Progress 09/15/23 to 09/14/24
Outputs
Target Audience:Strawberry growers, PCAs, researchers, policymakers (e.g., CDFA staff, CDPR staff, CalEPA staff, EPA staff), sustainable agriculture--, IPM-, agroecology-major undergraduate students, and ag-industry representatives in California and beyond. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two undergraduate students at UCSC were trained to prepare and set up ORP, and soil temperature/EC/moisture sensors, and data loggers in field trials and general lab management protocols. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results were presented at the 2023 MBAO: Fumigation and Alternatives for Production, Storage and Trade Conference (San Diego, CA, 11/14/23), Advanced organic agriculture undergraduate class at Cal Poly State Univ, San Luis Obispo, CA (3/06/24), and the UCCE Fumigants and Non-fumigant Alternatives Meeting (Virtual, 5/23/24). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Obj. 4. a-2): Two manuscripts will be prepared and submitted for publication. b. Data from two demonstration trials will be summarized, and a manuscript will be prepared. Obj. 5. We will conduct an economic analysis of two field trials. Obj. 6. We will share updated results with stakeholders via extension meetings.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Obj. 4, b. In Aug. 2023, we established two non-replicated demonstration on-farm field trials at Mp naturally infested fields in Southern California, one in Oxnard (Trial 1) and another in San Juan Capistrano (Trial 2), CA. Trial 1: The Oxnard demonstration trial consists of bed-ASD with 9 tons/ac rice bran and wheat midds 7 tons/ac plots, each plot being 1 acre. Rice bran has been the standard carbon source for ASD in California. However, its price has been increasing. Wheat midds have a chemical composition similar to that of rice bran and the price is >40% cheaper and is as effective as rice bran. ASD was conducted by broadcasting a carbon source, incorporating it into the soil, listing beds, and covering beds with black polyethylene mulch, under which three lines of drip tapes per 84-inch-wide bed were buried and used for irrigation in Aug. 2023. ASD treatment lasted for seven weeks. The strawberry plant cultivar Gaviota was planted in Oct. 2023. The Mp population in the soil (0"-6" depth) at 6 points in each plot was quantified at pre- and post-ASD using a culture-based method. Marketable fruit yield was monitored weekly at 4 pick stations (20 plants/station) per plot from Jan. to July 2024. Mortality of strawberries and nutsedge emergence were surveyed in April and June 2024. The ASD treatment developed an extremely strong anaerobic condition, but the soil temperature was not very high compared to the Fof threshold because of the use of black mulch. ASD greatly reduced the Mp population in the soil by 96 to 99% regardless of the carbon source used. Plant mortality in both plots in late June was as low as 0.1 to 3%. The cumulative marketable yield in the wheat midds plot exceeded the rice bran plot by 20%. Both ASD treatments suppressed nutsedge virtually completely compared to untreated furrow areas in Apr. 2024. Trial 2: The San Juan Capistrano trial has wheat midds 7 tons/ac, and the grower standard plots, with each plot being 0.2 acre. ASD treatment did not create a robust anaerobic condition in this clay loam field due to the many macro pores created by soil clods in the bed soil. Although the use of clear plastic mulch considerably raised the soil temperature, the reduction of the soil Mp population by ASD was limited to 43%, which was not sufficient to suppress the mortality of strawberry plants (Fig. 2B). ASD plot produced greater early marketable fruits compared to the grower standard plot, especially in Fronteras cultivar. However, due to the high mortality, the trial was terminated in May 2024. In summary, these two demonstration trials show that ASD can control Mp well using wheat midds as a carbon source in sandy loam fields. This trial also confirmed that the soil temperature threshold for controlling Mp by ASD is not as high as one for Fof. On the other hand, controlling Mp in clayey fields by ASD remains a challenge. The economic analysis of Trial 1 is in progress.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Muramoto, J., Henry, P., Goldman, P., Qin, C., Zavatta, M., Bolda, M., Daugovish, O., Greer, C., Perez, J., Wong, D., Goodhue, R., Shennan, C., 2023. Developing suppressive crop rotation strategies for strawberries. 2023 Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions. https://www.mbao.org/static/docs/confs/2023-sandiego/papers/muramoto_et_al_mbao_2023_final.pdf
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Progress 09/15/22 to 09/14/23
Outputs
Target Audience:Strawberry growers, PCAs, researchers, policymakers (e.g., CDFA staff, CDPR staff, CalEPA staff, EPA staff), sustainable agriculture--, IPM-, agroecology-major undergraduate students, and ag-industry representatives in California and beyond. Changes/Problems:Since we did not find any effect of allium crops and Summit 515 wheat but found significant effect of ASD on Macrophomina suppression, we decided to conduct demonstration trials of ASD at Macrophomina infested fields. The economic analysis will be conducted for those demonstration trials. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?An Associate Researcher from UCSC was taught how to extract high-quality DNA from large (15g) soil masses and trained in conducting qPCR and analyzing the results of qPCR data. Three undergraduate students at UCSC were trained to set up and maintain pot and field trials, sample and process soil samples for DNA extractions, and general lab management protocols. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results were presented at the UCCE Organic Agriculture Workshop (Escondido, CA, 12/08/22), the UCCE Annual Strawberry Meeting (virtual, 2/07/23), Advanced organic agriculture undergraduate class at Cal Poly State Univ, San Luis Obispo, CA (3/10/23), and the UCCE Fumigants and Non-fumigant Alternatives Meeting (Ventura, 5/19/23). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Obj. 4. a-2): Data will be analyzed, a manuscript will be prepared and submitted for publication. b. Two demonstration trials will be monitored for wilt scores, marketable yield, and inorganic nitrogen and Mp populations in the soils. Data for economic analysis will also be collected. Obj. 5. We will conduct economic analysis of two demonstration field trials. Obj. 6. We will share updated results with stakeholders via extension meetings.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Obj. 1; An RCB-designed pot trial with six replications was conducted at USDA-ARS, Salinas station from April to Oct. 2022. Six crops, including three alliums, were grown on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae (Fof) naturally infested soil, followed by with or without ASD treatments. Without ASD, none of the crop treatments significantly affected the Fof population in the soil (P > 0.05). ASD significantly reduced Fof levels (P < 0.001), but the effect varied among crop types; leak and fallow plots were the most effective, followed by bunching onion plots, and strawberries and wheat plots were the least effective. Obj. 2; An RCB-designed pot trial with six replications was conducted at UCSC greenhouse from June to Oct. 2022. Six crops, including Summit 515 wheat, were grown on Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp) inoculated soil, followed by with or without ASD treatments. Without ASD, the effect of crop rotations on Mp levels was insignificant (P > 0.12). However, ASD significantly reduced the Mp population in the soil (P < 0.001). Obj. 4, a-2) A split plot-designed field trial with 4 replicates was established at the Spence USDA Research Field naturally infested with Mp in Salinas, CA, in May 2022. The main plots were fallow, Summit 515 wheat, flat-ASD with rice bran 9 tons/ac, and flat-ASD with wheat 2.5 tons/acre (dry biomass) plus rice bran 6.5 tons/ac. The subplots were with and without bed fumigation with Pic-Clor 60EC 25 gallons/ac). Each plot was 4' x 60'. Wheat was planted in late April and incorporated just prior to ASD treatment at the beginning of July. The ASD treatment continued until the end of August and developed strong anaerobic conditions (av. 278 cumulative V hours below 0.2 V) and had very high cumulative soil temperatures (av. 1224 hours above 30 deg C). Fumigation was done in October, and strawberries (Monterey, Mp sensitive cultivar) were planted in November 2022. In May 2023, soil Mp microsclerotia population was below 1/g soil at fumigation plots, whereas it was 5-12/g soil at ASD and fallow plots (P<0.001). However, the final cumulative marketable fruit yield (mkt) in Oct. 2023 showed no difference between fumigated and non-fumigated plots except for the fallow plots (P=0.05). Wilt scores (1: healthy - 5: dead) and mkt had a strong negative linear correlation, suggesting the wilt symptom was the cause of the yield reduction (p<0.001). Taken together, ASD plots provided comparable marketable fruit yield with fumigated plots even though it had a higher Mp microsclerotia soil population in May. ASD might have reduced the infection of strawberries by Mp via enhancing the suppressiveness of the soil. Obj. 4, b. In Aug. 2023, we established two non-replicated demonstration on-farm field trials at Mp naturally infested fields in Southern California; one in Oxnard and another in San Juan Capistrano, CA. The Oxnard demonstration trial consists of bed-ASD with rice bran 9 tons/ac and wheat midds 7 tons/ac plots and each plot are 1 acre. The San Juan Capistrano trial has wheat midds 7 tons/ac and the grower standard plots and each plot is 0.2 acre. Both trials had a strong anaerobic conditions and moderate soil temperature during the ASD treatment (Aug-Sep. 2023). In summary, growing (red and yellow onions, bunching onions, and leek) or incorporating (red and yellow onions) allium crops and growing Summit 515 wheat did not reduce the Fof and Mp populations in the soil, respectively, in the pot or field trials. In the 2nd year Fof pot experiment had much better Fof reduction than the 1st year probably due to the warmer soil temperature in the 2nd year. ASD effectively reduced the Mp population in the soil in the pot experiments in both years, suggesting Mp's temperature threshold for disinfestation by ASD may be lower than Fof's. In the field trial, ASD did not reduce the Mp population in the soil. But it reduced the wilt symptom of strawberries and provided comparable marketable yield with fumigated control, presumably via suppressive effect.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Muramoto, J., Henry, P., Goldman, P., Qin, C., Zavatta, M., Bolda, M., Daugovish, O., Greer, C., Perez, J., Wong, D., Goodhue, R., Shennan, C., 2022. Developing suppressive crop rotation strategies for strawberries. 2022 Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions, 8-1 - 8-4.
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Progress 09/15/21 to 09/14/22
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:Allium crops we tested (onions, bunching onions, and leeks) did not reduce Fof in the soil. Based on recent studies (Zhang et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020; Wibowo et al., 2015), we will examine the effect of growing Chinese chives in suppressing Fusarium wilt in strawberries in a field trial. Li, Z.F., Wang, T., He, C.L., Cheng, K.L., Zeng, R.S., Song, Y.Y., 2020. Control of Panama disease of banana by intercropping with Chinese chive (Allium tuberosumRottler): cultivar differences. Bmc Plant Biology 20. Wibowo, A., Alboneh, A.R., Somala, M.U.A., Subandiyah, S., Pattison, T., Molina, A., 2015. Increasing Soil Suppressivity to Fusarium Wilt Of Banana Through Banana Intercropping with Allium spp. Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia; Vol 19, No 1 (2015). Zhang, X., Wang, H., Zhu, W.Y., Li, W.L., Wang, F., 2020. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Effects of Chinese Chive (Allium tuberosum R.) Extract on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Spore Germination. Current Microbiology 77, 855-864. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A graduate student and an Associate Researcher from UCSC were taught how to extract high-quality DNA from large (15g) soil masses. The graduate student was additionally trained in conducting qPCR and analyzing the results of qPCR data. Three undergraduate students at UCSC were trained to set up and maintain pot and field trials, sample and process soil samples for DNA extractions, and general lab management protocols. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objs. 1-2; The pot trials are currently being repeated. DNA extractions and analysis of targeted pathogens in soils will be conducted. Objs. 4. a-2): Strawberries will be planted at the USDA Spence field trial in Nov. 2022, and fruit yield and disease development will be monitored during the growth period from March through September. a-1) and a-4): We will examine the effect of Chinese chives in suppressing Fusarium wilt in strawberries in field trials. Obj. 5. We will establish large-scale demonstration field trials for ASD at Macrophomina-infected fields in coastal California. Obj. 6. We will share updated results with stakeholders via extension meetings.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Obj. 1; An RCB-designed pot trial with six replications was conducted at USDA-ARS, Salinas station from April to August 2021. Six crops, including three alliums, were grown on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae (Fof) naturally infested soil, followed by with or without ASD treatments. None of the crop treatments significantly affected the Fof population in the soil (P > 0.10). ASD reduced Fof levels (P = 0.08), but ASD using crop residues as a carbon source increased its variability in effectiveness. Obj. 2; An RCB-designed pot trial with six replications was conducted at UCSC greenhouse from June to Nov. 2021. Six crops, including Summit 515 wheat, were grown on Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp) inoculated soil, followed by with or without ASD treatments. The effect of crop rotations on Mp levels was insignificant (P > 0.10). However, ASD significantly reduced the Mp population in the soil (P < 0.001). Obj. 4; a-1) At the replicated field trial at UCSC, onions were harvested in Sep. 2020. Wheat and onions were grown from Dec. 2020 to March 2021 and May to Aug. 2021, respectively. Onions were incorporated by rototiller into 6" soil depth. Soil samples for DNA analysis were collected 6 times and analyzed for Fof, Mp, and Verticillium dahliae (Vd) populations. None of the treatments led to a significant difference in Fof (P > 0.10) and Mp levels (P > 0.10). The 2020 onion rotation significantly increased Vd levels (P = 0.007), but this effect decreased over time (P = 0.039). No other treatments in the trial led to a significant difference in Vd levels (P > 0.10). a-2) An RCB-designed field trial was established at the Spence USDA Research Field near Salinas, CA to test the effect of cover cropping with wheat (with and without ASD) and standard rice bran ASD on yield and disease severity in the subsequent season. There were four replicate areas per treatment, each replicate area was 60' x 24'. Wheat was planted in late April and incorporated just prior to ASD treatment at the beginning of July. The ASD treatment continued until the end of August. The rice bran ASD treatment caused a modest reduction in the viability of Mp microsclerotia, but the wheat plus rice bran ASD treatment was not as effective. a-4) A split-design field trial with four main plots (onion as a pre-crop, ASD, onion+ ASD, untreated control) and two subplots (strawberry+onion co-planting, strawberry only) with four replicates was established in Watsonville, CA. Red and yellow onions were grown from April to August 2021. Onions were rototilled into the top 6" soil on beds. Flat ASD treatment was conducted from Aug to Oct. For the ASD+Onion plots, fresh onion plus rice bran at a 9 t/ac total rate (as dry matter) were applied as the carbon source, whereas 9 t/ac of rice bran was used for the ASD plots. No significant effects from growing or incorporating onions or conducting ASD was found on the Fof population in the soil (P > 0.10). For Objs. 1-4, all ASD treatments in pot and field trials exceeded the soil Eh threshold required for Fof disinfestation. Still, none exceeded the soil temperature threshold necessary for Fof. In summary, growing (red and yellow onions, bunching onions, and leek) or incorporating (red and yellow onions) allium crops and growing Summit 515 wheat did not reduce the Fof and Mp populations in the soil, respectively, in the pot or field trials. ASD's ineffectiveness in Fof reduction in these trials may have been due to insufficient cumulative temperatures. ASD effectively reduced the Mp population in the soil in the pot experiment, suggesting Mp's temperature threshold for disinfestation by ASD may be lower than Fof's.
Publications
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Progress 09/15/20 to 09/14/21
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:Implementation of field experiments was challenging due to labor shortage by COVID restrictions during summer 2021. As a result, Obj. 4 a-1)'s the experimental design was modified from "with and without ASD subplots" to "with and without onion co-planting with strawberries subplots". What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A graduate student and a non-student researcher from UCSC were taught how to extract high-quality DNA from large (15g) soil masses. The graduate student was additionally trained in conducting qPCR and analyzing the results of qPCR data. An undergraduate student at UCSC was trained to set up and maintain pot and field trials, sample and process soil samples for DNA extractions, and general lab management protocols. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objs. 1-2; We will quantify pathogens using qPCR from DNA samples extracted from the 2021 trial. We'll repeat the trial in 2022. Obj.3; We will quantify pathogens and characterize microbiome from DNA samples extracted from the 2021 trial. We'll repeat the trial in 2022. Objs. 4. a-1) and a-4): Strawberry and strawberry+onion will be planted in Nov. 2021 and grown until fall 2022. Fruit yield, wilt scores, and pathogen populations in the soil will be monitored. a-2): We will set up a trial in fall 2022. Obj. 6. We will share updated results with stakeholders via extension meetings.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Obj. 1; An RCB-designed pot trial with six replications was conducted at USDA-ARS, Salinas station from April to August 2021. Six crops, including three alliums, were grown on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae (Fof) naturally infested soil, followed by with or without ASD treatments. Results are pending. Obj. 2; An RCB-designed pot trial with six replications was conducted at UCSC greenhouse from June to Nov. 2021. Six crops, including Summit 515 wheat, were grown on Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp) inoculated soil, followed by with or without ASD treatments. Results are pending. Obj. 3; High-quality DNA was extracted from the pot experiment for Obj. 2. Results are pending. Obj. 4; a-1) At the replicated field trial at UCSC, onions were harvested in Sep. 2020 (av. adjusted yield red onions: 10 t/ac, yellow onions: 14 t/ac). Wheat and onions were grown from Dec. 2020 to March 2021 (av. dry biomass Summit 515: 4.2 t/ac) and May to Aug. 2021 (av. dry biomass red: 1.7 t/ac, yellow: 2.0 t/ac), respectively. Onions were incorporated by rototiller into 6" soil depth eight days after harvest. Soil samples for Fof and Mp DNA analysis were collected at onion harvesting (Sep. 2020), wheat harvesting (March 2021), onion planting (April 2021), and onion harvesting (Aug. 2021). Results are pending. a-3) The RCB-designed field trial in Watsonville had three treatments of bunching onion cover crop (On), fallow (Fl), and legume/cereal cover crop (CC) with four replicates. Bunching onions were grown from June to Aug. 2020. Both at On and Fl, weeds were removed every two weeks. At incorporation, the dry biomass of bunching onion and legume/cereal cover crop averaged 0.73 t/ac and 3.1 t/ac, respectively. Soil samples were collected at incorporation (Aug. 2020), and Fof populations were determined at incorporation and four months after incorporation. Fof population did not differ between any treatments at incorporation (P=0.76) and four months later (P=0.24). a-4) A split-design field trial with four main plots (onion as a pre-crop, ASD, onion+ ASD, untreated control) and two subplots (strawberry+onion co-planting, strawberry only) with four replicates was established in Watsonville, CA. Red and yellow onions were grown from April to August 2021 (av. dry biomass red: 4.6 t/ac, yellow: 6.1 t/ac). Onions were rototilled into the top 6" soil on beds. Flat ASD treatment was conducted from Aug to Oct. For the ASD+Onion plots, fresh onion plus rice bran at a 9 t/ac total rate (as dry matter) were applied as the carbon source, whereas 9 t/ac of rice bran was used for the ASD plots. All ASD plots developed strong anaerobic conditions (6" depth: 216-250 cumulative V hrs, 12" depth: 270-338 cumulative V hrs). Cumulative soil temperature above 30 °C was greater at the onion+ASD plots (427-435 hrs) compared to the ASD plots (247 hrs). For Objs. 1-4, High-quality DNA was extracted from 377 soil samples collected from field and pot trials. Pathogens were quantified by qPCR assays on 233 of these DNA samples; qPCR assays on the remainder of the samples will be conducted during the next reporting period.
Publications
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