Source: WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
ENHANCING SUPPLY CHAIN SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS FOR PACIFIC NORTHWEST HOPS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
ACTIVE
Funding Source
OTHER GRANTS
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1027544
Grant No.
2021-51181-35901
Cumulative Award Amt.
$4,853,908.00
Proposal No.
2021-07780
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Sep 1, 2021
Project End Date
Aug 31, 2026
Grant Year
2021
Program Code
[SCRI]- Specialty Crop Research Initiative
Recipient Organization
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
240 FRENCH ADMINISTRATION BLDG
PULLMAN,WA 99164-0001
Performing Department
Entomology
Non Technical Summary
Our proposed project has the overarching goal of enhancing the supply chain stability, market access, and global competitiveness of the Pacific Northwest hop industry, which grows 99% and 39% of the hops produced in the U.S. and world, respectively. We propose a suite of short-, medium- and long-term approaches to this goal through 3 main objectives: 1) Address long-term threats to market access and competitiveness through plant breeding (identifying genetic factors that make certain hop cultivars less susceptible to production stressors; aligned with SCRI focus area 1, Plant Breeding and Genetics); 2) Mitigate short- and medium-term threats to market access (through data analytics, field trials, pesticide resistance identification, biocontrol trials, and economic/sociological studies; aligned with SCRI focus area 2, Pest Management); 3) Life cycle assessment and sustainability indexing (assessing, benchmarking and evaluating environmental, social, economic and process inputs and developing a grower self-assessment tool; aligns with SCRI focus area 3, Production Efficiency; includes a carbon sequestration study). Our trans-disciplinary team has close and longstanding relationships with hop grower associations and end-user brewer stakeholders, who were essential in identifying the critical needs our objectives were designed to address and they will be directly involved in the proposed research and in evaluating the success of our proposed objectives and subobjectives. Our proposed project includes novel approaches to the most critical challenges in the hop industry. We propose a comprehensive outreach/education plan that will result in measurable positive outcomes for the PNW hop industry.
Animal Health Component
70%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
20%
Applied
70%
Developmental
10%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2022230108130%
2122230116010%
2112230113010%
2052230107020%
6012230301010%
8032230308010%
9032230303010%
Knowledge Area
601 - Economics of Agricultural Production and Farm Management; 212 - Pathogens and Nematodes Affecting Plants; 211 - Insects, Mites, and Other Arthropods Affecting Plants; 803 - Sociological and Technological Change Affecting Individuals, Families, and Communities; 205 - Plant Management Systems; 202 - Plant Genetic Resources; 903 - Communication, Education, and Information Delivery;

Subject Of Investigation
2230 - Hops;

Field Of Science
1130 - Entomology and acarology; 1070 - Ecology; 1160 - Pathology; 1081 - Breeding; 3010 - Economics; 3080 - Sociology; 3030 - Information and communication;
Goals / Objectives
Our long-term goal is to enhance supply chain sustainability, market access, and global competitiveness of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) hop industry. Within the US-PNW hop industry, there is a critical need to overcome non-tariff trade barriers in vital export markets and stabilize production factors along the supply chain. Long-term, we will address some aspects of these critical needs through hop breeding and genetics, by investigating the research question:Through genetic, genomic, and breeding approaches, can we discern and promote hop varieties with resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors while maintaining or enhancing superior brewing quality characteristics?Simultaneously, we will mitigate market barriers and supply chain stability short- and medium-term through a host of transdisciplinary tactics, examining research questions including:What are the characteristics of production systems that consistently produce high quality crops with minimal inputs?What alternatives to current pest management approaches could be utilized to overcome MRL barriers and increase export market access?We will initiate and complete a life-cycle assessment (LCA) and examine factors leading to increased efficiency and sustainabilityby addressing questions including:What key factors of the hop supply chain determine the environmental footprint of the industry?By integrating social and economic analyses with biological science activities (from breeding/ genetics to entomology/ pathology/ virology to brewing/ food science), can we achieve a truly systems-based approach to hop production and marketing for a more profitable, sustainable, and resilient industry?Does growing hops sequester more carbon in the soil than the carbon utilized in the form of fossil fuels in the growing process?
Project Methods
Objective 1a. Five female hop cultivars will be selected.Four replicates of each line will be inoculated by side-grafting virus-positive tissue from the CPCNW virus culture collection. Inoculation success will be assessed three months post-graft by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).Four replicates will be maintained as controls due to the chance that control plants may become infected with a confounding factor by aphid transmission. Plants will be multiplied through mist propagation for eight weeks then transplanted to hop yards at WSU Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center (IAREC) in Spring 2022 in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Plants will be maintained using standard management practices for the growing region for three growing seasons (2022, 2023, 2024). Importantly, however, springtime mechanical pruning as well as harvesting will be done by hand using sanitized tools between plants to avoid virus/ viroid spread. Effects of virus inoculation will be evaluated annually by measuring leaf chlorosis, stunting, chlorophyll fluoresence, yield, cone size, and brewing qualities.Objective 1b. Male hops will be propagated into three replications and transplanted in a RCBD in a hop yard. In June, July, and August, 4 leaves from each replicate plant will be collected and bagged. TSSM will be removed from the leaves under a dissecting microscope with a fine camel-hair brush and placed onleaf disks. Leaf trichome density will be counted. Ten gravid adult female and three adult male TSSM will be placed into each arena. The number of eggs laid will be quantified post-placement. Also at ten days post-placement, adults will be removed and the number of eggs that have hatched and developed into larvae and protonymphs will be quantified. A cohort of 25 newly laid (translucent) eggs per replicate arena will be transferred to fresh leaf disks and held for five days and the percent hatch will be quantified. The study will be repeated over three growing seasons to evaluate differences attributed to year and plant age.Objective 1c.Two plants of each of approximately 300 progeny of the Comet × 63045M bi-parental mapping population will be established the field in RCBD (n = 2) at IAREC. Every two rows of the field design will include a super susceptible spreader line to increase powderey mildew pressure. All plants in the field will be inoculated with the PM fungus in late spring using established methods. For part two, one hundred male hops unique to the USDA-Prosser breeding program will be propagated and sequentially inoculated using a series of races of the fungus that represent the known pathogenic diversity of the organisms as described previously. Based on these results, a collection of five males of diverse pedigree origin and with suspected novel resistance will be selected and grown in the field, and pollen will be collected to cross to a known susceptible female hop line with the goal of obtaining approximately 100 individuals per cross. The following spring, seedlings will be grown and propagated into two replications. Leaf tissue will be collected and submitted for genotyping by sequencing. Seedlings will be inoculated and screened using a standardized titer of conidia from a population of isolates with complex virulences.Objective 2a. We have selected Simcoe a variety susceptible to both PM and TSSM and focusing on all available variables over time.To understand determinants of production input intensity, we will first interrogate the database and summarize the distribution of production inputs, outcomes, and stability over time at multiple spatial scales. Graphical methods will be used to understand the data structure and potential correlations among variables. We will use the number of pesticide active ingredient units and number of applications as measures of pest management efficiency and compare regional, seasonal, and farm-to-farm variability for these variables, controlling for random effects of farms within regions and years.Objective 2b. The research hop yards at IAREC contain four commonly planted hop varieties (Mt. Hood, Willamette, Columbus, Chinook) in a RCBD. In FY1, the fungicides,acaricides, and insecticides will be tested at rates, timings, and frequencies typically applied by growers as identified by the members of US Hop Industry Plant Protection Committee (USHIPPC). Pesticides with residues detected above the default or established MRL for key export markets will be included in FY2 studies, in which the application will be moved back to increase the pre-harvest interval such that residues have additional time to degrade. This process will be iterative; in FY2-4, fewer pesticides will be studied, but pre-harvest interval (PHI) options studied will likely increase to determine optimal application timing for both pest management and acceptable residues. We will also conduct experiments in an established hop yard near Granger, WA with a focus on powdery mildew and quinoxyfen, the most widely applied fungicide by hop growers in the western US and the cornerstone of management programs in disease-susceptible varieties.Objective 2c, we will utilize an established molecular platform to detect three of the most common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations linked with acaricide resistance in PNW hop fields (G126S in the cytochrome b gene, F1538I in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, and I1017F in the chitin synthase 1 gene) from 20 field populations of spider mites with a history of acaricide input. To validate markers, populations will be furhter bioassayed for their resistance status to commonly used acaricides by quantifying lethal concentrations (LC10, LC50, and LC90) required to kill 10, 50, and 90% of each population.We will characterize the genetic structure of mite populations infesting regional hop yards to discern whether acaricide resistance mechanisms vary with management practices and geographic location as well as the association of acaricide resistance on historical production inputs and outcomes.Objective 2d. We will establish four ¼-acre plots in two separate Yakima Valley grower-cooperator hop yards with similar climatic characteristics and TSSM pressure,into which we will release 12,500 N. fallacis predatory mites twice ior 5,000 G. occidentalis biweekly 5 times. Following release we will sample the plots to quantify pest and beneficial mite abundance.Objective 2e will begin by developing instruments for choice experiments and / or contingent valuation for consumers of beer in the US and Germany. These instruments will be designed to elucidate a better understanding of preferences within each country and a comparison across the two countries. The results will provide important first steps toward understanding price premiums that may (or may not) translate back to brewers and growers. Building on these initial findings we will also examine the upstream hop merchants' (domestic and importer/exporters) and/or beer brewers' valuation of pesticide residues in hops to provide insight on demand for and trade of hops grown and moved along value chains in the US and Germany.Objective 3b.We will develop a sustainability index calculator that includes ecosystems services and costs in the hop supply chain.Objective 3c. We will measure the extent of carbon capture in hopyards by working collaboratively with commercial hop growers to examine two important carbon retaining approaches: (1) cover-cropping versus clean-tilling and (2) use of organic amendments via decomposed hop plant residue versus not.

Progress 09/01/23 to 08/31/24

Outputs
Target Audience:Our primary target audience continues to be the hop growers of the Pacific Northwest states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, whose collective output accounts for 99% of the hops grown in the United States. Hop merchants, hop processors, and the brewing industry are secondary target audiences. Other audiences reached during this reporting period include a small subset of beer consumers in the U.S., Germany, and other export countries in the European Union and beyond; scientists within the disciplines of entomology, plant pathology, economics, sociology, fermentation science, food science, plant genetics, agronomy, virology, and statistics whose research might be informed by our approaches and results; agencies that regulate pesticides and pesticide residues; growers of hops in other states or countries; and producers of other agricultural crops that might benefit from the methodologies and/or results of this research. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project's Co-PIs and their collaborators, staff, and students participated in conferences, workshops, presentations, stakeholder board meetings and other activities that provided opportunities for training and professional development. Some of these are listed in the Products and Other Products section of this report. Students (graduate and undergradutate) received mentorship as they worked on aspects of this program ranging from field studies (sample collection, experiment setup, data collection) to laboratory work (disease and arthropod quantification, infection assessment, data logging and analysis) to statistical computation(data analysis, applying machine learning, developing models and simulations). Students also participated in drafting of manuscrips for journal publication and technical reports. Assistant and associate professors and postdoctoral researchers directed and/or participated in all aforementioned aspects of the project and assumed leadership, mentorship, and collaborative roles in furtherance of their own and their staff and students' professional development. There has also been a great deal of knowledge exchanged among individuals (Co-PIs, staff, students, collaborators) from the various disciplines represented in this widely transdisciplinary project. Virology specialists have learned about weed science and irrigation as they maintain their virus/viroid study plots. Plant pathologists and entomologists have exchanged information and tips about maintaining control across their primary disciplines. Students formerly specializing in laboratory research have learned to safely operate field equipment to assist in plot maintenance, while field technicians have been cross-trained to assist in the lab. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results of all aspects of this project have been shared with industry stakeholders via: The outreach mechanisms listed under "Products" and "Other Products" within this REEport Meetings with grower groups including Washington, Oregon, and Idaho hop commissions Presentations at summer and winter Hop Growers of America / Hop Research Council meetings Talks at brewing industry meetings regionally, nationally, and internationally Two-way communication with the US Hop Indusgry Plant Protection Committee Content provided to Hop Growers of America website, https://www.usahops.org Survey results made available to team members One-on-one interactions with stakeholders in response to requests for information / advising What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?OVERALL, ACROSS ALL OBJECTIVES Bines will be cut down and overwintered Bines will be restrung in spring for the final season of experiments and data collection Additional students will be recruited Temporary help will be recruited and hired for the seasonal aspects of the studies Data will be gathered, analyzed, and incorporated with data from the previous project years BREEDING / GENETICS Harvested cones will undergo chemical analysis in parallel with virus population and plant growth/photosynthesis data to determine effect on hop quality. Plants will be inoculated with virus/viroid A third year of field data will be collected, results, summarized, and a crossing scheme utilizing most tolerant males will be initated Explore utility of Comet-derived markers in additional populations Finalize and submit a manuscript outlining the validation efforts of the Comet-derived marker Finalize and submit a manuscript to a scientific journal describing reaction of male germplasm to powdery mildew. Make formal release of resistant germplasm identified in this project. Submit a manuscript on the development of an automated imaging system for identifying and quantifying hop powdery mildew. Obtain and analyze progeny sequence data, construct genetic map, and conduct QTL mapping. Communicate results to industry stakeholders through outreach presentations and technical reports. Mentor post-doctoral research associates, graduate students, and undergraduate students. MARKET BARRIERS Characteristics of Optimal Systems Finalize and submit a manuscript on grower switching behavior related to fungicide selection. Complete analysis of causal directed networks to understand relationship between host resistance and fungicide use and costs and begin writing manuscript. Complete final quality assurance of simulation modeling using a linked economic and epidemiological model for powdery mildew spread and control. Complete manuscript writing and submit. Enter and quality assure data from 2024 field surveys of commercial yards. Repeat sampling in 2025 and begin data analysis. Communicate results to industry stakeholders through outreach presentations and technical reports. Mentor post-doctoral research associates, graduate students, and undergraduate students. Alternative Approaches Complete field experiments to identify EU-export-compliant powdery mildew and downy mildew management programs. Evaluate MRL-exempt alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Analyze data collected over life of the project and then prepare and submit a manuscript on EU-export-compliant powdery mildew programs. Communicate results to industry stakeholders through outreach presentations and technical reports. Submit peer-reviewed technical reports describing progress, including this invited publication for the journalInsects,currently under development: Kewedar S, Chen Q, Moural TW, Lo C, Umbel E, Forrence PJ, Walsh DB, Zhu F. 2024. Developing versatile tactics for precisionTetranychus urticaemanagement. Develop additional manuscripts Complete a version of a portable method for single nucleotide polymerases detection. Complete choice experiments pursuant to economic studies Mentor post-doctoral research associates, graduate students, and undergraduate students. LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT Environmental Footprint Life cycle assessment data collection by working with Hop Growers of America Hop quality impacts by wildfire smoke by collaborating with Oregon and Washington hop growers Communicate results to industry stakeholders through national conferences, outreach presentations and technical reports. Mentor a post-doctoral research associate, graduate students, and undergraduate students. Socioeconomic Integration Data from the qualitative interviews will be coded and analyzed. Survey results will be disseminated at selected grower events. Follow-up interviews will likely be conducted to drill down on certain aspects of the survey results. A manuscript will be prepared to submit to peer-reviewed journals A survey will be developed and deployed, with a focus solely on pesticide (insecticide, acaricide, fungicide) practices. Carbon Sequestration Carbon-capture studies data collection by collaborating with Dr. Jennifer Moore and the Oregon and Washington hop growers Analyze data, prepare outreach communications

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? BREEDING/GENETICS Virus Studies. Planted selected male and female lines with virus/viroid permutations in replicated plots. Made additional inoculations to achieve desired virus-host combinations. Collected growth and photosynthetic measurements in late summer and compared with a commercial plot. Began propagating and inoculating for 2025 planting. Mite Studies. Strung and maintained male hop plants in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Collected leaf samples from each plant on 3 dates to capture seasonal variation. Removed mites and placed males and gravid femailes in petri dish arenas. Eggs laid were counted on days 5 and 10 and % hatch was later quantified. Mildew Studies. Plants from the Comet x 64035M mapping population were maintained in RCBD and inoculated by transplanting powdery mildew (PM) infected plants into the rows. Within a month over 55% of progeny plants displayed signs of inflection, which correlated with previous greenhouse values. Linkage mapping yielded the same significant markers on Chromosome 7 as previously reported, validating their association with PM resistance. Obtained a new PM isolate from Europe with a novel virulence. Confirmed that 2 of the lines were resistant to this additional pathogenic race of the fungus. Germplasm held by USDA-ARS appears to possess a form of resistance previously unknown to occur in germplasm in the US. Therefore, we have identified at least two novel forms of resistance available in extant germplasm. We intend to make formal release of this germplasm to the public. Completed research to phenotype progeny of resistant males and a susceptible female cultivar, Galena. Inoculated plants, collected and sequenced leaf tissue. Over 60% of markers were found to be shared between parents which will be useful for genetic map construction. This research supports ID and mapping of potentially novel loci associated with PM resistance, validation of the machine learning model, and development of a precise phenotyping method. MARKET BARRIERS CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTIMAL SYSTEMS. Applied machine learning to the economic-epidemiological model developed last year to validate initial data set and examine farm-level variation. Conducted simulations to understand how various factors influence profitability. Completing analyses and drafting a manuscript. Analyzed datato infer causal relationships between cultural practices, cultivar susceptibility to PM, epidemiological factors, andfungicideuse/costs. Important variables were thoroughness of spring pruning, centrality of yards during time transitions, and initial strain of fungus detected. Using related but independent data from PNW hop yards 2010-2021, identified differences in fungicide programs between states and identified growers that applied substantially more or less than the median. Began data collection in 30 hop yards in Washington to validate results observed in data from Oregon. ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES.Conducted field studies evaluating reduced-risk products, new modes of action, and overall programs for keypests, toward developing minimal input programs. Analyzed residueson hops harvested in 2023 at varying dates to allow for comparison of pre-harvest Intervals. Several pesticides of concern exceeded targeted levels, but most did not. Protocols were refined for 2024. Identified an alternative fungicide that is highly effective against downy mildew and is EU-export compliant, potentially saving 3+ fungicide applications per year. Identified programs that do not utilize quinoxyfen and other fungicides that may create non-tariff trade barriers for exports. Demonstrated that MRL-exempt or compliant treatments vary in efficacy and that efficacy is sensitive to application intervals. Toward developing prediction of acaracide resistance on the molecular level, explored diagnostic bioassays, screened for mutations conferring resistance, and used molecular docking techniques to learn how acaricides interact with proteins carrying these mutations in hop fields. Examined genetic mechanism underlying adaptation to bifenthrin and abamectin in PNW mite populations. Conducted transcriptomic study using susceptible and resistant populations. Differential gene expression analysis revealed a notable disparity, with significantly more downregulated genes than upregulated genes in resistant populations.Initiated developing portable tactics for single nucleotide polymerases detection. Developed economic choice experiments on consumer willingness to pay for organic beer. Completed these in Germany and begun in US. This information and study parameters will be used to develop choice experiments to assess consumer willingness to pay for beer with hops produced with reduced pesticides. LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT. Kilning is a major energy input for processing hops. Analyzed data on kiln performance to learn how different kilning parametersinfluence drying time, energy usage and hop quality. Examined chemical and sensory changes in the resultant hops and beer. Found that kilning temperature has a modest impact on hop quality. Exposed Citra hops to smoke 1 mo, 2 wks, and 1 day before harvest to assess smoke persistence and translocationin the plants. Sensory analysis indicates variable but low levels of impact on hop quality. Conducted kilning trials with Cascade hops exposed to varying smoke levels during drying over 3 days, simulating wildfire conditions. Chemical and sensory analyses indicated that higher smoke exposure increased "smoky" characteristics, such as "meaty" and "BBQ," while decreasing "citrus" intensity. However, some high-exposure hops did not show significant smoky traits, suggesting variability in how hops absorb smoke. Ongoing analyses aim to quantify smoky volatile phenolsand brewing trials will examine persistence of smoky compounds through fermentation. SOCIOECONOMIC INTEGRATION. Conducted 30 qualitative interviews. Quantitative survey was completed. Data coding is underway. Highlights included a high degree of trust in university experts on the part of hop growers, high degree of IPM adoption, and increasing awareness of international trade issues. CARBON SEQUESTRATION. Collected 420 soil cores from 30 yards in Willamette Valley (WV)and Yakima Valley (YV) representing a variety of management practices (cover crop species & duration, amendments, tillage).Cores were collected in rows and alleysto 80 cm deep and separated into 3 depths: 0-15, 15-30and 30-60 cm. Analyzed 1200+ soil samples for total soil carbon and nitrogen, bulk density and pH.Fractionated soil C into particulate organic (POC) and mineral-associated organic(MAOC), which differ in formation, persistenceand function. YV samples were also evaluated for presence of inorganic carbon. In-row SOC ranged from 19.7 t/ac-1(YV) to 27.7 t/ac-1(WV). At 0-15 cm, YV alley had the greatest SOC; WV had greater SOC at the 2 lower depths. In WV,SOC was greater in the rows vs the alleys. Longevity of cover cropping in YV vs WV may explain the different trends in SOC location. In WV, cover cropping is relatively new and likely has not had time to accrue carbon. Hop rows in WV have had less disturbance and the presence of deep and abundant perennial hop rootsmay contribute to the greater SOC compared to the alleys where historical tillage and minimal cover were common.In YV where we had replicated management systems, theaddition of manure had the greatest impact on SOC stocks. The other yards had no difference in SOC in alleys compared to hop rows. This may also be explained by the longer time of cover cropping in YV. Here, the cover crop may have been in place long enough to increase SOC stocks to a similar level as the hop rows, where the minimal disturbance and perennial root systems help to maintain SOC pools. Findings suggest that alleys have the capacity to increase SOC to the level of rows and potentially beyond with organic amendments.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Bhattacharyya, S., 2024. Joint Statistical Meetings, August 4-7, Portland, OR.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Bhattacharyya, S., 2024. Banff Workshop on Causal Inference and Prediction for Network Data, August 18-24, Banff, Canada.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: F�chir, M., Dailey, J., Buffin, B., Russo, C., and Shellhammer, T.H. 2024. The Impact of Whirlpool Hopping on Metal Ions in Beer and Beer Flavor Stability. Oral presentation at the 39th European Brewing Convention Congress, Lille, France, May 26  29.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Hwang, JY., Bhattacharyya, S., Chatterjee, S., Marsh, T. L., Pedro, J., and Gent, D. H. 2024. Making sense out of noise: Predicting and explaining growers inputs and costs in response to disease. Plant Health 2024. July 28-31 2024, Memphis, Tennessee.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Jobe, C. and Shellhammer, T.H. 2024. Investigating how inclusion rate and timing of hop additions for brewing with smoke-affected hops impacts beer quality. Oral presentation at the World Brewing Congress, Minneapolis, MN, August 17  20.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Jobe, C. and Shellhammer, T.H. 2024. Smoke Exposure In-Field and During Kilning Affects Beer Quality. Oral presentation at the 2024 Hop Research Council Winter Meeting & 68th American Hop Convention, Frisco, TX, January 16  18.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Jobe, C. and Shellhammer, T.H. 2024. Wildfire Smoke and the Threat to Hop Quality. Oral presentation at the 2024 Craft Brewers Conference, Las Vegas, NV, April 22  24.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Jobe, C. and Shellhammer, T.H. 2024. The threat of wildfire smoke exposure during hop drying and its impact on US Cascade hop quality. Oral presentation at the 39th European Brewing Convention Congress, Lille, France, May 26  29.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Koirala B K, Sonu, G. Bhattarai, A.W. Adesanya, D.B. Walsh, and F. Zhu. 2023. Transcriptional analysis unveils molecular mechanisms of acaricide resistance in two-spotted spider mite populations on Hop. Insects and Influence: Advancing Entomologys Impact on People and Policy. Entomological Society of America. November 5-8, National Harbor, MD.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Koirala B K S., T.W. Moural, and F. Zhu. 2024. Transcriptional analysis unveils molecular mechanisms of acaricide resistance in two-spotted spider mite populations on Hop. 29th Annual Gamma Sigma Delta Research Expo, Penn State, PA, Mar. 2024
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Rubottom, L.N., Jobe, C., and Shellhammer, T.H. 2023. A comparison of wet vs dried Strata� hops. Poster presentation at the Master Brewers Association of the Americas National Conference, Seattle, WA, October 6  8.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Rubottom, L. and Shellhammer, T.H. 2024. The influence of hop drying parameters on aroma hop quality in American deep bed drying. Oral presentation at the World Brewing Congress, Minneapolis, MN, August 17  20.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Rubottom, L. and Shellhammer, T.H. 2024. Approaches to hop kilning that benefit quality and sustainability. Oral presentation at the 39th European Brewing Convention Congress, Lille, France, May 26  29.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Umbel E., C. Lo, S. Kewedar, F. Zhu. Genetic analysis of pesticide resistance in two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae on Hops. 2024 EnvironMentors National Science Fair, Washington D.C., Jun. 2024 (2nd place)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Jobe, C., F�chir, M., Rubottom, L.N., and Shellhammer, T.H. 2023. Do growing region and farm management influence hop creep in beers brewed with Cascade and Mosaic� Hops? Oral presentation at the Master Brewers Association of the Americas National Conference, Seattle, WA, October 6  8.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Umbel E., C. Lo, S. Kewedar, F. Zhu. Genetic analysis of pesticide resistance in two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae on Hops. 2024 Annual Penn State EnvironMentors Poster Symposium, Penn State, PA, Apr. 2024
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Walsh, D.B. 2024. Chlorate Residues on Hops. 68th Annual American Hop Convention. January 16-19. Frisco, TX.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Walsh, D.B. 2024. Efficacy and Crop Safety of MB-015 (Burkholderia rinojensis). 68th Annual American Hop Convention. January 16-19. Frisco, TX.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Walsh, D.B. 2024. Integrated Management of Mites on Hops. 68th Annual American Hop Convention. January 16-19. Frisco, TX.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Walsh, D.B. 2024. Integrated Management of Secondary Pests on Hops. 68th Annual American Hop Convention. January 16-19. Frisco, TX.


Progress 09/01/22 to 08/31/23

Outputs
Target Audience:As with the previous reporting period, our primary target audience was the hop growers of the Pacific Northwest states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. These growers collectively account for 99% of the hops grown in the United States. Secondary target audiences include hop merchants, hop processors, and the brewing industry. Other audiences reached by our work this reporting period include consumers of beers and ales in the U.S., Germany, and other export countries in the European Union and beyond; scientists within the disciplines of entomology, plant pathology, economics, sociology, fermentation science, food science, plant genetics, agronomy, and statistics whose research might be informed by our approaches and results; agencies that regulate pesticides and pesticide residues; growers of hops in other states or countries; and producers of other agricultural crops that might benefit from the results of this research. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Our co-PIs and their collaborators, staff, and students participated in conferences, workshops, presentations and other activities providing opportunities for training and professional development, some of which are listed in the Products and Other Products section of this report. Undergraduate and graduate students received mentorship as they worked on aspects of the program ranging from field studies (sample collection, experiment setup, data collection) to laboratory work (disease and arthropod quantification, infection assessment, data logging and analysis) to statistical computation (analyzing data, applying machine learning, developing models and simulations). Students also participated in drafting of manuscripts for journal publication and technical reports. Assistant and associate professors and postdoctoral researchers directed and /orparticipated in all aforementioned aspects of the project and assumed leadership, mentorship, and collaborative roles in furtherance of their professional development. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Emerging research results and project information has been shared with industry stakeholders via: Meetings with grower groups including Washington, Oregon, and Idaho hop commissions Presentations at summer and winter Hop Growers of America / Hop Research Council meetings Talks at brewing industry meetings regionally, nationally, and internationally Two-way communication with the US Hop Industry Plant Protection Committee Content provided to Hop Growers of America website, https://www.usahops.org Scientific journal publications Journal articles (10) and conference / other presentations (28) are detailed under Products in this report. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?BREEDING/GENETICS String bines for all germplasm studies Inoculate plants with virus/viroid permutations via aphid and/or mechanical transmission Conduct year 2 of phenotypicdata collection on tolerance to spider mite fecundity on male leaves Prepare and submit a manuscript to scientific journal describing reaction of male germplasm to powdery mildew. Communicate results to industry stakeholders through outreach presentations and technical reports. Complete development and validation of machine learning model for hop powdery mildew estimation from images. Complete systematic evaluation of powdery mildew reaction in mapping populations created with powdery mildew resistant males under greenhouse conditions and using an automated phenotyping system. Enter, quality assure, and summarize data. Mentor a post-doctoral research associate and undergraduate students. Conduct genotyping-by-sequencing on phenotyped individuals, conduct variant detection and filtering. Construct family specific genetic maps, consensus genetic map and conduct QTL mapping analyses. Conduct a second year of field evaluation of Comet x 64035M population for powdery mildew resistance and susceptibility. Using existing genetic map, conduct QTL mapping of field collected data and compare with previously collected greenhouse results. MARKET BARRIERS: CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTIMAL SYSTEMS Conduct and complete analysis of extant dataset to identify determinants of the number of fungicide applications made and total cost of fungicide inputs in an extant data set from Oregon hop yards. Complete simulation modeling of using a linked economic and epidemiological model for powdery mildew spread and control. Begin writing manuscrips on 2 above topics. Complete preliminary evaluation of commercial pesticide records. Communicate results to industry stakeholders through outreach presentations and technical reports. Mentor a post-doctoral research associate and undergraduate students. MARKET BARRIERS: ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES Conduct field experiments to identify EU-export-compliant powdery mildew and downy mildew management programs. Evaluate MRL-exempt alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Conduct second year of augmentative biocontrol releases and data collection. Analyze data. Buildon previous year's advances in understanding molecular mechanisms of acaricide resistance Communicate results to industry stakeholders through outreach presentations and technical reports. Submit peer-reviewed technical reports describing progress. Mentor a post-doctoral research associate and undergraduate students. LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT Coordinate with HGA on hop growing LCA data collection and analyses. Publish findings on energy consumption for various hop kilning protocols. Sociological sciences: Finish qualitative study (interviews) Finish quantitative study (survey) Analyze data, determine path forward Economic sciences: Obtain Institutional Review Board approval of US consumer willingness-to-pay survey Deploy survey Analyze results Collaboration among task force on soil sampling and carbon sequestration study. Analyze data. Submit peer-reviewed technical reports describing progress.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? BREEDING/GENETICS Generated virus-free lines for pathogenicity experiments. Inoculated these with 7 virus/viroid treatmentsduring winter; tested and multiplied in spring; planted into field plots in summer. Will observe effects of the inoculations through 2024-2025. Conducted preliminary trial on two female lines inoculated withHop latent viroid.Data indicated differential response to the viroid: HLVd-infected Zeus produced more wet and dry mass than uninfected plants, while Cascade showed no significant differences in productivity. Small (2-4%) increases or decreases of α-acids, β-acids, and oil content were observed in infected plants. Replication across multiples years will determine whether the viroid alone is causing this effect. Seven male hop plants were selected based on their resistance to powdery mildew (PM) and frequent usein US hop breeding. Plots were strung in spring, then fertilized, cultivated, and irrigated. Four leaf samples were collected from each plant on three dates to capture variation throughout the growing season. The progeny, parents, and Zeus spreaders from a Comet population were strung and trained in May and inoculated with PM. By early July, 97% of the Zeus spreader plants had symptoms, but only 5% of progeny plants did. Plants will be re-inoculated in fall 2023 and early 2024. Additional fertilizer and irrigation in 2024 should provide even more favorable conditions for disease. Earlier and more frequent attempts at inoculation will be made in 2024. Evaluated 108 male hop lines for their disease reaction with each of three predominate pathogenic races of the PM fungus found in the western U.S. Identified 15 lines that appear resistant. Challenged these individuals under quarantine conditions for their reaction to three isolates of the fungus from Europe. Identified six lines with apparent resistance to all isolates. Progeny from four resistant males crossed with a common susceptible female cultivar, Galena, were challenged with PM under greenhouse conditions. Developed a machine learning model to automate PM detection and quantification on hop leaf disks. Phenotyped312 individuals. Conducted two studies to screen for mite tolerance, utilizing 8 and 7 male genotypes from which mites were removed at intervals and placed on 10 cm hop leaf discs on moist cotton in petri dishes. Ten gravid females and three adult male two spotted spider mites were placed into each arena and eggs laid were counted on days 5 and 10. Afterwards, 25 newly laid eggs were placed on each replicate arena and the percent hatch was quantified after 5 days. The same methods will be repeated in field seasons 2024 and 2025. MARKET BARRIERS CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTIMAL SYSTEMS. Using PNW hopyard data from 2014 to 2017, developed a linked economic-epidemiological model that estimates incidence of PM on leaves and cones, crop damage from PM, number of fungicide applications, their costs, and resulting profit. Applying machine learning to understand factors influencingpesticide use intensity and cost of fungicides for PM. Analyses to date indicate that pathogen strain, overwintering, spring cultural practices, and disease levels are important factors. Now analyzing what underlies the farm-level variationobserved. Conducted initial data cleaning and analysis of a related but independent data set from commercial hop yards. We intend to apply the same analytical approach to validate the results from this data set from 2014 to 2017. ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES. Conducted field studies evaluating reduced-risk products, new modes of action, and overall programs for key pests that will be export compliant.For downy mildew (DM) and PM, this involved 32 and 25 treatment combinations, respectively. Identified a highly effective alternative DM fungicide that is EU-export compliant and an OMRI-approved biological product that gives comparable disease control to synthetic fungicides when applied in a program that uses half as many applications of synthetic fungicides. We identified alternatives to quinoxyfen and other fungicides that may create non-tariff trade barriers for exported crops due to lack of harmonized MRLs. Registration of two such alternatives is being pursued through the IR-4 program. For arthropods, treatments were targeted at aphids, loopers, beetles, and mites/eggs. Applications were made between mid-May and mid-July within a realistic regime of herbicide, fungicide, fertilizer, and defoliants running mid-March through mid-August. Mite trials, which included treatments, were inconclusive due to lack of pest mites in the Tomahawk block planned for study. Analysis of other arthropod controls is underway. Work continued toward developing a real-time platform to predict acaracide resistance in the field. A transcriptomic study with 4 populations (acaricide-susceptible and 3 resistant) revealed notable disparity at the genetic level that can be leveraged toward our goal. A second year of augmentative biocontrol studies with predatory mitesGallendromus occidentalisandNeoseiulus fallaciswas conducted. From an economic sciences perspective, examined the impacts of divestiture on barriers to trade and market access. Using the merger of Anheuser-Busch InBev and Grupo Modelo as a case study, employed a reduced-form retrospective difference-in-difference estimation approach to examine the effectiveness of divestiture in addressing negative market effects. LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT. Toward understanding energy consumption during hop drying, carried out hop kilning trials in Oregon and Washington using kilns outfitted with sensors for fuel flow and electric motor usage. Data were collected during harvest 2022 and analyzed throughout this project period. Energy consumption data were characterized by hop variety as well as between traditional and newer, dynamic kilning protocols. At least one grower reports modifying drying regimes for certain varieties as a result. SOCIOECONOMIC INTEGRATION. Our sociological sciences team worked on 1) an exploratory (qualitative) study via interviews and 2) a quantitative study via survey. Thirty interviews with hop growers, merchants, and viewers have been conducted, with 3 additional merchant interviews scheduled for fall 2023. Data collection is ongoing. Preliminary analyses of interview results were used to develop the survey instrument for the quantitative studies. The survey was designed to measure growers' current IPM practices, MRL issue awareness, and opinions on various aspects of sustainability. Deployment began June 2023, with 111 growers (out of 389) responding via web or telephone at the end of this reporting period. Our economic sciences team began surveys to assess German and US consumers' willingness to pay for a beer with an organic label. The German survey was developed and deployed. A choice experiment was conducted on a population sample of 133 residents in the region of Bavaria (Germany), in which the respondents expressed their preference among four different attributes (price, organic, local, type), with 24 choice rounds divided 12-question blocks randomly distributed to respondents. Analysis of results indicated a clear preference for the Pilsner type given its greater popularity and consumption in Germany. Willingness to pay seemed to depend on the independent variables Pale Ale, Local and Organic taken together, which were all significantly and positively correlated. There was a non-significant willingness to pay for the organic attribute in the sample; although, the iterations between organic and local beer are significant. The US survey instrument has been developed and is under institutional review. CARBON SEQUESTRATION.Created a hop farming carbon-capture workgroup comprised of Co-PDs and collaborators. Collected and characterized soil samplesfrom hop growers with and without cover crops.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Altendorf, K.R., Heineck, G.C., Wakholi, C., Tawril, A., Raja, P., Rippner, D., 2023. HopBox: An image analysis pipeline for quantifying hop cone morphology. Plant Phenome Journal 6, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppj2.20080
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Clare, S.J., King, R., Tawril, A., Havill, J., Muehlbauer, G.J., Carey, S.B., Harkess, A.E., Bassil, N., Altendorf, K.R., 2023. Affordable and convenient diagnostic marker to identify male and female hops. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Gent, D. H., Block, M., and Wiseman, M. S. 2023. Characterization of Podosphaera macularis on the most prevalent hop genotype in the Pacific Northwest. PhytoFrontiers https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTOFR-02-23-0020-R
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Laurie, R. W., Richardson, B. J., Ross, C. J., and Gent, D. H. 2022. Yard age, cultivar susceptibility, and spring pruning practices as risk factors for overwintering of Podosphaera macularis on hop. PhytoFrontiers. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTOFR-10-22-0112-R
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Richardson, B. J., Gent, D. H., and Adair, N. 2023. Evaluation of fungicides for hop downy mildew, St Paul, Oregon, 2022. Plant Disease Management Reports 17:V036.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Richardson, B. J., Gent, D. H., and Adair, N. 2023. Evaluation of drench and foliar fungicides for hop downy mildew, Corvallis, Oregon, 2022. Plant Disease Management Reports 17:V037.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Massie, S. T., Claassen, B. J., and Gent, D. H. 2023. Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, study 1, Granger, Washington, 2022. Plant Disease Management Reports 17:V038.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Rubottom, L.N. and Shellhammer, T.H. 2023. Evaluating the impact of high and low kilning temperatures on popular American aroma hops. Journal of American Society of Brewing Chemists. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610470.2023.2194838.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Rubottom, L.N., Lafontaine S. R., and Shellhammer, T.H. 2022. Evaluating the impact of kilning temperature on hop quality in American deep bed dryers. BrewingScience, November/December (Vol 75), pp. 98-108. DOI:10.23763/BrSc22-15rubottom
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Wang, X., R.C. Mittelhammer, T.L. Marsh, and J.J. McCluskey. 2023. Is Divestiture Effective as a Merger Remedy in the U.S. Beer Industry? 62, pages118 (2023) Review of Industrial Organization.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Altendorf, K.A. 2023. USDA-ARS Hop Breeding Program in Prosser, WA in 2022. Annual Report of the Hop Research Council, Hubbard, OR.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Gent, D. H. 2023. Best practices for priority plant health issues to ensure market access, sustainability, and data-driven decision making. Annual Report of the Hop Research Council, Hubbard, Oregon.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Gent, D. H., Pedro, J. F., Marsh T. L., Chatterjee, S., and Bhattacharyya, S. 2023. Coupling an epidemiological and economic model to optimize management of hop powdery mildew at the landscape level. Proc. Scientific Commission of the International Hop Growers Convention. June 25-29 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Gent, D. H. 2023. 2023 disease management considerations. Oregon Hop Commission. March 16, St. Paul, Oregon.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Gent, D. H. 2023. Downy mildew: damage, risk factors, and management. D and M Chem Grower Meeting. February 2, Yakima, Washington.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Gent, D. H. 2023. Powdery mildew management on crops intended for export. Washington Hop Industry Annual Meeting. January 5.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Gent, D. H. 2022. Hop downy mildew management program. Oregon Hop Commission. November 17.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Gent, D. H. 2022. EU-export-compliant disease management programs. Oregon Hop Commission. November 17.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Gent, D. H. 2023. Downy mildew: damage, persistence, and management. Wilbur Ellis Grower Meeting. February 10, Brooks, Oregon.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Gent, D. H. 2023. Powdery mildew management on crops intended for export. Wilbur Ellis Grower Meeting. January 12.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Harper S.J. 2023. Hop Virology Update, Hop Growers of Washington Annual Meeting, January 5. Yakima, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Jobe, C., Rubottom, L.N., and Shellhammer, T.H. 2023. Harvest Timing Remains a Key Influencer of Citra and Simcoe Hop Quality. Oral presentation at the American Society of Brewing Chemists Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, June 4  6.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Jobe, C., Rubottom, L.N., and Shellhammer, T.H. 2023. Impact of Harvest Maturity on the Chemical, Biochemical, and Sensory Characteristics of Citra Hops. Re-presentation of Poster A-28 from the 2022 Brewing Summit at the MBAA Eastern Technical Conference, Rehoboth Beach, DE, March 24-25.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Richardson, B., and Gent, D. H. 2023. Downy mildew of hop: perennation and autumnal control measures. APS Pacific Division Meeting, March 14-16, Tucson, AZ.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Richardson, B. J., and Gent, D. H. 2023. Downy mildew management: everything old is new again. Washington Hop Industry Annual Meeting. January 5.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Rubottom, L. and Shellhammer, T.H. 2023. Evaluating kilning temperature on the aroma quality of hops. Oral presentation at the 2023 Hop Research Council Winter Meeting & 67th American Hop Convention, Santa Rosa, CA, January 25  27.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Shellhammer, T.H. 2023. Hop research activities and interests at Oregon State University, Presentation to the research team at the Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Zalec, Slovenia, May 22.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Shellhammer, T.H. and Rubottom, L., 2022. Evaluating kilning influences on the brewing quality of hops. Technical report to the Hop Research Council. 28 pages.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Thomas, M., Rubottom, L., Shellhammer, T.H., Fronk, B. and Haapala, K. 2023. Benchmarking and Efficiency of Industrial Scale Hop Drying. Technical report to the Clean Energy Smart Manufacturing Innovation Institute (CESMII). 35 pages.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Walsh, D.B. 2023. Mite Management in Hop. Yakima Chief Green Chief series. April 27. Yakima, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Walsh, D.B. 2023. IPM in hop: Mites and Other Arthropods. Hop Growers of Washington. January 3. Yakima, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Walsh, D.B. 2023. Update on hop pest arthropod management. GS Long. January 11. Yakima, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Walsh, D.B. 2023. Hop IPM Update: Mites and Other Arthropods. Hop Research Council Winter Meeting & 67th American Hop Convention, Santa Rosa, CA, January 25  27.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Walsh, D.B. 2023. Input for small-scale growers. Webinar. Michigan State University. March 30.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Walsh, D.B. 2023. Hop IPM Update: Mites and Other Arthropods. Washington Hop Commission. July 11. Prosser, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Walsh, D.B. 2023. Hop IPM Update: Mites and Other Arthropods. Hop Research Council Summer Meeting. August 1. Boise, ID.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Walsh, D.B., J. Vost?el, M. Rak-Cizej, F. Weighrauch, and I. Lusebrink. 2023. Entomology Panel: hop aphid, spider mite, European corn borer, predatory mites, herbivore-induced resistance. International Hop Growers Convention. June 25-29. Ljubljana, Slovenia.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Wiseman, M. S., Cooperider, C., Underhill, A., Qiu, T., Cadle-Davidson, L., Jiang, Y., and Gent, D. H. 2023. Optimization of computer vision deep learning models for detection and quantification of hop powdery mildew. Plant Health 2023. August 12-16 2023, Denver, Colorado.


Progress 09/01/21 to 08/31/22

Outputs
Target Audience:The primary target audience for this project reporting period was the hop growers of the Pacific Northwest states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, that collectively account for 99% of the hops grown in the United States. Secondary target audiences include hop merchants, hop processors, and the brewing industry. Terciary target audiences include consumers of beers and ales in the U.S., Germany, and other export countries in the European Union and beyond; agencies that regulate pesticides and pesticide residues; producers of other agricultural crops that might benefit from the results of this research; and scientists within the disciplines of entomology, plant pathology, economics, sociology, fermentation science, food science, plant genetics, agronomy, and statistics who might be able to utilize the results of our research in their own. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?In addition to participating in a variety of conferences, workshops, presentations, and other activities listed in the Products and Other Products sections of this report, the following colleagues, staff, and studentsinvolved in this project provided and/or received training and professional development during the course of this project year. COLLABORATORS Dr. Shirshendu Chatterjee, Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, City University of New York. Chatterjee is providing collaboration and expertise in applied mathematics for the optimal control policy modeling. Dr. Brian Fronk, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (moved to to Penn State University in summer 2022). Fronk has assisted with hop kilning energy reduction project design and data collection/interpretation. Dr. Suzette Galinato, Economics Professor and Director of Washington State University Impact Center. Galinato specializes in development of enterprise budgets and monetization of inputs which supports the economic analyses of the project. Andy Gallagher, Consulting Soil Scientist and Owner of Red Hills Soils consulting practice, Corvallis, OR. Gallagher is part of the carbon-capture working group, assisting with carbon-capture project design and data collection/interpretation. Dr. Karl Haapala, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Haapala is assisting with hop kilning energy reduction project design and data collection/interpretation. Dr. Jennifer Moore, Research Soil Scientist with the USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR. Moore is part of the carbon-capture working group, assisting with carbon-capture project design and data collection/interpretation. Joshua Pedro, Adjunct Lecturer and Junior Researcher, Department of Mathematics, City University of New York. Pedro is providing collaboration and expertise in applied mathematics for the optimal control policy modeling. Dr. Jutta Roosen, Agricultural Economist and Professor of Marketing and Consumer Research, University of Munich, Germany. Roosen provides economic collaboration and access to consumers in critical European export markets. Andy Stickle, Consulting Agronomist for Humulus, LLC consulting practice and former Research Agronomist for Perrault Hop Farms, Toppenish, WA. Stickle is part of the carbon-capture working group, assisting with carbon-capture project design and data collection/interpretation. STAFF Dan Groenendale, Hop Research Manager, Washington State University, Prosser, Washington. Groenendale supervises all field activities and personnel at the research hop yards. Roman Martinez, Biological Science Technician, USDA-ARS Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, Prosser, WA. Martinez provided technical oversight of field maintenance activities for the breeding program from January to August 2022 and. Adam McKee, Sociologist and Project Manager, Washington State University Social & Economic Sciences Research Center, Pullman, WA. McKee specializes in statistical analysis and evaluation and is the project lead for the sociological studies connected to the LCA. Angela Mirales, Hop Laboratory Manager, Washington State University, Prosser, Washington. Mirales directs laboratory activities and personnel including arthropod quantification and bioassays. Antonio Moreno, Farmer 2, Washington State University, Prosser, Washington. Moreno is a licensed pesticide applicator and hop yard technician who, under Groenendale and along with Peng, maintain the research hop yards. Sally O'Neal, Senior Research and Extension Communication Specialist, Washington State University, Prosser, Washington. O'Neal works with all project Co-PIs to streamline and unify communication and reporting and provides project-wide assistance with editing and graphic design. Wilson Peng, Agricultural Research Technician III, Washington State University, Prosser, Washington. Peng is a licensed pesticide applicator and the senior hop field technician at the hop research yards. Briana Richardson, Faculty Research Assistant, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Richardson is providing technical oversight of aspects of the powdery mildew phenotyping. Anna Tawril, Biological Science Technician, USDA-ARS Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, Prosser, WA. Tawril is providing technical oversight of the propagation, transplanting, and field maintenance of plants in the breeding program. STUDENTS Tatum Clark, BS undergraduate student, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, Oregon. Clark is receiving training and providing technical assistance with powdery mildew phenotyping and support for field and laboratory experiments relating to alternative pest management. Carly Cooperider, BS undergraduate student, USDA-ARS, Corvallis, Oregon. Cooperider is receiving training and providing technical assistance with powdery mildew phenotyping and support for field and laboratory experiments relating to alternative pest management. Leila Dopp, Undergraduate Research Assistant, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Dopp was formally trained for hop chemistry analyses. Cade Jobe, MS student, Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Jobe Rubottom was mentored in fermentation science. Charles Johnson, Undergraduate Research Assistant, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Johnson was formally trained for hop chemistry analyses. Elizabeth Khoury, Undergraduate Research Assistant, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Khoury was formally trained for hop chemistry analyses. Ninh Khuu, MS/PhD student, WSU, Prosser, Washington. Khuu is assisting with studies on the affects of hop-infecting viruses on hop connected to the breeding objective. Dillon Randall, Undergraduate Research Assistant, Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Randall was formally trained for hop chemistry analyses. Lindsey Rubottom, PhD student, Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Rubottom was mentored in fermentation science. Matthew Thomas, MS student, Department Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Thomas was mentored in fermentation science. Jae Young Wang, PhD Student, WSU, Pullman, Washington. Wang is developing economic survey and experimental questions, conducting preliminary survey instrument assessment, and preparing to field the economic surveys. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?As this is the first year of the project, results are preliminary at best, but information about the project and team activities have been shared withindustry stakeholdersregularly throughout the past year through: Talks at various hop grower meetings including Hop Growers of America and Hop Research Council. Talks at various brewing industry meetings including Brewing Summit and European Brewing Convention Congress Responses to requests for information and/or advising from stakeholders Consulting to Salmon-Safe on reduced risk pest management options Advisement of the US Hop Industry Plant Protection Committee See additional specifics under Products (25 presentations, 5 articles) and Other Products section of this report. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Complete virus and viroid removal from 5 selected male genotypes. Inoculate different combinations of viruses and viroids in both male and female plants. Establish plants in the field for evaluation. String, train, and maintain male hop yard. Collect first year of data on two-spotted spider mite fecundity on male hop leaves. Analyze data from first year of collection. Recruit, train, and supervise a Biological Science technician. Complete phenotyping of male germplasm with European isolates of the hop powdery mildew fungus. Analyze data from male germplasm evaluation and prepare manuscript for a scientific journal. Communicate results to industry stakeholders through outreach presentations and technical reports. Plan and begin systematic evaluation of powdery mildew reaction with mapping populations. Grow-out of the first set of plants is planned for early January, with the first inoculations occurring in early April. Mentor a post-doctoral research associate and undergraduate students. Complete preliminary evaluation of commercial pesticide records, develop and pilot test a grower questionnaire, and plan for field sampling in summer 2023. Complete model fitting and link economic and epidemiological models for powdery mildew spread and control. Begin developing a manuscript describing the linked epidemiological-economic models. Communicate results to industry stakeholders through outreach presentations and technical reports. Mentor a post-doctoral research associate and undergraduate students. Conduct field experiments to identify EU-export-compliant powdery mildew, downy mildew, weed, mite, and other pest arthropod management programs. Evaluation of MRL-exempt alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Analyze data. Communicate results to industry stakeholders through outreach presentations and technical reports. Mentor a post-doctoral research associate and undergraduate students. Utilizing baseline (first-year) economic survey results, extend analysis to German and US consumers' willingness to pay, impacts on MRL issues, and differences between German/European and US consumers. Further develop economic model. Integrate emerging economic analyses with team members in other disciplines toward LCA development. Finish qualitative study with a total of 20 brewer interviews and 10 grower interviews. Finish transcription and coding of qualitative interviews. Use results of qualitative interviews to develop survey questionnaire. Launch baseline survey. Integrate emerging sociological analyses with team members in other disciplines toward LCA development. Prepare manuscript to submit to peer-reviewed journals to report the results of the qualitative study. The LCA team will collect data by working with Hop Growers of America. The carbon-capture working group will continue their data collection and analysis by collaborating with Oregon and Washington hop growers. Hop kilning energy-reduction studies will continue in collaboration with selected Oregon and Washington hop growers.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? BREEDING/GENETICS Screened 16 male hop lines of diverse parentage with mothers previously observed to exhibit variable responses to virus and viroid infection. Initial testing of virus/viroid status led to selection of 5 promising lines. As these were infected with multiple viruses, we initiated the virus cleanup process using meristem tissue culture; to date meristems have been excised and are being proliferated and rooted prior to transfer to soil. Virus-free female lines have been selected and await inoculation when male lines area ready. Construction of a new hop yard and irrigation to support this experiment was completed in June 2022. >300 male hops from Prosser and Corvallis were propagated into 2 replications and transplanted into a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a new hop yard at Prosser IAREC in June 2022. The uncharcteristically cool spring resulted in slow growth so stringing was delayed until 2023 to ensure proper establishment. 300 progeny from Comet x 6305M bi-parental mapping population were propagated into 2 replications and planted in an RCBD at IAREC in June 2022. Every other row was planted with Zeus, a cultivar with high susceptibility to powdery mildew (PM), to serve as a spreader. Plants were allowed to establish; inoculations and data collection will begin in spring 2023. Began evaluation of male hop lines unique to the USDA-ARS Prosser WA breeding program for their powdery mildew reaction. A total of 108 lines were evaluated sequentially for disease reaction when challenged with each of three predominate pathogenic races of the fungus. Identified 15 lines that appear resistant. These are being screened under quarantine conditions for their reaction to three isolates of the fungus from Europe that possesscomplex virulences not known to occur in the U.S. This research will inform future crosses intended to improve resistance to disease and will potentially identify novel sources of resistance in the germplasm. MARKET BARRIERS CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTIMAL SYSTEMS.Obtained records from an industry cooperator representinga census sample of every lot of the hop variety Simcoe ever produced in the Pacific Northwest (PNW):17,127 pesticide applications over 249 lots from 2010 to 2021. Conducted initial data cleaning. Initiating exploratory analyses to understand distribution of pesticide inputs to enablenext analytical steps. Began analysis on a second database of hop grower records to model fungicide use and costs in relationship to covariates such as field location, field size, proximity to other fields, overwintering of PM fungus, and cultural practices. Formulated a model for disease development and spread within and among hop yards in relationship to number of fungicide applications. This model was fitted with 2014 to 2017 data from hop yards in Oregon to estimate parameters. We are actively pursuing linking this epidemiological model to an economic model that considers disease control costs from pesticide-related costs as well costs associated with crop damage due to yield and quality losses in order to derive optimal control policies for individual growers and at the landscape level. ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES. Conducted field studies evaluating reduced-risk products, new modes of action, application timing, and overall programs for PM, downy mildew (DM), weeds,spider mites, and other pest arthropods with a primary focus on developing minimal input programs that are effective, adhere to resistance management guidelines, and still enable EU-export of hops. The disease research involved 26 treatment combinations for DM and 25 for PM. Results included 27%improved DM suppression 27% by changing application timing without increasing pesticide. Herbicide studies included products intended for weed suppression as well as those used as defoliants (7 treatments). A separate weed study focused on replacing gramoxone (under increasing scrutiny and MRL reduction/cancellation) with glufosinate at a fixed rate but varied pre-harvest intervals (PHIs); residue analysis is underway. One arthropodtrial focusedon invasive Japanese beetle control with chlorantraniliprole using combinations of 2 products, 4 combinations, 2 PHIs, and 4 cultivars; preliminary results indicate residues in excessof MRLs. The other arthropod trials included products for control of aphids, loopers, and mites in various combinations and PHIs; residue analysis is underway at 3 laboratories. Toward developing a sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective method to predict multiple acaricide resistance at the molecular levelon a portable platform, we collected 6 mite populations from hop yards and conducted bioassays with conventional (bifenazate, abamectin) and alternative plant-based (mint oil, rosemary oil, potassium-salt soap) acaricides. 500 mites of each population are currently being evaluated at Penn State. Conductedaugmentative biocontrol study with predatory mitesGallendromus occidentalisandNeoseiulus fallacisin an organic hop yard. G. occidentalisestablished and samples were takenat multiple dateswith results currently under analysis.N. fallacisdid not establish. Toward examining export barriers from an economic perspective as well as domestic and international perceptions, we jointly developeda survey with University of Munich to analyze consumer perceptions on hops consumption in the US and Germany. The surveys, which examine consumer willingness to pay for conventional vs nonconventional hops (with initial focus on organic products) are being pretested and will be fielded in the next project period. Designed to provide baseline parameters for the next stage as well as comparison between consumers in the USA and Germany, the results have important implications for MRL import issues. LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT. The process of drying hops is a key factor in energy consumption in the hop production cycle. Our LCA team has identified hop growers in Oregon and Washington who are interested in outfitting selected hop kilns with fuel flow sensors and electric motor usage sensing. Trials with this equipment are taking place during the 2022 harvest. These trials were preceded by hop drying experiments on selected Oregon and Washington hop farms during the 2021 harvest whereby alternative drying parameters were compared with traditional drying techniques to examine impact on hop quality and the potential to reduce drying times and total energy cost. At least one grower has already modified their drying regimes for certain varieties. SOCIOECONOMIC INTEGRATION. The team has been actively developing an economic model of hops production, identifying key components including revenue quantity and quality and cost components including those of chemical applications and other inputs. Extant enterprise budgets served as the starting point and have been updated using new insights and tools. The sociological studies, designed to better understand hop growers', brewers', and merchants' perspectives on environmental impacts of hop production, are in the exploratory/qualitative phase. Six growers and 16 brewers were interviewed and data are being transcribed and coded. CARBON SEQUESTRATION. A hop farming carbon-capture working group was formed, headed by 3 of the project's Co-PIs and 3 industry representatives (detailed under Collaborators in the next section). The group has identified growers in Oregon and Washington willing to participate in a multi-year cover crop-carbon capture study to be initiated in fall 2022.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Adesanya, A. W., M. J. Beauchamp, M. D. Lavine, L. C. Lavine, Fang Zhu, & D. B. Walsh. 2021. Mechanisms and management of acaricide resistance for Tetranychus urticae in agroecosystems. J Pest Sci doi.org/10.1007/s10340-021-01342-x
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Henning, J.A., M.S. Townsend, D.H Gent, M. Wiseman, D. Walsh, D. Groenendale and A. Randazzo. 2021. Registration of High-Yielding Aroma Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cultivar, USDA Triumph'. 2021. Plant Registrations, J. Crop Sci. Soc Am.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2022 Citation: Massie, S. T., Claassen, B. J., and Gent, D. H. 2022. Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, Granger, Washington, 2022. Plant Disease Management Reports.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Massie, S. T., Claassen, B. J., and Gent, D. H. 2021. Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, study 1, Granger, Washington, 2021. Plant Disease Management Reports 16:CF008.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Massie, S. T., Claassen, B. J., and Gent, D. H. 2021. Evaluation of fungicides for hop powdery mildew, study 2, Granger, Washington, 2021. Plant Disease Management Reports 16:CF009.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Altendorf, K.A. 2022. Establishment of a USDA-ARS Hop Breeding Program at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center (IAREC) in Prosser, WA. Annual Report of the Hop Research Council, Hubbard, Oregon.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Altendorf, K.R. 2022. USDA-ARS Hop Breeding Update from Prosser, WA. Hop Research Council Summer Meeting. August 2.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Altendorf, K.R. 2022. USDA-ARS Hop Breeding and Genetics. Minnesota Hop Growers Conference. February 26. (online presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Altendorf, K.R. 2022. USDA-ARS Hop Breeding and Genetics. American Society of Brewing Chemists Webinar. January 25. (online presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Altendorf, K.R. 2022. Sensory Evaluation of New Hop Selections from the U.S. Public Hop Breeding program. Craft Brewers Conference, Minneapolis MN. May 4.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Claassen, B. J., and Gent, D. H. 2022. Powdery mildew on Cascade: defining a minimal input program. Winter Meeting of the Hop Research Council. January 19 (online presentation)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Claassen, B. J., and Gent, D. H. 2022. Gent, D. H. 2022. Powdery mildew on Cascade: defining a minimal input program. Washington Hop Industry Annual Meeting. January 5. (online presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Gent, D. H. 2022. Best practices for priority plant health issues to ensure market access, sustainability, and data-driven decision making. Annual Report of the Hop Research Council, Hubbard, Oregon.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Gent, D. H. 2022. EU-compliant export programs. Yakima Chief Hops grower meeting. February 16. (online presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Gent, D. H. 2022. EU export-compliant disease management programs. Washington Hop Industry Annual Meeting. January 5. (online presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Gent, D. H. 2022. EU export compliant disease management programs: short-term solutions and longer-term strategies. Winter Meeting of the Hop Research Council. January 19 (online)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Gent, D. H. 2022. Mildews, Fusarium canker, and spring pruning: understanding and balancing different risks. Oregon Hop Commission. March 17.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Gent, D. H. 2022. Priority diseases affecting the U.S. hop industry. EPA Virtual Hops Tour. April 18. (online presentation).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Groenendale, D. 2022. Update on Integrated Management of Mites and Other Arthropod Pests in Washington Hops. Washington Hop Commission. July 20. Yakima, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Jobe, C., Rubottom, L.N., and Shellhammer, T.H. 2022. Impact of Harvest Maturity on the Chemical, Biochemical, and Sensory Characteristics of Citra Hops. Poster A-28 presentation at the Brewing Summit, Providence, RI, August 14  16.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Molitor, R.W., Rubottom, L.N., Stokholm, A, and Shellhammer, T.H. 2022. Deepening our Understanding of the Diastatic Power of Hops from Agronomical and Industrial Perspectives, Oral presentation at the 38th Congress of the European Brewing Convention, Madrid, Spain, May 29  June 2.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Rubottom, L. and Shellhammer, T.H. 2022. Evaluating kilning temperature on the aroma quality of hops. Research update to the Hop Research Council, Prosser, WA, August 2-3.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Rubottom, L.N., and Shellhammer, T.H. 2022. The impact of hop kilning temperature on the aromatic and biochemical properties of American hops, Oral presentation at the 38th Congress of the European Brewing Convention, Madrid, Spain, May 29  June 2.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Rubottom, L. and Shellhammer, T.H. 2022. Evaluating kilning temperature on the aroma quality of hops. Oral presentation at the 2022 Hop Research Council Winter Meeting & 66th American Hop Convention, Tampa Bay, Florida (presentation delivered online), January 18  21.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Walsh, D. B. 2022. Update on Integrated Management of Mites and Other Arthropod Pests in Hops. EPA Virtual Hops Tour. April 18. (online presentation).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Walsh, D. B. 2022. Update on Integrated Management of Mites and Other Arthropod Pests in Hops. Oregon Hop Commission. March 17.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Walsh, D. B. 2022. Update on Integrated Management of Mites and Other Arthropod Pests in Hops. Yakima Chief Hops grower meeting. February 16. (online presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Walsh, D. B. 2022. Update on Integrated Management of Mites and Other Arthropod Pests in Hops. Winter Meeting of the Hop Research Council. January 19 (online presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Walsh, D. B. 2022. Update on Integrated Management of Mites and Other Arthropod Pests in Hops. Washington Hop Industry Annual Meeting. January 5. (online presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Walsh, D. B. 2022. Update on Integrated Management of Mites and Other Arthropod Pests in Hops. Annual Report of the Hop Research Council, Hubbard, Oregon.