Progress 02/01/24 to 01/31/25
Outputs
Target Audience:We published threeresearch manuscripts related to our work in this cycle and two others were in advanced stages of review. Twooral presentations were delivered during the2024 Cereals and Grains Association - Chemistry, Quality, and Technology Conference being held in Schaumburg IL. One oral presentation was delivered during theW5002: Nutrient Bioavailability-Phytonutrients and Beyond, Multistate Meeting, Davis CA. Following are the details of benefits of our research accomplishments for the targeted audience: 1. Academia/Food Scientists/Engineers/Food Industry Professionals Three manuscripts associated with our research work from the last cycle were published in highly reputed journals (Q1), whereas two others were in advances stages of review. This allowed us to disseminate our research findings among the targeted audience. Two oral presentations covering associated research findingswere delivered during the 2024 Cereals and Grains Association - Chemistry, Quality, and Technology Conference with a large participation of experts from the academia and industry. One oral presentation was delievered during theW5002: Nutrient Bioavailability-Phytonutrients and Beyond, Multistate Meeting, Davis, CA held onMay 29-30, 2024. 2. Corn farmers and government agencies We shared our research work associated with colored corn breeding with the farmers and general audience during the MU College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources Show Case program being organized at the MU South Farm on 09/28/2024. Besides, interested farmers and outside visitors were engaged during the Maize Field Tour being organized by the collaborator Dr. Sherry Flint-Garcia (USDA-ARS) on 10/11/2024 in MU genetics farm. Changes/Problems:? We have already published six (6) research manuscripts associated with this work and two (2) others are in advanced stages of review. During the one year no-cost extension period, we are hopeful of submitting/publishingat least two additional manuscripts. Unfortunately, we will not be able to do any work associated with the Specific Aim 2 due to the reasons mentioned in earlier section and elaborated below: At the beginning of this project, we thought that after a few years of breeding and adaptation cycle, we will be able to harvest a few Missouri adapted cored corn varieties in sufficient amounts to perform the milling optimization work. However, we were too optimistic and currently it is not possible to harvest greater quantities of experimental colored corn varieties at the University of Missouri Genetics Farm as most of them are grown on small plots. Therefore, we are using 100 g corn milling protocol for processing the smaller samples sizes and providing the milling and polyphenolic content data to Dr. Sherry Flint-Garcia who is using that information to focus on the best varieties for the next breeding iteration. Due to the abovementioned limitation, we have decided to drop this objective from the current project. Therefore, we hope that the evaluators will understand our predicament with respect to this specific objective and allow us to focus on the remaining two objectives during the remaining duration of this project. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?During this reporting cycle, one PhD student majoring in Bioengineering is mainly associated with this project and continuing the work. Besides, one another PhD student majoring in Food Science and Human Nutrition is involved in this project but is entirely paid by an internal University of Missouri award. The Bioengineering PhD student will be defending his PhD thesis in May 2025. Both these students are well versed in lab scale corn dry milling protocols, have used multi-well plate reader for spectrophotometric quantification of bioactive compounds/antioxidant assays and can independently operate HPLC equipment. Besides, they received trainings on the microwave- and ultrasound extractors for the recovery of bioactive compounds. These students also operate lab-scale freeze- and spray-dryers. They are trained in handling SEM for microstructure analysis, NIR spectrophotometer, Rheometer, Digital Scanning Calorimeter, and Zetasizer. Lastly, both these students received training in handling a UHPLC-MS system and can conduct metabolomic analyses. One undergraduate student supported by this project as hourly worker is assisting Dr. Sherry Flint-Garcia's corn breeding efforts by growing and harvesting the newer colored corn varieties. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?During the last reporting cycle, our research work dealing with the utilization of colored corn varieties for the economical production of natural alternates of the synthetic FD&C Red 3 and FD&C Red 40 food dyes received significant media interest and was highlighted by the University of Missouri. The following are some of the associated news articles and media coverage of research work supported by this project: News coverage of research work KCUR/National Public Radio News report: 12/01/2024 https://www.kcur.org/news/2024-12-01/university-of-missouri-researchers-are-working-to-plant-purple-corn-on-home-soil National Public Radio/KRPS News report: 11/27/2024 https://www.krps.org/missouri-news/2024-11-27/mu-researchers-working-to-plant-purple-corn-on-home-soil EurekaAlert/American Association for the Advancement of Science News report: 12/04/2024 https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1067096 Ozark Radio News News report: 11/20/2024 https://www.ozarkradionews.com/missouri-news/mizzou-researchers-discover-surprising-health-benefits-of-purple-corn Morning AgClips News report: 11/20/2024 https://www.morningagclips.com/colorful-corn/ West Plains Daily Quill News report: 12/10/2024 https://www.westplainsdailyquill.net/stories/turning-corn-colorful-mizzou-researchers-find-surprising-benefits-to-purple-corn,176828 Herald-Whig News report: 01/11/2025 https://www.whig.com/business/agriculture/farm-and-field/researchers-discover-surprising-health-benefits-of-purple-corn/article_7b3b54aa-ce76-11ef-bc7e-d7d162bc128d.html Missouri Ag connection News report: 11/21/2024 https://missouriagconnection.com/news/missouri-researchers-explore-the-benefits-of-colored-corn SuchScience News report: 12/06/2024 https://suchscience.net/unlocking-health-benefits-and-innovations-of-maiz-morado-corn/ Morning AgClips News report: 12/27/2020 https://www.morningagclips.com/working-to-benefit-society/ University of Missouri Research/Community Impact News report: 11/20/2024 https://showme.missouri.edu/2024/turning-corn-colorful/ Media coverage of research work? Trent on the Loos/BEK TV TV interview: 11/25/2024 https://www.bektv.plus/videos/trentontheloos/2024-11-25 Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Video interview: 04/15/2024 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWoFA14Ebgk What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We have obtained a one year no-cost extension for this project to utilize the remaining funds associated with this grant. The remining amount will be utilized in supporting a PhD student who is planning to graduate in May 2025. In the meantime, we will continue to support Dr. Sherry Flint-Garcia's colored corn breeding and adaptation efforts by evaluating newly adapted colored corn varieties for their polyphenolic content and milling characteristics. This information will be vital as she narrows down on colored corn varieties better adapted to the Midwestern climatic conditions. In addition, we will work on developing novel applications of phytochemicals economically extracted from colored corn varieties. Lastly, we will utilize the data generated from this project to write newer grant proposals so as to continue our research efforts.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Specific Goal 1: Evaluation of dry milling characteristics of new conventionally bred colored corn varieties developed atUniversity of Missouri and quantification of corn and coproduct polyphenolic content With respect to the abovementioned special goal, we published one research manuscript evaluating the conventionally bred and Missouri grown colored corn varieties from the year 2020and 2021. Besides, we submitted another manuscript wherein we evaluated eighteen colored corn varieties from the crop year 2022. This manuscript was under an advanced stageof review at the end of this reporting period.Both these research works demonstrated that colored corn varieties containing higher concentrations of polyphenolic compounds can be successfully grown in the Midwestern US. Kumar, R., Agliata, J., Wan, C., Flint-Garcia, S., Salazar-Vidal, M. N., Cheng, J., & Somavat, P.* (2024). Evaluation of dry milling characteristics and polyphenolic contents of fourteen conventionally bred colored corn varieties for value-added coproducts recovery.Industrial Crops and Products215:118600. Summary: The Midwest grown experimental colored corn varieties from the crop year 2020 and 2021 had a lower mean starch content (65.28%, db) than conventional yellow dent corn (75.19%, db). Four of the experimental varieties, namely, HM20, HM21, PBP, and AP were identified to be rich sources of polyphenolic compounds. Significant antioxidant activities were observed in pericarp extracts of five selected varieties in four different antioxidant assays. Histological analysis confirmed the concentration of pigments in corn pericarp and the variety with the highest polyphenolic content was observed to have the thickest pericarp. Conventionally adapted and Midwestern-grown colored corn varieties with higher amounts of value-added bioactive compounds in pericarp can be potentially valorized for diverse agro-industrial applications and can supplement the lower economic value of yellow dent corn. Specific Goal 2: Optimization of dry milling parameters for enhancing the recovery of polyphenolic compounds from the developed colored corn varieties At the beginning of this project, we thought that after a few years of breeding and adaptation cycle, we will be able to harvest a few Missouri adapted cored corn varieties in sufficient amounts to perform the milling optimization work. However, we were too optimistic and currently it is not possible to harvest greater quantities of experimental colored corn varieties at the University of Missouri Genetics Farm as most of them are grown on small plots. Therefore, we are using 100 g corn milling protocol for processing the smaller samples sizes and providing the milling and polyphenolic content data to Dr. Sherry Flint-Garcia who is using that information to focus on the best varieties for the next breeding iteration. Due to the abovementioned limitation, we have decided to drop this objective from the current project. However, we would like to point that we have already published three research manuscripts from this project in 2023 and three others during the last reporting cycle 2024 and two others were under advanced stages of review at the end of the current reporting cycle. (Total manuscripts published so far: 6, manuscripts under review: 2, Total: 8 manuscripts) Therefore, we hope that the evaluators will understand our predicament with respect to this specific objective and allow us to focus on the remaining two objectives during the remaining duration of this project. Specific Goal 3: Study of microwave- and ultrasonic-assisted extraction techniques in conjunction with different environmentally-friendly Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) with an aim ofimproving the extractionof anthocyanins and other polyphenolic compounds from corn processing coproducts During the current reporting cycle, we published one research manuscript associated with this specific goal and a second manuscript was at an advanced stage of review at the end of the reporting period. This manuscript evaluated the use of environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of phytochemicals from purple corn pericarp in conjunction with ultrasound assisted extraction technique. Kumar, R., Flint-Garcia, S., Vidal, M.N.S., Channaiah, L., Vardhanabhuti, B., Sommer, S. Wan, C., & Somavat, P.* (2024). Optimization of polyphenol extraction from purple corn pericarp using glycerol/lactic acid-based deep eutectic solvent in combination with ultrasound-assisted extraction.Antioxidants14(1):9. Summary: Ultrasound assisted-extraction technique in combination with DES was optimized for the first time for extracting polyphenols from purple corn pericarp. From initial screening using PBD, the significant parameters found were water bath temperature, ultrasonic time, ultrasonic amplitude and water content in DES. These factors were then optimized with response surface methodology using BBD. The optimized conditions were time (10 min), temperature (60 ?), water (42.73%) and amplitude (40%). Under these conditions extracted TAC were 36.31 ± 1.54 g C3G/kg of pericarp, 103.16 ± 6.17 g GAE/kg of pericarp and 237.54 ± 9.98 g EE/kg of pericarp were extracted from purple corn pericarp. Finally, we can say that when UAE combined with DES can extract same amount of polyphenols in way less time as compared to previously optimized studies. This is an economical alternative to other extraction methods where we can save both time and energy. In addition to the research work associated with specifiedgoals, we went one step ahead and published a research manuscript dealing with the preparation of shelf-stable natural food colorant powdersfrom purple corn pericarp anthocyanins utilizing spray drying technique. This work demonstrated that practical natural food colorants can be successfully prepared from coloredcorn varieties. Ali, A., Wan, C., Lin, M., Flint-Garcia, S., Vardhanabhuti, B., & Somavat, P.* (2024). Microencapsulation of highly concentrated polyphenolic compounds from purple corn pericarp by spray-drying with different encapsulating materials.International Journal of Biological Molecules272:132938. Summary: The microencapsulates with 1% carrier material demonstrated higher levels of polyphenol retention, greater antioxidant activities, desirable color parameters, and superior physicochemical and thermal characteristics compared to the samples with 2% and 3% carrier concentrations, respectively. The observed water activity levels of samples with 1% coating material were found to be lower compared to the uncoated control, indicating that the carriers endowed the samples with greater resistance against microbial contamination, thus displaying enhanced stability. The observed alterations in the morphology of encapsulated samples, as determined by the optical profilometry and FTIR analyses, confirmed the successful encapsulation process. The thermal stability of samples GA (1%) at 99.92 °C and MD (1%) at 97.60 °C indicated their superior performance against thermal degradation compared to MC (1%) at 95.82 °C and SMP (1%) at 95.73 °C. Based on their superior physicochemical properties, greater thermal stabilities, and efficient retention of polyphenolic compounds, biopolymer-based encapsulation material MD (1%) and GA (1%) were found to be optimum for extract preparation. Purple corn pericarp can be an economically viable substrate for industrial-scale production of active food ingredients and natural red food colorants. To sum up, three research manuscripts were published during the last reporting cycle and two others were in advanced stages of review. Besides, three oral presentations were delivered at international and national conferences. Therefore, we deem our accomplishments in this reporting cycle to be satisfactory.
Publications
- Type:
Peer Reviewed Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Kumar, R., Agliata, J., Wan, C., Flint-Garcia, S., Salazar-Vidal, M. N., Cheng, J., & Somavat, P.* (2024). Evaluation of dry milling characteristics and polyphenolic contents of fourteen conventionally bred colored corn varieties for value-added coproducts recovery. Industrial Crops and Products 215:118600.
- Type:
Peer Reviewed Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Ali, A., Wan, C., Lin, M., Flint-Garcia, S., Vardhanabhuti, B., & Somavat, P.* (2024). Microencapsulation of highly concentrated polyphenolic compounds from purple corn pericarp by spray-drying with different encapsulating materials. International Journal of Biological Molecules 272:132938.
- Type:
Peer Reviewed Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Kumar, R., Flint-Garcia, S., Vidal, M.N.S., Channaiah, L., Vardhanabhuti, B., Sommer, S. Wan, C., & Somavat, P.* (2024). Optimization of polyphenol extraction from purple corn pericarp using glycerol/lactic acid-based deep eutectic solvent in combination with ultrasound-assisted extraction. Antioxidants 14(1):9.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Ali, A., Wan, C., Lin, M., Flint-Garcia, S., Somavat, P.* (2024). Phytochemical profiling of eighteen colored corn varieties from the 2021-22 season of the Missouri colored corn adaptation program. Cereals and Grains Chemistry, Quality, and Technology Conference 2024, Schaumburg, IL, October 16-27, 2024. Oral.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Kumar, R., Flint-Garcia, S., Channaiah, L., Sommer, S., Wan, C., Somavat, P.* (2024). Optimization of phytochemical recovery from purple corn pericarp with deep eutectic solvent in combination with ultrasound assisted extraction. Cereals and Grains Chemistry, Quality, and Technology Conference 2024, Schaumburg, IL, October 16-27, 2024. Oral.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Somavat, P. (2024). Novel applications of colored corn phytochemicals: an update. W5002: Nutrient Bioavailability-Phytonutrients and Beyond, Multistate Meeting, Davis, CA, May 29-30, 2024. Oral.
|
Progress 02/01/23 to 01/31/24
Outputs
Target Audience:Although this is a relatively small,research-based seed grant award, we have shared our research results during the past yearwith the scientific community (in form of three published research manuscripts), with the corn processing/food industry (through the presentation of three research abstracts/posters during a scientific conference), and the farmers (during afarm visitorganized at the University of Missouri Genetics and Plant Breeding Farm). Changes/Problems:We may not be able to complete the specific Goal No. 2 as the amounts/sample sizes of the newly grown colored corn varieties are not suffcient enough forlarge scale milling studies. However, we have already published three research manuscripts from this project and three others have been completed and will be hopefully publishedduring this year. We will aim for at least three more manuscripts by the time this project comes to an end in January2025. We sincerely believe that a total of 9 research mansucripts from this seed grant proposal will tantamount to a satisfactory outcome for the support we have kindly received. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One PhD student supported on this project and majoring in Food Science and Human Nutrition graduated in Summer 2023 and found employment in food industry. A new PhD student majoring in Bioengineering has taken over this project and continuing the work. A second MS student, who was involved in thisproject but was paid by the internalUniversity of Missouri funds also successfully defended his MS thesis in Summer 2023. This student is continuing his PhD work at MU. All these students are well versed in1 kg and 100 gram lab scale dry milling protocols, have usedmulti-well plate reader for spectrophotometric quantification of bioactive compounds/antioxidant assays and can independently operateHPLC equipment. Besides, they received trainings on themicrowave- and ultrasound extractors for therecovery of bioactive compounds. These students can alsohandleSEM for microstructure analysis, NIR spectrophotometer, Rheometer, Digital Scanning Calorimeter, and Zetasizer. One undergraduate student supported by this project as a hourly workeris assisting Dr. Sherry Flint-Garcia's corn breeding efforts bygrowing and harvesting the newer colored corn varities. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of this project were shared with the visitorsduring theCollege of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources Showcase being held for the general public at the University of MissouriSouth Farm on Saturday, 09.30.2023. We also participated inthe 2023 Maize Genetics Field Day held on Thursday, September 14 at 9 am organized bythe Missouri Maize Center at the MU Genetics Farm and shared our research results with the farmers and industrial participants. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to evaluate newly adaptedcolored corn varities for their polyphenolic content and milling characteristics every year during the course of this project. After having completed our preliminary extraction work withvarious deep eutectic solvents (DES) and ultrasound-assisted extractor, we will now focus on usingselective DES combinations which have beenfoundto be the most effective,and optimize the extraction of bioactive compounds usingmultivariate techniques/response surface methodology.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Specific Goal 1: The milling properties and phytochemical contents of 14 Missouri grown colored corn varieties grown during the year 2020-21 were evaluated during the first year of the project. Out of the processed varieties, fourwere found to be having higher phytochemical contents and these findings were reported to Dr. Sherry Flint-Garcia's plant breeding group. In addtion, this research work was submitted to the journal Food and Bioprocess Technology in June 2023. Unfortunately, the submission was returned without any review/comments after six months. We are working on resubmitting this manuscript again. Based on our inputs from the above research work, Dr. Flint-Garcia's group went ahead with their breeding efforts and harvested 20 colored corn varities during the year 2021-22. During the last year we have been engaged in processing these 20 varieties and quantifying the polyphenolic compounds present in them. We have completed the processing and quantifying work and currently egaged in doing the antioxidant tests and HPLC analyses for the identification of percise compounds. These results will further help Dr. Garcia's group in their breeding and adaptation efforts. Specific Goal 2: As discussed earlier, currently it is not possible to harvest greater quantities of experimental colored corn varieities and therefore we are using 100 g corn milling protocol for processing the smaller samples sizes. Now we are realizing that we might not be able to meet the this specific objectiveoutlined in this project. However, we would like to point that we have already published three research manuscripts from this project (Specific Goal 3)and three others are currently under various stages of review (Two associated with Goal 3 and one associated with Goal 1). Therefore, we hope that the evaluators will understand our predicament with respect to this specific objective. Specific Goal 3: The following two research studies associated with this goal were completed during the last year. The first study was published in the journal Ultrasonics Sonochemistry while the second research mansucript is being finalized for submission. The following is the brief summary of mentionedworks: 1.For the first time, purple corn pericarp (PCP) was converted to polyphenol-rich extract using two-pot ultrasound extraction technique. According to Plackett-Burman design (PBD), the significant extraction factors were ethanol concentration, extraction time, temperature, and ultrasonic amplitude that affected total anthocyanins (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and condensed tannins (CT). These parameters were further optimized using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) method for response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM showed a linear curvature for TAC and a quadratic curvature for TPC and CT with a lack of fit > 0.05. Under the optimum conditions (ethanol (50%, v/v), time (21 min), temperature (28oC), and ultrasonic amplitude (50%)), a maximum TAC, TPC, and CT of 34.99 g cyanidin/kg, 121.26 g GAE/kg, and 260.59 of EE/kg, respectively were obtained with a desirability value 0.952. Comparing UAE to microwave extraction (MAE), it was found that although UAE had a lower extraction yield, TAC, TPC, and CT, the UAE gave a higher individual anthocyanin, flavonoid, phenolic acid profile, and antioxidant activity. The UAE took 21 min, whereas MAE took 30 min for maximum extraction. Regarding product qualities, UAE extract was superior, with a lower total color change (ΔE) and a higher chromaticity. Structural characterization using SEM showed that MAE extract had severe creases and ruptures, whereas UAE extract had less noticeable alterations and was attested by an optical profilometer. This shows that ultrasound, might be used to extract phenolics from PCP as it requires lesser time and improves phenolics, structure, and product qualities. 2.Polyphenolic compounds can be extracted from plant matrices using a wide array of solvents. However, conventional extraction methods involve the use of organic solvents, which are of concern due to their adverse environmental impacts and generation of waste streams. Therefore, there is a growing demand for green solvents that are renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, and economically viable. In this study, we investigated a combination of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and ultrasound-assisted extraction for extracting anthocyanins, condensed tannins, and flavonoids from purple corn pericarp. Initially, nineteen DESs with different constitutes were prepared and characterized. It was observed that the DESs formed strong intermolecular bonds, their viscosities ranging from 0.0209 to 0.7463 Pa.s at a constant temperature of 50 °C and shear rate of 10 s-1. During NIR analysis, dominant stretching of O-H and C-H bonds was observed. The highest and lowest polarities ranged between 50.63 (DES 4) and 46.80 kcal.mol-1 (DES 5), respectively, and all the solvents mixes were acidic in nature. In a comparatively shorter extraction time (10 min), significant amounts of anthocyanins (27.41 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside C3G equivalent/g pericarp), condensed tannins (249.33 mg epicatechin EE equivalent/g pericarp), and total flavonoids (36.87 mg catechin CE equivalent/g pericarp) were recovered. Ultrasound-assisted extraction in DESs was found to enhance the extraction efficiency compared to the conventional methods utilizing ethanol and water. This improved extraction efficiency could be attributed to a greater solvent penetration into the plant cell matrix. The highest CUPRAC antioxidant capacity of 392.27 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g of pericarp, DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 82.70 mg TE/g of pericarp, and ABTS activity of 34.87 mg TE/g of pericarp, respectively, were observed. C3G, delphinidin, cyanidin chloride, and peonidin as high as 20.56, 9.62, 11.91, and 2.90 mg/g of pericarp, respectively, were detected during anthocyanin profiling of the extracts. Phenolic acids profiling identified caffeic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, hesperidin, and chlorogenic acid, the highest values being 3.29, 1.72, 0.63, 15.18, and 5.23 mg/g pericarp, respectively. Epicatechin, naringin and kaempferol concentrations of 102.73, 19.93, and 1.55 mg/g pericarp, respectively, were eluted during flavonoids profiling by HPLC. Finally, Principal component analysis (PCA) was run on collected data to look for variability and for identifying clusters of different solvent combinations that positively impacted the extraction of polyphenolic compounds. This work demonstrated a highly efficient and green extraction of bioactive compounds from colored corn pericarp by combing DESs and ultrasound.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Boateng, I.D., Mustapha, A., Daubert, C.R., Kuehnel, L., Kumar, R., Flint-Garcia, S., Agliata, J., Wan, C., & Somavat, P.* 2023. Novel two-pot microwave extraction of purple corn pericarps phenolics and evaluation of polyphenol-rich extracts product quality, bioactivities, and structural properties. Food and Bioprocess Technology 16, 2668-2691.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Boateng, I.D., Kumar, R., Daubert, C.R., Flint-Garcia, S., Mustapha, A., Kuehnel, L., Agliata, J., Li, Q., Wan, C., & Somavat, P.* 2023. Sonoprocessing improves phenolic profile, antioxidant activities, structure, and product qualities of purple corn pericarp extract. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 95, 106418.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
3. Boateng, I.D., Mustapha, A., Kuehnel, L., Daubert, C.R., Kumar, R., Agliata, J., Flint-Garcia, S., Wan, C., & Somavat, P.* 2023. From purple corn waste (pericarp) to polyphenol-rich extract with high bioactive compounds (anthocyanins, proanthocyanins and phenolic acids) and product qualities using two-step optimization techniques: A contribution to circular economys model. Industrial Crops & Products 200, 116871.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
"Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols from purple corn pericarp in deep eutectic solvents"
by Ravinder Kumar, Caixia Wan, Sherry Flint-Garcia, Bongkosh Vardhanabhuti, Azlin Mustapha, Pavel Somavat presented during the 2023 Cereals and Grains Annual Meeting held in Schaumburg IL from 10/18/2023 to 10/20/2023.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
"From biomass to bioactives: profiling and antioxidant activities of polyphenols extracted from colored corn cobs and tassels"
by Sumit, Ravinder Kumar, Bongkosh Vardhanabhuti, Caixia Wan, Sherry Flint-Garcia, Pavel Somavat presented during the 2023 Cereals and Grains Annual Meeting held in Schaumburg IL from 10/18/2023 to 10/20/2023.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
"Encapsulation of polyphenol-rich purple corn (Zea mays L.) pericarp extract using spray drying with different carriers" by
Ahmad Ali, Caixia Wan, Sherry Flint-Garcia, Pavel Somavat presented during the 2023 Cereals and Grains Annual Meeting held in Schaumburg IL from 10/18/2023 to 10/20/2023.
|
Progress 02/01/22 to 01/31/23
Outputs
Target Audience:So far we have completed the first year of this project. Therefore,we are in theearly stages of benefitting the target audience. However, out of 14 colored corn varities grown in Columbia MO during the year 2020-21 and analyzed this during this cycle, threeof them namely, HM20, HM21, and PBP were found to be rich in polyphenolic compoundsandselected for the next breeding cycle. The kernels harvested from subsequent crop cycles will be analyzed and used further until the most suitable varities from an adaptation, yield and polyphenolic contents perspective are identified. We plan toshare those varities with interested farmers. Results from two of the researchstudies associated with this projectwere shared withthe scientific community, corn processors, as well as cereal food industry stake-holders duringCereals & Grains 2022 Conference organized by the Cereals & Grains Association in Bloomington MN from 11/09/2022to 11/11/2022. Changes/Problems:So far, we do not anticipate any major changes in thisproject and hopeful of delivering the promised outcomes within the three year time-frame. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One PhD student funded under thisproject is involved in utilizing microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extraction methodsin conjunction with multivariate techniques to enhance the recovery of bioactive compounds from purple corn pericarp. Thisstudent is well trained on the use of these extraction equipment and alsoutilizing a multi-well plate reader for spectrophotometric quantification of bioactive compounds as well as on the use of HPLC for more precise analyses.Besides, the student also receivedtraining on handling of SEM for microstructure analysis. One MS student working on this project but supported byinternal MU funds is involved in dry milling studies and quantification of bioactive compounds in various coproducts. Thisstudent has been trained in 1 kg and 100 gram lab scale dry milling protocols andutilizing a multi-well plate reader for spectrophotometric quantification of bioactive compounds and trainedon the use of HPLC for more precise analyses. This student is alsoconducting anti-oxidant activity protocols on the recovered extracts. One undergraduate studentsupported as a hourly employee in this project is assiting Dr. Sherry Flint-Garcia's corn breeding efforts. This student is assisting Dr. Flint-Garcia in growing and harvesting newer colored corn varities and learning in the process. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?So far we are continuing with our corn breeding efforts and evaluating the newer varities for their polyphenolic content and milling characteristics. Once highly adapted colored corn varities are identified, we will share them with interestedfarmers. Results from above twostudies were shared withthe scientific community during the Cereals & Grains 2022 Conference organized by the Cereals & Grains Association in Bloomington MN from 11/09/2022to 11/11/2022. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to evaluate newly developed colored corn varities for their polyphenolic content and milling characteristics every year during the course of this project. Once the most suitable varities are identified, they will be grown on a large scale to recover sufficient amount of samples for the optimization studies. We will continue to use assisted extraction methodsin conjunction with multivariate techniques to improve the extraction of bioactive compounds from purple corn pericarp. We will also utilize Deep Eutectic Solvents in the next stages of extractionstudies.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Accomplishments with respect to Goal No. 1: Under this goal, the dry milling characteristics and polyphenolic content of fourteen conventionally-bred and Missouri grown colored corn varieties provided by Dr. Flint-Garcia's lab (harvested during the year 2020-21)and their milling coproducts were evaluated. A commercially available purple corn variety (Maiz morado) was used as a control. Total monomeric anthocyanins, total polyphenols and condensed tannins of whole corn kernels, and six different dry milling coproducts were quantified with an aim of identifying the most promising varieties and bioactive-rich coproducts. The starch content of colored corn varieties ranged between 59.5 to 70.1% (db) with a mean value of 65.7%, which was less compared to the conventional yellow dent corn (≈72.0%). Relatively lower yields of large grits with a mean of 23.4% implied a dominant softer endosperm composition of these varieties. Purple corn kernels (control) contained 4.3 g anthocyanins, 11.7 g polyphenols, and 44.7 g condensed tannins per kg of corn, respectively, which were higher compared to the Missouri-grown varieties. In polyphenol-rich varieties, the highest concentration of bioactive compounds was observed in pericarp, a corn processing byproduct. Among various dry milling coproducts, the anthocyanin content of pericarp from the HM21 variety (23.8 g/kg of pericarp) was not different from the control (24.1 g/kg), whereas the other promising varieties were PBP (23.2 g/kg) and HM20 (12.0 g/kg). The total polyphenol content of pericarp from control and varieties PBP and HM21 was 62.5, 53.4 and 41.7 g/kg pericarp, respectively. The condensed tannin content of HM21 (253.1 g/kg) was higher than the control (193.4 g/kg), while PBP (163.3 g/kg) and HM20 (126.0 g/kg) were other promising varieties. It wasobserved that locally adapted colored corn varieties with higher concentrations of bioactive compounds in pericarp can be utilized to economically generate value-added byproducts, and we will continue to support further breeding efforts involvingthe most promising varietiesby Dr. Flint-Garcia's lab. Accomplishments with respect to Goal No. 2: Since the amount of corn kernels of newer corn corn varities harvested currentlyrange between a few hundred grams to a few kilograms, we are not yet in a position to do an optimization study as it will require a much larger sample amount for 1 kg scale studies conducted in triplicates. However, we are hopeful that towards the end of the current project, we will be able to identifyselect few adapted colored varities which can then be grown in abundance. Accomplishments with respect to Goal No. 3: We conducted researchto optimize the recovery of anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and condensed tannins (CT) from purple corn pericarp using conventional extraction methods employinga two-stage multivariate experimentaldesign, and evaluated the phenolic profiles, antioxidant propoerties, product quality, and structural characteristics of the recovered extracts. According to Plackett-Burman design (PBD's) screening, the key extraction variables identified were acetic acid concentration, extraction time, and ethanol concentration. This was followed by optimization using Box-Behnken design (BBD), Facial central composite design (FCCD), and full-factorial design (FFD), and the best design was identified after comparative analysis. The models were found to be acceptable, as evidenced by the desirability values ranging between0.836 - 0.933. A comparison of the BBD, FCCD, and FFD was done, and it was found that the PBD-BBD produced a lower RSE than the PBD-FCCD for most of the responses, and yielded the lowest extraction time, proving that the BBD could forecast the data more accurately. For evaluating the bioactive extraction efficiency, antioxidant properties, product quality, and structural parameters of the extracts, samples from a single factor (SF) experiment and BBD were compared. The BBD extract had better color properties and a greater extraction yield compared to SF and the same was confirmed by the Principal component and Hierarchical cluster analysis. Although the SEM images for BBD sample revealed irregular, loosely arranged granules, it had a less adverse effect on the product quality. BBD extract had lower levels of phenolic acids but higher levels of total phenolic content (TPC), CT, antioxidant properties, cyanidin-3-glucoside, naringin, and other bioactive compounds. It was found that BBD can be effectively used to optimize the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from purple corn pericarp using optimal extraction conditions, resulting in a higher yield of polyphenols having superior antioxidant properties, and product quality in a comparatively shorter extraction time. This work has shown the promise of utilizingmultivariate design for improving the extraction of bioactive compounds from purple corn pericarp. Novel microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methodwas used for the first time to extract the corn pericarp phenolics by optimizing the MAE parameters (ethanol concentration, extraction time, acetic acid, stirring speed, and temperature) using the Plackett-Burman design (PBD) coupled to the Box-Behnken design (BBD) and the resulting extracts were evaluated for their bioactives profile, and product qualities by comparing them with conventionally extracted samples (CE). According to PBD's screening, the significant extraction factors observed were ethanol concentration, extraction time, and temperature. Further optimization was done using BBD. Under the optimum conditions (ethanol (42.4% v/v), temperature (75oC), and time (29 min)), total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and condensed tannins (CT) to the tune of 38.73 g/kg, 138.62 mg/g and 279.48 g/kg pericarp, respectively were obtained with a desirability of 0.838, which is regarded as acceptable. The MAE's extraction yield was 38.11% higher than the CE. The CE process took ~8.6 h, whereas MAE took ~0.5 h to extract the phenolics. The MAE samples had a higher TAC, TPC, CT, phenolic acids, total phenolic content (TFC), and antioxidant activities than CE samples. Purple corn pericarp contains very high amounts of value-added bioactive compounds which can be efficiently extracted using optimized MAE parameters identified in this study, and can be utilized in functional foods, additives, etc. From above two experimental studies, it can be averred that novel assisted extraction methodscan be utilized in conjunction with multivariate statistical analyses for optimizing bioactive extraction from different plant martices.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Novel two-pot microwave extraction of purple corn pericarp phenolics using Plackett-Burman design coupled to Box-Behnken design and evaluation of extracts quality, bioactivities, and structural properties by Isaac D. Boateng, Azlin Mustapha; Christopher R. Daubert; Lucas Kuehnel; Ravinder Kumar; Sherry Flint-Garcia; Joseph Agliata; Caixia Wan; Pavel Somavat. Submitted to Food Chemistry (Manuscript Number: FOODCHEM-D-22-11273)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Recovery of polyphenol-rich extract from purple corn pericarp with superior antioxidant properties and product qualities using two-step optimization techniques: A contribution to circular economys model by Isaac D. Boateng, Azlin Mustapha; Lucas Kuehnel; Christopher R. Daubert; Ravinder Kumar; Joseph Agliata; Sherry Flint-Garcia; Caixia Wan; Pavel Somavat. Submitted to Food and Function (Manuscript ID: FO-ART-12-2022-003770). This article was rejected by the journal with a recommendation that it needs to be submitted to a food processing-related journal. We are amending the article for a resubmission to another journal in near future.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Assessment of dry milling characteristics and polyphenolic contents of Missouri grown colored corn varieties for valorization potential by
Ravinder Kumar, Caixia Wan, Sherry Flint-Garcia, Azlin Mustapha, Jiayue Cheng, Lucas Kuehnel, Pavel Somavat; presented at Cereals & Grains 2022 conference organized by Cereals & Grains Association in Bloomington MN (11/09/2022 to 11/11/2022).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Novel twin stage ultrasound-assisted method for the optimized extraction of anthocyanins, phenolics, and proanthocyanins from purple corn pericarp by
Isaac D. Boateng, Azlin Mustapha, Caixia Wan, Sherry Flint-Garcia, Qianwei Li, Pavel Somavat; presented at Cereals & Grains 2022 conference organized by Cereals & Grains Association in Bloomington MN (11/09/2022 to 11/11/2022).
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