Source: TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
NEXT-GENERATION SMART SURFACES AND COATINGS TO IMPROVE FOOD SAFETY AND WATER-EFFICIENCY OF U.S. SPECIALTY CROPS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
ACTIVE
Funding Source
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1027514
Grant No.
2021-51181-35906
Cumulative Award Amt.
$2,447,012.00
Proposal No.
2021-07786
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Sep 1, 2021
Project End Date
Aug 31, 2025
Grant Year
2021
Program Code
[SCRI]- Specialty Crop Research Initiative
Recipient Organization
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
750 AGRONOMY RD STE 2701
COLLEGE STATION,TX 77843-0001
Performing Department
Horticultural Sciences
Non Technical Summary
Specialty crops account for 51% of 9.6 million cases of foodborne illness in the U.S. Foodborne illness caused by contaminated specialty crops is estimated to produce an annual burden to the domestic economy of approximately $18 billion. The overarching objective of this project is to develop novel spraying/dipping solutions and coatings to improve the microbiological safety of farming tools and accessories used in harvesting and food-contact surfaces used for storing, sorting, and processing of specialty crops. In addition, the proposed activity aims at reducing water usage needed for cleaning these tools and surfaces, thereby contributing towards sustainability.Antifouling characteristics on the material(s)/object(s) of interest will be incorporated via a synergistic combination of nanotexturing and permanent/covalent attachment of inert, long-chain hydrophobic molecules. The ease of cleaning of bacteria and dirt will be evaluated through two different hydrological assays.We will develop regional/national extension outreach activities to disseminate results through integration of research and extension activities. We will write reports, present results at national professional meetings, and organize workshops for specialty crop growers and packers and farming tool, accessory, and surface manufacturers to develop and identify "Best Management Practices" for inhibiting pathogen attachment and its transmission to consumers.The successful completion of the project will contribute towards enhancing the ability of specialty crop growers/packers to produce, pack, and market safe commodities for U.S. consumers as the SCRI program seeks to accomplish.
Animal Health Component
40%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
50%
Applied
40%
Developmental
10%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
7235310100060%
4014099303040%
Goals / Objectives
The main long-term objective of this project is to advance the current state-of-art microbiological safety of farming tools and accessories used in harvesting and equipment and food-contact surfaces used for storing, sorting, and processing of specialty crops through a novel, smart sanitary design. Another long-term goal is to improve the interfacial characteristics of these tools and surfaces to enable easier washing and sanitization that will significantly reduce amounts of water usage. The third long-term objective is to increase stakeholder awareness about our new technology that can improve food safety and water use efficiency at harvest or/and post-harvest stages of specialty crops. As part of these long-term goals, the project is organized into three research objectives and two outreach objectives:Objective 1: Develop novel spraying- and dipping-based formulations that are optimized for effectively and robustly inhibiting bacterial adhesion on selected polymer-, wood-, and metal-based surfaces commonly contacting with specialty crops during harvest and processing.Objective 2: Develop scalable processes that can be used for the permanent modification of metal and polymer harvest and postharvest tools and equipment with nanotextures during their manufacturing. Objective 3: Significantly reduce water usage in cleaning and sanitization of harvest and postharvest equipment, tools, and containers, and food-contact surfaces utilized in packing, sorting, and processing facilities via nanotechnology-based smart design.Objective 4: Disseminate information on the key features and potential benefits of our developed novel technologies to stakeholders in various modalities with a specific goal of maximizing the widespread utilization and adaptation of such technologies in the specialty-crop production, processing, and packing activities through extensive multi-state outreach efforts Objective 5: Prepare detailed, easy-to-follow instructions and interactive multimedia demonstrations explaining how specialty crop growers/processors can modify their existing tools and surfaces to incorporate functions of bacterial repellency and self-cleaning in them using spraying and dipping.
Project Methods
Outline of methodology to be used to achieve project objectives:Methodology for Objective 1: The antifouling characteristics of the generated surfaces as well as conventional control surfaces will be studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and pour plating assays. The mechanical durability and life-time of the coating will be investigated using nanoindentation and tribo-testing. Infrared spectroscopy will be used to evaluate the chemical durability of the coating/texture.Methodology for Objective 2: For polymer surfaces, roll-to-roll machining and hot-pressing templated with inverse-nanotexture will be used to fabricate the desired nanotexture. The interactions of pathogens and food residue with these surfaces will be studied using SEM, optical and fluorescence microscopy, and plating assays.Methodology for Objective 3: To evaluate the ease of cleaning, we will use a hydrological assay. This setup will involve water metering systems to monitor water usage (gal/L), force (psi/ bar), and temperature (oC) from a standardized distance (ft/m). The experiments will be conducted to compare the required water usage to remove 99% of a pre-formed biofilm or mud/dirt on nanotextured surfaces and their standard versions.Methodology for Objective 4: Annual workshops will be organized in multiple-states including Texas, Georgia, Illinois, Mississippi, Florida, California, Michigan, Alabama, North Carolina, Maryland. We will develop industry relevant guidance on the use of surface coatings in production that is also feasible and complies with FDA regulations. Information transfer will be in multiple forms and include online content, extension publications or fact sheets, workshops as well as in-person hands-on demonstration.Methodology for Objective 5: Activities in this Objective will have two tasks. Our research efforts will pay particular attention to develop methods that can readily be performed by any person familiar with farming operations and to identify chemical and components that are easily available in the market at a low price. After establishing the best practices, we will record video instructions suggested for specific items/objects used in the production of specialty crops.

Progress 09/01/23 to 08/31/24

Outputs
Target Audience:Target Audience The targeted audience we considered for this third year were stakeholders and academia as part of Objective 4 of our project. We targeted these audiences through three main activities including participating in conferences, invited presentations as guest speakers and interacting directly in workshops, meetings with stakeholder in different states. Efforts were as follows: For instance Dr Joe Masabni (Texas A&M University) hosted conferences/workshops and was invited to give lecture on the topic of superhydrophobic materials and the results of our research. This included an invitation to present an online to India university students (number not available), a Hydroponic gardening and food safety meeting (100 participants on 2023-11-11), an Aquaculture conference in Corpus Christi (150 participants on 2024-1-22), a 4-State Ag expo in Texarkana (80 participants on 2024-2-8), a Plantastic Vegetable program in Fredericksburg (91 participants on 2024-2-23), a Backyard vegetable gardening meeting (30 participants on 2024-4-23), and a Hydroponic/Aquaponic Conference at Dallas Center (180 participants on 2024-4-26). Some future activities by Dr Masabni will include an Aquaponic Association annual conference (2025-9-13), an invitation to present outcomes at Utah State University (2024-10-17), an a Invitation to present on a food safety program organized by the Southern Illinois University (2024-11-21). Dr Carlos Crisosto (UC Davis), during the 2024 summer season visited farmers and answered concerns about postharvest losses and food safety and described the outcomes of the project with them. Dr Crisosto's team also participated in different food safety trainings including their team students (3) and Ms Megan Cravelli. Dr Crisosto's team will conduct demonstration tests in California to support a future annual conference, where extension faculty can present the findings of the practical application of the new materials developed by TAMU and UCR. Dr Bin Zhou and Dr Jorge Fonseca (Food Quality Lab, USDA ARS NEA BARC) during 2024, have been visiting stakeholders and answering concerns about postharvest losses and food safety while describing the outcomes of the project. They are preparing tests at pilot scales to support a future an annual conference and workshop, where research associates can present the findings of the practical application of the new materials developed by TAMU and UCR. In addition, Dr. Shawn Tsai, as Postdoctoral Associate - Completed a Biosafety and Chemical waste training, conduct the plant and human pathogen survival and persistence on the container surface used in leafy greens and apple industries. These trainings will support future workshops conducted by the Food Quality Lab. Dr Ruplal Choudhary (Southern Illinois University) visited several produce growers in Illinois and made awareness of food safety and water saving by the developed novel coating of harvest and post-harvest equipment (around 75 farmers through farmers market and farm visits). Future activities by Dr Choudhary's group will include organizing webinar in Nov 2024 reaching out to local farmers, and organize farmers workshop to conduct demos of the new technology developed by TAMU and UCR. Dr Leslie Bourquin (Michigan State University) developed two draft survey instruments to assess knowledge, attitudes, and potential technology adoption of farmers / packers regarding use of nano-coated surfaces of equipment and utensils to improve food safety and promote water use efficiency. One survey will be conducted as structured interviews with key informants, while the other survey will be an internet-based, national survey of fruit and vegetable farmers/packers. Future activities by Dr Bourquin's group will include conducting survey research in fall/winter of 2024/25, summarize and present results of this survey research at appropriate for a, provide outreach to stakeholders in Michigan via media articles, presentations, and Extension publications and publish results of survey research as a peer-reviewed journal article in late 2025. Dr Chip Simmons (NC State) future activities include to attend county extension meetings and commodity meetings in NC where the generated information could be distributed as well as the Southeast Vegetable and Fruit Expo in Myrtle Beach, SC as well as the SE Regional Fruit and Vegetable Conference in Savannah, GA. Dr Keith Schneider (University of Florida) future activities include to organize a webinar to promote the project, as well as several extension events in FL with emphasis on demos of the generated coatings. Dr Deltsidis (Georgia) discussed with extension agents and identified locations for trainings and will initiate activities in 2025, while Dr Andre da Silva, Camila Rodriguez and Adam Rabinowitz (Auburn University) initiated upscaling tests of the coatings generated by TAMU and UCR, and are optimizing its applications to a range to tools that could be used as demos by our extension colleagues in their workshops. In addition, Dr Cisneros and Dr Akbulut (Texas A&M) continued conversations with Citrosol Company (Spain), and initiated conversations with Hortifruit (Peru), Talsa SA (Peru) about the outcomes of the project and explore their potential interest in its use. Changes/Problems:We report the following changes/problems in the project. We obtained approval from USDA to formally request the removal of Dr. Barickman from Mississippi State University, since Dr. Barickman is no longer affiliated with the institution originally listed as a subcontractor in the proposal. Funds and responsibilities previously assigned were absorbed and shared among the two directors and the project extension specialist, Dr. Cisneros-Zevallos, Dr. Akbulut, and Dr. Masabni. During this Fall 2024 we will have a meeting with all 10 institutions involved in the project and evaluate extension activities for objectives 3, 4 and 5 and evaluate the impact of the delay in transferring funds. In general the previously encounter delay issues in transferring funds to our partner institutions have been resolved thus our partner institutions have access to their funding to accomplish the objectives of the project. However, if additional time is needed to accomplish our goals mainly 4 and 5 due to the delay of fund transfers, we will evaluate a request of a non-cost extension. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?In this past year 2024, we continued research training of graduate students including one under the supervision of Drs Akbulut and Cisneros, one under Drs Castillo and Taylor at TAMU, one under the supervision of Dr Min at UC Riverside, one under the supervision of Dr Camila Rodriguez, and one under the supervision of Dr Crisosto at UC Davis in addition to undergraduate students. In addition we had postdoctorals joining the project including one in TAMU under the supervision of Dr Cisneros and one at USDA with Dr Bin Zhou. In addition, for professional development Dr Joe Masabni, the extension leader of the project from Texas A&M also had an opportunity to give an online presentation to India university students, 2024. PI Dr Cisneros on the other hand participated on an online course at Polytechnical University of Cartagena, 2024. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have continued this third year disseminating specific research results and general concepts of the project to stakeholders and academia. On the other hand, we have disseminated the general concepts of the project in different presentations including presentations to India University students and The Polytechnical University of Cartagena, Spain. We also put emphasis this third year in direct interactions with stakeholder to talk about the project which took place in different workshops, meetings in different states. For instance, Dr Cisneros and Dr Akbulut (Texas) interacted with Citrosol Company (Spain), Hortifruit (Peru), Talsa SA (Peru) and Biosafe Systems (US). Dr Choudhary (Illinois) disseminated the project concepts with specialty growers association and will organize a webinar conference to reach out to a larger audience of farmers in Illinois. Dr Deltsidis (Georgia) discussed with extension agents and continued identifying locations for trainings to reach out a farmers through a webinar during Fall 2024 and 2025. Dr Crisosto (California) visited different farmers and discussed concerns about postharvest losses and food safety and will organize a webinar to reach out with the project concept to a larger audience during the 4th year of the project. Dr Fonseca and Dr Bin Zhou (USDA) met with different stakeholder and include their future participation in workshops to take place in workshops organized by USDA. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?To be able to continue targeting our goals and meet achievements for the next period 2025 (Objectives 3, 4 and 5), we had two general meetings with all 10 institutions this year 2024 led by Drs Cisneros and Akbulut to discuss and plan in detail next steps according to the original work/time schedule we proposed in our project. During 2024 all our partner institutions continued receiving their funds (e.g., Auburn University, UC Davis, University of Illinois, USDA, University of Georgia, University of Florida, Michigan State University, NC State, UC Riverside) and initiate their planning for this coming year. We will have one more meeting this Fall 204 to coordinate details of execution of goals 3, 4 and 5 during year 2025. Texas A&M and UC Riverside will continue developing fundamental and applied research to refine a "sprayable surface coatings" formulation to continue testing by Auburn University and by USDA-ARS (Maryland) during Fall 2024 on a range of tools and equipment that can be used and evaluate the economic feasibility and water savings and used as demos in extension workshops and training activities. North Carolina State University, Illinois, University of Florida, University of Georgia, UC Davis and Michigan State University will in some cases initiate or continue their extension activities with the generated information and by promoting the general concepts of the project during fall 2024 and year 2025. For instance the Southern Illinois University, University of Florida and the University of California at Davis will generate a Food Safety webinar by Fall 2024. All institutions have access to funding this year, thus we expect to have new students joining the project while those students already supported will continue their work. During Fall 2024 we expect to have a meeting involving students from different partner institutions to share their research and extension activities which will be coordinated by extension leader Joe Masabni in coordination with all extension colleagues. In addition, in Fall 2024, Dr Joe Masabni will lead a meeting with extension partners from all 10 institutions to coordinate specific actions in relation to extension activities for this fourth year of the project. On the other Dr Taylor (TAMU) will coordinate a meeting with the advisory board of the project right after the Fall 2024 meeting to coordinate and inform the steps taken and receive feedback and inputs from the advisory board to strengthen our working plan and correct any action taken if necessary. We will also invite some additional stakeholders to join the advisory board. Dr Bin Zhou (USDA) joined Dr Fonseca's team and participates in the project in Objectives 4 and 5. Finally, Dr Bourquin (Michigan), leading the MSU team implemented a survey research of stakeholders to assess knowledge and acceptance of coatings to minimize microbial contamination and improve cleanability of utensils and other food contact surfaces in produce handling operations, results of the study are being processed. The findings from these interviews will be used to design one or more internet-based survey instruments that will be used to more broadly assess knowledge and acceptance of the technologies by produce industry stakeholders (primarily growers/packers). We anticipate these surveys will be finalize and administered during Fall of 2024.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? According to our specific objectives of the project, this third year we addressed mainly Objectives 1, 2, 3 and 4. For instance in Objective 1, we continued developing fundamental information to generate "sprayable" superhydrophobic coating formulations with increased hydrophocity and increased nanoroughness leading to non-attachable surfaces by human pathogens with contact angles above 150 degrees, at UC Riverside and at Texas A&M University (TAMU). In Objective 2 continued studies of permanent surface modifications of a range of surfaces including metals, HDPE surfaces and wood at small-scale coupon size surfaces at TAMU focusing on stability and integrity. In Objective 3 we start applying the designed sprayable coatings to a range of tools and equipment to optimize their application. In Objective 4 we continued disseminating information generated to stakeholder and academia by presenting our work in different workshops, and approaching farmers and farmer associations in the US and industries from Peru and Spain. We also had online presentations to talk about the general concepts of the project at the international levels including a Postharvest course in Cartagena-Spain and an online presentation to India university students.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Arcot, Y., Mu, M., Lepure, M., Yodong, R. K., Zhou, W., Min, Y., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Akbulut, M. Influence of Nanopesticide Surface Chemistry on Adsorption to Plant Cuticle and Wax Layer: The Role of Zeta Potential and Wetting. Surfaces and Interfaces.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Akbulut, M. Reducing Agricultural Waste and Losses with Nanotechnology: Shifting Paradigms in Food Safety, Produce Shelf Life, and Plant Protection.  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2024).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Mu, M., Zhou, W., Arcot, Y., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Akbulut, M. Edible superhydrophobic coating derived from triterpenoid maslinic acid for bacterial antifouling and enhanced fresh produce food safety. Food Packaging and Shelf Life (2024).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Arcot, Y., Mu, M., Taylor, T. M., Castillo, A., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Akbulut, M. E. S. Essential Oil Vapors Assisted Plasma for Rapid, Enhanced Sanitization of Food-Associated Pathogenic Bacteria. Food and Bioprocess Technology (2024).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: DeFlorio, W., Zaza, A., Arcot, Y., Min, Y., Castillo, A., Taylor, M., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Akbulut, M. E. S. Bioinspired Superhydrophobic Nanocoating Based on Polydopamine and Nanodiamonds to Mitigate Bacterial Attachment to Polyvinyl Chloride Surfaces in Food Industry Environments. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (2024).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Arcot, Y., Mu, M., Lin, Y.-T., DeFlorio, W., Jebrini, H., Kunadu, A. P.-H., Yegin, Y., Min, Y., Castillo, A., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Taylor, T. M., Akbulut, M. E. S. Edible nano-encapsulated cinnamon essential oil hybrid wax coatings for enhancing apple safety against food borne pathogens.  Current Research in Food Science (2024).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Liu, S., Iepure, M., Zhou, W., DeFlorio, W., Akbulut, M. E. S., Min, Y. Electrospun superhydrophobic polyvinyl chloride /polydimethylsiloxane-nanodiamond nanocomposite with enhanced antifouling and mechanical properties for fresh produce packaging.  Applied Food Research (2024).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Mu, M., Oh, J. K., Perez, K., Zhou, W., Wang, X., Castillo, A., Taylor, M., Min, Y., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Akbulut, M. (2024). Effect of wax chain length on the adhesion dynamics and interfacial rigidity of Salmonella Typhimurium LT2.  Surfaces and Interfaces (2024).


Progress 09/01/22 to 08/31/23

Outputs
Target Audience:Target Audience The targeted audience we considered for this second year were stakeholders and academia as part of Objective 4 of our project. We targeted these audiences through three main activities including participating in a National conference in Horticulture (ASHS) in Engineering (AIChE and Texas Soft Matter), S-294 multistate meeting, invited presentations as guest speakers and interacting directly in workshops, meetings with stakeholder in different states. Efforts were as follows: For instance, we gave three presentation in the annual meeting of the American Society of Horticultural Sciences (ASHS) in Orlando July 2023, these presentations were given by Dr Joe Masabni (Texas) as part of the work generated at Texas A&M from Dr Akbulut and Cisneros group. We also gave two presentations in the AIChE annual meeting in Orlando in November 2023 by Minchen Mu, PhD student from Dr Akbulut's group as well as a presentation in the Texas Soft Matter Meeting in Houston in August 2023. Dr Jorge Fonseca (USDA) participated in the S-294 multistate meeting in California October 2023 focusing on fresh-cut produce and safety. All these presentations targeted stakeholders and an academic audience. The invited presentation as guest speakers was given at the international Postharvest course in Cartagena-Spain in March 2023. This presentation was done by Dr Cisneros (Texas) and targeted an academic and industry audience. Direct interactions about the project with stakeholder took place in different workshops, meetings with stakeholder in different states. For instance, Dr Cisneros and Dr Akbulut (Texas) interacted with Ctirosol Company (Spain), Agrofresh (US) and Camposol (Peru). Dr Choudhary (Illinois) engaged in networking with a specialty growers association and obtained list of growers interested in attending workshop or demonstration session during the next live local conference to be organized in Springfield Illinois. Dr Deltsidis (Georgia) discussed with extension agents and identified locations for trainings. Dr Crisosto (California) visited several San Joaquin Valley-Salinas farms (Chico to Bakerfield) and discussed concerns about postharvest losses and food safety. Visited CA packers and shipper discussing fruit quality and safety, including two days per week every week in the summer (stone fruit, cherries, grapes) to every two weeks in the Fall (persimmon, kiwifruit, Asian pears, grapes) describing the project's approach that is being undergoing. Dr Fonseca (USDA) met with IFPA representatives to describe the projects approach and include their future participation. Dr Bourquin (Michigan), leading the MSU team initiated work to design and implement survey research of stakeholders to assess knowledge and acceptance of coatings to minimize microbial contamination and improve cleanability of utensils and other food contact surfaces in produce handling operations. Human subjects research approval to conduct this survey research was obtained from the MSU Institutional Review Board. The MSU team also developed a script that will be used to guide key informant interviews that will be undertaken in 2023-24. The findings from these interviews will be used to design one or more internet-based survey instruments that will be used to more broadly assess knowledge and acceptance of the technologies by produce industry stakeholders (primarily growers/packers). We anticipate these surveys will be finalize and administered during the first half of 2024. Changes/Problems:We report the following changes/problems in the project. We contacted USDA to formally request the removal of Dr. Barickman from Mississippi State University, since Dr. Barickman is no longer affiliated with the institution originally listed as a subcontractor in the proposal. In light of Dr. Barickman's removal, the responsibilities previously held will be absorbed and shared among the two directors and the project extension specialist, Dr. Cisneros-Zevallos, Dr. Akbulut, and Dr. Masabni. We envision a smooth transition and the continued success of the project without any disruption to our work or its outcomes. The previously encounter delay issues in transferring funds to our partner institutions have been resolved thus our partner institutions will receive their funding to accomplish the objectives of the project. Any previous delay issues in transferring funds did not cause delays that may have a significant impact on the rate of expenditure or created deviations from research schedule or goals. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?In this past year 2023, we continued research training of graduate students including one under the supervision of Drs Akbulut and Cisneros, and one under Drs Castillo and Taylor at TAMU and one under the supervision of Dr Min at UC Riverside. Other graduate students have join the project for research and extension activities including a graduate student at Auburn University, 1 studentat UC Davis, one student at Illinois, and a postdoctoral at USDA. In addition, one graduate student from Dr Akbulut's lab gave three presentations at engineering meetings of the AIChE and Texas Soft Matter meetings in Orlando and Texas , respectively on November and August2023. In addition, for professional development Dr Joe Masabni, the extension leader of the project from Texas A&M also had an opportunity to give three presentation in the annual ASHS meeting in Orlando, July 2023. PI Dr Cisneros on the other hand gave a presentation at the Polytechnical?University of Cartagena, March 2023. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have continued this second year disseminating specific research results and general concepts of the project to stakeholders and academia in the annual meeting of the American Society of Horticultural Sciences (ASHS) and Engineering meetings (AIChE and Texas Soft Matter meetings). On the other hand, we have disseminated the general concepts of the project in different presentations including presentations multistate S-294 meeting in California and The Polytechnical University of Cartagena, Sapin. We also put emphasis this second year in direct interactions with stakeholder to talk about the project which took place in different workshops, meetings in different states. For instance, Dr Cisneros and Dr Akbulut (Texas) interacted with Ctirosol Company (Spain), Agrofresh (US) and Camposol (Peru). Dr Choudhary (Illinois) engaged in networking specialty growers association and obtained list of growers interested in attending workshop or demonstration session during the next live local conference to be organized in Springfield Illinois. Dr Deltsidis (Georgia) discussed with extension agents and identified locations for trainings. Dr Crisosto (California) visited San Joaquin Valley-Salinas farms (Chico to Bakerfield) and discussed concerns about postharvest losses and food safety. Visited CA packers and shipper discussing fruit quality and safety, including two days per week every week in the summer (stone fruit, cherries, grapes) to every two weeks in the Fall (persimmon, kiwifruit, Asian pears, grapes) describing the project's approach that is being undergoing. Dr Fonseca (USDA) met with IFPA representatives to describe the projects approach and include their future participation. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?To be able to target our goals and meet achievements for the next period 2024, we had a general meeting with all 11 institutions this year 2023 led by Drs Cisneros and Akbulut to discuss and plan in detail next steps according to the original work/time schedulewe proposed in our project. During 2023 some of our partner institutions receivedtheir funds(e.g., Auburn University, UC Davis, University of Illinois) and initiate their planning for this coming year. Those institutions which already received funds includingTexas A&M and UC Riverside will continue developing fundamental and applied research to come up with novel surfaces to continue testing by Auburn University and by USDA-ARS located in Maryland. North Carolina State University, Illinois, University of Florida and Michigan State University will initiate their extension activities with the generated information and by promoting the general concepts of the project. For instance University of California at Davis will generate a Food Safety webinar in the second semester of 2024. All universities will be receiving funding by year 2024, thus we expect to have new students joining the project while those students already supported will continue their work. During the second semester of 2024 we expect to have a meeting involving students from different partner institutions to share their research and extension activities. In addition, in January2024, Dr Joe Masabni will lead a meeting with extension partners from all 11 institutions to coordinate specific actions in relation to extension activities for this third year of the project. We will also coordinate a meeting with the advisory board of the project right after the January meeting2024 meeting to coordinate and inform the steps taken and receive feedback and inputs from the advisory board to strengthen our working plan and correct any action taken if necessary. We will also invite some additional stakeholders to join the advisory board. Dr Fonseca has invited Dr Bin Zhou (USDA) to join his team and participatein the project in Objectives 4 and 5. Finally, Dr Bourquin (Michigan), leading the MSU team initiated work to design and implement survey research of stakeholders to assess knowledge and acceptance of coatings to minimize microbial contamination and improve cleanability of utensils and other food contact surfaces in produce handling operations. Human subjects research approval to conduct this survey research was obtained from the MSU Institutional Review Board. The MSU team also developed a script that will be used to guide key informant interviews that will be undertaken in 2024. The findings from these interviews will be used to design one or more internet-based survey instruments that will be used to more broadly assess knowledge and acceptance of the technologies by produce industry stakeholders (primarily growers/packers). We anticipate these surveys will be finalize and administered during the first half of 2024.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? According to our specific objectives of the project, this second year we addressed mainly Objectives 1, 2, 3 and 4. For instance in Objective 1, we continued developing fundamental information to generate superhydrophobic coating formulations with increased hydrophocity and increased nanoroughness leading to non-attachable surfaces by human pathogens with contact angles above 150 degrees, at UC Riverside and at Texas A&M University (TAMU). In Objective 2 we have been initiating studies of permanent surface modifications of a range of surfaces including metals, HDPE surfaces and wood at small scale coupon size surfaces at TAMU. We also addressed Objective 4 by disseminating information generated to stakeholder and academia by presenting our work in National Meetings like the American Society of Horticultural Sciences (ASHS meeting) held in Orlando July 2023, in Engineering meetings in August and November 2023 (AIChE and Texas Soft Matter meetings), a multistate S-294 meeting for fresh-cut produce. We also had a presentation as guest speaker to talk about the general concepts of the project at the international Postharvest course in Cartagena-Spain in March 2023.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Zhou, W., Liu, S., DeFlorio, W., Song, S.H., Choi, H., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Oh, J.K. and Akbulut, M.E., 2024. Nanostructured antifouling coatings for galvanized steel food storage and container surfaces to enhance hygiene and corrosion resistance against bacterial, fungal, and mud contamination. Journal of Food Engineering, 363, p.111784.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Mu, M., Wang, X., Taylor, M., Castillo, A., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Akbulut, M. and Min, Y., 2023. Multifunctional coatings for mitigating bacterial fouling and contamination. Colloid and Interface Science Communications, 55, p.100717.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Mu, M., Lin, Y.T., DeFlorio, W., Arcot, Y., Liu, S., Zhou, W., Wang, X., Min, Y., Cisneros-Zevallos, L. and Akbulut, M., 2023. Multifunctional Antifouling Coatings Involving Mesoporous Nanosilica and Essential Oil with Superhydrophobic, Antibacterial, and Bacterial Antiadhesion Characteristics. Applied Surface Science, p.157656.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Mu, M., Liu, S., DeFlorio, W., Hao, L., Wang, X., Salazar, K.S., Taylor, M., Castillo, A., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Oh, J.K. and Min, Y., 2023. Influence of Surface Roughness, Nanostructure, and Wetting on Bacterial Adhesion. Langmuir, 39(15), pp.5426-5439
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Masabni. J. 2023. Novel Nanocomposite Coatings Reduce Escherichia coli and Listeria Contamination. ASHS Conference. Orlando FL. (abstract)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: DeFlorio, W., S. Liu, A. Yashwanth, B. Ulugun, X. Wang, Y. Min, L. Cisneros-Zevallos, M. Akbulut, and J. Masabni. 2023. Novel Nanocomposite Coatings for Stainless-Steel Surfaces to Reduce Escherichia coli and Listeria Fouling in Leafy Green Vegetable Processing Facilities. ASHS Conference. Orlando FL. (poster)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Masabni, J., M. Akbulut, J. and Cisneros. 2023. Grower Education of Food Safety in Hydroponics: New coating technology to reduce risk. SR-ASHS conference. Oklahoma City, OK (abstract)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Mu. 2023. Multifunctional antibacterial Coatings Based on Mesoporous Silica. Texas Soft Matter Meeting, Houston, August18th, 2023
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Mu. Nanostructured Antifouling Coatings for Galvanized Steel Food Storage and Container Surfaces to Enhance Hygiene and Corrosion Resistance Against Bacterial, Fungal, and Mud Contamination. AIChE Annual Meeting, Orlando, November 7th, 2023
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Mu. Essential Oil-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Development of Multifunctional Nonfouling Coatings. AIChE Annual Meeting, Orlando, November 8th, 2023


Progress 09/01/21 to 08/31/22

Outputs
Target Audience:The targeted audience we considered for this first year were stakeholders and academia as part of Objective 4 of our project. We targeted these audience through three main activities including participating in a National conference in Horticulture (ASHS), invited presentationsas guest speakers and a presentation in a national meeting/workshop held in Texas. Efforts were as follows: For instance we gave three presentation in the annual meeting of the American Society of Horticultural Sciences (ASHS) in Chicago July 2022, two of them were given by a graduate student from Dr Akbulut's group and one by Dr Joe Masabni.All these presentations targeted stakeholders and an academic audience. The invited presentations as guest speakers were given at CaliforniaPolytechnic State University at San Luis Obispoin June 2022, in the Plant Science Department Seminarat the University of California Davis in October 2022 and in the first Iberoamerican Congress of Science, Education and Technology (CET-FESC-UNAM) in Mexico on December 2021. All these presentations were given by Dr Cisneros and targeted an academic audience. A presentation was given in the national meeting/workshop "Challenges and Needs of Greenhouse Hydroponic Industry in hot and humid climates" organized byTexas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center - Dallas, Texas in December 2022.This presentationwas given by Dr Masabniand targeted stakeholders andan academic audience. Changes/Problems:Wereport the following changes/problems in the project. We have a change in our partner institution Mississippi State University (MSU). Dr Casey Barikman who was leading in MSU informed us that he was leaving for an industry job.He transferredthe grant responsibility toDr. Jeff Wilson, who is an Assistant Professor in horticulture and has vast knowledge and experience with specialty crops. Dr Wilsonhas extensive experience with Extension and delivering programing tostakeholders. Dr Wilson will work closely with Texas A&M Joe Masabnito coordinate the grant extension portion of the project. Mississippi will participate in years 3 and 4 of the project. We also encounter delay issues in transferring funds during the first semester of thisfirst year to our partner institutions including the University of Florida, Michigan State University, and NC State. However, we considered we learned from the experience and now transfer of funds to other universities is workingwell. We consider these delay issues in transferring funds did not cause delays that may have a significant impact on the rate of expenditure or createddeviations from research schedule or goals. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?In this past year 2022, we had opportunity to initiate research training ofgraduate students including one under the supervision of Drs Akbulut and Cisneros at Texas A&M University and one under the supervision of Dr Min at UCRiverside. In addition, one graduate student from Dr Akbulut's lab gave two presentations at the annual meeting of the American Society of Horticultural Sciences (ASHS) in Chicago, June 2022. For professional developmentDr Joe Masabni, the extension leader of the project from Texas A&Malso had an opportunity to give a presentation in the annual ASHS meeting and one in a workshop/meeting held in Dallas, Texas in December 2022. PI Dr Cisneros on the other hand gavepresentations at Cal Poly, UC Davis and in Mexico. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have disseminated specific research results and general concepts of the projectto stakeholders and academia in the annual meeting of the American Society of Horticultural Sciences (ASHS) and a national workshop/meeting held in Dallas, Texas. On the other hand,we have disseminated the general concepts of the project in different presentations including presentations in California (Cal Poly and UC Davis) and in Mexico (Iberoamerican Congress in Science, Education and Technology) targeting an academic audience. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?To be able to target our goals and meet achievements for the next period 2023, we will have a general meeting with all 11 institutions by mid January 2023 led by Drs Cisneros and Akbulut to discuss and plan in detail next steps according to the original work/time schedule we proposed in our project. By the end of Fall 2022 some of our partner institutions received their funds(e.g., Auburn University, UC Davis, University of Illinois) and will initiate their work early in the semester for this second year. Those institutions which already received funds including Texas A&M andUC Riverside will continue developing fundamental and applied research to come up with novel surfaces to be tested by Auburn University and by USDA-ARS located in Maryland. North Carolina State University, University of Florida andMichigan State University will initiate their extension activities with the generated information and by promoting the general concepts of the project. For instance University of California at Davis will generate a Food Safety webinar in the second semester of 2023. On the other hand Dr Jorge Fonseca from USDA-ARS has invited Dr Bin Zhou to his team as he is supporting the project and have initiated some preliminary work. These partner institutionsincluding Texas A&M, will initiateselecting students during the first semester of 2023 as well as confirming the already selected students by January 2023 (graduate and undergraduate) to support the activities of the project. Also, in January 2023, Dr Joe Masabni will lead a meeting with extension partners from all 11 institutions to coordinate specific actions in relation to extension activities for this second year of the project. We will also coordinate a meeting with the advisory board of the project right after the USDA-SCRI March 2023 meetingto coordinateand inform the steps taken and receive feedback and inputs from the advisory board to strengthen our working plan and correct any action taken if necessary.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? According to our specific objectives of the project, this first year we addressed mainly Objectives 1 and 4. For instance in Objective 1, we have been developing fundamental information to generate formulations that when applied to surfaces these become hydrophobic due to changes in reduced polarity and increased nanoroughnessleading to non-attachable surfaces by human pathogens. This objective 1 was addressed at UC Riverside and at Texas A&M University. We also addressed Objective 4 by disseminating information generated to stakeholder and academia by presenting our work in National Meetings like the American Society of Horticultural Sciences held in Chicago July 2022 and a National workshop/meeting held in Dallas, Texas in December 2022. We also had presentations as guest speaker to talk about the general concepts of the project in Cal Poly-San Luis Obispo (June 2022), UC Davis (October 2022) and Mexico (December 2021).

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: 3.Liu, S., W. DeFlorio, T. Taylor, J. Masabni, L. Cisneros-Zevallos, and M. Akbulut. 2022. Multifunctional Antimicrobial and Antifouling Coating on Metal Surfaces for Enhanced Hygiene during Post-Harvest Process. HortScience 57(9):66 (abstract)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2022 Citation: Minchen Mu, Yu-Ting Lin, William DeFlorio, Yashwanth Arcot, Shuhao Liu, Wentao Zhou, Mustafa Akbulut* 2022. Multifunctional metal-free coating with antibacterial and antiadhesion capabilities based on mesoporous silica, Applied Surface Science, in progress.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: 1.DeFlorio W., S. Liu, T. Taylor, L. Cisneros-Zevallos, J. Masabni, and M. Akbulut. 2022. Superhydrophobic Bacterial Antifouling Steel and Stainless-Steel Surfaces to Minimize Post-Harvest Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cross Contamination. HortScience 57(9):S30 (abstract)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: 2.Masabni, J., L. Cisneros-Zevallos, and M. Akbulut. 2022. Development of Bacterial Hygienic Coatings for Tools and Equipment to Ensure Food Safety during Handling Operations of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables. HortScience 57(9):S31 (abstract)