Progress 05/25/21 to 06/01/23
Outputs
Target Audience:1) Ranchers and land managers by improving animal nutrition and health and reducing reliance on hay or other supplemental feed while supporting rangeland biological diversity and reducing the environmental impacts of western beef production systems. 2) The public, by increasing sustainability and reducing the carbon footprint of protein production. 3) K-12 teachers and students, by enhancing science, technology, engineering, art and mathematics (STEAM) education through a regionally relevant, engaging, inspiring, and integrated STEAM curriculum on sustainability and biological diversity using school gardening. Changes/Problems:Nothing to report. This project is complete. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Objective 1. Undergraduate students engaged in activities of this project: Tyson Weight, Gabriel Larsen, Collin White, Davis Sineath, Hannah Davidson and Maren Harris. They were trained in numerous laboratory assays (fiber, tannin, starch and water-soluble carbohydrate assays) as well as in field data collection and plot establishment. A MS student (F. Surbhi) collected data on plant establishment at he USU Godfrey Farm and freeze dried all plant material for in vitro rumen fermentation studies. Objective 2. A MS student (Taylor Jackson) was recruited for n vitro rumen fermentation studies. Objectives 3 and 4. A number of graduate and undergraduate students have helped in various capacities on this project including by conducting a literature review, developing an online questionnaire and interview guide, conducting an online survey, conducting interviews, analyzing survey and interview data, writing up research results for different audiences, and presenting results to different audiences. Faculty and students involved with the project have also been able to attend annual sustainable grazing institutes which has helped with networking, research, and knowledge. Seminars were given to the MS in Animal Welfare. 2021-2023 (4 h lectures during the month of October every year). Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain. Lectures in the graduate-level course: Pasture Systems. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 26, 2022. and the graduate-level course: Ruminant Production Systems. Universidad de la República, Uruguay, October 6, 2022. Invited student seminar, University of North Carolina, Pembroke (January, 2023).. Workshop on Improvements in Forage Legume Systems for Semiarid Regions (June 2023). Drs. Trundle and Vela met weekly with teachers, five doctoral students and two undergraduate research assistants working as STEAM Ambassadors. to mentor in research design and academic writing. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results from the online surveys and interviews have been shared with the project team and stakeholder advisory board through both written reports and oral presentations. We are also close to submitting a peer-reviewed paper from the online survey titled "Ranchers' Views of Smart Foodscapes: Applied and Methodological Insights" to Rangeland Ecology & Management. We are also working on two peer-reviewed journal articles from the interviews conducted during the summer of 2023. Information about smart foodscapes was disseminated to through Extension Program conferences, schools, and events as described below. 01/11/2023 Weber River Confluence conference (100 attendees)1/21/2023 Duchesne County Cattleman's (200 attendees)2/8/2023 Carbon County Crop School (40 attendees)2/9/2023 San Juan Crop School (25 attendees)Results from the online producer survey were shared at the student meeting on March 14th. Video: https://youtu.be/-nV5kWSeRwg Education Component Summer bee camp at Edith Bowen provides garden-based STEAM learning for 3rd, 4th graders. Utah State TODAY. https://www.usu.edu/today/story/summer-bee-camp-at-edith-bowen-provides-garden-based-steam-learning-for-3rd-4th-graders One resource sheet to submit to USU Extension for formatting and publication. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue working on Objectives 1 through 5 through a grant received from NIFA: "Using Smart Foodscapes to Enhance the Sustainability of Western Rangelands," which this seed grant was fundamental for creating the foundation and preliminary data to make the project a reality.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1. Five replications of 24 native and introduced plants with good forage value that are commonly included in rangeland grazing or restoration seed mixtures were seeded at the USU Godfrey Farm near Clarkston on November 18 and 19, 2021. In the spring of 2022, the plot area was treated with glyphosate and plots were replanted on 7 May 2022. Seedling establishment was assessed twice, in mid-summer and autumn in 2022 and 2023. About one-third of the seeded species showed significant establishment across most replications. The plant species that established early in the summer were introduced species that are commonly used as components of extensive rangeland seedings: alfalfa (both Medicago sativa and M. sativa spp. falcata), sainfoin and small burnet. The native species Utah sweetvetch, blanketflower, and showy goldeneye became established across all reps later in the summer. There were scattered plants of birdsfoot trefoil, crownvetch and cicer milkvetch (all introduced legumes) across most replications. Objective 2: Students harvested about 55 kg fresh weight of crested wheatgrass from a stand planted in 2022., legumes and forbs (alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, sainfoin and small burnet) totaling about 30 kg fresh weight. The grass and forbs were freeze dried, milled, and shipped to Dr. Batistel at the University of Florida for ongoing in vitro rumen fermentation studies. Objectives 3 and 4. Over the course of this project we were able to conduct a literature review that informed our subsequent data collection, conduct an online survey of Utah ranchers (N=82) and their views of smart foodscapes in late 2022/early 2023, and conduct in-depth interviews (N=14) with ranchers from across the state in summer of 2023. Results from the online surveys has been shared with the project team and stakeholder advisory board through both a written report and oral presentations. The same will occur for the interviews in January of 2024. We are also close to submitting a peer-reviewed paper from the online survey titled "Ranchers' Views of Smart Foodscapes: Applied and Methodological Insights" to Rangeland Ecology & Management. We are also working on two peer-reviewed journal articles from the interviews conducted during the summer of 2023. Results of the survey were also presented at the 2023 International Association for Society & Natural Resources annual meeting. We met objective 3 (participate in established Sustainable Grazing Institute schools to solicit input from participating ranchers via focus groups), but took a slightly different approach to getting input from ranchers. While we attended the Sustainable Grazing Institute schools in 2022 and 2023, we did not conduct focus groups at that, but instead briefly shared about the project and solicited interest in future involvement. We then used contacts from the grazing institutes, purchased lists, and our own professional networks to seek input through an online survey and subsequent in-depth interviews with ranchers. From the online survey with open-ended and closed-ended response options, we found that ranchers who participated in the survey are excited about the Smart Foodscapes (SFS) project, for gaining economic benefits, and in hopes of improved land management. Beyond themselves and the rangeland, they are also hopeful the project yields an outcome that will be beneficial and shared with the larger community in Utah such as increased environmental stewardship and enhancing plants and biodiversity. The ranchers who participated in the survey in Utah also stated several perceived potential challenges, largely centered around managing the SFS within their existing ranching system, cost and time involved in comparison with future benefits, and external factors such as drought and weather change. Improved rangeland and optimistic perceptions about SFS are among the motivators for the ranchers for trying smart foodscapes in their operation in the future. However, it is very clear that these participants still need more information before trying SFS in their operation, particularly about the economics of making such transitions. These results were communicated to the project team and have been incorporated into subsequent research and outreach. With input from the online survey and interviews, our research team has become more aware of some of the opportunities and barriers that ranchers in Utah perceive to using and maintaining smart foodscapes and are incorporating this into future research and outreach. A grazing school was conducted in Box Elder County over the summer. The concept of Smart Foodscapes was introduced as part of the Extension program events (Weber River Confluence conference, Duchesne County Cattleman's, Carbon County Crop School, San Juan Crop School with attendance between 25 and 200 practitioners. Objective 5. Planned and installed school gardens, which included a greenhouse, 6 raised garden beds, storage shed, compost bin, water barrels, 2 weather stations, native bee houses, bioacoustics, drone, and critter cams that mirror foodscapes on rangelands. Collaborated with classroom teachers to co-develop and field test a holistic, research-based, STEAM integrated garden-based learning project. Aligned activities and lessons with national standards for STEM, and arts education. Used a research-based, holistic, balanced 3-H learning model to effectively engage students emotionally (hearts-on), physically (hands-on), and cognitively (heads-on). Teachers and students used their school garden and greenhouse to model smart foodscapes to study the importance of biodiversity to plant, soil, and animal health as well as to the environment and overall human health and welfare. Pilot tested the activities with Jr. High School students and teachers in a public school. Teacher and students established a garden club, and the students voluntarily met weekly, including throughout the summer. Identified assessment instruments and piloted with students and teachers. Gathered pre and post implementation data about teacher and student understandings of native bees, STEAM career interest, and connections to nature. Students and teacher designed an outreach booth. Teacher presented the project results to the local school board at their invitations. The project was integrated into the school morning news report. The project team established partnerships with local businesses, including a nursery. Surveyed students at partner school in north-central Utah prior to engaging in a school garden project. Results showed no differences between male and female students for Mathematics career interest. Difference in science identity in favor of males. Male students expressed a 0.3 standard deviation higher in mean difference than their female student counterparts for science career interest. Female students expressed a 0.44 standard deviation higher in mean difference than their male counterparts for connections to nature. Students who want to protect nature recognize their dependence on plants and animals. Parental encouragement to spend time in nature positively affected students' attitudes towards and engagement in nature. Two summer camps for elementary students in Logan (n=25) and Price (n=22) were implemented. The team developed and finalized a camp schedule and camp handbook.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Conference Proceedings
Villalba, J., MacAdam, J.W., Van Vliet, S., & Provenza, F. D. (2023). Integrating plant secondary metabolites and foraging behavior to enhance animal health in ruminant production systems. Proceedings XXV International Grassland Congress.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Presentations:
V�zquez Palacios, S. (Presenter & Author), Aguirre, V. (Author Only), V�zquez, R. (Author Only), Villalba, J. (Author Only), Pedernera, M. (Author Only), 3rd International Congress on Veterinary Sciences and Animal Production, "Productive parameters of lambs fed free selection during the fattening stage," Universidad Aut�noma del Estado de M�xico,, Mexico City, Mexico. (October 26, 2023 - October 27, 2023)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Presentations:
Villalba, J. (Guest Speaker), Workshop on Improvements in Forage Legume Systems for Semiarid Regions, "Chemical and taxonomic diversity to improve animal production systems," National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Argentina, Bahia Blanca, Argentina. (June 16, 2023)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Presentations:
Villalba, J. (Keynote Address), International Symposium on the Nutrition of Herbivores, "Herbivory and the power on nourishing for health," Florianopolis, Brazil. (June 4, 2023 - June 8, 2023)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Presentations:
Terra Braga, M., Poli, C., Villalba, J., Tontini, J. F., International Symposium on the Nutrition of Herbivores, "Trade-offs between selection of nutrients and tannins in growing lambs.," Florianopolis, Brazil. (June 4, 2023 - June 8, 2023)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Presentations:
Villalba, J. (Presenter & Author), MacAdam, J. W., Van Vliet, S., Provenza, F. D., International Grassland Congress, "Integrating plant secondary metabolites and foraging behavior to enhance animal health in ruminant production systems," International Grassland Congress, Covington, Kentucky, USA. (May 14, 2023 - May 19, 2023)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Presentations:
Villalba, J., Seminar, University of North Carolina, Pembroke, "Smart Foodscapes: Developing Functional Landscapes to Enhance the Sustainability of Livestock Production Systems," University of North Carolina, Pembroke, Pembroke, NC. (January 24, 2023)
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Progress 05/25/21 to 09/30/21
Outputs
Target Audience:1) Ranchers and land managers by improving animal nutrition and health and reducing reliance on hay or other supplemental feed while supporting rangeland biological diversity and reducing the environmental impacts of western beef production systems. 2) The public, by increasing sustainability and reducing the carbon footprint of protein production. 3) K-12 teachers and students, by enhancing science, technology, engineering, art and mathematics (STEAM) education through a regionally relevant, engaging, inspiring, and integrated STEAM curriculum on sustainability and biological diversity using school gardening. Changes/Problems:Objective 1. Weed competition was expected and weed species tend to be site-specific. We will continue to eradicate noxious weeds and monitor the competition between weeds and seeded species. Objectives 3 and 4. Dr. Schad has shifted from doing focus groups with producers to preparing for an online survey of producers and subsequent interviews if she can find producers to participate. Dr. Schad has already interviewed three Utah producers who are part of the Stakeholder Advisory Board. Objective 5. Unable to recruit elementary school. Requested and received permission to work at Jr. High School. Significant increases in material costs. High rate of dept admin and staff turnover in the TEAL Department (75%) No available space in the College of Education to support the education part of the project. College of Natural Resources is providing such space. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Objective 1. Students engaged in year 1 activities of this project included Tyson Weight, Gabriel Larsen, Collin White, Davis Sineath, Hannah Davidson and Maren Harris. These undergraduate students were trained in numerous laboratory assays (fiber, tannin, starch and water-soluble carbohydrate assays) as well as in field data collection and plot establishment. Objectives 3 and 4. Dr. Schad has attended multiple workshops (2022 USU Extension Sustainable Grazing Institute in Kaysville, 2022 USU Extension Grazing Expo in Price) that have increased her understanding of ranching in the Intermountain West and make connections with producers, Extension agents, and those in the agricultural sector. Dr. Schad has also worked with two graduate students (one MA and one PhD) to increase their understanding of ranching systems in the Intermountain West and train them to find literature relevant to understanding the conservation motivations of ranchers in the region. Villalba, J.J. 2021. Animal welfare in grazing systems. Virtual Workshop for the "MS in Animal Welfare 2021-2022," Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain, November 3, 2021, and FTF, November 2022. Villalba, J.J. 2022. Grazing and learning in Ruminants. The lecture was given in the context of the graduate-level course: Pasture Systems. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 26, 2022. Villalba, J.J. 2022. Foraging Behavior in Ruminants. Lecture in the context of the graduate-level course: Ruminant Production Systems. Universidad de la República, Uruguay, October 6, 2022. Trundle and Vela met weekly with teachers and doc students to mentor in research design and academic writing. Presentations to be presented at research and practitioner conferences in 2023. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Dr. Schad attended the USU Extension Sustainable Grazing Institute in Kaysville in June where Dr. Villalba presented on the project to the attendees and Dr. Schad had individual conversations with producers about the project. Dr. Schad also collected emails of attendees which will be used to distribute an online survey in late November 2022/early December 2022 to get their input on the project. They will also be given the opportunity to then participate in an in-depth interview about their grazing practices and the project. Dr. Schad attended the USU Extension Grazing Expo in Price in October where she presented on the project to the attendees and had individual conversations with producers about the project. As with the June workshop, Dr. Schad also collected emails of attendees which will be used to distribute an online survey in late November 2022/early December 2022 to get their input on the project. They will also be given the opportunity to then participate in an in-depth interview about their grazing practices and the project. The project introductory video we are nearly done producing will be a key dissemination tool. This can be shared on social media, the project website, at rancher workshops, etc., and will help us to effectively share the goals of the project to a wide variety of audiences. Villalba, J.J. 2022. Platform Speaker for Pastures and Forages: Smart Foodscapes: Developing Functional Landscapes to Enhance the Sustainability Livestock Production Systems. Invited presentation at the American Society of Animal Science (ASAS), and the Canadian Society of Animal Science (CSAS) 2022 Joint Annual Meeting. June 26-30, 2022. Villalba, J.J. 2022. Using Smart Foodscapes to Enhance the Sustainability of Western Rangelands. Presentation at the 2022 NCCC31 Eco physiological Aspects of Forage Management Annual Meeting June 15-17, University of Wyoming (UW), Laramie, WY. * Doctoral students ** Teacher *Wheeler, L., Hagevik, R., & Trundle, K.C. (in review). BEE ambassadors for pollen. Science Scope. Trundle, K., Hagevik, R., *Wheeler, L., Vela, K. N., *Parslow, M., & **Joy, D. (2022, in press). The 3-H social and emotional learning cycle and the three sisters garden. Science Activities. https://doi.org/10.1080/00368121.2022.2147892 *Wheeler, L., Hagevik, R., & Trundle, K.C. (2022, in press). The birds and the bees, the flowers and the trees. Science Scope. Vela, K. N., *Parslow, M., Hagevik, R. & Trundle, K. (2022). Give plants an inch and they'll take a yard. Mathematics Teacher: Learning and Teaching PK-12, 115(10), 722-729. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective 1. During the second year of the study, plants will be assessed for persistence following the winter of 2022-2023 and plant material will be harvested as it reaches bloom stage for use in in vitro assessments of dry matter intake and enteric methane emissions (Objective 2). Objectives 3 and 4. Dr. Schad has already entered the online survey into Qualtrics that will get feedback from producers. It is currently being tested and reviewed by the USU IRB. Once the introductory video for the project is complete and the IRB has approved the study, Dr. Schad will distribute the short, online survey to producers across the state to gather their feedback on the project at this stage. It will be distributed to workshop attendees, on relevant listserves (e.g., USU Rangeland Extension, Utah Cattleman's Association, etc.), and through county extension agents. With an online link, they will be shown the video, and then asked some online questions about their perceptions of the project, and then finally some background and operation questions. This data will then be analyzed and shared with the team and prepared for publication if the data and findings warrant. Objective 5. Analyze post intervention data. Gather additional data. Present results at conferences.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1. A list of 24 perennial native and introduced legumes and non-legume forbs was developed using the following criteria: Described by the NRCS as adapted to western rangelands and providing good quality forage for ruminants; described by authoritative sources as providing forage into the late summer and autumn; described in the literature as containing significant protein as well as bioactive compounds such as tannins, saponins, and isoflavones with potential benefit to grazing ruminants and the environment. Seed, mycorrhizal and legume rhizobial inoculants, and deficient mineral nutrients were purchased, existing barley plants were terminated, land was cultivated, mycorrhizal inoculant and mineral nutrients were applied, and five replications of plant materials were seeded at the USU Godfrey Farm near Clarkston on November 18 and 19, 2021. In the spring of 2022, weeds were sufficiently problematic that the plot area was treated with glyphosate and plots were replanted on 7 May 2022. Seedling establishment was assessed twice, in mid-summer and autumn in 2022. About one-third of the seeded species showed significant establishment across most replications. Precipitation at the Clarkston site for the 2022 growing season (April 1 through October 31) was 2.41 inches. The plant species that established early in the summer were introduced species that are commonly used as components of extensive rangeland seedings: alfalfa (both Medicago sativa and M. sativa spp. falcata), sainfoin and small burnet. The native species Utah sweetvetch, blanketflower, and showy goldeneye became established across all reps later in the summer. There were scattered plants of birdsfoot trefoil, crownvetch and cicer milkvetch (all introduced legumes) across most replications. By the end of the growing season, the plot area also had patches of field bindweed and kochia that were too extensive to remove by hand. Objectives 3 and 4. During the last year, Dr. Schad has focused on three primary activities related to this project. The first was to start to find and synthesize literature about ranchers' usage of conservation practices, particularly in the Intermountain West (IMW). A few questions Dr. Schad sought to answer were: 1) What are considered conservation or best management practices in ranching in the IMW? 2) What do we know about ranchers' usage of them? (e.g., are there studies documenting how many are using them, where they are being used, factors influencing their usage, etc.). Over the summer, an incoming master's degree (of sociology) student was hired to start to compile this information. PhD student (Zubair Barkat) has since picked this up and is familiarizing himself with ranching in the Intermountain West and looking into the feasibility of completing a systematic literature review. Second, Dr. Schad started to get input from ranchers on their perceptions of the project and the practices being developed. She has interviewed three stakeholder advisory board members who are ranchers themselves and is prepared to gather data from a wider variety of producers soon. Dr. Schad will do online surveys with producers across the state to get their input. She has entered the online survey into Qualtrics, is currently getting feedback from experts on the content, and is seeking approval for the data collection from the USU IRB. Dr. Schad will distribute the short, online survey to producers across the state to gather their feedback on the project at this stage. It will be distributed to workshop attendees (see below), on relevant list serves (e.g., USU Rangeland Extension, Utah Cattleman's Association, etc.), and through county extension agents. With an online link, they will be shown the video, and then asked some online questions about their perceptions of the project, and then finally some background and operation questions. Third, Dr. Schad has been one of the project members leading the development of a short introductory video for the project. She thought it would be useful for the project's website and for working with producers to have a short video that outlined the overall goals of the project, the primary components, and showed some images and footage related to the project to better help those interested in understanding what the project is seeking to do. Dr. Kathy Trundle (co-PI) was able to find a videographer and room in her budget to support this sub-project. Dr. Schad led the effort to develop the script and have been working with the videographer to determine appropriate footage to accompany the script. She recently arranged a visit to a local ranch in Paradise to capture footage of the type of interaction she will have with ranchers in conducting interviews throughout the project. Objective 5. Planned and installed school gardens, which included a greenhouse, 6 raised garden beds, storage shed, compost bin, water barrels, 2 weather stations, native bee houses, bioacoustics, drone, and critter cams that mirror foodscapes on rangelands. Collaborated with classroom teachers to co-develop and field test a holistic, research-based, STEAM integrated GBL project. Aligned activities and lessons with national standards for science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and arts education. Used a research-based, holistic, balanced 3-H learning model to effectively engage students emotionally (hearts-on), physically (hands-on), and cognitively (heads-on) (Trundle and Smith, 2017; Saçkes et al., 2019). Included targeted content: biodiversity, environmental stewardship, and sustainability. Teachers and students used their school garden and greenhouse to model smart foodscapes to study the importance of biodiversity to plant, soil, and animal health as well as to the environment and overall human health and welfare. Pilot tested the activities with Jr. High School students and teachers in a public school. Teacher and students established a garden club, and the students voluntarily met weekly, including throughout the summer. Identified assessment instruments and piloted with students and teachers. Gathered pre and post implementation data about teacher and student understandings of native bees, STEAM career interest, and connections to nature. Analyzed the pre implementation data and currently analyzing post implementation data. Students and teacher designed an outreach booth. Teacher presented the project results to the local school board at their invitations. The project was integrated into the school morning news report. The project team established partnerships with local businesses, including a nursery. Surveyed students at partner school in north-central Utah prior to engaging in a school garden project (n=326). Results showed no differences between male and female students for Mathematics career interest. Difference in science identity in favor of males. Male students expressed a 0.3 standard deviation higher in mean difference than their female student counterparts for science career interest. Female students expressed a 0.44 standard deviation higher in mean difference than their male counterparts for connections to nature. Students who want to protect nature recognize their dependence on plants and animals. Parental encouragement to spend time in nature positively affected students' attitudes towards and engagement in nature.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Provenza, F. D., Villalba, J., & Kleppel, G. (2021). Editorial: Livestock Production and the Functioning of Agricultural Ecosystems, Volume II. To appear in Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems..
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Villalba, J. (2022, September). Smart Foodscapes: Developing Functional Landscapes to Enhance the Sustainability Livestock Production Systems. Journal of Animal Science, 100(Supplement_3), 89-90.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Presentations
Villalba, J., ANIMAL WELFARE MASTERS PROGRAM - AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA, "Animal welfare in grazing systems.," USDA-NIFA, Logan, Utah. (October 13, 2022)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Presentations
Villalba, J., The American Society of Animal Science (ASAS) and the Canadian Society of Animal Science (CSAS) Joint Annual Meeting, "Platform Speaker: Smart Foodscapes: Developing Functional Landscapes to Enhance the Sustainability Livestock Production Systems." (June 26, 2022 - June 30, 2022)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Presentations
Villalba, J., The Sustainable Grazing Institute: Merging the Art and Science of Management Intensive Grazing, "Using Smart Foodscapes to Enhance the Sustainability of Western Rangelands.," USU, Kaysville, Utah. (June 7, 2022 - June 8, 2022)
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