Progress 07/01/22 to 06/30/23
Outputs
Target Audience:Our results will be most immediately beneficial to stakeholders in commercial trout and salmon aquaculture value chains (aquafeed manufacturer, trout farmers, retailers, microalgae industry, and consumers) and will also stimulate research, education, development, and adoption of low-polluting diets using microalgal co-product within other U.S. aquaculture systems. The results will also be valuable to a broader audience, i.e., aquaculture producers, aquaculture feed companies, microalgae companies, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical companies, biofuel companies, food and health companies, and other entities in the agriculture and bioenergy sectors. The results will help advance the development of multiple revenue streams for microalgal products. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Several students and technician have been involved in sustainable feed research, feed preparations using microalgal coproduct meal, conducting nutrient digestibility experiment using live rainbow trout, biochemical composition etc. the experiment in the fish lab. Until now we have supervised total 27 undergrad students, interns, and assistants in the reporting period who actively engaged, learned, and served the project. Also, PD and Co-PD gave efforts and deliver project-oriented science-based knowledge to the students through our lab meeting, research check in meeting. We use several mechanisms to recruit undergraduate student involvement: Supporting Undergraduates by Promoting Education, Research, Diversity, and Agricultural Resilience (SUPERDAR) fellowship program, ENVS internships (for which my lab has a strong record of attracting students and we would give first option of participation to the undergrad students currently in our lab); Doris Duke Conservation Scholar, ENVS senior exit project and ENVS independent study. Toward this goal, they have been and are now working with live trout at our aquaculture greenhouse other tasks which include: feed preparation, maintaining aquaculture systems, daily feeding and fish care, testing water chemistry, feed and biological tissue analysis. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We disseminated the outcome of the project via presentations, interview, and personal communications etc. PI already virtually attended and gave presentations in several meetings Invited talk at the workshop on algae meal / oil for aquafeeds. "Developing microalgal co-product feeds for sustainable aquaculture" Organized by ABO & World Aquaculture Society, Saturday March 5, 2022, San Diego. https://vimeo.com/689070528 Invited talk at the Algae Biomass summit 2021, the largest algae conference in the world. October 26, 2021. "Ocean-friendly microalgae feed for sustainable aquaculture" at Algae in Aquaculture panel. Gave a talk at UCSC AgTech Symposium on April 23, 2021. Recycling microalgal co-product to develop ocean-friendly fish-free feed for sustainable aquaculture. We continued my research outreach to the wider audiences and am building on the record of recognition. PI gave two invited public talks: (ii) US - Korea JPA (10th Anniversary) alternative feeds symposium, organized by NOAA. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will plan the following: -Analyze the data on biochemical composition feed, feces, the nutritional feeding experiment conducting now. - Will quantify nutrient flows and environmental impact of co-product feed in trout aquaculture with life-cycle analysis. - Quantify economic viability of co-product trout feed with hedonic analysis. -We are now preparing two scientific manuscripts for publications based on the achieved goals.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objectives 1 is accomplished: We successfully completed the extrusion and enzymatic process of microalgal co-product and characterize levels of nutrients and anti-nutrients in both processed co-product and raw meals. We detected the highest protein level in non-extruded co-product and protein level significantly decreased as extrusion temperature increased. Cooking had no effect on protein concentration of co-product. We detected highest fat content in 90C extrusion but there were not significant differences between extrusion processing treatments. No cooking displayed higher fat content than cooking in more significant manner (P < 0.001). The carbohydrate level was significantly reduced by both extrusion temperature compared to non-extruded co-product. Carbohydrate had slightly but statistically increase in cooking than no-cooking. There was no interaction effect observed for carbohydrate values. Fiber levels were numerically decreased with both extrusion temperatures compared to non-extruded co-product but there is no statistical differences. The fiber level was observed to be lower in the no cooking raw co-product. There was no interaction effect observed for fiber. Ash levels were significantly higher in both non-extruded and no cooking co-product than extrusion and cooking methods. With the exception of methionine, all essential amino acids did not differ between extrusion treatments. Methionine was significantly affected by extrusion and cooking. Methionine was significantly lower in 127 extrusion processing than in 90 extrusion and non-extruded raw co-product. We also detected methionine to be lower in the cooking treatment compared to the non-cooked treatment. Co-product was significantly impacted by the coking as a feed processing method. Most of the essential amino acids were observed to be lower in the cooking compared to the no cooking raw co-product. Then we successfully conducted rainbow trout digestibility experiments with microalgae feed for more sustainable aquaculture (under objective 1). Biochemical analysis is underway to determine digestible nutrient content of processed microalgal ingredients. We found crude protein, lipid and energy digestibility did differ between raw and extruded microalgal co-product. We found the similar trend all essential amino acid digestibility values. Based on the digestible nutrient content we formulated nutritionally balanced diet and successfully completed a nutritional feeding experiment (Objective 2) to determine effects of different levels of fishmeal replacement with the most digestible, raw microalgal co product meal on growth and flesh nutritional quality of fish. We detected that the fish-fed diet was comparable with fishmeal- based reference diet in the final weight, weight gain, percent weight gain, the protein efficiency ratio (PER), and specific growth rate (SGR) to the N. Oceania replacement diets, even when replacement increased. We also found no significant changes in the feed conversion ratio and feed intake. All fish appeared healthy, and we did not observe any signs of disease throughout the study. Additionally, the concentrations of total n3 PUFA, n6 PUFA, 20:5n3 EPA, 22:6n3 DHA, total PUFA, and total n3 LC PUFA were not significantly different (p>0.05) in any of the diets. Similarly, the total saturated fatty acid (SFA), the composition of SFA fractions, total MUFA, and MUFA fractions did not differ across treatments. Based on the nutritional growth experiment under Obj. 2, we are now conducting 3-month feeding experiment (Objective 3) to determine effects of low-phosphorus diet on dissolved waste excretions on growth, phosphorus emissions/discharge, and flesh nutritional quality of fish.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Sarker, P.K., 2023. Microorganisms in Fish Feeds, Technological Innovations and Key strategies for Sustainable Aquaculture. Review article. Microorganisms (2023) 11(2), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020439. This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Sarker, P.K., Kapuscinski, A.R., Fitzgerald, D., Greenwood, C., Nocera, P., O'Shelski, K., Lee, B., Mkulama, A., Andrade, S., Gwynne, D., Orcajo, D.G., Warkaw, L., Benjamin Schoffstall, B., 2023, Extrusion processing improves rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) digestibility of microalgal Nannochlropsis oculata co-product biomass for more sustainable aquaculture diets. Algal Research: Under review.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Schoffstall, B., Sarker, P.K., Kapuscinski, A.R., Fitzgerald, D., Greenwood, C., Nocera, P., O'Shelski, K., Lee, B., Mkulama, A., Andrade, S., Gwynne, D., Orcajo, D.G., Warkaw, L., 2023, Microalga (Nannochlropsis oceania) eliminates fishmeal in rainbow trout feed for sustainable aquaculture. Frontiers in Sustainable Food systems. In Progress.
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Progress 07/01/21 to 06/30/22
Outputs
Target Audience:Our results will be most immediately beneficial to stakeholders in commercial trout and salmon aquaculture value chains (aquafeed manufacturer, trout farmers, retailers, microalgae industry, and consumers) and will also stimulate research, education, development, and adoption of low-polluting diets using microalgal co-product within other U.S. aquaculture systems. The results will also be valuable to a broader audience, i.e., aquaculture producers, aquaculture feed companies, microalgae companies, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical companies, biofuel companies, food and health companies, and other entities in the agriculture and bioenergy sectors. The results will help advance the development of multiple revenue streams for microalgal products. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Several students and technician have been involved in sustainable feed research, feed preparations using microalgal co-product meal, conducting nutrient digestibility experiment using live rainbow trout, biochemical composition etc. the experiment in the fish lab. We have supervised total 10 undergrad students, interns, and assistants in the reporting period who actively engaged, learned, and served the project. Also, PD and Co-PD gave efforts and deliver project-oriented science-based knowledge to the students through our lab meeting, research check in meeting. We use several mechanisms to recruit undergraduate student involvement: Supporting Undergraduates by Promoting Education, Research, Diversity, and Agricultural Resilience (SUPERDAR) fellowship program, ENVS internships (for which my lab has a strong record of attracting students and we would give first option of participation to the undergrad students currently in our lab); ENVS senior exit project and ENVS independent study. Toward this goal, they have been and are now working with live trout at our aquaculture greenhouse other tasks which include: feed preparation, maintaining aquaculture systems, daily feeding and fish care, testing water chemistry, feed and biological tissue analysis. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We disseminated the outcome of the project via presentations, interview, and personal communications etc. PI already virtually attended and gave presentations in several meetings Invited talk at the workshop on algae meal / oil for aquafeeds. "Developing microalgal co-product feeds for sustainable aquaculture" Organized by ABO & World Aquaculture Society, Saturday March 5, 2022, San Diego.https://vimeo.com/689070528 Invited talk at the Algae Biomass summit 2021, the largest algae conference in the world. October 26, 2021. "Ocean-friendly microalgae feed for sustainable aquaculture" at Algae in Aquaculture panel. Gave a talk at UCSC AgTech Symposium on April 23, 2021. Recycling microalgal co-product to develop ocean-friendly fish-free feed for sustainable aquaculture What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will plan the following: - We are currentlyanalyzing the growth data on biochemical composition feed, fish fillet, feces, and microalgal ingredients of the nutritional feeding experiment. - Analyzing phosphorus waste output fish fed microalgal co-product feed. -We are aiming to conduct another important growth experiment to detect low P loading co-product feed, determine effects of low-phosphorus diet on dissolved and solid waste excretions.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objectives 1 is accomplished: We successfully completed the extrusion and enzymatic process of microalgal co-product and characterize levels of nutrients and anti-nutrients in both processed co-product and raw meals. We detected the highest protein level in non-extruded co-product and protein level significantly decreased as extrusion temperature increased. Cooking had no effect on protein concentration of co-product. We detected highest fat content in 90C extrusion but there were not significant differences between extrusion processing treatments. No cooking displayed higher fat content than cooking in more significant manner (P <0.001). The carbohydrate level was significantly reduced by both extrusion temperature compared to non-extruded co-product. Carbohydrate had slightly but statistically increase in cooking than no-cooking. There was no interaction effect observed for carbohydrate values. Fiber levels were numerically decreased with both extrusion temperatures compared to non-extruded co-product but there is no statistical differences. The fiber level was observed to be lower in the no cooking raw co-product. There was no interaction effect observed for fiber. Ash levels were significantly higher in both non-extruded and no cooking co-product than extrusion and cooking methods. With the exception of methionine, all essential amino acids did not differ between extrusion treatments. Methionine was significantly affected by extrusion and cooking. Methionine was significantly lower in 127 extrusion processing than in 90 extrusion and non-extruded raw co-product. We also detected methionine to be lower in the cooking treatment compared to the non-cooked treatment. Co-product was significantly impacted by the coking as a feed processing method. Most of the essential amino acids were observed to be lower in the cooking compared to the no cooking raw co-product. Then we successfully conducted rainbow trout digestibility experiments with microalgae feed for more sustainable aquaculture (under objective 1). Biochemical analysis is underway to determine digestible nutrient content of processed microalgal ingredients. We found crude protein, lipid and energy digestibility did differ between raw and extruded microalgal co-product. We found the similar trend all essential amino acid digestibility values. Based on the digestible nutrient content we just terminated a nutritional feeding experiment under Objective 2 to determine effects of different levels of fishmeal replacement with the most digestible, raw microalgal co product meal on growth and flesh nutritional quality of fish. Fish growth data analysis, biochemical analysis, estimating phosphorus waste put underway.
Publications
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