Progress 07/01/23 to 06/30/24
Outputs
Target Audience:Our results will be most immediately beneficial to stakeholders in commercial trout and salmon aquaculture value chains (aquafeed manufacturer, trout farmers, retailers, microalgae industry, and consumers) and will also stimulate research, education, development, and adoption of low-polluting diets using microalgal co-product within ot Our research will immediately benefit commercial trout and salmon aquaculture value chain stakeholders, such as aquafeed manufacturers, trout farmers, retailers, the microalgae industry, and consumers. It will also encourage research, education, development, and the adoption of environmentally friendly diets using microalgal co-products in other aquaculture systems in the U.S. Additionally, our results will be valuable to a wider audience, including aquaculture producers, aquaculture feed companies, microalgae companies, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical companies, biofuel companies, food and health companies, as well as other entities in the agriculture and bioenergy sectors. These results will contribute to advancing the development of multiple revenue streams for microalgal products for U.S. aquaculture systems. The results will also be valuable to a broader audience, i.e., aquaculture producers, aquaculture feed companies, microalgae companies, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical companies, biofuel companies, food and health companies, and other entities in the agriculture and bioenergy sectors. The results will help advance the development of multiple revenue streams for microalgal products. Changes/Problems:We got a one year no cost extension. Extend the project by through June 30, 2025. Here the following reasons for the extension: Due to the pandemic, we did not start any experiments. We have been confronting unprecedented challenges for thelast two years. The COVID-19 lockdown and stay-at-home order have seriously affected our USDA research project timelines. In that unique challenge, we primarily work remotely and then limit the number of people in the lab at a given time. During the pandemic, we had an issue finding rainbow trout in California. That also affects our experiment, which starts on time.Almost a year later,we got permission to bring students to the facility and gained practical experience collecting research data and caring for fish under this project.During an extended period, we will finish up the final objective of the project.? What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?During the fish and analytical lab experiments, several students and technicians were involved in sustainable feed research, including feed preparations using microalgal coproduct meal, conducting nutrient digestibility experiments using live rainbow trout, and analyzing biochemical composition. Up to now, we have supervised more than 30 undergraduate students, interns, and assistants in the reporting period who actively engaged, learned and contributed to the project. Additionally, the project and co-project directors put effort into providing project-focused, science-based knowledge to the students through lab meetings and research check-in sessions. We employ various methods to engage undergraduate students, such as the SUPERDAR fellowship program, ENVS internships, Doris Duke Conservation Scholar, ENVS senior exit project, and ENVS independent study. Recently, students had the opportunity to work with live trout at our aquaculture greenhouse. Currently, several students are conducting biochemical analysis in the analytical lab. Their responsibilities include preparing fish feed, maintaining aquaculture systems, feeding the fish daily, taking care of the fish, testing water chemistry, and analyzing both the feed and biological tissues. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We disseminated the results via publications, public talks, attending seminars, presentations, interview, and personal communications etc. Sarker, P.K., Kapuscinski, A.R., Fitzgerald, D., Greenwood, C., Nocera, P., O'Shelski, K., Lee , B., Mkulama, A., Andrade, S., Gwynne, D., Orcajo, D.G., Warkaw, L., Benjamin Schoffstall, B., 2023, Extrusion processing improves rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) digestibility of microalgal Nannochlropsis oculata co-product biomass for more sustainable aquaculture diets. Algal Research (75): 103295: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2023.103295 Sarker, P.K., 2023. Microorganisms in Fish Feeds, Technological Innovations and Key strategies for Sustainable Aquaculture. Review article. Microorganisms(2023)11(2), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020439. This article belongs to the SectionEnvironmental Microbiology). Sarker, P.K.; Figueroa E., Schoffstall, B.,Kapuscinski, A.R., Fitzgerald, D., Greenwood, C., Nocera, P., O'Shelski, K., Lee, B., Mkulama, A., Andrade, S., Gwynne, D., Orcajo, D.G., Warkaw, L., 2023, Towards cleaner environment: Recycling microalgal (Nannochlropsis oceania) co-product to reduce environmental impact while eliminates fishmeal in rainbow trout feed for sustainable aquaculture.Submitted to Environmental Science and Pollution Research.In press. Accepted on June 23, 2024. Sarker, P.K., Schoffstall, B.V., Kapuscinski, A.R., McKuin, B., Fitzgerald, D., Greenwood, C.,O'Shelski, K., Pasion, EN., Gwynne, D., Orcajo, D.G., Andrade, S., Nocera, P., Mkulama, A., Warkaw, L., Pablo, A.M.S., 2024. Towards sustainable aquafeeds: Evaluating defatted microalgal co-product for replacing fish-meal in aquaculture diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) World Aquaculture Society conference; Aquaculture America 2024, San Antonio, Texas, USA, February 18- 21, 2024. Sarker P.K, 2024. California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, Hatchery Operation Committee Meeting. Microalgae-based Fish-free Feed for Sustainable Aquaculture. January 11, 2024. Hatcheries are seriuosly consider using the microalgae-based diet feed at their trout hatcheries. Sarker P.K, 2022. US - Korea JPA (10th Anniversary) alternative feeds symposium December 6, 2022-Microalgal feeds offer innovative solutions for aquaculture to minimize water pollution. NOAA's Manchester Research station at 7305 Beach Dr. East, Port Orchard, WA 98366 Sarker P.K, 2021. "Ocean-friendly microalgae feed for sustainable aquaculture" at Algae in Aquaculture panel. Invited talk at the Algae Biomass summit 2021, the largest algae conference in the world. October 26, 2021. Sarker 2021. Recycling microalgal co-product to develop ocean-friendly fish-free feed for sustainable aquaculture. UCSC AgTech Symposium on April 23, 2021. Sarker 2021. Invited talk at the Algae Biomass summit 2021, the largest algae conference in the world. October 26, 2021. "Ocean-friendly microalgae feed for sustainable aquaculture" at Algae in Aquaculture panel. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will plan the following: -We are now analyzing of biochemical composition feed, feces, and trout fillet of low-phosphorus experiment. -We submitted one more manuscript on emissions via life-cycle analysis. We are now preparing two more scientific manuscripts for publications based on the achieved goals. - We are preparing to conduct objective 6: Extend commercial applicability ofprojectvia a community ofpractice,involving leaders in the aquaculture valuechain,that (a) informs, implementsandevaluates on-farm feed trials (using best diet from objective3results); and (b) participates in communications throughout the project to disseminate project results to key aquaculture stakeholders (feed manufacturers, trout farmers, fish buyers, regulatory agencies, NGOs, researchers, extension specialists).
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objectives 1 is accomplished: We successfully completed the extrusion and enzymatic process of microalgal co-product and characterize levels of nutrients and anti-nutrients in both processed co-product and raw meals. We detected the highest protein level in non-extruded co-product and protein level significantly decreased as extrusion temperature increased. Cooking had no effect on protein concentration of co-product. We detected highest fat content in 90C extrusion but there were not significant differences between extrusion processing treatments. No cooking displayed higher fat content than cooking in more significant manner (P < 0.001). The carbohydrate level was significantly reduced by both extrusion temperature compared to non-extruded co-product. Carbohydrate had slightly but statistically increase in cooking than no-cooking. There was no interaction effect observed for carbohydrate values. Fiber levels were numerically decreased with both extrusion temperatures compared to non-extruded co-product but there is no statistical differences. The fiber level was observed to be lower in the no cooking raw co-product. There was no interaction effect observed for fiber. Ash levels were significantly higher in both non-extruded and no cooking co-product than extrusion and cooking methods. With the exception of methionine, all essential amino acids did not differ between extrusion treatments. Methionine was significantly affected by extrusion and cooking. Methionine was significantly lower in 127 extrusion processing than in 90 extrusion and non-extruded raw co-product. We also detected methionine to be lower in the cooking treatment compared to the non-cooked treatment. Co-product was significantly impacted by the coking as a feed processing method. Most of the essential amino acids were observed to be lower in the cooking compared to the no cooking raw co-product. Then we successfully conducted rainbow trout digestibility experiments with microalgae feed for more sustainable aquaculture (under objective 1). Biochemical analysis is underway to determine digestible nutrient content of processed microalgal ingredients. We found crude protein, lipid and energy digestibility did differ between raw and extruded microalgal co-product. We found the similar trend all essential amino acid digestibility values. Based on the digestible nutrient content we formulated nutritionally balanced diet and successfully completed a nutritional feeding experiment (Objective 2) to determine effects of different levels of fishmeal replacement with the most digestible, raw microalgal co product meal on growth and flesh nutritional quality of fish. We detected that the fish-fed diet was comparable with fishmeal- based reference diet in the final weight, weight gain, percent weight gain, the protein efficiency ratio (PER), and specific growth rate (SGR) to the N. Oceania replacement diets, even when replacement increased. We also found no significant changes in the feed conversion ratio and feed intake. All fish appeared healthy, and we did not observe any signs of disease throughout the study. Additionally, the concentrations of total n3 PUFA, n6 PUFA, 20:5n3 EPA, 22:6n3 DHA, total PUFA, and total n3 LC PUFA were not significantly different (p>0.05) in any of the diets. Similarly, the total saturated fatty acid (SFA), the composition of SFA fractions, total MUFA, and MUFA fractions did not differ across treatments. Based on the nutritional growth experiment under Obj. 2, we conducted 3-month feeding experiment (Objective 3) to determine effects of low-phosphorus diet on dissolved waste excretions on growth, phosphorus emissions/discharge, and flesh nutritional quality of fish. Based on the nutritional growth experiment under Obj. 3, we quantified the environmental impact of co-product feed in trout aquaculture with life-cycle analysis under Objective 4. Then we quantified the economic viability of co-product trout feed under Objective 5. We observed that rainbow trout fed a fish-free and low-phosphorus diet showed similar results in final weight, weight gain, percent weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER), and specific growth rate (SGR) when compared to a regular phosphorus-containing fishmeal and fish oil-based diet. We also observed no significant changes in the feed conversion ratio and feed intake. All fish remained healthy, and we did not detect any signs of disease throughout the study. We used the CAST tool to analyze the life cycle environmental benefits and impacts of replacing fishmeal and fish oil with microalgae and lowering the amount of phosphorus in rainbow trout diets. For most environmental impacts analyzed there were significant differences (p <.05) between treatments. The only two impacts where a significant difference (p < 0.05) was found was the global warming potential and economic conversion ratio. There were also no significant differences between the diet's feed conversion ratios (FCR). The environmental impact values and FCRs listed below are ordered respectively by the treatments listed here: (1) High phosphorous conventional feed fishmeal and fish oil containing, (2) High phosphorous fish-free feed, (3) Low phosphorous fish-free feed, and (4) Low phosphorus fishmeal-free feed. Different lettering after the treatment's standard error indicates a significant difference from another treatment. Levels of significance were determined by a one- way ANOVA and a Tukey's test if a significance difference was found. The high phosphorus conventional diet had the lowest global warming potential, land use, fresh water, and marine eutrophication potential but there is no significant difference between feeds. The high phosphorous fish-free diet had the lowest FCR, biotic resource use, and economic conversion ratio.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Sarker, P.K.; Figueroa E., Schoffstall, B., Kapuscinski, A.R., Fitzgerald, D., Greenwood, C., Nocera, P., O'Shelski, K., Lee, B., Mkulama, A., Andrade, S., Gwynne, D., Orcajo, D.G., Warkaw, L., 2023, Towards cleaner environment: Recycling microalgal (Nannochlropsis oceania) co-product to reduce environmental impact while eliminates fishmeal in rainbow trout feed for sustainable aquaculture. Submitted to Environmental Science and Pollution Research. In press. Accepted on June 23, 2024
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Sarker, P.K., Schoffstall, B.V., Kapuscinski, A.R., McKuin, B., Fitzgerald, D., Greenwood, C., O'Shelski,
K., Pasion, EN., Gwynne, D., Orcajo, D.G., Andrade, S., Nocera, P., Mkulama, A., Warkaw, L., Pablo,
A.M.S., 2024. Towards sustainable aquafeeds: Evaluating defatted microalgal co-product for replacing
fish-meal in aquaculture diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) World Aquaculture Society
conference; Aquaculture America 2024, San Antonio, Texas, USA, February 18- 21, 2024.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Sarker, P.K., Kapuscinski, A.R., Fitzgerald, D., Greenwood, C., Nocera, P., O'Shelski, K., Lee , B., Mkulama, A., Andrade, S., Gwynne, D., Orcajo, D.G., Warkaw, L., Benjamin Schoffstall, B., 2023, Extrusion processing improves rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) digestibility of microalgal Nannochlropsis oculata co-product biomass for more sustainable aquaculture diets. Algal Research (75): 103295: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2023.103295
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Sarker P.K, 2024. California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, Hatchery Operation Committee Meeting. Microalgae-based Fish-free Feed for Sustainable Aquaculture. January 11, 2024. Hatcheries are seriuosly consider using the microalgae-based diet feed at their trout hatcheries.
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Progress 07/01/22 to 06/30/23
Outputs
Target Audience:Our results will be most immediately beneficial to stakeholders in commercial trout and salmon aquaculture value chains (aquafeed manufacturer, trout farmers, retailers, microalgae industry, and consumers) and will also stimulate research, education, development, and adoption of low-polluting diets using microalgal co-product within other U.S. aquaculture systems. The results will also be valuable to a broader audience, i.e., aquaculture producers, aquaculture feed companies, microalgae companies, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical companies, biofuel companies, food and health companies, and other entities in the agriculture and bioenergy sectors. The results will help advance the development of multiple revenue streams for microalgal products. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Several students and technician have been involved in sustainable feed research, feed preparations using microalgal coproduct meal, conducting nutrient digestibility experiment using live rainbow trout, biochemical composition etc. the experiment in the fish lab. Until now we have supervised total 27 undergrad students, interns, and assistants in the reporting period who actively engaged, learned, and served the project. Also, PD and Co-PD gave efforts and deliver project-oriented science-based knowledge to the students through our lab meeting, research check in meeting. We use several mechanisms to recruit undergraduate student involvement: Supporting Undergraduates by Promoting Education, Research, Diversity, and Agricultural Resilience (SUPERDAR) fellowship program, ENVS internships (for which my lab has a strong record of attracting students and we would give first option of participation to the undergrad students currently in our lab); Doris Duke Conservation Scholar, ENVS senior exit project and ENVS independent study. Toward this goal, they have been and are now working with live trout at our aquaculture greenhouse other tasks which include: feed preparation, maintaining aquaculture systems, daily feeding and fish care, testing water chemistry, feed and biological tissue analysis. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We disseminated the outcome of the project via presentations, interview, and personal communications etc. PI already virtually attended and gave presentations in several meetings Invited talk at the workshop on algae meal / oil for aquafeeds. "Developing microalgal co-product feeds for sustainable aquaculture" Organized by ABO & World Aquaculture Society, Saturday March 5, 2022, San Diego. https://vimeo.com/689070528 Invited talk at the Algae Biomass summit 2021, the largest algae conference in the world. October 26, 2021. "Ocean-friendly microalgae feed for sustainable aquaculture" at Algae in Aquaculture panel. Gave a talk at UCSC AgTech Symposium on April 23, 2021. Recycling microalgal co-product to develop ocean-friendly fish-free feed for sustainable aquaculture. We continued my research outreach to the wider audiences and am building on the record of recognition. PI gave two invited public talks: (ii) US - Korea JPA (10th Anniversary) alternative feeds symposium, organized by NOAA. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will plan the following: -Analyze the data on biochemical composition feed, feces, the nutritional feeding experiment conducting now. - Will quantify nutrient flows and environmental impact of co-product feed in trout aquaculture with life-cycle analysis. - Quantify economic viability of co-product trout feed with hedonic analysis. -We are now preparing two scientific manuscripts for publications based on the achieved goals.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objectives 1 is accomplished: We successfully completed the extrusion and enzymatic process of microalgal co-product and characterize levels of nutrients and anti-nutrients in both processed co-product and raw meals. We detected the highest protein level in non-extruded co-product and protein level significantly decreased as extrusion temperature increased. Cooking had no effect on protein concentration of co-product. We detected highest fat content in 90C extrusion but there were not significant differences between extrusion processing treatments. No cooking displayed higher fat content than cooking in more significant manner (P < 0.001). The carbohydrate level was significantly reduced by both extrusion temperature compared to non-extruded co-product. Carbohydrate had slightly but statistically increase in cooking than no-cooking. There was no interaction effect observed for carbohydrate values. Fiber levels were numerically decreased with both extrusion temperatures compared to non-extruded co-product but there is no statistical differences. The fiber level was observed to be lower in the no cooking raw co-product. There was no interaction effect observed for fiber. Ash levels were significantly higher in both non-extruded and no cooking co-product than extrusion and cooking methods. With the exception of methionine, all essential amino acids did not differ between extrusion treatments. Methionine was significantly affected by extrusion and cooking. Methionine was significantly lower in 127 extrusion processing than in 90 extrusion and non-extruded raw co-product. We also detected methionine to be lower in the cooking treatment compared to the non-cooked treatment. Co-product was significantly impacted by the coking as a feed processing method. Most of the essential amino acids were observed to be lower in the cooking compared to the no cooking raw co-product. Then we successfully conducted rainbow trout digestibility experiments with microalgae feed for more sustainable aquaculture (under objective 1). Biochemical analysis is underway to determine digestible nutrient content of processed microalgal ingredients. We found crude protein, lipid and energy digestibility did differ between raw and extruded microalgal co-product. We found the similar trend all essential amino acid digestibility values. Based on the digestible nutrient content we formulated nutritionally balanced diet and successfully completed a nutritional feeding experiment (Objective 2) to determine effects of different levels of fishmeal replacement with the most digestible, raw microalgal co product meal on growth and flesh nutritional quality of fish. We detected that the fish-fed diet was comparable with fishmeal- based reference diet in the final weight, weight gain, percent weight gain, the protein efficiency ratio (PER), and specific growth rate (SGR) to the N. Oceania replacement diets, even when replacement increased. We also found no significant changes in the feed conversion ratio and feed intake. All fish appeared healthy, and we did not observe any signs of disease throughout the study. Additionally, the concentrations of total n3 PUFA, n6 PUFA, 20:5n3 EPA, 22:6n3 DHA, total PUFA, and total n3 LC PUFA were not significantly different (p>0.05) in any of the diets. Similarly, the total saturated fatty acid (SFA), the composition of SFA fractions, total MUFA, and MUFA fractions did not differ across treatments. Based on the nutritional growth experiment under Obj. 2, we are now conducting 3-month feeding experiment (Objective 3) to determine effects of low-phosphorus diet on dissolved waste excretions on growth, phosphorus emissions/discharge, and flesh nutritional quality of fish.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Sarker, P.K., 2023. Microorganisms in Fish Feeds, Technological Innovations and Key strategies for Sustainable Aquaculture. Review article. Microorganisms (2023) 11(2), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020439. This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Sarker, P.K., Kapuscinski, A.R., Fitzgerald, D., Greenwood, C., Nocera, P., O'Shelski, K., Lee, B., Mkulama, A., Andrade, S., Gwynne, D., Orcajo, D.G., Warkaw, L., Benjamin Schoffstall, B., 2023, Extrusion processing improves rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) digestibility of microalgal Nannochlropsis oculata co-product biomass for more sustainable aquaculture diets. Algal Research: Under review.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Schoffstall, B., Sarker, P.K., Kapuscinski, A.R., Fitzgerald, D., Greenwood, C., Nocera, P., O'Shelski, K., Lee, B., Mkulama, A., Andrade, S., Gwynne, D., Orcajo, D.G., Warkaw, L., 2023, Microalga (Nannochlropsis oceania) eliminates fishmeal in rainbow trout feed for sustainable aquaculture. Frontiers in Sustainable Food systems. In Progress.
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