Source: UNIV OF HAWAII submitted to NRP
AN EMERGENT SOIL HEALTH FRAMEWORK FOR AGROECOSYSTEMS IN UNDERREPRESENTED TROPICAL/SUBTROPICAL ISLANDS OR REGIONS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
AFRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1025632
Grant No.
2021-67019-34243
Cumulative Award Amt.
$499,323.00
Proposal No.
2020-04294
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Feb 15, 2021
Project End Date
Feb 14, 2025
Grant Year
2021
Program Code
[A1401]- Foundational Program: Soil Health
Recipient Organization
UNIV OF HAWAII
3190 MAILE WAY
HONOLULU,HI 96822
Performing Department
Natural Res & Enviro Mgmt
Non Technical Summary
In response to widespread soil degradation and the urgent need for improved nutritious food security, this project aims to develop a framework for agroecosystems in tropical/subtropical islands or regions to assist in building resilience to disturbance into landscapes and communities through improved soil health. The proposed framework will emerge from an integrated soil health, fertility, and productivity assessment with novel data collected from 1) a disturbance gradient ranging from natural forest, agroforest, and more intensive or traditional farming, and 2) diverse farm sites in under representative soils and systems. The emergent agroecosystem framework will be a decision tool that will assist farmers in linking soil health status to practices that aggrade, maintain, or degrade soil. A novel soil health assessment was derived from our previous Hawaii-centric work. We propose here to further its development to include new partners and locations and expand the data science behind sound decision support, programs, and policy for regions underrepresented in current continental U.S. efforts. Greater understanding of sustainable agroecosystems in underrepresented tropical/subtropical islands and regions will lead to opportunities to synergize local soil health, agroforestry, and agroecology initiatives and improve the viability and resilience of farmer cost structure via enhanced soil health quality by improved nutrient cycles, soil structure, and water dynamics. The goal of the proposed work contributes to both Soil Health program area priorities of foundational research and the assessment/adoption of decision support tools to assist in the adoption of management practices that support healthy soils, landscapes, and communities.
Animal Health Component
60%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
40%
Applied
60%
Developmental
0%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
1250110107040%
1010110107060%
Knowledge Area
125 - Agroforestry; 101 - Appraisal of Soil Resources;

Subject Of Investigation
0110 - Soil;

Field Of Science
1070 - Ecology;
Goals / Objectives
Our long-term goal is to engage and empower more farmers and land managers to implement and continue soil health management practices across a diverse range of productive agroecosystems and rehabilitate abandoned lands for agricultural production. This outcome is particularly critical in Hawaii and the territory Islands, where food importation ranges from 85 to 90% compared to the continental U.S., where food importation is 15%. The proposed emergent agroecosystem framework is a decision tool that will assist farmers in linking soil health status to practices that aggrade, maintain, or degrade soil. Our soil health framework highlights 1) interlinkages among soil biological, chemical, and physical properties and 2) areas where further action is needed to improve agricultural practices across a wide diversity of soil types in tropical/subtropical islands or regions. Ultimately, the collective expertise of our team, including local farmer and land manager partners and their communities, will support sustainable agricultural growth through incentive programs and policies based on strategies that aggrade soil health and build resilience in landscapes and communities.The goal of the proposed work contributes to both Soil Health program area priorities of foundational research and the assessment/adoption of decision support tools to assist in the adoption of management practices that support healthy soils, landscapes, and communities. The supporting objectives are grounded in the fundamental science of efficient soil nutrient and carbon cycling in agroecosystems that retain nutrients, reduce pollution and support diverse, healthy food systems within diverse, resilient landscapes in the tropics/subtropics. The research is truly integrated with extension and outreach education in the sense that our research is guided by our base of stakeholder, already established across farmer/land manager, policy, research, and agency groups and proposed to expand for inclusivity of other islands and regions. Objective 1. Our first research objective is to partner with farmers and landowners in Hawaii, Pohnpei, and Puerto Rico to determine the effect of increasing disturbance and transition to high input synthetic fertilizers-based agroecosystems on soil health, microbial community structure, and nutrient cycling controlling for soil type.Objective 2. The second research objective is to broaden sampling efforts to fill known gaps in soil mineralogical and land use classes in the current Hawaii database.Objective 3. Data gathered from our research objectives will serve as a benchmark for the decision-making of the soil health framework in the studied soil orders. The gathered information will be integrated into a decision-support tool in order to identify farm-level factors contributing to the loss of soil health and identify adaptation opportunities for improvements in tropical and subtropical regions.
Project Methods
The proposed work is to conduct basic research required to expand our current Hawaii-centric extension and outreach efforts into an emerging framework for soil health that includes other underrepresented tropical/subtropical islands and regions. By partnering with farmers and land managers, we will 1) assess the effect of disturbance on soil health and fertility using a series of land use transects in Hawaii, Pohnpei, and Puerto Rico that include intact forest, traditional agroforestry, intensively cultivated home gardens, and traditional agriculture constrained by soil type, and 2) broaden coverage of samples in our database to include key aspects of Pohnpei and Puerto Rico food systems to complement the depth of Hawaii-based data already collected.Our existing Hawaii Soil Health Tool was purpose built for multi-pronged function as a public information hub, individual farmer portal for soil health assessment, reporting, and monitoring, and passive collection of voluntary data for assessment of change over time and jurisdictional-level accounting for policy and programs. Using this tool and its underlying database and network together with the outcomes from supporting research objectives 1 and 2, we will build out the proposed emergent agroecosystem framework as a decision tool that will assist farmers in linking soil health status to practices that aggrade, maintain, or degrade the soil.Objective 1. We hypothesize that traditional agroforestry practices based on building soil organic matter will maintain good soil health and stable productivity. In contrast, increasing soil disturbance and intensive management will result in the loss of soil organic matter and thus lower soil health metrics. We expect microbial community structure to also change along the disturbance/management gradient, resulting in a decrease in nutrient cycling capacity.1a. Our generalized approach will be to collect soil samples along a disturbance gradient controlling for soil type along each transect. We will perform a suite of soil analyses on the soil samples. First, the critical set of 11 soil health indicators will be conducted for each sample in order to calculate the soil health score as part of our routine analysis for soil health assessments. Second, soils will be extracted for PLFA to quantify microbial community composition considering the conversion of forest to cropland significantly changes soil microbial composition and therefore it functions. Third, gross nitrogen (N) mineralization will be measured for each soil sample in order to determine gross rather than net fluxes, which will capture the differences in the rapid nutrient cycling capacity that we expect across the disturbance gradient.1b. We will also investigate the relationship between soil health score and productivity along a disturbance gradient, and a sequence of land uses. However, because we are working across different agricultural systems with vastly different levels of productivity, we have devised an approach based on normalized performance indicators (based on N budgets) to enable cross-system comparisons along the disturbance or management gradient. We expect soil health will maintain high outputs (with low to no inputs) in native or low disturbed systems due to high gross N mineralization rates that may not be reflected in traditional soil tests due to rapid fluxes (Fig 7b). We hypothesize that we will observe a tradeoff between soil health score and the reliance on external N inputs. This decline in soil health scores will necessitate the need for external inputs to compensate for the loss of fertility associated with the protection of organic matter. Our approach will involve constructing partial N budgets for each system to calculate (1) outputs or removal, and (2) external inputs (e.g. N fertilizers, organic fertilizers, plant residues). In order to normalize the data, external inputs and mineralization estimates will be analyzed relative to outputs (equally 1 or 100%).Objective 2. We perceive to fill soil and land use gaps through the expanded sampling on Pohnpei, Maui, and Puerto Rico is a critical priority to increase the robustness of the soil health test and its associated scoring functions across a broad soil mineralogical and land classes. We will partner with farmers and collect 108 additional samples from Pohnpei, Maui, and Puerto Rico across a wide range of soil orders and land uses. The soil health suite of 11 indicators will be conducted for each sample in order to calculate the soil health score.Objective 3. We will use the common linkage among agricultural practices, soil health scores, and nutrient supplying capacity to evaluate risks of soil degradation and provide strategies to improve soil health. Present findings from the Hawaii Soil Health Tool, the US Climate Alliance, and Soil Health Management system funded projects will be used to support our emerging agroecosystem framework. Simultaneously, this project soil health and C sequestration data and farmer information will be used to develop statewide policies rewarding soil management strategies that enhance soil health/C sequestration potential and further refine, improve measurements and data recording/reporting protocols. The gathered information will be integrated into a decision-support tool in order to identify farm-level factors contributing to the loss of soil health and identify adaptation opportunities for improvements in tropical and subtropical regions.

Progress 02/15/23 to 02/14/24

Outputs
Target Audience:Connected with key Pohnpei personnel Saimon Mix (United Nations affiliate, local farmer and business owner), Pohnpei Conservation Society (2 staff members and the director), presented project overview to the Ethnobotany course at the College of Micronesia (approx. 20 students, instructor), 30 local producers, Department of Agriculture personnel, Forest Service personnel. The Puerto Rico-based NRCS were engaged to assist with on-farm contact and sampling opportunities.Workshop with Puerto Rico collaborators entitled, "Mejorar la salud del suelo: Experiencias prácticas en Puerto Rico y Hawaii".Approximately 80 Participants, including local farmers, NRCS agents, UPR-Mayaguez faculty and students, 36+ agronomists from UPR SEA (Agricultural Extension Service), EEA (Agricultural Experiment Station), Department of Agriculture. Through the US Climate Alliance Natural and Working Lands Team, we regularly reach stakeholders in state and federal agencies, non-profit, consulting, government, and private industry.Professional, scientific community was reached at the11th Biogeomon International Symposium on Ecosystem Behavior,2023 NCSS Conference Soil, Energy, and Agriculture for Resilient Ecosystems, and 2023 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting. Hawaii state-level legislators and policymakers and community action groups were actively engaged. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Pohnpei, presented project overview to the Ethnobotany course at the College of Micronesia (approx. 20 students, instructor) and met with 30 local producers, Department of Agriculture personnel, Forest Service personnel.Workshop with Puerto Rico collaborators entitled, "Mejorar la salud del suelo: Experiencias prácticas en Puerto Rico y Hawaii".Approximately 80 Participants, including local farmers, NRCS agents, UPR-Mayaguez faculty and students, 36+ agronomists from UPR SEA (Agricultural Extension Service), EEA (Agricultural Experiment Station), Department of Agriculture. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Soil health reports are delivered back to our producer partners regularly and we presented to agricultural communities in both Puerto Rico and Pohnpei this reporting period. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the next reporting period we will finish our work in Pohnpei and complete all soil health and associate analyses, publish papers, and complete student theses.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Under objective 1. we focused on with farmers and landowners in Pohnpei, and Puerto Rico to determine the effect of increasing disturbance and transition to high input synthetic fertilizers-based agroecosystems on soil health, microbial community structure, and nutrient cycling controlling for soil type. We completed the soil health analyses on samples collected previously on Maui.We conducted a major Puerto Rico sampling campaign for the disturbance gradient (36 soil samples collected, 36 vegetation surveys) in June and July and August was our first scouting trip to Pohnpei. Under objective 2. In May,we began Hawaii sampling (8 samples collected: Kauai Udox pastures and forests)to fill known gaps in soil mineralogical and land use classes in the current Hawaii database. Near the end of this reporting period, we begangap-filling sample collections in Puerto Rico, planning additional Hawaii gap sampling, and preparation for gross N mineralization experiments. Under objective 3. Data gathered from our Maui research objectives will be the first to serve as a benchmark for the decision-making of the soil health framework in the studied soil orders.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2023 Citation: Beckstrom, T.B., M.B. Kantar, J.L. Deenik, Q. Chen, N. Nguyen, S.E. Crow. Insights from deep learning with MIR spectroscopy in Hawaii soil health modeling and assessment. 2023 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, October, 2023, St. Louis MO. (poster)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2023 Citation: Beckstrom, T.B., S.E. Crow, J.L. Deenik, T.M. Maaz, J. Rivera-Zayas, C. Tallamy Glazer. A holistic understanding of Andisol soil organic matter across and environmental gradient and its role in volcanic island resilience. 2023 NCSS Conference Soil, Energy, and Agriculture for Resilient Ecosystems, July 2023, Bismarck, ND.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2024 Citation: Beckstrom*, T.B., S.E. Crow, J.L. Deenik, J.Rivera-Zayas, C. Tallamy-Glazer, H. Peter-Contesse, T.M. Maaz, A. Koch. From volcanic ash to abundant earth: Understanding Andisol soil health and organic matter dynamics across an environmental gradient on Hawaii Island. 11th Biogeomon International Symposium on Ecosystem Behavior. San Juan Puerto Rico, 2024. (contributed oral)


Progress 02/15/22 to 02/14/23

Outputs
Target Audience:Through coPD Sotomayer, the Puerto Rico-based NRCS were engaged to assist with on-farm contact and sampling opportunities. Through the US Climate Alliance Natural and Working Lands Team, we regularly reach stakeholders in state and federal agencies, non-profit, consulting, government, and private industry. The incentive program our USCA NWL Team drafted and supported served as basis for our Hawaii submission to the USDA Climate Smart Commodities (PD Crow is PI, Lynker is Prime) call that ultimately engaged 46 independent producers across forestry, ranching, and crop production. Professional, scientific community was reached. Hawaii state-level legislators and policymakers (e.g., PD Crow presented in learning session to Environmental Caucus of Senate and House members) and community action groups were actively engaged. General public was reached through PD Crow's interview with Honolulu Civil Beat reporter Thomas Heaton and podcast: Hawaii Grown - Hawaii Needs Good Soil to Grow More Food. Here's How that can Happen. PD Crow reached Hawaii's Women Farmers group through invitation to present at a Women in Soils panel hosted as part of a series by Oahu RC&D. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?North American Carbon Program (NACP) Carbon Cycle Science Interagency Working Group (CCIWG) - NACP Science Leadership Group (SLG) (Member). Nominated by current members of the CCIWG to join the NACP SLG, which provides scientific leadership for the NACP, interacts closely with the CCIWG and NACP office to assist in implementing the NACP Science Plan. PD Crow traveled to DC for carbon dioxide removal workshop hosted by this leadership team. We employed multiple under represented groups as undergraduate research assistants, graduate student researchers, and postdoc. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Soil health reports are delivered back to our producer partners regularly. PD Crow was the keynote Speaker: Hawaii Cattlemen's Convention - "Ranching-based climate-smart practices and warming benefits. Waikaloa, HI, October 2022 and made a Guest appearance: Think Tech Hawaii - Carbon in soil, not in atmosphere (Code Green), Honolulu, HI, October 2022. PD Crow was also an invited Panelist: ISCN Webinar series Towards a Durable Understanding of Soil Carbon as a Tool for Climate Adaptation and Mitigation - Webinar 3: How does the impermanence of soil carbon storage affect Earth's climate? April 2022. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the next reporting period we will finalize the subawards to our partners in Puerto Rico. Our research team will travel to Pohnpei to meet our collaborator Saimon Mix and his team and provide training in our required soil health and sampling protocols. Likewise, we will learn from them their agroecosystems, soils, and implementation strategies. All remaining soil samples required to meet objectives 1 and 2 will be collected during the next reporting period.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Our first research objective was to partner with farmers and landowners in Hawaii, Pohnpei, and Puerto Rico to determine the effect of increasing disturbance and transition to high input synthetic fertilizers-based agroecosystems on soil health, microbial community structure, and nutrient cycling controlling for soil type. We hypothesize that traditional agroforestry practices based on building soil organic matter will maintain good soil health and stable productivity. In contrast, increasing soil disturbance and intensive management will result in the loss of soil organic matter and thus lower soil health metrics. We expect microbial community structure to also change along the disturbance/management gradient, resulting in a decrease in nutrient cycling capacity. During this reporting cycle, we scouted and completed the field sampling campaign in Hawaii and scouted potential sites with our collaborators in Puerto Rico. On Maui, Hawaii, three gradients were identified within the Ustand suborder ranging from forests to high elevation pasture, low elevation pasture with past agricultural land use history, and intensive cropping systems. Three soils samples and accompanying above ground metrics were collected along with producer-informed past and current land use data. Soil health parameters and index scores will be assessed and disturbance index calculated to derive relationships between ecosystem health and disturbance. In Puerto Rico, a small team from UH visited our UPRM collaborators and partnered with local extension agents and NRCS to scout disturbance gradient sites. US Climate Alliance (USCA), Hawaii Natural and Working Lands (NWL) Initiative Research Team - Team members include PD Crow and Postdoctoral Fellow Johanie Rivera Zayas. The USCA NWL team ensured that a second year of bill funded through legislative session and successfully leveraged our network to compete for a $40 million USDA Partnership for Climate Smart Commodities award still in negotiation at end of reporting period.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2023 Citation: McClellan Maaz, T., R.H. Heck, C.T. Glazer, M.K. Loo, J. Rivera Zayas, A.R. Krenz, T. B. Beckstrom*, S.E. Crow , J.L. Deenik . 2023. Measuring the unmeasurable: A structural equation modeling approach to assessing soil health. Science of the Total Environment 870: 161900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161900
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2023 Citation: Crow, S.E., H. Hubanks*, J.L. Deenik, T. McClellan Maaz, C. Tallamy Glazer, E. Vizka*, J. Rivera-Zayas. 2023. Dynamic soil health properties reveal legacy of intensive agriculture in (sub)tropical natural and working landscapes. Frontiers in Environmental Science 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.991262
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2022 Citation: Crow, S.E. and C.A. Sierra. 2022. The climate benefit of sequestration in soils for warming mitigation. Biogeochemistry. doi.org/10.1007/s10533-022-00981-1


Progress 02/15/21 to 02/14/22

Outputs
Target Audience:Mr. Saimon Mix is an agricultural Specialist Consultant and local business owner and coordinator and distributor of the agricultural products of Pohnpei agroforest. He was engaged to liaise research and outreach interfacing with farmers and land managers in Pohnpei. Warys Zayas is the Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security Manager of the Hispanic Federation, UNIDOS disaster relief and recovery in Puerto Rico. He was engaged to create a direct link to the farmers and will support the data management for incentive support to farmers. Through coPD Sotomayer, the Puerto Rico-based NRCS were engaged to assist with on-farm contact and sampling opportunities. Through the US Climate Alliance Natural and Working Lands Team, we regularly reach stakeholders in state and federal agencies, non-profit, consulting, government, and private industry. The incentive program our USCA NWL Team drafted and supported served as basis for our Hawaii submission to the USDA Climate Smart Commodities (PD Crow is PI, Lynker is Prime) call that ultimately engaged 46 independent producers across forestry, ranching, and crop production. Professional, scientific community was reached. Hawaii state-level legislators and policymakers (e.g., PD Crow presented in learning session to Environmental Caucus of Senate and House members) and community action groups were actively engaged. General public was reached through PD Crow's interview with Honolulu Civil Beat reporter Thomas Heaton and podcast: Hawaii Grown - Hawaii Needs Good Soil to Grow More Food. Here's How that can Happen. PD Crow reached Hawaii's Women Farmers group through invitation to present at a Women in Soils panel hosted as part of a series by Oahu RC&D. Changes/Problems:The ongoing pandemic restrictions in Pohnpei may prevent our research team from visiting this place. We continue to work with our collaborator, Mr. Saimon Mix to provide training and protocols to the best of our ability so that he may perform the work required to meet our objective. If the institutional challenges we've encountered with writing the contractual agreement continue, we may need to re-assess our ability to perform this, and future, work. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Prior to the AGU Fall Meeting, PD Crow and graduate student Tanner Beckstrom participated in a 3 day workshop with the ongoing working group associated with the International Soil Radiocarbon Database (ISRaD) and a 1 day work session scheduled with a collaborator from University of Florida (Dr. Kathe Todd Brown). These sessions are invaluable for maintaining international networks and getting hands-on time with database development and synthesis of big data. Graduate student Kristina Estrada also joined our research team to focus her thesis research on the disturbance gradient aspect of the proposal. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Many of our outreach activities involved disseminating information from past research on soil health to communities of practice, but this project does not yet have its own results to share. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the next reporting period we will finalize the subawards and contracts to our partners in Puerto Rico and Pohnpei. Our research team will travel to Puerto Rico to meet our coPD Sotomayer and his team and provide training in our required soil health and sampling protocols. Likewise, we will learn from them their agroecosystems, soils, and implementation strategies. We will scout and plan future field excursions to be led by Postdoctoral Fellow Dr. Rivera Zayas and Graduate Student Ms. Kristina Estrada. All soil samples required to meet objectives 1 and 2 will be collected during the next reporting period.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Under Objectives 1 and 2, activities in this first year centered on hiring, contracting, and planning for upcoming field excursions. Through ongoing research and outreach effort with our team, multiple sets of soil health samples were collected from Oahu and neighbor islands that filled gaps in our current database. We are still processing the PO agreement with Caroline Islands Enterprises to support contract work in Pohnpei with Saimon Mix. We will soon finalize the subaward with UPRM to support collaboration with co-PI David Sotomayer. Planning is ongoing for the first field excursion to Puerto Rico post-pandemic to initiate collaboration, sample at known sites and scout disturbance gradient sites in preparation for graduate student Ms. Kristina Estrada to return for extended stay. Activities under Objective 3 were numerous and productive during the first year of our project. PD Crow served as a session convener at the American Geophysical Union, New Orleans, LA, 2021 - Soils in the Anthropocene: Advancing characterizations and monitoring of soil health, with Martha Farella, Indiana University Bloomington and Daniel Liptzin, Soil Health Institute. PD Crow also served on a high profile, invited panel "". with hybrid participation and a special issue manuscript developed and currently in review. The Hawaii Soil Health Database now contains over 800 individual samples and associated metadata and user-derived input that will provide space for time data assimilation to inform decision support on this project. Key personnel, Christine Tallamy Glazer is instrumental in maintaining the day-to-day operation of the UH Manoa Soils and Ecosystems Lab that provides the only soil health assessment available in Hawaii. US Climate Alliance (USCA), Hawaii Natural and Working Lands (NWL) Initiative Research Team - Team members include PD Crow and Postdoctoral Fellow Johanie Rivera Zayas. The NWL team partnered with the State Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Commission for their 2021 policy brief titled: Nature-based resilience and adaptation to climate change in Hawaii: A climate ready Hawaii working paper. Soil health featured prominently in Hawaii as a holistic, measurable indicator of resilience and component of climate readiness that is inclusive of both mitigation and adaptation benefits. The USCA NWL Team also drafted and supported legislation House Bill HB2493 and companion bill Senate Bill SB3325 that were ultimately successful during the 31st Legislature, 2022 in forming a "Hawaii Soil health and Carbon Positive Incentives Program". This voluntary program will provide funding and technical support to land managers that may falls through the gaps of other programs to implement healthy soil, climate-smart practices in forest and working agricultural lands. Incentivizing actions to sequester carbon and improve soil health will provide additional co-benefits including increased food security, enhancement of ecosystem services, and providing support to farmers, ranchers, foresters, and landowners for taking measurement to help Hawaii reach its legislatively established climate positive goals. The incentive program served as basis for our Hawaii submission to the USDA Climate Smart Commodities call that ultimately engaged 46 independent producers across forestry, ranching, and crop production to build a $19.1 million portfolio of shovel-ready implementation projects where C, GHG, and soil health will be monitored for verification of "locally produced and climate smart" certification. Implementation of agroforestry was the most widespread option chosen across agricultural sectors.

Publications

  • Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Crow, S.E., Rivera-Zayas, J. Tallamy Glazer, C., Vizka, E., and Silva, J. Hawaii Natural and Working Lands Baseline and Benchmarks, Final Report 2021. Honolulu, HI, USA, Hawaii State Office of Planning https://planning.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/UH-CTAHR-Baselines-and-Benchmarks-Final-Report.pdf
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Crow, S.E. and C.A. Sierra. Nature-based climate solutions are input and time dependent and may be quantified in terms of the climate benefit of sequestration for warming mitigation and systems-level analysis. American Geophysical Union Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, December 2021.