Progress 09/01/22 to 08/31/23
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:None. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Three graduate stduents conducted reserhc under this project that is being inculded in their thesis accomplishments. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Six peer-reviewed jurnal articles Results on pest managemnt methods for storage of southern dry-cured hams were presented at regional and natonal conferences for entomologist, food scientisitcs and related organizations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to continue investigations of the activities of chitosan, chitin derivatives, propylene glycol against eggs and mobile life stages of mites. A minimum of three experiments will be conducted. The 1st experiment will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of coating formulations at controlling mites on mite cubes in the laboratory. Coating systems consist of carrier gums (XG or CG + PGA; TIC Gums), 10% PG, and chitosan and chitin derivatives at recommended usage levels. To infuse coatings, the synthetic nets (Dickson polyester stockinette, 25 inches stitch length per 200 needles) will be passed through a hydraulic wedge with circulating rollers. The two rollers circulate together to force the solution into the netting. Squeeze pressure and roller speed can be varied to control the amount of absorption. Our current coating solutions that contain hydrocolloids will be used to change the viscosity of the solutions to control migration, using a coating system as described earlier. A randomized complete block (RCB) design with two replications (block) will be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of coating/netting systems for each type of chitin derivatives at controlling mites on ham cubes (n=5 per coating). For coating treatments, 5 ham cubes will be dipped in each treatment, which will be a total of 10 cubes (2 replications and 5 samples/replication). For net treatments, the ham cubes will be placed inside cut sections of ham nets that are infused with coating prior to inoculation with mites. Twenty large (mostly adult female) mites will be placed on each cube of ham, and the cube will be placed in a mite-proof, ventilated glass container at 23 ± 2 ºC and 70 ± 5% relative humidity and incubated for 2 weeks, after which the number of mobile mite progeny will be counted under a microscope. Known commercial miticides have activity on all the life stages of mites but some are only active on later life stages (nymphs and adults) or early life stages (eggs and larvae). In our previous studies, PG and gum coated nets showed antifungal activity in past work, but the activity of PG against mites is still unknown. Chitosan and its derivatives have antimicrobial and antifungal activities possibly because chitosan is electrostatic, which impacts cell surface permeability and inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis and disruption of bacterial protein synthesis. Chitosan demonstrated insecticidal action against Spodoptera littoralis larvae, possibly due to their effects on repellency, and disruption of feeding physiology and chronic toxicity (Badawy et al., 2005). Contact activity, repellent activity, and residual activity of PG and chitosan and chitin derivatives against egg and mobile stages of mites will be conducted according to the protocols described earlier. The knowledge about the activities of each ingredient will help researchers and ham producers make decisions on how and when to apply the effective control strategy and to rotate strategies with different activities to reduce the chances that mites develop resistance to certain ingredients.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The objectives of this research were to 1) compare the efficacy of various methods of drying food-grade coated nets designed for their efficacy at controlling ham mites; 2) determine if the drying treatments for the treated nets affect the mechanical qualities of the food-grade coated-dried nets when compared to the untreated control nets or treated nets that were not dried; 3) evaluate the sensory characteristics of dry-cured hams wrapped in dried food-grade ham nets. Food-grade coated ham nets that contained propylene glycol and polysaccharides that were dried in an oven for 7 min, or on the counter for 24 h, did not affect the nets' ability to control ham mite population growth and reproduction, impact the sensory characteristics of ham slices they were wrapped on, or affect the mechanical characteristics of the nets. This indicates that the treated nets could still control ham mites after drying. The objectives of this research were 1) to determine if the use of liquid smoke in coated ham nets and/or in food-grade coatings controls mite growth on small ham cubes and 2) to evaluate if liquid smoke in coated nets and/or food-grade coatings affects the sensory characteristics, water activity, moisture content, and weight loss of country hams. Country hams (average 7.0 ? 0.5 kg) that were ripened for 90 days were sourced from a commercial ham processor in the U.S. Ham nets (polyester, with average 127.1126.4 cm stitch length per 400 needles, 3.9 Wales/cm2 and 6.1 Courses/cm2 ) were purchased from Dickson Industries, Inc. (Des Moines, IA). Xanthan gum (XG, Pre-Hydrated® Ticaxan® Rapid-3) was provided by TIC Gums (Belcamp, MD). Food-grade 1,2-propanediol (PG, product number 912752) was provided by Hawkins, Inc. (Roseville, MN). In addition, two liquid smoke products, Charsol® Supreme Poly (SP) and Charsol® Select 24P (24P), were provided by Red Arrow (Manitowoc, WI). Ham cubes (2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 cm3) were cut from the slices and five cubes from each replication (ham) were assigned to each treatment from each ham prior to the coating or infusion of treatment solutions into ham nets. The formulations of coating solution for experiment 1 included: (1) 1% SP + 1% XG, (2) 2% SP + 1% XG, (3) 1% SP only, (4) 2% SP only, and (5) 1% XG + 20% PG. The formulations of coating solution for experiment 2 included: (1) 2% 24P + 1% XG, (2) 1% 24P only, (3) 2% 24P only, and (4) 1% XG + 20% PG. In summary, adding 1% or 2% SP and 1% XG to ham nets controlled mite growth and reproduction. Using 2% 24P with 1% XG also controlled mite infestations when used as either a coating or a coated netting. Using 1% 24P or 2% 24P alone and infused in nets controlled mite population. In addition, liquid smoke did not cause differences in texture, flavor, and moistness, except for the 2% 24P + 1% XG treatment, which only differed in moistness. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), or cellulose gum, is an anionic, linear cellulose derivative that is soluble in water at room temperature and has a pH between 5 and 9 (Baldwin et al., 2012). CMC's chemical structure and presence of hydroxyl groups allow it to interact with water, protein, plasticizers, and salts, which makes it very diverse in application, including use in food packaging, Listeria monocytogenes control in cured ham through carrying antimicrobials, and preservation of various fruits and berries by forming a barrier to the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of using CMC based edible films with varying PG concentrations to control mite population growth on dry cured ham samples.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Deliephan, A., T.W. Phillips, B. Subramanyam, C. G. Aldrich, Ja. Maille and N. Manu. Efficacy of liquid smoke to mitigate infestations of the storage mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, in a model semi-moist pet food. Animals 2023, 13, 3188. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203188
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Maille. J. M., Schilling, M. W. and Phillips, T. W. 2023. Efficacy of the fumigants propylene oxide and ethyl formate to control two pest species of dry-cured hams. Insects. 14, 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14060511
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Shao, W.S., Campbell, Y.L., Phillips, T.W., Freeman, C., Zhang, X., Hendrix, J.D., To, K.V., Rogers, W.D., Schilling, M.W. 2023. Using liquid smoke to control Tyrophagus putrescentiae growth on dry-cured hams. Meat Science. 200: 109139
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Smith, S.W. Zhang, X., Little, E.M., Zaldivar, L.R., White, S.A., Campbell, Y.L., Phillips, T.W., Schilling, M.W. 2023. Efficacy of a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-based edible film with propylene glycol to control ham mite populations that infest dry cured ham. Journal of Stored Products Research. 103:102162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2023.102162
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
White, S.A., Smith, S.W., Zhang, X., Campbell, Y.L., Phillips, T.W., Freeman, C., Schilling, M.W. 2023. Uses and commercialization of food grade coated ham nets to combat Tyrophagus putrescentiae: Textile Research Journal. In Press. https://doi.org:: 10.1177/00405175231211951
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
White, S.A., Zhang, X., Campbell, Y.L., Smith, S.W., Phillips, T.W., Freeman, C., Schilling, M.W. 2023. Effectiveness of nets treated with food-grade coatings following various drying methods for controlling mite growth on dry-cured hams. Journal of Stored Products Research. 100:10265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2022.102065
|
Progress 09/01/21 to 08/31/22
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Two journal articles were published. See above. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to investigate the activities of chitosan, chitin derivatives, propylene glycol against eggs and mobile life stages of mites. A minimum of three experiments will be conducted. The 1st experiment will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of coating formulations at controlling mites on mite cubes in the laboratory. Coating systems consist of carrier gums (XG or CG + PGA; TIC Gums), 10% PG, and chitosan and chitin derivatives at recommended usage levels. To infuse coatings, the synthetic nets (Dickson polyester stockinette, 25 inches stitch length per 200 needles) will be passed through a hydraulic wedge with circulating rollers. The two rollers circulate together to force the solution into the netting. Squeeze pressure and roller speed can be varied to control the amount of absorption. Our current coating solutions that contain hydrocolloids will be used to change the viscosity of the solutions to control migration, using a coating system as described earlier. A randomized complete block (RCB) design with two replications (block) will be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of coating/netting systems for each type of chitin derivatives at controlling mites on ham cubes (n=5 per coating). For coating treatments, 5 ham cubes will be dipped in each treatment, which will be a total of 10 cubes (2 replications and 5 samples/replication). For net treatments, the ham cubes will be placed inside cut sections of ham nets that are infused with coating prior to inoculation with mites. Twenty large (mostly adult female) mites will be placed on each cube of ham, and the cube will be placed in a mite-proof, ventilated glass container at 23 ± 2 ºC and 70 ± 5% relative humidity and incubated for 2 weeks, after which the number of mobile mite progeny will be counted under a microscope. Known commercial miticides have activity on all the life stages of mites but some are only active on later life stages (nymphs and adults) or early life stages (eggs and larvae). In our previous studies, PG and gum coated nets showed antifungal activity in past work, but the activity of PG against mites is still unknown. Chitosan and its derivatives have antimicrobial and antifungal activities possibly because chitosan is electrostatic, which impacts cell surface permeability and inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis and disruption of bacterial protein synthesis. Chitosan demonstrated insecticidal action against Spodoptera littoralis larvae, possibly due to their effects on repellency, and disruption of feeding physiology and chronic toxicity (Badawy et al., 2005). Contact activity, repellent activity, and residual activity of PG and chitosan and chitin derivatives against egg and mobile stages of mites will be conducted according to the protocols described earlier. The knowledge about the activities of each ingredient will help researchers and ham producers make decisions on how and when to apply the effective control strategy and to rotate strategies with different activities to reduce the chances that mites develop resistance to certain ingredients.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Propylene oxie, PPO and ethyl formate, EF, can can act as fumigants to control stored product pests. PPO and EF represnt methyl bromide alternatives to control the ham mite,T. putrescentiae and the red-legged ham beetle N. rufipes. We determined the efficacy of PPO and EF to control mites by determining the concentration and exposure time at which the most tolerant life stage would reach 100% mortality and verify these findings through mixed life stage fumigations. Mixed life stage verifications of N. rufipes were conducted at the concentration determined to cause 100% mortality of T. putrescentiae, because T. putrescentiae are more tolerant to most fumigants when compared to N. rufipes (Zhao et al. 2016). Lastly, bioassays were used to determine if sorption or desorption of the fumigants on commodities would impact the mortality of T. putrescentiae in treated dry-cured ham, commercial pet food, or fishmeal. Results from fumigation using PPO and EF showed the most tolerant life stage of T. putrescentiae was the egg stage with an estimated LC50 of 0.87 mg/L, and an LC50 of 19.74 mg/L, respectively. Complete mortality of the eggs was not observed within 12-h using PPO at a concentration of 71.42 mg/L, but total mortality was observed while using EF at 70.09 mg/L. Mixed life stage fumigations averaged less than one mobile of T. putrescentiae, emerging after 24-h exposure of 186.9 mg/L of PPO at 25 °C ± 1 °C with 70% R.H. in 16:8 (L:D). Exposure to the same extent at the same application rate gave complete control for N. rufipes. However, complete control for both species was achieved after a 24-h exposure 190.4 mg/L of EF at the same conditions. Sorption of 93.5 mg/L PPO increased the survivability of T. putrescentiae mobiles by less than 0.05% in fishmeal, ham, or pet food for a 12-h or a 24-h exposure. There less than 8% survivability increase for T. putrescentiae larvae and less than a 0.02% increase for T. putrescentiae mobiles in any of the selected commodities when exposed to 95.2 mg/L EF for 24-h or 12-h. Neither gas desorbed significantly enough to impact the survival of T. putrescentiae mobiles in any of the fumigated commodities for either exposure time. It is possible that chitosan-containing food-grade coatings can control Tyrophagus putrescentiae growth without affecting the sensory attributes of dry-cured hams. Food-grade coating treatments included (1) 0.3% chitosan (CH), (2) 0.6% CH, (3) 0.3% CH + 10% propylene glycol (PG), (4) 0.3% CH + 1% xanthan gum (XG), (5) 0.3% CH + 1% XG + 10% PG, (6) 0.3% CH + 1% carrageenan (CG) + 1% propylene glycol alginate (PGA), and (7) 0.3% CH + 1% CG + 1% PGA + 10% PG. Each coating solution was coated on ham cubes (2.54 × 2.54 × 2.54 cm3, n = 5/treatment) or infused in ham nets and dry-cured ham cubes were wrapped in the ham nets prior to inoculation with 20 adult mites. A randomized complete block design with three replications was utilized to evaluate the efficacy of treatments at controlling mite growth on dry-cured ham. When CH was mixed with XG (0.3% CH + 10% PG + 1% XG, and 0.3% CH + 1% XG) and infused into a net, fewer mites (15.7 and 21.0 mites) were on the ham cubes (P < 0.05) in comparison to the control (211.2 mites). Results indicate that CH has the efficacy to control mites since 1% XG alone did not control mite growth. Difference from control test results indicated that no sensory differences existed (NS) between CH-treated and control ham slices. The addition of chitosan coated nets helped control mite growth when used in conjunction with xanthan gum and propylene glycol and collectively may be useable as part of an integrated pest management plan for ham producers to control mites in their aging houses. Therefore, these coating solutions could be scaled up to evaluate their efficacy in ham aging houses.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Manu, N., Schilling, M. W. and Phillips, T. W. 2021. Natural and synthetic repellents for pest management of the storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae). Insects. 12, 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080711
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Shao, W., Campbell, Y. L., Phillips, T. W., Freeman, C., Kundu, Crist, C. A., Williams, J. B. and Schilling. W. M.. 2021. The application of chitosan in food-grade coatings to control Tyrophagus putrescentiae on dry-cured hams and the effects on sensory properties. J. Stored Prod. Res. 94:101899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2021.101899
|