: Conversion of willow feedstocks into liquid fuels and biochar." U.S. Department of Agriculture 2023 Principal Investigator Meeting, Kansas City, MO, July 14, 2023. TASK 5: Integrated TEA-LCA An update on the status of the development of a stochastic framework for integrating willow feedstock production and conversion (pyrolysis) models was presented at theInternational Symposium for Sustainable Systems and Technology in Fort Collins, CO: Dill, A., T.R. Brown, H. Ha, R.W. Malmsheimer. "Integration of Biomass Feedstock and Conversion Models." ISSST 2023, Ft. Collins, CO, June 13, 2023. TASK 6: Educate STEM students and policy professionals Task 6.1: Identification of social, behavioral, technical, and economic hurdles to deployment and adoption of lignocellulosic distillate fuels in NYS.The project teamteam held interviews with a total of 25 stakeholders (separate from the other Task 6 subtask meetings), including 4 landholders/contractors, 5 extension consultants, 10 R&D stakeholders, 4 renewable diesel distribution groups, and 2 government agencies. While the primary purpose of these interviews was to collect information from the stakeholders, high-level project objectives and results from Task 6.1 were shared with the stakeholders. Task 6.2: Development of strategies to alleviate hurdles identified in Task 6.1 and Task 6.4 Assess hurdles to adoption and develop strategies for overcoming them.The project team used the outputs of Task 6.1 to develop an initial recommendations framework that will be employed to develop strategies to alleviate hurdles (see Figure 4). This recommendations framework was (and continues to be) shared with relevant stakeholders in the clean fuels industry, labor, local/state/federal government, environmental NGOs, and members of mixed stakeholder groups such as the Climate Action Council in a series of 24 individual meetings (separate from the other Task 6 subtask meetings) during the current review period to garner feedback as part of an iterative process. The framework was also presented at threeNortheast clean energy policy conferences and a national agriculture policy conference during the reporting period that resulted in additional feedback being collected from industry and local/state government stakeholders: Brown, T.R. "Seed Industry and Sustainability Demands: Opportunities and Challenges." CSS & Seed Expo 2022, Chicago, IL, December 7, 2022 (keynote). Brown, T.R. "Affordability and Equity." City & State NY Electrification Summit, Albany, NY, May 31, 2023. Brown, T.R. "The Role of Forestry during New York's Energy Transition." New York Society of American Foresters Annual Meeting 2023, Syracuse, NY, January 26, 2023. Brown, T.R. "Low-Carbon Fuels and the New York State CLCPA." NECA Fuels Conference, Boston, MA, September 18, 2023. Task 6.3: Incorporation of strategies identified in Task 6.2 with economic matrices and environmental impact data from Task 5.2. During the current reporting period the project team was asked by New York State's Executive Branch to prepare an analysis identifying specific policy barriers to low-carbon fuels, including lignocellulosic distillate fuels, that exist in NYS, and quantifying the impact that the removal of these barriers would have on environmental and economic statistics in the state. This analysis, which incorporated preliminary data from Task 5.2, was read widely by members of the state's Executive and Legislative branches and ultimately discussed by articles in Politico[1] and The New York Times.[2] The project team engaged in 15 meetings with members of NYS government (separate from the other Task 6subtask meetings) during the current reporting period as part of these activities. Task 6.5: Develop policy recommendations to support the deployment and adoption of lignocellulosic distillate fuels in NYS. During the reporting period the project team engaged in biweekly working group meetings with a consortium of approximately 30 different industry, labor, and environmental NGO stakeholders, and monthly meetings with a larger group of approximately 80 stakeholders from the same sectors, to begin the development of policy recommendations to support the deployment and adoption of lignocellulosic distillate fuels in NYS. Presentations on the Task 6.1-6.3 outputs were given to these groups and then regular discussions to develop policy recommendations occurred at subsequent meetings. An initial list of NYS policy recommendations was developed that is summarized as follows: The utilization of greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting practices for biogenic carbon emissions and sequestration that are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's protocols; The employment of life cycle assessment tools as exemplified by the Argonne GREET model to determine the treatment of low-carbon fuels under the NYS CLCPA and specific policies recommended by the NYS Climate Action Council for the CLCPA's implementation (e.g., a Clean Fuel Standard); The development of a NYS low-carbon procurement standard designed to increase market access to low-carbon fuels and products in the state. #1 was introduced into (but not passed by) the NYS Legislature during the current reporting period[3], while #2 and #3 were intorduced inamended form during the current NYS legislative session.[4],[5] The project team also held an initial set of meetings with members of the NYS Congressional delegation to begin discussing federal policy initiatives that would support the deployment and adoption of lignocellulosic distillate fuels in NYS. Outputs from the current reporting period for Tasks 5 and 6 were shared during these discussions, and additional meetings with the NYS delegation are planned during the next reporting period to present the ongoing work on policy recommendations and collect feedback on the same. [1]https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/02/undermine-new-yorks-climate-law-00090024 [2]https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/05/nyregion/hochul-climate-law.html [3] https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2023/S6030 [4] https://legiscan.com/NY/text/S01292/id/2633996 [5] https://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/default/files/2024-01/2024-SOTS-Book-Online.pdf Changes/Problems:TASK 5: Integrated TEA-LCA SUNY-ESF's two PhD students did not begin on the project until shortly after the reporting period due to visa issues.Both students were expected to matriculate earlier in the project timeline but encountered delays with the processing of their visas that prevented them from entering the U.S. until late in the current reporting period. A postdoctoral research associate was employed on Task 5 on a temporary basis prior to the arrival of the PhD students to assist in the initial development of the integrated models using existing separated feedstock production and conversion models, and this preliminary work during the current reporting has enabled the PhD students to quickly begin incorporating the Task 1-3 processes into the integrated models during the next reporting period in anticipation of optimized output data being made available by those tasks. Thanks to this initial work it is not anticipated that the PhD students will require the full three years envisioned by the proposal narrative to complete their work under Task 5, and a no-cost extension of 12-months has been separately requested by SUNY-ESF's Office of Resarch Programs in conjunction with the submission of this annual report. TASK 6: Educate STEM students and policy professionals PI Brown's email accountwassubjected to a massive Freedom of Information Law (FOIL) request under New York law at the end of the reporting period. This FOIL request was granted on appeal by SUNY counsel in late February 2024. The parameters of the FOIL request cover many of thisproject's Task 6 activities. SUNY-ESF counsel is currently reviewing the 3,000+ covered emails and attachments individually to determine what must be disclosed based on the research contracts that are currently in place. The FOIL request has slowed but not stopped outreach to stakeholders and policymakers, and it is anticipated that work will resume its previous pace in Q3 2024. The project team views the FOIL request as a sign that Task 6 is successfully engaging with its target audience and considered including it under the "Accomplishments" section of this report, but opted not to due to that section's limitation on character count. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?PI Brown and co-PI Malmsheimer have been afforded multiple professional development opportunities in the policy analysis field by the project. Local, state, and federal policymakers in NYS have shown strong interest in the project, as indicated by their willingness to discuss the project's outputs to date and provide feedback on its policy recommendations for overcoming barriers to the production of renewable distillate fuels from willow biomass (and other low-carbon fuels more broadly) in the state. Non-public presentations on the project have been given to the NYS Executive Chamber, the NYS Public Service Commission, the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation, the New York State Energy Research and Development Agency, the Chairs of the NYS Assembly and Senate Energy Committees, the NYS Public Service Commission, and various local government officials. PI Brown in particular learned how to present academic research outputs to non-academic policymaking audiences during this meetings, and this skill will help to ensure the broad dissemination of the project's future results to audiences with the capability to enact the project's policy recommendations for overcoming barriers to renewable distillate fuels in NYS. These opportunities were largely made possible by this project due to the interest that it has prompted. The postdoctoral research associate temporarily employed by SUNY ESF during the reporting period learned how to develop integrated feedstock production and conversion models within Oracle Crystal Ball. The two MercyWorks baccalaureate interns hired by SUNY ESF during the Summer 2023 learned how to incorporate laboratory results into life cycle assessment models. Both interns also gained valuable skills in conducting graduate-level research as well. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?All tasks An update on all of the project's tasks was presented at the U.S.Department of Agriculture 2023 Principal Investigator Meeting: Brown, T.R., T. Volk, R.W. Malmsheimer, D. Kumar, and O. Therasme. "Renewable carbon-negative distillate fuels: Conversion of willow feedstocks into liquid fuels and biochar." U.S. Department of Agriculture 2023 Principal Investigator Meeting, Kansas City, MO, July 14, 2023. TASK 5: Integrated TEA-LCA An update on the status of the development of a stochastic framework for integrating willow feedstock production and conversion (pyrolysis) models was presented at theInternational Symposium for Sustainable Systems and Technology in Fort Collins, CO: Dill, A., T.R. Brown, H. Ha, R.W. Malmsheimer. "Integration of Biomass Feedstock and Conversion Models." ISSST 2023, Ft. Collins, CO, June 13, 2023. TASK 6: Educate STEM students and policy professionals Task 6.1: Identification of social, behavioral, technical, and economic hurdles to deployment and adoption of lignocellulosic distillate fuels in NYS.The project teamteam held interviews with a total of 25 stakeholders (separate from the other Task 6 subtask meetings), including 4 landholders/contractors, 5 extension consultants, 10 R&D stakeholders, 4 renewable diesel distribution groups, and 2 government agencies. While the primary purpose of these interviews was to collect information from the stakeholders, high-level project objectives and results from Task 6.1 were shared with the stakeholders. Task 6.2: Development of strategies to alleviate hurdles identified in Task 6.1 and Task 6.4 Assess hurdles to adoption and develop strategies for overcoming them.The project team used the outputs of Task 6.1 to develop an initial recommendations framework that will be employed to develop strategies to alleviate hurdles (see Figure 4). This recommendations framework was (and continues to be) shared with relevant stakeholders in the clean fuels industry, labor, local/state/federal government, environmental NGOs, and members of mixed stakeholder groups such as the Climate Action Council in a series of 24 individual meetings (separate from the other Task 6 subtask meetings) during the current review period to garner feedback as part of an iterative process. The framework was also presented at threeNortheast clean energy policy conferences and a national agriculture policy conference during the reporting period that resulted in additional feedback being collected from industry and local/state government stakeholders: Brown, T.R. "Seed Industry and Sustainability Demands: Opportunities and Challenges." CSS & Seed Expo 2022, Chicago, IL, December 7, 2022 (keynote). Brown, T.R. "Affordability and Equity." City & State NY Electrification Summit, Albany, NY, May 31, 2023. Brown, T.R. "The Role of Forestry during New York's Energy Transition." New York Society of American Foresters Annual Meeting 2023, Syracuse, NY, January 26, 2023. Brown, T.R. "Low-Carbon Fuels and the New York State CLCPA." NECA Fuels Conference, Boston, MA, September 18, 2023. Task 6.3: Incorporation of strategies identified in Task 6.2 with economic matrices and environmental impact data from Task 5.2. During the current reporting period the project team was asked by New York State's Executive Branch to prepare an analysis identifying specific policy barriers to low-carbon fuels, including lignocellulosic distillate fuels, that exist in NYS, and quantifying the impact that the removal of these barriers would have on environmental and economic statistics in the state. This analysis, which incorporated preliminary data from Task 5.2, was read widely by members of the state's Executive and Legislative branches and ultimately discussed by articles inPolitico[1]andThe New York Times.[2]The project team engaged in 15 meetings with members of NYS government (separate from the other Task 6subtask meetings) during the current reporting period as part of these activities. Task 6.5: Develop policy recommendations to support the deployment and adoption of lignocellulosic distillate fuels in NYS.During the reporting period the project team engaged in biweekly working group meetings with a consortium of approximately 30 different industry, labor, and environmental NGO stakeholders, and monthly meetings with a larger group of approximately 80 stakeholders from the same sectors, to begin the development of policy recommendations to support the deployment and adoption of lignocellulosic distillate fuels in NYS. Presentations on the Task 6.1-6.3 outputs were given to these groups and then regular discussions to develop policy recommendations occurred at subsequent meetings. An initial list of NYS policy recommendations was developed that is summarized as follows: The utilization of greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting practices for biogenic carbon emissions and sequestration that are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's protocols; The employment of life cycle assessment tools as exemplified by the Argonne GREET model to determine the treatment of low-carbon fuels under the NYS CLCPA and specific policies recommended by the NYS Climate Action Council for the CLCPA's implementation (e.g., a Clean Fuel Standard); The development of a NYS low-carbon procurement standard designed to increase market access to low-carbon fuels and products in the state. #1 was introduced into (but not passed by) the NYS Legislature during the current reporting period[3], while #2 and #3 were intorduced inamended form during the current NYS legislative session.[4],[5] The project team also held an initial set of meetings with members of the NYS Congressional delegation to begin discussing federal policy initiatives that would support the deployment and adoption of lignocellulosic distillate fuels in NYS. Outputs from the current reporting period for Tasks 5 and 6 were shared during these discussions, and additional meetings with the NYS delegation are planned during the next reporting period to present the ongoing work on policy recommendations and collect feedback on the same. [1]https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/02/undermine-new-yorks-climate-law-00090024 [2]https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/05/nyregion/hochul-climate-law.html [3]https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2023/S6030 [4]https://legiscan.com/NY/text/S01292/id/2633996 [5]https://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/default/files/2024-01/2024-SOTS-Book-Online.pdf What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?TASK 1: Hot water extraction of shrub willow The Task 1 team will continue to work during the next reporting period with the Task 2 team to optimize the HWE process for the twin purposes of maximizing yields of sugars and phenolic oils. The teams are identifying an optimal pretreatment process and operating conditions for scale-up to processing on ISU's large pilot-scale autothermal pyrolyzer in order to begin work on Task 4 with Chevron Renewable Energy Group. TASKS 2 AND 3: Pyrolysis of HEC and extraction of sugar and phenolic oil from bio-oil heavy ends The current focus of Tasks 2 and 3 is the down-selection of an optimal pretreatment process and operating conditions for scale-up to processing on ISU's large pilot-scale autothermal pyrolyzer. Efforts into the next phase of the project include this down-selection, large pilot-scale autothermal pyrolysis trials, and preliminary hydrotreating of the phenolic oil fraction. TASK 4: Hydroprocessing of phenolic oil The Task 4 team's focus during the next reporting period is on down-selection of an optimal pretreatment process and operating conditions for scale-up processing on ISU's large pilot-scale reactor will occur early in the next reporting period. This will enable large pilot-scale autothermal pyrolysis trials to be undertaken and preliminary hydrotreating of phenolic oil to occur (specifically, Tasks 4.1 and 4.2). Once composition of the raw phenolic oil, mild hydrogenation of the raw phenolic oil, and composition of the stabilized phenolic oil has occurred, and then optimization and larger-scale hydroprocessing will be undertaken in conjunction with the Chevron Renewable Energy Group team. TASK 5: Integrated TEA-LCA During the next reporting period the Task 5 team anticipates completing the integrated stochastic LCA-TEA model of the full supply chain being analyzed by this project. Initial optimization work has already been completed so that, following the incorporation of the final Tasks 1-3 data and initial Task 4 data, any remaining optimization work based on those inputs will be able to be completed during the first half of the next reporting period. In addition to the manuscript presenting the (dis)economies of scale optimization work discussed earlier, an additional manuscript presenting the full integrated stochastic LCA-TEA model is expected to be completed by the Task 5 group during the next reporting period. TASK 6: Educate STEM students and policy professionals During the next reporting period the team will develop recommendations for reducing restraining forces to the commercialization of willow feedstock renewable distillate fuels in NYS. Behavioral science-informed recommendations will be designed to modify adoption-related attitudes and behaviors across multiple layers of the system. These recommendations will ultimately be developed as a function of the drivers and barriers to the adoption and deployment of these fuels that the project has identified to date. During the next reporting period the project team will continue to meet with small stakeholder groups to gather feedback on the recommendations framework in advance of participation in larger public meetings with local government and community groups in Q3 2024. The project team is currently in discussions with local government groups to schedule presentations of the Task 6 results and collection of feedback on the same during local government (e.g., county executive) conferences that are held annually in Q3. During the next reporting period the project team will further refine the analysis reported under "Accomplishments" for Task 6.3 using the data generated by Tasks 5.1 and 5.2. Outreach and engagement with local, state, and federal policymakers is continuing for the purpose of refining the project's policy recommendations and supporting efforts to implement them. The project team is in the process of working with MercyWorks to recruit additional students for Summer 2024 to work with the ESF team's graduate students on developing integrated LCA/TEA models.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Accomplishments under these goals during the reporting period are summarized according to Task. TASK 1: Hot water extraction of shrub willow Five feedstock pretreatment cases were developed and implemented (see Table 1). Table 1: Feedstock with pretreatment cases and status of small pilot-scale autothermal pyrolysis trials. Feedstock HEC Co-Treatment Post-Extraction Treatment Status As-received Willow N/A None Complete As-received Willow N/A 3.5 wt.% FeSO4 Complete HEC Willow None None Complete HEC Willow 1 wt.% FeSO4 None Complete HEC Willow None 3.5 wt.% FeSO4 Complete TASKS 2 AND 3: Pyrolysis of HEC and extraction of sugar and phenolic oil from bio-oil heavy ends Pyrolysis trials of hemicellulose-extracted wood chips continued at ISU by the Task 2 team during the reporting period. Initial trials of five feedstock scenarios have been completed on the small pilot-scale autothermal pyrolysis reactor, shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Schematic of ISU's small pilot-scale fluidized bed used in autothermal pyrolysis trials. Four pretreatment levels of the original willow were identified for small pilot-scale processing. As-received willow without hot water extraction was tested as a control point for pyrolysis trials. To optimize for total sugar production, a combination of hot water extraction and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) pretreatments was investigated. The yields of autothermal pyrolysis trials for the five feedstocks conducted in duplicate are shown in Table 2. Note: All yields are normalized back to the mass of original willow with mass closure data from the hot water extraction process. Table 2: Yield of Autothermal Pyrolysis trials on Small Pilot-Scale System. Yield (wt.% of Original Willow) Feedstock Heavy Ends Light Ends Char NC Gas Original Willow 20.3 + 1.6 39.0 + 2.1 15.2 + 0.9 23.1 + 2.5 Ferrous Treatment 20.0 + 1.5 34.2 + 1.3 20.1 + 0.8 25.4 + 0.1 HEC 26.0 + 2.0 24.5 + 0.3 10.9 + 1.0 14.4 + 0.2 Co-Treatment 22.8 + 0.2 23.7 + 1.0 11.1 + 1.1 18.3 + 1.3 2-Stage Treatment 21.4 + 3.0 22.2 + 2.6 16.2 + 0.3 17.3 + 2.3 The increase in heavy end production from the hot water extraction feedstocks is promising as this fraction contains the sugars and phenolics used in upgrading to renewable fuels. Figure 2 shows the preliminary results of these pyrolytic sugars normalized to the original willow (as-received) basis. Figure 2: Pyrolytic sugar concentrations of feedstocks normalized to an original willow basis. TASK 5: Integrated TEA-LCA The Task 5 team completed the further integration of the willow feedstock production model with the willow HWE system LCA and TEA models in a manner that will permit the rapid addition of the autothermal pyrolysis LCA and TEA models early in the next reporting year (more below), resulting in a fully integrated LCA-TEA model simulating the full supply chain from willow production through final distillate fuel production. Finally, the Task 5 team also engaged in initial optimization work on the integrated feedstock and conversion models to account for the difference between the diseconomics of scale that characterize willow feedstock production and the economies of scale that characterize HWE and autothermal pyrolysis. TASK 6: Educate STEM students and policy professionals Task 6.1: Identification of social, behavioral, technical, and economic hurdles to deployment and adoption of lignocellulosic distillate fuels in NYS. The project team continued its efforts to engage with stakeholders from across the supply chain to identify hurdles to deployment and adoption during the reporting period. The team held interviews with a total of 25 stakeholders (see Figure 3) and identified nine"key restraining forces to change" (see Table 3). Figure 3. Summary of stakeholder engagement during reporting period. Table 3. Drivers and barriers to willow feedstock renewable distillate fuels in NYS. Task 6.2: Development of strategies to alleviate hurdles identified in Task 6.1 and Task 6.4 Assess hurdles to adoption and develop strategies for overcoming them. The project team used the outputs of Task 6.1 to develop an initial recommendations framework that will be employed to develop strategies to alleviate hurdles (see Figure 4). This recommendations framework was (and continues to be) shared with relevant stakeholders in the clean fuels industry, labor, local/state/federal government, environmental NGOs, and members of mixed stakeholder groups such as the Climate Action Council in a series of 24 individual meetings during the review period to garner feedback as part of an iterative process. Figure 4. Initial recommendations framework for strategy development. Task 6.3: Incorporation of strategies identified in Task 6.2 with economic matrices and environmental impact data from Task 5.2. During the reporting period the project team was asked by New York State's Executive Branch to prepare an analysis identifying specific policy barriers to low-carbon fuels, including lignocellulosic distillate fuels. This analysis, which incorporated preliminary data from Task 5.2, was read widely by members of the state's Executive and Legislative branches and ultimately discussed by articles in Politico[1] and The New York Times.[2] The project team engaged in 15 meetings with members of NYS government during the reporting period as part of these activities. Task 6.5: Develop policy recommendations to support the deployment and adoption of lignocellulosic distillate fuels in NYS. During the reporting period the project team engaged in biweekly working group meetings with a consortium of approximately 30 different industry, labor, and environmental NGO stakeholders, and monthly meetings with a larger group of approximately 80 stakeholders from the same sectors, to develop the following policy recommendations to support the deployment and adoption of lignocellulosic distillate fuels in NYS: The utilization of greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting practices for biogenic carbon emissions and sequestration that are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's protocols; The employment of life cycle assessment tools as exemplified by the Argonne GREET model to determine the treatment of low-carbon fuels under the NYS CLCPA and specific policies recommended by the NYS Climate Action Council for the CLCPA's implementation (e.g., a Clean Fuel Standard); The development of a NYS low-carbon procurement standard designed to increase market access to low-carbon fuels and products in the state. #1 was introduced into(but not adopted by) the NYS Legislature during the reporting period[3], while #2 and #3 have been introduced as billsduring the current NYS legislative session.[4],[5] The project team also held an initial set of meetings with members of the NYS Congressional delegation to begin discussing federal policy initiatives that would support the deployment and adoption of lignocellulosic distillate fuels in NYS. Outputs from the reporting period for Tasks 5 and 6 were shared during these discussions. Task 6.6: Educate STEM baccalaureate students on LCA/TEA modeling. The project team continued to work with MercyWorks during the reporting period to engage STEM baccalaureate students from underrepresented communities on Task 5. Two baccalaureate students from MercyWorks worked with the project team during Summer 2023. [1] https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/02/undermine-new-yorks-climate-law-00090024 [2] https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/05/nyregion/hochul-climate-law.html [3] https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2023/S6030 [4] https://legiscan.com/NY/text/S01292/id/2633996 [5] https://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/default/files/2024-01/2024-SOTS-Book-Online.pdf
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Brown, T.R. Low-Carbon Fuels and the New York State CLCPA. NECA Fuels Conference, Boston, MA, September 18, 2023.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Brown, T.R. Affordability and Equity. City & State NY Electrification Summit, Albany, NY, May 31, 2023.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Brown, T.R. The Role of Forestry during New Yorks Energy Transition. New York Society of American Foresters Annual Meeting 2023, Syracuse, NY, January 26, 2023.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Brown, T.R. Seed Industry and Sustainability Demands: Opportunities and Challenges. CSS & Seed Expo 2022, Chicago, IL, December 7, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Brown, T.R., T. Volk, R.W. Malmsheimer, D. Kumar, and O. Therasme. Renewable carbon-negative distillate fuels: Conversion of willow feedstocks into liquid fuels and biochar. U.S. Department of Agriculture 2023 Principal Investigator Meeting, Kansas City, MO, July 14, 2023.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Dill, A., T.R. Brown, H. Ha, R.W. Malmsheimer. Integration of Biomass Feedstock and Conversion Models. ISSST 2023, Ft. Collins, CO, June 13, 2023.
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Progress 12/01/21 to 11/30/22
Outputs
Target Audience:During the project's first year, Dr. Therasme received one female racial minorityundergraduate student through the 10-week Synergy internship program. Each week the student spent four days working on a technical and science-based component of their assignment at the SUNY ESF campus and one day on professional and personal development under the guidance of the Mercy Works team. For the technical part, the student gained technical knowledge about life cycle assessment, willow biomass system, and analytical tools using Python and Excel Spreadsheet. The student worked on the life cycle assessment modeling of the willow biomass production system. She used an existing LCA model that was previously developed in Python and converted it into an excel based LCA model for ease of use by others with limited computing ability. The Excel-based LCA model calculates the life cycle GHG emissions of the production of 1 metric tonne of willow biomass delivered to an end user for conversion into fuel, energy, or bioproducts. Dr. Therasme was invited to give a workplace partner interview about the partnership between SUNY ESF and the Synergy internship program to train the next generation of women and minority groups in STEM. Dr. Brown presented early results from this project at three workshops to audiences comprised of community leaders, business/industryleaders, and state and national policymakers. The details of these engagement effortsfollow. Brown, T.R. "An Update on the Climate-Focused Bioeconomy in New York State." All-Island Bioeconomy Summit, Tullamore, Ireland. October 12, 2022. Brown, T.R. "The Climate-Focused Bioeconomy in New York State." NewLab Bioeconomy Initiative Workshop, Brooklyn, NY. June 29, 2022. Brown, T.R. "The Climate-Focused Bioeconomy in New York State." 2022 Climate-Focused Bioeconomy Workshop, Syracuse, NY. May 12, 2022. Changes/Problems:One Ph.D. student wasrecruited by the SUNY-ESF team for a Fall 2022 start to work under Task 5.1. The student learned in August 2022 that his home country would not support his student visa and was unable to attend as a result. Recruitment is underway for a Fall 2023 start. The team has moved some of the Task 5.1 work that was to occur during the reporting period to the subsequent reporting period. This will not impact the project since the Task 5.1 work is not scheduled to be completed until Year 3 of the project, and the missing Year 1 work will be completed during Year 2 (when no work under the task was scheduled to be done) instead. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?During the project's first year, Dr. Therasme received one female racial minorityundergraduate student through the 10-week Synergy internship program. Each week the student spent four days working on a technical and science-based component of their assignment at the SUNY ESF campus and one day on professional and personal development under the guidance of the Mercy Works team. For the technical part, the student gained technical knowledge about life cycle assessment, willow biomass system, and analytical tools using Python and Excel Spreadsheet. The student worked on the life cycle assessment modeling of the willow biomass production system. She used an existing LCA model that was previously developed in Python and converted it into an excel based LCA model for ease of use by others with limited computing ability. The Excel-based LCA model calculates the life cycle GHG emissions of the production of 1 metric tonne of willow biomass delivered to an end user for conversion into fuel, energy, or bioproducts. Dr. Therasme was invited to give a workplace partner interview about the partnership between SUNY ESF and the Synergy internship program to train the next generation of women and minority groups in STEM. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Dr. Brown presented early results from this project at three workshops to audiences comprised of community leaders, business/industryleaders, and state and national policymakers. The details of these engagement effortsfollow. Brown, T.R. "An Update on the Climate-Focused Bioeconomy in New York State." All-Island Bioeconomy Summit, Tullamore, Ireland. October 12, 2022. Brown, T.R. "The Climate-Focused Bioeconomy in New York State." NewLab Bioeconomy Initiative Workshop, Brooklyn, NY. June 29, 2022. Brown, T.R. "The Climate-Focused Bioeconomy in New York State." 2022 Climate-Focused Bioeconomy Workshop, Syracuse, NY. May 12, 2022. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Task 1 and Task 2 Work in Progress: HWE experiments without addition of ferrous sulfate are in progress. The effectiveness of ferrous pretreatment during extraction and the optimal pretreatment strategy will be determined following completion of all autothermal pyrolysis trials and analysis of products. Quantification of sugar content in the heavy end bio-oil is being conducted via hydrolysis and high-performance liquid chromatography for trial. Elemental composition is also being determined for each bio-oil and char. The sugar yield from each autothermal pyrolysis trial will be normalized to a harvested willow basis and totaled with sugars recovered during hot water extraction. The optimal yield will provide insight to consideration of pretreatment process and operating conditions for scale-up to processing on ISU's large pilot-scale pyrolyzer. This will be completed in Year 2 of the project. Autothermal trials of each feedstock are ongoing and being conducted in duplicate. Trials of HEC willow with 1 wt.% ferrous sulfate pretreatment during hot water extraction have been completed. Approximately 30 wt.% of the feedstock was converted into both heavy ends and light ends bio-oil. The char yield was around 14 wt.% and non-condensable gases around 23 wt.%. While hot water extraction for untreated HEC willow is in-process for the same harvest of willow, these results are comparable to autothermal pyrolysis yields of HEC willow from a previous harvest. Task 5 Graduate students are actively being recruited for a Fall 2023 start to contribute to the development of integrated TEA-LCA models using the results from Tasks 1 and 2 during the current reporting period. Task 6 Recommendations to alleviate barriers to willow feedstock renewable diesel commercialization are being developed by Evidn using outputs from the Behavioral Systems Analysis in Task 6.1. The barriers previously identified in Task 6.1 form the foundation of the recommendations framework - all recommendations are focused around overcoming hurdles to commercialization in the supply chain. This deliverable ensures end-user insights are built into the overall approach of the project team. Recommendations will continue to be revised in consultation with the team and as other deliverables are completed to ensure integration and coordination of outputs. C)Data Analysis -Synthesis of quantitative and qualitative data to derive drivers and barriers to change in the supply chain. Evidn is applyingLewin's (1940) Force Field analysis to derive drivers and barriers to the adoption and commercialization of willow feedstock renewable diesel in NYS. Data inputted into the analysis framework includesevidence review findings and stakeholder engagement insights. In total, five drivers and ten barriers have emerged as key considerations for the design of project strategies. Lewin's Force Field analysis highlights the importance of reducing the impact of barriers to bring about desired change in systems. MercyWorks interns are being actively recruited for Summer 2023 to learn LCA/TEA modeling.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Task 1. Hot water extraction of shrub willow for production of hemicellulosic sugars and alkali and alkaline earth removal or passivation. Willow biomass crops located at ESF's research station in Tully, NY were harvested, chipped and delivered to the Chemical Engineering department in campus in Syracuse. Factors like bark to wood ratio vary as willow ages and among cultivars so the stems harvested for this project were three years old, which is typical for this system, and came from a single cultivar. Hot water extraction (HWE) was performed with ferrous sulfate (1% biomass weight) addition at 160 °C for 2 h, at 4:1 liquid to solid ratio (W/B) ratio using M/K (4 L, M/K Systems Inc., Peabody, MA, USA). In each run, about 400 g (dry weight) chips were used. After the 2 h of ferrous sulfate treatment, the liquid hydrolysate was drained out. The cooked chips were washed twice with DI water. In each washing, 1600 mL water was added to the digester and cooked at 80°C for 15 min, which fully removes dissolved substances from the chips. The washed chips were dried at 50 ? to reduce the moisture below 10%. The mass balance was performed to determine the material loss during the HWE. From the average of 8 runs, the material loss was observed 22.85±0.44%. Several HWE runs were performed to obtain about 5 kg of treated chips (dry). About 5 kg each of raw chips and pretreated chips were shipped to Iowa State University for the autothermal pyrolysis experiments. TASK 2: Pyrolysis of HEC Pyrolysis trials of hemicellulose-extracted wood chips are ongoing and being conducted at Iowa State University. Approximately 10 kg of each desired feedstock is sent to Iowa State for investigation on a small pilot-scale system. These initial investigations are being used to determine optimal operating conditions and feedstock pretreatment levels desired for future scale-up investigations on ISU's large pilot-scale system. Four pretreatment levels of the willow have been identified for small pilot-scale processing. These feedstock treatments are shown in Table 1. As-received willow without hot water extraction is being tested as a control point in pyrolysis trials. To optimize for total sugar production, a combination of hot water extraction and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) pretreatments are being investigated. This includes HWE only, ferrous sulfate addition during the hot water extraction process, and ferrous sulfate pretreatment of the HEC willow after the extraction process. Table 1: Feedstock with pretreatment cases and current status of small-pilot autothermal pyrolysis trials. Feedstock HEC Co-Treatment Post-Extraction Treatment Status As-received Willow N/A None In progress As-received Willow N/A <3 wt% FeSO4 In progress HEC Willow None None In progress HEC Willow None <3 wt% FeSO4 In progress HEC Willow 1 wt% FeSO4 None Complete Samples of untreated willow and HEC willow with 1 wt.% FeSO4 pretreatment during hot water extraction have been received and knife milled down to 1/16" minus for pyrolysis trials. The concentrations of several alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEM) have been determined for the HEC willow with pretreatment during extraction using inductively coupled plasma analysis. These results are shown in Table 2. The presence of iron at 0.1 wt.% in the HEC willow biomass after digestion suggests ferrous pretreatment during extraction was at least partially effective. The ability to pretreat during hot water extraction would effectively remove the need for a separate unit operation to pretreat HEC willow with ferrous sulfate prior to pyrolysis. Determination of AAEM concentrations for all feedstocks is ongoing. The desired pretreatment level and strategy will be made following the completion of pyrolysis trials with each pretreatment method. Table 2: Alkali and alkaline earth metal concentration of autothermal pyrolysis feedstock. AAEM Concentration (ppm) Calcium Iron Magnesium Sodium Potassium HEC Willow with 1.0 wt.% FeSO4 during HWE extraction 8370.1 + 1.6 1354.2 + 0.4 123.3 + 3.0 309.3 + 59.1 452.6 + 4.8 Each feedstock is pyrolyzed following its comminution and characterization. A 1.5-inch fluidized bed reactor is used for these small pilot-scale autothermal pyrolysis trials. A schematic of the system is as follows. Feedstock is metered into an injection auger for delivery to the reactor. The reactor is heated to 500°C and fluidized with a mixture of nitrogen and air at a calculated equivalence ratio between 6-8 percent. The exothermic reactions from the introduction of air with biomass provide enough energy for pyrolysis and negate the need for external heat load. This operation is defined as autothermal pyrolysis. The pyrolysis products exit the reactor through a series of cyclones to capture the char. The vapors continue to a series of heat exchangers and electrostatic precipitators (ESP) for condensation and collection. The first condenser and ESP is operated at higher temperature (~120°C) for collection of a viscous bio-oil denoted as heavy ends. This fraction contains the phenolic oligomers and sugars of interest in this work. The remaining vapors are then quenched using a cold condenser and ESP and denoted as light ends. This fraction is non-viscous and is high in moisture (~50 wt.%). The non-condensable gases are passed through a wet test meter and microGC for determination of volumetric flow and composition, respectively. All product yields are determined gravimetrically with mass closures greater than 90%. Task 6.1: Identification of commercialization hurdles ?A) Evidence Review - Review of existing attitudinal and behavioral research relevant to understanding biomass renewable diesel adoption. The Evidn team conducted a desktop-based literature review to identify pieces of research which shed light on willow feedstock adoption and market commercialization of renewable diesel. Publications were collated across multiple disciplines and sources and analyzed in combination with behavioral science theories and frameworks to extract key psycho-social factors that influence on-farm practice adoption. Several literature review findings were compiled with accompanying case studies, research round-ups, and implications for the development and rollout of project strategies. A comprehensive audit of research and incentive-based programs and initiatives operating across NYS and beyond was also conducted to understand the choice architecture of researchers landowners and industry leaders. B) Engagement and Consultation - Engagement with external stakeholders to understand the renewable diesel supply chain. There are many different agents in the bioeconomy, all of which hold unique perspectives on creating a market for renewable diesel, risk factors, and willingness to grow willow and supply renewable diesel. Evidn engaged 25 representatives from 20 organizations & groups - ranging from landholders to regional and national representatives. Stakeholders were identified through a mixture of (1) recommendations from SUNY-ESF, (2) Evidn desktop research, and (3) ad-hoc referrals by community members. The primary modes of engagement included individual interviews and group-based interviews via virtual conference calls (e.g., Zoom), or in-person settings. All interviews followed a semi-structured format to ensure consistency across stakeholder groups while allowing for flexibility to discuss specific topics or themes of interest. Evidn completed one field trip in collaboration with SUNY-ESF project team in Upstate New York to observe willow plantations and harvesting machinery.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Brown, T.R., T. Volk, R. Malmsheimer, D. Kumar, O. Therasme, R.C. Brown, R. Smith, T. Daugaard, and M. Haverly. "Carbon-negative renewable distillate fuel in New York State." tcbiomass2021, Denver, CO. April 21, 2022.
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