Progress 07/01/23 to 06/30/24
Outputs
Target Audience:Companies and industries that produce composite materials and are interested in producing materials from new feedstocks and interested in students having proper training for creating and testing biocomposite materials. Students andprofessionals in the field of biomaterials. Changes/Problems:The project was delayed initially due to covid period regulations. Now all planned activities are on track to acchieve the objectives. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two undergraduate research students from MSU have been trained to use equipment for milling material, using sieves for determining the particle size distribution, running a 12-ton Carver Press, using an x-ray density profile machine and an Instron machine at the MSU Department of Sustainable Bioproducts to determine the characteristics of the boards. Ananda Nanjundaswamy from Alcorn State University visited Mississippi State University to discuss future work that needed to be performed in July 2023. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Undergraduate student Megan Berry presented this work at the undergraduate research symposium at Mississippi State University. Berry, M., Street, J., Kim, Y., Nanjundaswamy, A. 2023. The Impact of Dried Distillers Grain with Solubles (DDGS) and Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) on the performance of Southern Yellow Pine Particle Board. Mississippi State Undergraduate Research Symposium. August 2, 2023. Starkville, MS (poster presentation). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The results will be run through a variety of statistical tests including tests for normality, homogeneity of variance and any appropriate post hoc tests using IBM SPSS Statistical software. Data will be compiled from the previous work and a journal article will be written during the next reporting period.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goals for this period involved having the undergraduate student from MSU finish creating boards from southern pine, giant miscanthus and DDGS. We also desired that data generated from the study be presented at the MSU undergraduate research symposium. Prep/Fabrication SYP and DDGS were both dried for a minimum of 45 minutes at 103 degrees C. DDGS had a moisture content of approximately 13%, so to avoid any steam explosions, it was dried and added to the mixer after the SP and MCC. The target moisture content for the furnish (SP and DDGGS) was approximately 6%, Three six-inch by six-inch cardboard molds were constructed, each with a hole cut out at the front for the temperature probe to be inserted into. Mixing/clean-up The SP was added to the mixer first, followed by the MCC and DDGS. Before resin was added, the mixer was allowed to run for 6 minutes, after the resin was sprayed into the furnish, the mixer ran for another 10 minutes uninterrupted. The spray gun and any beakers that contained PMDI were rinsed thoroughly with acetone followed by soapy water containing a surfactant. Pressing The contents of the mixer drum were vacuumed out and deposited into a bucket. All mass calculations were completed and roughly 220 grams of furnish were needed to create one small 15.2 x 15.2 cm board with a thickness of approximately 12.7 mm. The 15.2 cm x 15.2 cm metal plates were lined with Teflon paper, and mold was placed onto the bottom plate. The measured mixture was placed into the mold, leveled, and then the top plate is slid into the mold, Teflon paper making the only contact with the furnish. The carver press was allowed to reach a temperature of 212 degrees C. The plates/mold were placed and centered onto the bottom face of the press, and the temperature probe was inserted to the center of the front face of the mold. From there the press is brought up to 2.26 MPa and held at that pressure for 240 seconds. From there, the pressure was released, and the sample is placed into a fume hood to cool down. This is repeated two more times per batch, resulting in three replications of the 15.2 cm x 15.2 cm boards. Cutting samples From the center of each board, one 50.8 mm x 50.8 mm sample was cut, and from the remains of the batch, three moisture samples were collected. Testing All samples are labeled with batch, and A, B, or C to identify each sample later in the testing process (Ex: SP DG 1% MCC 1% A). All dimensions (length, width, depth) and mass were recorded for each individual 2x2 sample. Results Internal Bond Results are run through Homogeneity, Levene's, and the Shapiro-Wilk test, through IBM SPSS Statistics. Graphs do not contain the Big Board (BB) DDGS 5% and DDGS 5% MCC 1% data. Conclusion: Overall DDGS and MCC were found to have no significant impact on the performance of southern yellow pine particle board internal bond strength at the tested concentrations. While the addition of DDGS led to an observed plateau in the density profile results, this was not linked to any exceptionable change in internal bond strength performance. DDGS is a cheaper alternative to wood particles, and the use of it in substitution of wood would drastically decrease the cost of particle board production. Future testing involving a bending strength study will be carried out to determine if MCC could be used to produce stiffer and stronger particle boards with varying concentrations of DDGS and SP.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Berry, M., Street, J., Kim, Y., Nanjundaswamy, A. 2023. The Impact of Dried Distillers Grain with Solubles (DDGS) and Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) on the performance of Southern Yellow Pine Particle Board. Mississippi State Undergraduate Research Symposium. August 2, 2023. Starkville, MS
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Progress 07/01/22 to 06/30/23
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience in this study was biproduct industry. In this regard, the PI procured DDGS from Lincoln Land Energy, an Illinois based biofuel company with focus on corn ethanol production. PI, discussed the potential use of DDGS in application of biocomposite development. Further, the audience were companies and industries that produce composite materials and are interested in producing materials from new feedstocks and interested in students having proper training for creating and testing biocomposite materials. Changes/Problems:Equipment issues kept the project from continuing for 2 months due to trouble procuring and installing a repair kit for the Carver Press. A new hydraulic cylinder had to be purchased to fix the issue due to the older cylinder being unable to hold pressure.A 100% DDGS board was attempted to be produced, but due to the nature of the DDGS material the production of the 100% DDGS board failed. In the future, a mixture of the DDGS and the wood particles will be used to attempt to create a board with a better outcome. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?During this period the PI Dr. Nanjundaswamy engaged four African American undergraduate students were engaged in various aspects of bioprocessing and biomass processing activities. These students were trained in operation of bioreactors and analytical systems such as HPLC. Students were also trained in biomass processing. Two undergraduate research students from MSU have been trained to use equipment for milling material, using sieves for determining the particle size distribution, running a 12-ton Carver Press, using an x-ray density profile machine and an Instron machine at the MSU Department of Sustainable Bioproducts to determine the characteristics of the boards. Tejas Pandya from the University of Mississippi and Ananda Nanjundaswamy from Alcorn State University visited Mississippi State University to discuss future work that needed to be performed on 3/15/2023. Two undergraduate students at University of Mississippi were trained in various mechanical procedures to test biocomposites. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The project's objectives involving making students familiar with composite production and testing standards was discussed while visiting OSB manufacturer West Fraser (Guntown, MS) on 3/29/2023. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Based on the limited performance of the UF resin, more studies using the pMDI will be performed. These will include pMDI with giant miscanthus and pMDI with mixtures of wood particles and various concentrations of DDGS with MCC. Also, advanced mechanical testing of biocomposites at University of Mississippi will be carried out
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
During this period we procured DDGS, Wetcake from Lincoln Land Energy LLC in Illinois and processed it at PI's laboratory at Alcorn State University. Four undergraduate students were involved in the processing of DDGS and wetcake. The processed wet cake was delivered to Dr. Street, Co-PI at Mississippi State University for processing of biocomposite. At Alcorn State University students were trained in bioprocessing for corn ethanol production and subsequent preparation of DDGS and cellulosic biomass for biocomposite preparation. At Mississippi State University, Dr. Street's laboratory goals for this period involved having the undergraduate student from MSU create boards entirely from southern pine, giant miscanthus and DDGS. The undergraduate student was to perform an x-ray density profile test on each sample and perform an internal bond test on each sample which was created during this timeframe. Polymeric methylene diphenyl isocyanate (pMDI) resin (Rubinate 1840, Huntsman, The Woodlands, Texas) along with a commercial urea formaldehyde resin (Unibond 800) from Vacuum Pressing Systems, Inc. (Brunswick, ME) has been used to create particleboards with various concentrations of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). A 12-ton carver press (Carver, Inc., Wabash, IN) was used at a pressure of 2.24 MPa with a platen temperature of 218 degrees C to create particleboard samples on a small scale. Southern pine wood particleboards were created with a 4% concentration of pMDI adhesive without any MCC (PMDI Control W), a 1% concentration of MCC (PMDI MCC 1W), a 2% concentration of MCC (PMDI MCC 2 W), a 5% concentration of MCC (PMDI MCC 5 W), and a 10% concentration of MCC (PMDI MCC 10 W). . Southern pine wood particleboards were also created with an 8% concentration of UF adhesive without any MCC (UF Control W), a 1% concentration of MCC (UF MCC 1W), and a 2% concentration of MCC (UF MCC 2 W). Giant Miscanthus (GM) particleboards were also created with an 8% concentration of UF adhesive without any MCC (UF 8 Control GM), a 1% concentration of MCC (UF 8 MCC 1 GM), and a 2% concentration of MCC (UF MCC 2 GM). Three replications were performed for each treatment.Based on the data gathered, a higher UF resin concentration would need to be used to have an internal bond strength comparable to the internal bond strength of boards made with the pMDI resin used to create the southern pine particleboards. The giant miscanthus had a much lower IB strength as compared to the wood when the UF resin was used. This issue is likely attributed to the waxy coating that giant miscanthus has and could possibly be removed in a preprocessing step. During the next period GM particleboards will be produced with pMDI to compare their internal bond strength values with the boards produced using UF. Also, a 100% DDGS board was attempted to be produced, but due to the nature of the DDGS material the production of the 100% DDGS board failed. In the future, a mixture of the DDGS and the wood particles will be used to attempt to create a board with a better outcome. At University of Mississippi, the Co-PI, Dr. Pandya's lab focused on conducting research on testing the mechanical properties of initial biocomposites developed at Dr. Street's lab at Mississippi State. Three different Southern Yellow Pine Wood based biocomposites went through testing on their properties. The three types of samples were composed of 4% pMDI; 5.6% UF Unibond, and 8% UF Unibond respectively. The energy absorption and force results can be found below using a new Instron CEAST 9450 Low Velocity Impact Machine in the Blast and Impact Dynamic lab at the University of Mississippi. Micronized Rubber Powder (MRP), and Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) was conducted on a simply supported beam specimen. A high speed digital camera was used in order to capture failure mechanisms and determine out-of-plane displacements. The incident and reflected pressure profiles were obtained using Kulite HKS-HP-375-5000SG transducers. A bio-composite beam specimen used for analysis is shown in with characteristics of 1D line tracking DIC to measure back face center point deflection.
Publications
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