Progress 09/01/22 to 08/31/23
Outputs
Target Audience:Growers Greenery producers Retailers Landscapers and ground maintenance personnel Public garden managers and horticulturists Trade organizations - local, regional, and national Consumers Master gardeners Boxwood enthusiasts Arborists Diagnosticians Extension specialists and agents Regulatory personnel Conservation biologists Researchers Policy makers Changes/Problems:Althoughthe teamhashad many achievements in research and outreach over the third year of the grant,thepandemic of COVID-19 causedunprecedented challenges to all the collaborating institutions. AllUSDA PI's research labs were underafederally-mandatedgating phase, with onlymission-essential employees permitted to be onsite at 25% facility capacity limit until March 28 2022. This has hampered laboratory-based research objectives. We plan to requesta 1-year no cost extension to achieve all proposed project objectives while exceeding in many. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One new graduate student - Taylor Phelps, and two interns - Gloria Chen and Briana Pecora - were added to the BBIG Team at Virginia Tech, while graduate student Gabriel Sacher successfully defended his PhD dissertation, and four postdoc associates - Olanike Omolehin, Srikanth Kodati, Mana Ohkura, and Vanina Castroagudín - all landed dream jobs. In addition to planning and executing the proposed research activities, analyzing data, and writing for publications, all postdocs, students and interns actively interacted regularly with the rest of the BBIG team, including the Advisory Panel via Zoom meetings and email exchanges, gaining an appreciation of how to work with collaborators and industry partners and developing leadership skills. This project also provided them with a variety of other professional training opportunities including attending professional meetings. Xiaoping Li, Postdoctoral Microbiome Scientist, continued to coordinate the boxwood microbiome studies with the USDA ARS Horticultural Crops Disease and Pest Management Research Unit in Corvallis, OR,North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, North Carolina Cooperative Extension, and collaborating growers in both North Carolina and Virginia. These collaborations have resulted in publications in two high-impact journals - Microbiology Spectrum and BMC Microbiology. Prabha Liyanapathiranage, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, continued to assist with diagnosing the boxwood samples received at the Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center in McMinnville TN. During the last few years, she has conducted research work on identifying effective fungicide treatments for boxwood blight management. She also delivered an oral presentation to the Warren County, TNMasterGardener Association on boxwood diseases. Ihsan Khaliq, Postdoctoral Epidemiologist, coordinated the investigations into field epidemiology of boxwood blight through analyses of data that hadbeen collected by colleagues in northern Germany since 2006and by those at Virginia Tech between 2014 and 2017. Bhawana Ghimire, a graduate student at Tennessee State University, conducted a study to discern the critical control points for boxwood blight disease in nurseries. She also screened for effective chemical management using fungicides, a host plant defense inducer, and an antitranspirant. She has also been trained to conduct experiments and characterize the UV-C induced inactivation kinetics of the pathogen. Gabriel Sacher, graduate student at Oregon State University, worked on boxwood and rhododendron for his thesis but focused on fungicide management of boxwood blight for the last few years. He discovered that drenching the fungicide flutriafol onto roots was effective at delivering disease-controlling concentrations to boxwood canopies, more effectively than spraying. Vanina Castroagudin worked as an ORISE Visiting Research Scientist at the USDA ARS Mycology & Nematology Genetic Diversity & Biology Lab in Beltsville, MD for 4 years and was with BBIG from the beginning. She has now been hired as a Molecular Biologist at theAPHIS-Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostics Lab, also at Beltsville. Srikanth Kodati, Postdoctoral Scientist, has been productive on the BBIG Team at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES) and joined the University of Connecticut as Crop Protection Extension Educator in the College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources in early 2023. He will continue to collaborate with Dr. LaMondia examining management of boxwood blight at the CAES. Mana Ohkura, Postdoctoral Scholar, assisted with the Oregon nursery survey. In addition, she led a research project to evaluate the effect of irrigation and plant spacing on boxwood blight, experiments to evaluate factors that affect spore germination of the pathogen, and experiments to evaluate latent infection. She wrote a research publication on the real-time PCR method in the peer-reviewed journal, Plant Disease. Dr. Ohkura will be finishing her BBIG research in September to take on the director's position at the Oregon State University Plant Clinic. Olanike Omolehin, Postdoctoral Applied Plant Pathologist and Project Manager, with extra responsibilities forhandling communications via Teams, Zoom and email, and assembling reports.Coaching was provided by the Project Leaders as needed. This leadership experience helped Olanike secure the position of Business Analyst at IBM in Baton Rouge, LA in September 2022. In addition to preparing the next generation of scientists and educators above, we hosted and added one webinar - A combined approach for early in-field detection of beech leaf disease using near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning - to our Team Capacity-Building Seminar Series. This webinar was presented by Dr. Carrie Fearer of University of New Hampshire on July 20, 2023. Among the attendees were our collaborators, in addition to Project Directors and their associates - Postdoctoral Associates, Graduate Students and Interns,and Advisory Panel members. This webinar, along with other training and professional development activities better prepared the Team for tackling increasingly complex issues facing the nation's specialty crop industry in a global economy. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Translating and delivering researchto the end user has been an integral part of this project as detailed below. Translating research into products, protocols, and recommendations We made it a priority to translate research results into products, protocols and recommendations and move from lab to field. For example, we developed a list of cultivars consistently resistant to both boxwood blight and leafminer to promote their adoption. We also featured some of the most resistant cultivars - NewGen® Boxwood 'Independence' and 'Freedom', and 'Little Missy' and 'Littler Mister' - in the BBIG Newsletters. Likewise, we developed a new map of Calonectriahenricotiaein Europe to help prevent this potentially more destructive blight pathogen from entering this country, while updating the U.S. map of C. pseudonaviculata by adding the time of its first confirmed invasion, and shared these new developments in the Knowledge Center of the BBIG website. We also usedquarterly meetings to address the stakeholders' emerging needs. For example, we met with state pathologists and discussed the pros and cons of conventional methods and molecular diagnostic assays and how to improve and standardize the diagnostic protocol to enable first responders to diagnose boxwood blight with confidence. Delivering to end users New initiative - Launch of the BBIG Boxwood Seminar Series with an inaugurial presentation - Battling boxwood blight - by Dr. James LaMondia onAugust 23, 2023, in partnership with the AmericanHort foundation and the Horticultural Research Institute (HRI). BBIG outreach website updates-The Knowledge Center tab underwent two major updates: 1) expanded the section of 'Diagnostic Aids' to 'Diagnostic Aids and Management Strategies' to accommodate new materials developed by the Team, and 2) added a new section - Box Tree Moth - to meet the emerging need for information on this new invasive insect. International Boxwood Seminar Series -We continued the success of the quarterly Seminar Series this past year with two new webinars. Overall, this Seminar series reached 46 states in the U.S., plus the District of Columbia with 46% attendees being 'Multipliers' - educators, diagnosticians, regulatory personnel, and master gardeners, and 27% being industry leaders - owners, presidents, CEOs, managers and head growers. This Seminar series also attracted attendees from 24 other countries on five continents, accounting for 6% of the total. Thus, the U.S. stakeholders and international communities both were well-served by the webinars. This Series was conducted in partnership with HRI; they helped with planning, organizing, publicizing, running and recording the webinars, then posting the recording at the BBIG outreach website. This Seminar Series set a new example of global and stakeholder partnership in addressing new and emerging plant biosecurity issues like boxwood blight. Other major means of technology transfer Four BBIG Newsletters. Twelve BBIG Monthly digests. Dozens of tweets at Twitter.com/boxwoodhealth with the per tweet view up to 1,239. Seven newsletter and trade journal articles. Two workshops. 27 additional educational presentations. BBIG Google Group (bbig-g@vt.edu) for mass distribution of the latest research and educational programming on boxwood blight mitigationwith a total of 21,652 boxwood enthusiasts reached as of August 27, 2023. One virtual meeting of International Boxwood Blight Epidemiology Working Group via Zoom.us on October 17, 2022. Eleven refereed journal articles, including several open access for improved reach. Seventeen presentations at annual meetings of the American Phytopathological Society and other professional conferences Documenting project impacts This project has greatly improved boxwood blight mitigation in many ways during the third project year from September 1, 2022 to August 31, 2023. Changes in knowledge Enabled growers, retailers, landscapers, arborists, garden managers and other horticulturists, first responders, and extension specialists and agents to better understand the blight disease, its diagnostic characters and current/latest mitigation technologies. Stakeholders are better able to prevent accidental blight introduction to their properties, identify and scout for blight hot spots, make informed decisions, and act in a timely manner to better manage and contain the disease at sites of contamination should it occur. Advanced the science of boxwood biology and disease epidemiology. Specifically, there were several major advancements in the area of boxwood microbiome. First, boxwood phyllosphere bacterial and fungal communities are extremely diverse with many beneficial microbes, helping understand the low maintenance nature of this iconic plant in American gardens and green spaces. Second, both bacterial and fungal communities are affected by selected antidesiccants and fungicides, laying the foundation for fully utilizing the potential of these agricultural chemicals and microbiome in a systems approach to boxwood health and production. Third, leaf endophyte community composition and network differ between English boxwood shrubs of varying susceptibility to the boxwood blight pathogen, providing a new horizon for developing strategies to protect this landmark plant in the historic gardens and other estates. Likewise, we also demonstrated that differential adaptation resulted in aggressiveness variations of the blight pathogenCps on three hosts - boxwood, pachysandra, and sweet box. Produced several important innovations and advancements. These included: 1) a rapid and scalable DNA extraction and real-time PCR assay from boxwood tissues for detection of the blight pathogenCps, 2) identification of boxwood cultivars, including many previously not evaluated cultivars and accessions, with resistance to both boxwood blight and leafminer, in collaboration with Saunders Genetics, LLC, and 3) filling a major knowledge gap about the performance of commonly-used boxwood cultivars against C. henricotiaeand improving the nation's preparedness for this potentially more damaging pathogen should it be accidentally introduced into this country, and 4) new chemistries - both fungicides and antidesiccants, and new application - fungicide drench for blight mitigation. Identified critical control points for boxwood blight mitigation. Infected boxwood transplants werethe main source of boxwood blight outbreaks, followed by contaminated cutting tools, nursery equipment, containers, plant debris, irrigation water, worker personal belongings, and other crops. Specifically, cultural control methods, inspection, and quarantine of incoming plant material, scouting, and sanitization were found to be the most important practices that can limit or prevent plant diseases during boxwood production. Changes in practice and condition The nation's boxwood production continued to shift from severely affected states to less/not affected states or regulated states as demonstrated by the Economic Team. Many growers have shifted their boxwood inventory to less susceptible cultivars according to a recent survey of major boxwood producing states and the Oregon Nursery Tour. Our blight control innovations have been widely adopted, including 1) 'herbal distancing' to improve air movement and mitigate the risk of water splash dispersal in event of accidental pathogen introduction, 2) a closed-loop system by not allowing outside boxwood materials to enter production facility, 3) strict sanitation practices, in addition to growing only less susceptible cultivars. Other impacts This project team - Boxwood Blight Insight Group was recognized with the 2022 USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Partnership Award - Program Improvement through Global Engagement, settiing a new example for fightingtogether against invasive species and destructive diseases. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to make efforts to catch up on research components that were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, while striving to do even better for the other research and extension programming--where we have in some cases exceeded what we originally proposed.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Obj 1: To prevent blighted plant materials from entering the nursery trade Four mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against two peptides with amino acid sequences derived from the target protein unique to Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Cps) and C. henricotiae (Che) and expressed in infected leaves are currently under evaluation. Initial results indicate that two of the mouse mAbs are as sensitive as previously tested rabbit polyclonal antibodies (pAbs). Mouse mAbs harvested from immortal cell cultures are usually more specific than pAbs, thus useful in final development of diagnostic assays. Over 8.6 million plants at 20 nurseries were surveyed. Sixteen of the 20 nurseries had boxwood blight; and the disease was more common and severe on plants that were more tightly spaced and watered more frequently. A real-time PCR method was developed and used to confirm results from samples assessed by moist chambers and to check for false negatives. Ongoing studies suggest that latent infection over the long-term is unlikely. Rather, mild symptoms are likely to be overlooked during the inspection process and result in the unintentional movement of infected boxwood plants via nursery trade. Two case studies were done to investigate the field epidemiology of boxwood blight. 1) Data analyses of the 15-year field trials with English boxwood (Buxus sempervirens 'Suffruticosa') in northern Germany revealed that blight severity increased with increasing mean rainfall per rainy day, daily mean minimum temperature, and daily mean minimum relative humidity. 2) Analyses of 4-year weekly monitoring using detector plants in Lambsburg, VA and Lowgap, NC uncovered that blight infection increased with increasing rainfall, relative humidity outside of the rainy periods, temperatureand leaf wetness. Both case studies highlight the importance of incorporating rainfall and relative humidity into the boxwood blight infection risk model. An online modified Delphi survey of 29 nursery producers revealed thatinfected boxwood transplants werethe main source of boxwood blight outbreaks, followed by contaminated cutting tools, nursery equipment, containers, plant debris, irrigation water, worker personal belongings, and other crops. According to the panel responses, cultural control methods, inspection, and quarantine of incoming plant material, scouting, and sanitization were the most important practices that can limit or prevent plant diseases during boxwood production. Obj 2: To better manage the disease at sites of contamination Selected antidesiccants and biocontrol agents (BCAs) were further evaluated with field-grown Vardar Valley and American boxwood in western North Carolina. Selected antidesiccants - TransFilm, Vapor Gardand Wilt-Pruf - were applied monthly, every 2 or 3 months, and compared with a nontreated control and a fungicide standard - Concert II - which was applied every 3 weeks. Vapor Gard applied monthly caused phytotoxicity on both cultivars, thus excluded from further analyses. Wilt-Pruf applied monthlyreduced boxwood blight on both cultivars by 37 to 39%,lower than those by Concert II (80 to 93%). TransFilm applied monthly reduced boxwood blight on American boxwood but not on Vardar Valley. Both products applied at 2-month intervals did not result in any blight control. In contrast, all five selected BCAs applied at monthly intervals consistently reduced boxwood blight on both cultivars. Specifically, the best performer was Burkholderia sp. SSG with control efficacy at 58% on Vardar Valley and 66% on American boxwood, slightly lower than those by Concert II. Two independent experiments using 2-year old plants of English boxwood and B. microphylla 'Little Missy' indicate that continuous Si soil treatments at concentrations of 0 to 10 mg L-1 of YarVita Actisil with choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid as active ingredient (Bio Mineral N.V., Belgium) improved plant growth for both cultivars while reducing blight severity only for highly susceptible English boxwood. In separate studies using detached leavesof English boxwood, blight severity decreased with increasing UV-C exposure timeup to 5 min. B. microphylla 'Tide Hill' (less susceptible) and B. sempervirens 'Justin Brouwers' (highly susceptible) plants were left nontreated or sprayed with TopBuxus, Actigard SAR, ProConZ, and mixtures of the products in all possible combinations. Leaves collected at 5, 12, 19, 26 days post treatment were inoculated with a drop (50 µL) containing 200 Cps conidia. Infection and sporulation were assessed after 7-day incubation at 25°C and RH >95%. There was no difference in infection and lesion development among the treatments except when the SAR was applied alone, which had reduced efficacy. Likewise, no difference was observed in sporulation among the treatments. Cultivar susceptibility was very important as the fungicide treatments provided a shorter duration of protection for Justin Brouwers than Tide Hill boxwood (up to 12 vs. 26 days). Obj 3: To build resilience into boxwood production and plantings A total of 1.5 TB whole genome sequence data (PacBio and Omni-C sequencing) for English boxwood and transcriptome data from RNA-seq experiment has been archived on the USDA-ARS HPC Ceres cluster. A draft genome assembly using HiRise assembler has generated genome size of ~1.01 Gbp. An ab initio genome annotation was generated using repeat masking, de novo gene prediction, and a BUSCO analysis of predicted genes. Phenotyping tools are currently underdevelopment for detection and quantification of boxwood blight from images using machine learning models such as the convolutional neural network. The microbiome studies resulted in several major discoveries.1) Diverse bacteria and fungi with species or strains having beneficial properties to plant growth and fitness live on the surface and internal tissue of boxwood shoots. 2) Commonly-used fungicides and antidesiccants impacted phyllosphere microbiome. Three selected fungicide with chlorothalonil and/or propiconazole as active ingredient(s) impacted the microbiome moreon boxwood surface than internal tissue. Specifically, Pseudonectria, a genus including species that causes boxwood Volutella blight, became more abundant after repeated fungicide applications. Obj 4: To assess the economic benefits of boxwood blight mitigation To promote the adoption of advanced boxwood blight best management practices (BMPs) within the industry, we analyzed the economic dimensions of all recommended changes relative to current standard disease control practices in the industry. This served as a baseline to determine the socio-economic impacts of our strategies to reduce production- and post-production shrink. An economic engineering approach was used to estimate the initial capital investment, production costs, and product prices for the baseline and alternative nursery production models. The models were simulated with representative BMPs and proper disease control protocols for boxwood. Partial budgeting modeling procedures were then used to measure the costs and potential benefits of short-run changes in BMPs in the production systems analyzed. Specifically, it required the consideration of the returns associated with treatments and changes in the structure of the disease control costs. Once the changes in the models were incorporated and analyzed for their individual effects, the sensitivity of the results to various production inputs such as prices, wage rates, and operational conditions were investigated by altering values of the selected variables, one at a time, from the baseline values. The projected variables included in the sensitivity analysis included total labor and plant protection product costs.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F. 2022. Vascular streak dieback of redbud and other important woody ornamental disease updates. Tennessee Nursery and Landscape Association Field day. McMinnville, TN. August 25
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F. Boxwood blight case study. Tennessee Urban Forestry Council State Conference. Burns, TN. November 9 to 10
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. Research and observations on woody plant diseases. Cornell Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center Plant Science Day. Riverhead, NY. September 15
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. Are we propagating plant diseases? Eastern Branch of the International Plant Propagators Society Meeting. Hauppauge, NY. September 28
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Pscheidt, J. Fungicide selection and coverage, Oregon Boxwood Health Workshop. Oregon State Universitys North Willamette Research and Extension Center in Aurora, OR. October 20
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Weiland, J. Field tour to onsite boxwood blight research on plant spacing and irrigation frequency, Oregon Boxwood Health Workshop. Oregon State Universitys North Willamette Research and Extension Center in Aurora, OR. October 20
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Pscheidt, J. Pathogens, life cycles and management principles of boxwood blight and other important plant diseases. Master Gardener Hour Training, Roseburg, Douglas Co., OR. October 18
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. Something wicked this way comes. GardenComm. Webinar. October 12
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. IPM for diseases in the landscape. Farmingdale State College SUNY. November 8
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. L. Solving disease problems of ornamental plants. Intern Field Day. Cornell University Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY. July 11
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. L. Research and diagnosis for diseases of woody plants. Nursery Section. Plant Science Day. Cornell University Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY. July 13
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. L. Invasive exotic diseases on dogwood, boxwood and impatiens in the United States. Cornell University. May 2023
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Sacher, G. O. Diseases of rhododendron and boxwood: survey and virulence of Phytophthora root rot and management of boxwood blight with systemic fungicides. Oregon State University. May 2023
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Brand, T., Beltz, H., Adhikari, U., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D. G., Kong, P., and Hong, C. X. Evaluation of fungicides for management of boxwood blight caused by Calonectria spp. under field conditions in Northern Germany. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Ghimire, B., Liyanage, K. H. E., Hall, C., and Baysal-Gurel, F. A modified Delphi study on boxwood blight disease management in the US nursery industry. HortScience 58(8):898-906
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Ghimire, B., Parajuli, M., Liyanapathiranage, P., Simmons, T., and Baysal-Gurel, F. Evaluation of fungicides and antitranspirant for the control of boxwood blight, 2022. Plant Disease Management Report No. 17:OT018
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong, C. X. Building health into new boxwood crops and plantings by making informed cultivar selection. Plant Health Progress, Abstract at https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PHP-01-23-0002-RV
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Kong, P., Daughtrey, M. L., and Hong, C. X. Differential adaptation has resulted in aggressiveness variation of Calonectria pseudonaviculata on hosts Buxus, Pachysandra and Sarcococca. Journal of Fungi 9(2), 181, open access at https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/2/181
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Kong, P., Li, X. P., Sharifi, M., Bordas, A., and Hong, C. X. Leaf endophyte community composition and network structures differ between tolerant and susceptible English boxwood. Phytobiomes Journal, open access at https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PBIOMES-02-23-0009-FI
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Li, X. P., Omolehin, O., Hemmings, G., Tseng, H. T., Taylor, A., Taylor, C., Kong, P., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., Gouker, F., and Hong, C. X. Boxwood phyllosphere fungal and bacterial communities and their differential responses to film-forming antidesiccants. BMC Microbiology 23,29, open access at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12866-023-02956-0
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Ohkura, M., Scagel, C. F., and Weiland, J. E. Rapid and scalable DNA extraction and real-time PCR assay from boxwood tissue for the detection of Calonectria pseudonaviculata, causal agent of boxwood blight. Plant Disease. Abstract at https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-22-1453-SR
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Omolehin, O., Keller, J., Gouker, F., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D. G., Pscheidt, J., and Hong, C. X. Combating an invasive boxwood pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata in the United States by shifting production to less susceptible cultivars. Plant Disease. Abstract at https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-22-2124-RE
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Yoder, K. S., Dunn, R. A., Saunders, J. B., Mays, T. E., Yanny, M. D., Hong, C. X., and Scoggins, H. L. Field performance of Buxus cultivars and selections against boxwood leafminer and boxwood blight. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 40(4):129-142, open access at https://doi.org/10.24266/2573-5586-40.4.129
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., Calabro, J., Gray, J., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., Snover-Clift, K., and Hong, C. X. Fighting a good fight against an invasive pathogen through an international consortium: the Boxwood Blight Insight Group (BBIG). Plant Health 2023 Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society (APS). Denver, CO. August 12 to 16
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Ghimire, B., Liyanage, K., Hall, C., and Baysal-Gurel, F. Investigating the growers perceptions on boxwood blight disease management in the U.S. nursery industry. 2023 Annual Meeting of the APS Southern Division. Durham, NC. February 13 to 16
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Ghimire, B., Liyanage, K., Hall, C., Pendyala, B., Patras, A., and Baysal-Gurel, F. An investigation on nursery growers perception of boxwood blight disease and assessment of efficacy of its management using chemical and innovative alternative approaches. 45th Tennessee State University (TSU)-wide Annual Research Symposium. March 27 to 31
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Ghimire, B., Parajuli, M., Simmons, T., Liyanapathiranage, and Baysal-Gurel, F. Comparative performance of fungicides, host plant defense inducers and antitranspirant in management of boxwood blight. Plant Health 2023 APS Annual Meeting. Denver, CO. August 12 to 16, 2023
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Ghimire, B., Pendyala, B., Patras, A., and Baysal-Gurel, F. Ultraviolet inactivation of conidia of boxwood blight pathogen, Calonectria pseudonaviculata. Ornamental Workshop on Pests and Diseases, Raleigh, NC. October 18 to 29
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Kodati, S. and LaMondia, J. Duration of protection offered by fungicides against boxwood blight. Plant Health 2023 APS Annual Meeting. Denver, CO. August 12 to 16, 2023
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Li, X. P., Tseng, H. T., Omolehin, O., Hemmings, G., Taylor, C., Taylor, A., Kong, P., Daughtrey, M. L., Gouker, F., and Hong, C. X. Characterization of boxwood shoot bacterial communities and potential impact from fungicide treatments. Microbiology Spectrum, open access at https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/spectrum.04163-22
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Kong, P., and Hong, C. X. Burkholderia sp. SSG a powerful new management tool for crop health and production. 12th International Congress of Plant Pathology. Lyon, France. August 20 to 25
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Li, X. P., Weiland, J., Ohkura, M., Kong, P., and Hong, C. X. Comparative analysis of boxwood shoot endophytic microbiota between two major boxwood production regions in the United States. Plant Health 2023 APS Annual Meeting. Denver, CO. August 12 to 16
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Liyanage, K., Ghimire, B., Hall, C., and Baysal-Gurel, F. Economic impact and management of boxwood blight disease in the U.S. Nursery Industry. 45th TSU University-wide Annual Research Symposium. March 27 to 31
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Ohkura, M., Scagel, C. F., and Weiland, J. E. The effect of host volatiles on spore germination of Calonectria pseudonaviculata, the causal agent of boxwood blight. 2023 Annual Meeting of the APS Pacific Division. Tucson, AZ, March 13 to 16
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Ohkura, M., Scagel, C., and Weiland, J. The effect of host volatiles on the sporulation and germination of Calonectria pseudonaviculata, the causal agent of boxwood blight. Plant Health 2023 APS Annual Meeting. Denver, CO. August 12 to 16, 2023
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Olsson, A., Shishkoff, N., and Smallwood, E. Effect of relative humidity on disease severity and sporulation of fungal pathogens Calonectria pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae. The 79th Annual Meeting of APS Potomac Division. Fairfax, VA. March 22 to 24
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Omolehin, O., Kong, P., Hemmings, G., Taylor, A., Tseng, H. T., Taylor, C., Li, X. P., Khaliq, I., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., and Hong, C. X. Field performance of selected biological control agents for protecting Vardar Valley boxwood from infection by Calonectria pseudonaviculata. Plant Health 2023 APS Annual Meeting. Denver, CO. August 12 to 16
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong, C. X. Antidesiccants for boxwood blight management in gardens and public spaces. The 79th Annual Meeting of APS Potomac Division. Fairfax, VA. March 22 to 24
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Shishkoff, N., and Daughtrey, M. Something wicked this way comes: boxwood blights. Ornamental Workshop on Pests and Diseases. JC Raulston Arboretum, Raleigh, NC. October 19
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. L. Invasive exotic diseases on dogwood, boxwood, and impatiens in the United States. Cornell University, by Zoom. April 26
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Sacher, G. O. Diseases of rhododendron and boxwood: survey and virulence of Phytophthora root rot and management of boxwood blight with systemic fungicides. Oregon State University, In a hybrid format. May 23
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Omolehin, O., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K, and Hong, C.X. BBIG Monthly September 2022, released September 1
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Hong, C. X., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Monthly October 2022, released October 3
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Hong, C. X., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Monthly November 2023, released November 1
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Hong, C. X., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Monthly December 2023, released December 1
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong, C. X., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Monthly January 2023, released January 3
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong, C. X., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Monthly February 2023, released February 1
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong, C. X., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Monthly March 2023, released March 1
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong, C. X., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Monthly April 2023, released April 3
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong, C. X., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Monthly May 2023, released May 1
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Hong C. X., Daughtrey, M. L., Luster, D. G., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Newsletter Volume 3, Issue 4, released November 21
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong C. X., Daughtrey, M. L., Luster, D. G., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Newsletter Volume 4, Issue 1, released February 24
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong C. X., Daughtrey, M. L., Luster, D. G., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Newsletter Volume 3, Issue 2, released May 26
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong C. X., Daughtrey, M. L., Luster, D. G., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Newsletter Volume 3, Issue 3, released August 27
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Batdorf, L. R., and Daughtrey, M. L. Boxwood blight nomenclature. The Boxwood Bulletin. The Journal of the American Boxwood Society 62:40-42
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F. Box blight control trial. Chase Digest December 2022 Issue Volume 10(12):5
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Bily, D., and Hong, C. X. Best management practices for boxwood blight in Virginia nurseries. Online publication by Virginia Cooperative Extension SPES-516NP, online at C:\Users\chhong2\Downloads\Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication SPES-516NP
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong, C. X., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Monthly June 2023, released June 1
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong, C. X., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Monthly July 2023, released July 3
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong, C. X., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Monthly August 2023, released August 1
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong, C. X. Boxwood blight an emerging disease that keeps landscapers and gardeners awake at night. Virginia Turfgrass Journal (March/April):24-26
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong, C. X. BBIG Team met in the boxwood country Oregon. Phytopathology News 57(5):11-12
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Hong, C. X. Evaluating antidesiccants as a physical barrier for boxwood blight mitigation under controlled environments. VNLA News The Virginia Nursery and Landscape Association Magazine. (Summer issue):10-13
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Pscheidt, J. W. Boxwood (Buxus ssp.) boxwood blight. Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook, online at https://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/host-disease/boxwood-buxus-spp-boxwood-blight
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Weiland, J., Santamaria, L., Pscheidt, J. Oregon Boxwood Health Workshop, Oregon State Universitys North Willamette Research and Extension Center in Aurora, OR, October 20
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F. Boxwood blight disease management - woody ornamental disease update. UT- 2023 Landscape Short Course/Green Team Landscape Meeting. Franklin, TN. January 12
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F. Sanitation for boxwood blight management. The Kentucky Green Industry Winter Conferences. January 25
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F. Boxwood blight disease management. Advanced Turf Solutions Meeting. Lebanon, TN. January 31
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F. Boxwood blight disease management. Nashville Lawn & Garden Show.in Nashville, TN, March 2
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F. Dealing with diseases in the landscape. TEMG Intern Training. Virtual presentation. March 28
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F. Dealing with boxwood diseases in the landscape. Warren County Master Gardeners Class. McMinnville, TN. April 6
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F. Sanitation practices in nursery production. Cultivate23, Columbus, OH, July 17
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. When it didnt rain, it was droughty. Professional Certified Applicators of Long Island. Melville, NY. January 19
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. Diseases to defend your plants against. Back 2 Basics. AmericanHort. Virtual. February 7
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. Scouting skills for diseases on broadleaved woody plants. Sharpen Your Scouting Skills Workshop. Branching Out, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Ithaca, NY. Virtual, February 9
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. Understanding plant diseases. Master Gardeners of Fairfax County, Virginia. Virtual. February 15
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. Diseases of ornamental plants. Certified Nursery and Landscape Professionals Training. Virtual. February 21
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. Diseases update. New York State Nursery and Landscape Association. Virtual. March 9
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. Diseases after drought and diseases after rain. Long Island Horticulture Conference. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY. March 9
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. Tree and shrub diseases coming in 2023. Urban Forestry Today. University of Massachusetts. Virtual. March 16
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. L. Identifying and coping with diseases of ornamental plants. Tree Committee Meeting, Ladies Village Improvement Society, East Hampton, NY. June 24
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Pscheidt, J. W. Fungicide selection and coverage. Pesticide Recertification. Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center. Central Point, OR. January 24
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Ghimire, B., Liyanage, K., Pendyala, B., Patras, A., Hall, C., and Baysal-Gurel, F. Understanding nursery growers perspectives on managing boxwood blight disease and developing innovative control methods (Oral talk). Annual Meeting of American Society of Horticultural Science. Orlando, FL. July 31 to August 4
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Ghimire, B., Liyanage, K., Pendyala, B., Patras, A., Hall, C., and Baysal-Gurel, F. Understanding nursery growers perspectives on managing boxwood blight disease and developing innovative control methods (Scholars Ignite Session). Annual Meeting of American Society of Horticultural Science. Orlando, FL. July 31 to August 4
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Santamaria, L. Scouting tips and educational resources for boxwood diseases and pests, Oregon Boxwood Health Workshop. Oregon State Universitys North Willamette Research and Extension Center in Aurora, OR. October 20
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Weiland, J. and Ohkura, M. Influence of nursery production practices and environment on boxwood blight, Oregon Boxwood Health Workshop. Oregon State Universitys North Willamette Research and Extension Center in Aurora, OR. October 20
|
Progress 09/01/21 to 08/31/22
Outputs
Target Audience: Growers Greenery producers Retailers Landscapers and ground maintenance personnel Trade organizations - local, regional, and national Consumers Master gardeners Boxwood enthusiasts Arborists Diagnosticians Extension specialists and agents Regulatory personnel Conservation biologists Researchers Policy makers Changes/Problems:Althoughthe teamhashad many achievements in research and outreach over the second year of the grant,the ongoingpandemic of COVID-19 has causedunprecedented challenges to all the collaborating institutions. AllUSDA PI's research labs were underafederally- mandatedgating phase, with onlymission-essential employees permitted to be onsite at 25% facility capacity limit until March 28 2022. While this has hampered laboratory-based research objectives, significant progress has been made in meetingobjectives. PDs have collectively met and exceeded our extension and outreach goals, taking advantage of expanded virtual meeting venues and opportunities. Eight of 13 research goals are at 100% completion or ahead of schedule, while the remaining five research goals are at or below 15% completion due to COVID-19-related restrictions on facility occupancy and/or travel, particularly at USDA locations. University programshave also faced reduced lab access andin some cases, requests from upper administration to cut back on planned activitiesand spending. Quarantine periods have beennecessary on short notice whenstaffbecame ill with COVID-19.Despite these restrictions, our team has shown resilience and,as a result, allproject objectives appear to be achievable within the granting period. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Eight postdocs and three graduate students were recruited to work with the BBIG team on boxwood blight mitigation. In addition to planning and executing the proposed research activities, analyzing data, and writing for industry and academic publications, all postdocs and students actively participated in translating research into operational protocols and educational materials, delivering to the end user, and documenting project impacts. They also were regularly interacting with the Advisory Panel via Zoom meetings and email exchanges, gaining an appreciation of how to work with industry partners. This project also provided the team, especially early career scientists, with a variety of other professional training opportunities. Two postdocs (Xiao Yang and Olanike Omolehin) have had experience as Project Manager, with extra responsibilities forhandling communications via Teams, Zoom and email, assembling reports, andcoordinating other postdocs in perfecting a poster on the BBIG research team's organization and objectives.Coachingis provided by the Project Leaders as needed. This leadership experience helped Dr. Yang secure the position of Diagnostician and Manager of Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic at Clemson University. Olanike Omolehin, the Postdoctoral Applied Plant Pathologist, continued to coordinate field trials evaluating antidesiccants and biocontrol agents with NCDA&CS, NCCE and collaborating growers, and became a point of contact for the collaboration with the Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in Belgium. PDs advised and supported as needed. She also coordinated with several co-PDs and one Advisory Panel member the study analyzing and promoting boxwood inventory shift to more resistant cultivars in the U.S. Xiaoping Li, Postdoctoral Microbiome Scientist, coordinated boxwood sampling with the Oregon State University/USDA ARS HCRL team in Corvallis, OR and collaborating growers in Virginia for the microbiome studies. He also directly worked with the growers taking samples. PDs helped connection with collaborating PDs and growers, advised on planning, and provided other support as needed. Urmila Adhikari, Postdoctoral Epidemiologist, served as a point of contact person for collaboration with German scientists, re-analyzing their data of field trials evaluating fungicides, boxwood cultivars and other blight management strategies from the epidemiology perspective. She also coordinated the International Working Group of Boxwood Blight Epidemiology, with PDs' support as needed. This research and leadership experience helped her win a Research Associate position at NSF Center for Integrated Pest Management of North Carolina State University in April 2022. Mana Ohkura, Postdoctoral Scholar, assisted with the Oregon nursery survey and refined molecular methods for detecting Cps from nursery samples. In addition, she led a research project to evaluate the effect of irrigation and plant spacing on boxwood blight. She wrote an outreach publication in the Oregon Association of Nurseries trade magazine, The Digger. Srikanth Kodati, Postdoctoral Scientist, investigated epidemiology and management of boxwood blight at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Two postdocs on the project coordinatedmulti-authorefforts on two publications on boxwood diseases for the diagnostic community.PDs providedadvice and leadership as needed.The first of these publications, a diagnostic guide for boxwood blight disease, has been downloaded over 3,000 times, and was ranked as the second-most downloaded paper published in the journal for the year. Postdocs and graduate students presented at the quarterly Project Team meetings. Postdocs and graduate students were supportedto attend the American Phytopathological Society meetings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Delivering research and innovations to the end user has been an integral part of this project. Specifically, we took three initiatives during this project year: 1) Twitter.com/boxwoodhealth in December 2021, 2) BBIG Monthly digest in January 2022, and 3) working with New York Times in May 2022. Synchronized with the publication of the New York Times article, we worked with our stakeholder partners - AmericanHort and the Horticultural Research Institute (HRI) and added a new landing page - Boxwood Gardening at Home to the Boxwood Blight Insight Group website (https://www.boxwoodhealth.org). Addition of this new landing page resulted in a surge of page views to 1,400 within the first 22 days of June from a monthly average of 430. This also marked the beginning of restructuring this website to get better organization of educational materials we have developed over the first 2 years, helping users to navigate the site and locate the information they seek. We continued the success of the quarterly International Boxwood Seminar series with three new webinars. To meet the needs of our stakeholders, we expanded the coverage of this Series to include box tree moth, a new invasive insect that is threatening the boxwood crops and plantings in the U.S., and Volutella blight, a common fungal disease on boxwood. These webinars reached all sectors of the horticulture industry, arborists, public garden managers, private gardeners/consumers, as well as first responders, research and extension communities across the U.S. According to HRI, our partner and the hosting institution of the Seminar Series, at least 995 people attended the first five webinars of this Series with those attending the sixth webinar yet to be added. In addition to the attendees from the U.S., there were attendees from 19 foreign countries on five continents. Thus, U.S. stakeholders and international communities were both well-served by the webinars. This Series set a new example of global and stakeholder partnership in addressing new and emerging plant biosecurity issues like boxwood blight. We published four BBIG Newsletters in November 2021, February, May and August 2022, respectively. Each issue began with Featured News, followed by Featured Research, Extension Highlight, and Project Meeting Brief, Recent Publication, etc. Featured News was about a hot topic of the quarter with most contributions from our collaborators. Featured Research reported the major research advancements which had been presented first at the quarterly project directors/associates meetings then to the meetings with Advisory Panel members. The Extension Highlight covered several topics - major extension activities and accomplishments and quarterly BBIG Boxwood Seminar recap, plus diagnostic tips. Each issue also included a quick summary of our quarterly deliverables. We met with the project's Advisory Panel (AP)quarterly on the first Friday of September, December, March, and June, and held our first annual meeting in two parts, on October 5 and December 3, 2021. The team including two AP members held a day-long roundtable discussion with industry professionals at the Dixon Gallery and Gardens in Memphis, TN on February 18, 2022. We expanded and expedited our reach through partnerships. For research and extension communities, we: 1) organized two symposia in collaboration with the American Phytopathological Society (APS), 2) hosted three virtual IBBE meetings, 3) published nineteen refereed journal articles including several that are open access, 4) gave sixteen presentations at APS annual meetings and other professional conferences, and 5) provided five invited lectures. For first responders, we partnered with the National Plant Diagnostic Network - The Great Plains Diagnostic Network Webinar Series 2022, and the Central Plant Board. For the horticulture industry and other stakeholders, we worked closely with AmericanHort/HRI, planning and conducting a BBIG On-Demand session with four presentations on the Live Stage of the tHRIve Knowledge Center at Cultivate'22 in Columbus, OH on July 17, 2022. This session was featured in Nursery Management, a popular national trade magazine for the horticulture industry. We continued to use Google Group (bbig-g@vt.edu), along with other local and national networks, for dissemination of the project monthly digest - BBIG Monthly, and quarterly BBIG Newsletters, in addition to the latest research and extension publications and boxwood health related news, reaching 7,734 boxwood enthusiasts. We also worked directly with stakeholders through Citizen Science Projects to meet their emerging needs. This project has led to many significant changes in boxwood blight mitigation and crop health management knowledge, practice, and condition as exemplified below. Our research and innovation have advanced the science of boxwood blight biology, epidemiology, and diagnostic and mitigation technology. For example, we discovered that spacing plants further apart reduces the chances for the pathogen to spread from an infected plant to nearby healthy plants. Decreasing irrigation frequency reduces infection and disease severity. These findings are critical to improving Best Management Practices (BMPs). Likewise, the discoveries from the Oregon nursery survey have been used to strengthen existing BMPs for nursery cleanliness programs and to help nursery inspectors learn to more effectively scout for boxwood blight during scheduled nursery inspections. Our research and innovations will continue to change blight diagnostics and improve disease mitigation in the nursery and landscape, thereby benefiting the horticulture industry and consumers for years to come. Growers, retailers, landscapers, arborists, garden managers and other horticulturists, as well as regulatory personnel, diagnosticians, and extension specialists and agents have a better understanding of the blight disease, its diagnostic characters and current/latest mitigation technologies. They are enabled to prevent accidental blight introduction to their properties, identify and scout for blight hot spots, make informed decisions, and act in a timely manner to better manage the disease at sites of contamination. Important changes we have facilitated are the boxwood production shift to blight-free/less affected states and inventory shift to less susceptible cultivars; some growers have moved to a systems approach to blight mitigation and boxwood crop health management. Boxwood stakeholders also have learned through Citizen Science Projects and set up their own facilities and programs to monitor the blight pathogen in infested soil. Although these efforts began at individual production facilities and gardens, they were successful for limiting pathogen spread and suppressive to pathogen survival, infection, and reproduction, and thus contributed to blight mitigation and containment at local, regional, and national levels. Additionally, this project has set a new example - fighting together against invasive species and destructive diseases through stakeholder partnership (e.g., AmericanHort, HRI, North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, North Carolina Cooperative Extension,local farmers) and international collaborations (Belgium, Canada, Germany, Switzerland,United Kingdom). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to make efforts to catch up on research components that were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, while striving to do even better for the other research and extension programming--where we have in some cases exceeded what we originally proposed (as by analyzing and documenting the nation's boxwood production shift to blight-free/less affected regions as well as the inventory shift to less susceptible cultivars, helping to analyze and write 16-year field trials evaluating boxwood cultivars and fungicides in northern Germany where both Cps and Che were present and bring this invaluable research to American stakeholders through publications, and by adding microbiome research to the antidesiccant field trial to further promote a systems approach to boxwood health and production).
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
This project aimed to better contain and manage an emerging invasive disease by taking a systems approach, collaborating with scientists overseas, and partnering with stakeholders. Among the most notable accomplishments were analyses and documentation of boxwood production shift to blight-free/less affected regions as well as inventory shift to less susceptible cultivars. We also continued the International Boxwood Seminars with speakers from Switzerland, United Kingdom and Canada. Our research and extension programs supported the continual growth (c. 25%) of demand for and sales of boxwood plants in the U.S. as shown in a recent survey of 17 nurseries in 7 major boxwood producing states over a 5-year period from 2017to 2021. More importantly, they helped to move the nation onto a fast track to sustainable boxwood production and gardening. Objective 1: To prevent blighted plant materials from entering the nursery trade Several polyclonal antibodies were tested using double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. One efficiently detected Cps and Che in infected leaves, but was negative when tested on healthy boxwood or those with Volutella blight, Fusarium spp., Phytophthora root rot, or Macrophoma leaf spot. The assay also detected the pathogen in infected leaves from 22 boxwood cultivars inoculated with Cps or Che, although variation in reaction strength was noted between small- and large-leafed cultivars. Oregon nursery surveys had four major discoveries. 1) All nurseries but one had boxwood blight. 2) The unusually wet and cool spring in 2022 led to new infections and outbreaks starting in mid-March at several nurseries. These observations challenged the current boxwood blight infection risk model 2.1, which predicted low infection risk for the location at the same period. 3) Among the most commonly infected cultivars were four top sellers - Winter Gem, Green Gem, Green Mountain, Green Velvet. And 4) three cultivars (Winter Gem, Green Beauty, and Wintergreen) considered more resistant to the blight elsewhere were equally susceptible. Further studies in the lab showed that the temperature optima for Oregon Cps isolates was dependent upon the substrate on which they were grown. On potato dextrose agar, the optimum temperature for growth was the same as reported in the literature previously (25°C). However, on malt extract agar, the Oregon isolates grew better at 15-20°C. In addition, disease was much more severe when inoculated plants were grown at 15°C than at 25°C. At 25°C, Green Velvet developed severe disease, while Winter Gem only had very mild disease. However, at 15°C, Winter Gem developed severe blight. Separate studies with six boxwood cultivars and both pathogen species at four temperatures showed different disease incidences among cultivars at some temperatures but not between Cps and Che. Overall, 'Justin Brouwers' and 'Vardar Valley' had the highest incidence. 'Vardar Valley' had greater incidence and larger lesions at 30°C, suggesting it would be more susceptible in hotter climates. Other cultivars with resistance at higher temperatures did not differ in susceptibility at 12-18°C. There was slightly more severe disease at 30°C with Che. Objective 2: To better manage the disease at sites of contamination Three antidesiccants and four biological control agents (BCAs) were selected and entered the second phase of the field evaluation with increased treatment frequency to monthly beginning in May 2022. These ongoing trials are done with two boxwood cultivars at two sites in western North Carolina with blight history. Blight incidence was assessed immediately before monthly treatments. As of July 20, up to 30% leaves were blighted at the site near Elkin and a reduced incidence at the Lowgap site. We also demonstrated that SSG, a boxwood endophyte, did not survive well on the foliage surface, thus improving SSG's survival is critical to realize its full potential as a broad-spectrum and powerful BCA. Additionally, we showed that SSG induces various defense priming in boxwood plants through cDNA transcriptome, expanding the understanding of the mechanisms by which this broad-spectrum BCA controls boxwood blight and other diseases. We evaluated the effect of leaf wetness period and temperature on infection and sporulation of three boxwood cultivars under controlled conditions to develop predictive models for disease development. We also investigated the spread of boxwood blight in a simulated landscape under conducive natural conditions. We used strict sanitation to greatly reduce or eliminate spread by contact. Movement of the pathogen from an infected source plant was limited to one plant, likely spread by means of water splash. Plants were mulched with composted hardwood chips and mulching likely was primarily responsible for limiting spread. Boxwood cultivar susceptibility and fungicide spray programs influenced the incidence of spread and severity of disease. This experiment demonstrates that boxwood blight can be controlled in a landscape by following best management practices. Objective 3: To build resilience into boxwood production and plantings This year's breeding season produced 30 unique controlled cross pollinations with ripening fruit still being monitored for harvest. This was also the first attempt at using previously generated hybrids from the USNA breeding program to generate BCF1 and F2 populations. Last season plants have been growing and transplanted into individual pots for future evaluation. Additional germplasm of 50 Buxus sempervirens cultivars received from Longwood Gardens were screened for boxwood blight susceptibility using a detached leaf assay with multiple Cps isolates. All 50 genotypes were found to be highly susceptible to boxwood blight. Additional evaluation was conducted on F1 hybrids that have been growing in USDA nursery for at least five years, and 15 interspecific Buxus hybrids were selected for advanced selection and propagation. We have rooted at least 70% of these for field evaluation. Major discoveries from our microbiome studies included: 1) the differential tolerance to Cps of English boxwood plants is associated with the complexity of culturable fungal and bacterial endophyte community, and with foliar endophyte abundance, microbiota core and networks; 2) well established English boxwood garden soil in all five states surveyed (CA, IL, NY, SC, VA) is suppressive to Cps; 3) foliar bacterial and fungal communities are insensitive to antidesiccant treatments, and 4) foliar fungal communities are more sensitive to selected fungicides (Banner Maxx, Daconil, and Concert II) than bacterial communities. Objective 4: To assess the economic benefits of boxwood blight mitigation To promote the adoption of advanced boxwood blight BMPs within the industry, we have started analyzing the economic dimensions of all recommended changes relative to current standard disease control practices in the industry. Economic engineering is being used to estimate the initial capital investment, production costs, and product prices for the baseline and alternative boxwood nursery production models. The models are being simulated with representative BMPs and proper disease control protocols. The models are also serving as a baseline to determine the socio-economic impacts of our strategies to reduce production and post-production shrink. We have collected and summarized current BMPs associated with boxwood production on the East and West coasts by visiting with growers and project team members to determine equipment usage, input materials, and labor hours used during boxwood production using current production practices. The spreadsheet model of the current production system for boxwoods in container nurseries in the eastern versus western regions of the U.S. has been built and is currently under review by the project team.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Aliello, D., Guarnaccia, V., Vitale, A., LeBlanc, N., Shishkoff, N., and Polizzi, G. Impact of Calonectria diseases on ornamental horticulture: diagnosis and control strategies. Plant Disease 106:1773-1787.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Avenot, H.F., Baudoin, A.B., and Hong, C. X. Conidial production and viability of Calonectria pseudonaviculata on infected boxwood leaves and twigs as affected by temperature, wetness and dryness periods. Plant Pathology 71:696-701 (http://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13500).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Barker, B. S., Coop, L., and Hong, C. X. Potential distribution of invasive boxwood blight pathogen (Calonectria pseudonaviculata) as predicted by process-based and correlative models. Biology 11, 849 (open access at https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/6/849/pdf).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F., Simmons, T., and Jennings, C. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of boxwood blight, 2021. Plant Disease Management Report No. 16: OT010. Online publication.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F., Simmons, T., and Jennings, C. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of boxwood blight, 2021. Plant Disease Management Report No. 16: OT021.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Behe, B. K., Huddleston, P. T., and Hall, C. Gardening motivations of U.S. plant purchasers during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Environmental Horticulture (2022) 40 (1): 10-17 (Open access at https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-40.1.10).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Brand, T., Beltz, H., Ehsen, B., Adhikari, U.*, Daughtrey, M. L., Luster, D. G., Kong, P., and Hong, C. X. Multi-year field plantings evaluating boxwood cultivars for susceptibility to the blight pathogens (Calonectria spp.) in Northern Germany. Plant Disease published online as First Look at https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-22-1102-RE.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Dhakal, K., Bika, R.*, Ghimire, B.*, Parajuli, M., Neupane, S., Neupane, K., Addesso, K. M., and Baysal-Gurel, F. Arthropod and disease management in boxwood production. Journal of Integrated Pest Management 13(1): 18 (open access at https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmac013).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Gouker, F., Guo, Y., and Pooler, M. HRM analysis enables efficient detection and differentiation of two boxwood blight pathogens by qPCR Assays. PhytoFrontiers, published online at https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTOFR-09-21-0066-SC.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Hong, C. X., Daughtrey, M., Howle, M., Schirmer, S., Kosta, K., Kong, P., Likins, M., and Suslow, K. Rapid decline of Calonectria pseudonaviculata soil population in selected gardens across the United States. Plant Disease, published online as First Look at doi: 10.1094/PDIS-02-22-0443-RE.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Kodati, S.*, Allan-Perkins, E., Cowles, R.S., and LaMondia, J. The effect of temperature, leaf wetness period, and cultivar susceptibility on boxwood blight disease development and sporulation. Plant Disease, published online as First Look at doi: 10.1094/PDIS-05-22-1022-RE.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Kodati S.*, Cowles R., and LaMondia J. Survival of conidia of the boxwood blight pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata under different relative humidity condition. Plant Health Progress, published online as First Look at https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-12-21-0142-RS.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Kong, P. Survival of SSG, an endophytic Burkholderia biocontrol agent, on boxwood leaf surface. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 39 (4):138-142 (open access at https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-39.4.138).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Kong, P., Li, X. P.*, Gouker, F., and Hong, C. X. cDNA transcriptome of Arabidopsis reveals various defense priming induced by a broad-spectrum biocontrol agent Burkholderia sp. SSG. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(6):3151 (open access at doi: 10.3390/ijms23063151).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Kong, P., Sharifi, M., Bordas, A., and Hong, C.X. Differential tolerance to Calonectria pseudonaviculata of English boxwood plants associated with the complexity of culturable fungal and bacterial endophyte communities. Plants. 10, 2244 (open access at https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112244).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
LaMondia, J. A., Allan-Perkins, E., Kodati, S.* Factors affecting boxwood blight spread under landscape conditions. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 39)3):100-107 (open access at https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-39.3.100).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Li, X. P.*, Kong, P., Daughtrey, M. L., Kosta, K., Schirmer, S., Howle, M., Likins, M., and Hong, C. X. Characterization of the soil bacterial community in selected boxwood gardens across the United States. Microorganisms 10, 1514 at https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081514.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Rogers, L. W., Koehler, A. M., Crouch, J. A., Cubeta, M. A. and LeBlanc, N. R. Comparative genomic analysis reveals contraction of gene families with putative roles in pathogenesis in the fungal boxwood pathogens Calonectria henricotiae and C. pseudonaviculata. BMC Ecology and Evolution 22:79 (open access at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-022-02035-4).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Weiland, J. E., Ohkura, M.*, Scagel, C. F., Davis, E. A., and Beck, B. R. Cool temperatures favor growth of Oregon isolates of Calonectria pseudonaviculata and increase severity of boxwood blight on two Buxus cultivars. Plant Disease, published as First Look at https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0769-RE.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Ornamental Production Challenges and Perspectives: A Case Study of Boxwood Blight, at the American Phytopathological Society (APS) Southern Division Annual Meeting in Chattanooga, TN, March 9, 2022 This symposium was organized and moderated by Fulya Baysal-Gurel with six invited speakers - Chuan Hong, Jo Anne Crouch, Charles Hall, Douglas Luster, Fred Gouker, and Margery Daughtrey.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management of an Emerging Disease Boxwood Blight, at Plant Health 2022 APS Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, PA, August 8, 2022. This symposium was organized by Margery Daughtrey, Douglas Luster, Xiao Yang and Chuan Hong and moderated by Fulya Baysal-Gurel with five invited speakers Nina Shishkoff, Jerry Weiland, Len Coop, Xiao Yang, and James LaMondia.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F., Hong, C. X., Daughtrey, M., Luster, D., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Gouker, F., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J., Pscheidt, J., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. 2022. Boxwood Blight Insight Group (BBIG) - An International Consortium. 1890 Research Directors Symposium. Atlanta, GA, April 2 to 5, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Brand, T., Beltz, H., Ehsen, B., Adhikari, U.*, Daughtrey, M., Luster, D. G., Kong, P., and Hong, C. X. Variation of boxwood cultivar susceptibility to the blight pathogens (Calonectria spp.) in northern Germany. APS Potomac Division Annual Meeting online March 23 to 25, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Coop, L., Brittany, B. S., and Hong, C. X. Integrating short and long term risk models for boxwood blight. Integrated Pest Management Symposium, Denver, CO, February 28 to March 3, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Li, X. P.*, Omolehin, O., Hemmings, G., Daughtrey, M., Kong, P., and Hong, C. X. Epiphytic bacterial communities of boxwood foliage impacted by fungicides commonly-used for control of boxwood blight. Plant Health 2022 APS Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, PA, August 6 to 10, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Liyanapathiranage, P.*, Ghimire, B.*, Simmons, T., Jennings, C., and Baysal-Gurel, F. Comparative performance of fungicides in management of boxwood blight. 10th International IPM Symposium. Denver, CO, February 28 to March 3, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Liyanapathiranage, P.*, Sharma, S., Simmons, T., Jennings, C., and Baysal-Gurel, F. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of boxwood blight. 99th Southern division APS hybrid meeting. Chattanooga, TN, March 7 to 10, 2022
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Luster, D., Carter, M., McMahon, M., Yang, X.* Development of a capture-ELISA immunoassay for the boxwood blight pathogens Calonectria henricotiae and C. pseudonaviculata. Plant Health 2022 APS Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, PA, August 6 to 10, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Ohkura, M.*, Scagel, C. F., and Weiland, J. E. Rapid and scalable DNA extraction and real-time PCR assay for the detection of the boxwood blight pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata. Plant Health 2022 APS Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, PA, August 6 to 10, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Omolehin, O.*, Daughtrey, M. L., Gray, J., Calabro, J., Yang, X.*, and Hong, C. X. BBIG international boxwood seminars: a successful global and stakeholder partnership. Plant Health 2022 APS Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, PA, August 6 to 10, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Omolehin, O.*, Kong, P., and Hong, C. X. Friend not foe: Bacillus methylotrophicus, BP1024, offers potential for biological management of boxwood blight. Plant Health 2022 APS Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, PA, August 6 to 10, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Shishkoff, N. The epidemic since 2020: new insights into management of boxwood blight. Plant Health 2022 APS Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, PA, August 6 to 10, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Shishkoff, N., and Smallwood, E. Effect of temperature on lesion area of detached leaves of different boxwood cultivars infected with boxwood blight. Plant Health 2022 APS Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, PA, August 6 to 10, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Weiland, J. E. Nursery production decisions on plant spacing and irrigation affect risks for boxwood blight. Plant Health 2022 APS Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, PA, August 6 to 10, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Ghimire, B.*, Pendyala, B., Patras, A., and Baysal-Gurel, F. UV sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea, Calonectria pseudonaviculata, Phytopythium vexans and inactivation of their inoculums using UV-C LED irradiation. 99th Southern division APS hybrid meeting. Chattanooga, TN, March 7 to 10, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Kodati, S.*, Cowles, R. S., and LaMondia, J. A. Survival of conidia of the boxwood blight pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata under different relative humidity conditions. APS Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, PA, August 6 to 10, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
LaMondia, J. A. Integrating research results into a boxwood blight management program. APS Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, PA, August 6 to 10, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Hong, C. X. Fighting a good fight against an emerging invasive pathogen. APS Southern Division Annual Meeting in Chattanooga, TN, March 9, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Crouch, J. A. Invasion and expansion of boxwood blight pathogens in the U.S. and globally. APS Southern Division Annual Meeting in Chattanooga, TN, March 9, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Hall, C. Impacts of boxwood blight on the US boxwood market. APS Southern Division Annual Meeting in Chattanooga, TN, March 9, 2022.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
The second IBBE meeting on October 25, 2021 with two invited presentations:
Predicting boxwood blight infection and establishment risk using CLIMEX,
correlative, and DDRP modeling platforms, by Len Coop and Brittany Barker,
Oregon State University.
Long-term monitoring of boxwood blight symptom development in an open-air
nursery in coastal California - update, by Wolfgang Schweigkofler and
Nilwala Abeysekara, Dominican University of California.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
The third IBBE meeting on February 7, 2022 with one invited presentation:
What weather conditions make an area hotspot for boxwood blight? By Urmila
Adhikari, Virginia Tech.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Luster, D. Development of diagnostic assays for the boxwood blight pathogens C. pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae. APS Southern Division Annual Meeting in Chattanooga, TN, March 9, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Gouker, F. Boxwood breeding: selecting for blight resistance. APS Southern Division Annual Meeting in Chattanooga, TN, March 9, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. Extending knowledge of boxwood blight and its management to the ornamentals industry. APS Southern Division Annual Meeting in Chattanooga, TN, March 9, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
The fourth IBBE meeting on May 9, 2022 with one invited presentation:
Attempting to understand boxwood blight epidemiology in landscape plantings
through diagnostic sample confirmations, by Andrew Loyd, Bartlett Tree
Experts.
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Outreach Website Boxwood Blight Insight Group (https://www.boxwoodhealth.org)
This website is hosted at the HRI and updated monthly by HRI staff to keep stakeholders and the public informed of the project progress.
As content continues to grow in volume, we worked closely with HRI staff to restructure the site to make it more user friendly. Specifically, with the timely support from HRI staff, we have a new landing page Boxwood Gardening for Public and Private Gardeners initially developed to provide further information for the gardening public at the time of a boxwood article in the New York Times on June 1, 2022.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F. Effect of sanitizers on Calonectria pseudonaviculata, causal agent of boxwood blight. BBIG On-Demand session in the tHRIve Knowledge Center at Cultivate22, hosted by AmericanHort in Columbus, OH on July 17, 2022.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Pscheidt, J. Pesticide coverage of boxwood plants with nursery sprayers. BBIG On-Demand session in the tHRIve Knowledge Center at Cultivate22, hosted by AmericanHort in Columbus, OH on July 17, 2022.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Santamaria, L. Tools for training English and Spanish-speaking workers to scout for boxwood blight. BBIG On-Demand session in the tHRIve Knowledge Center at Cultivate22, hosted by AmericanHort in Columbus, OH on July 17, 2022.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Weiland, J. Observations about boxwood blight in the nursery industry. BBIG On-Demand session in the tHRIve Knowledge Center at Cultivate22, hosted by AmericanHort in Columbus, OH on July 17, 2022.
|
Progress 09/01/20 to 08/31/21
Outputs
Target Audience:Growers Greenery producers Retailers Landscapers and ground maintenance personnel Public garden managers and horticulturists Trade organizations - local, regional and national Consumers Master gardeners Boxwood enthusiasts Arborists Diagnosticians Extension specialists and agents Regulatory personnel Conservation biologists Researchers Policy makers Changes/Problems:Althoughthe teamhashad many achievements in research and outreach over the first year of the grant,the ongoingpandemic of COVID-19 has causedunprecedented challenges to all the collaborating institutions. AllUSDA research labs and unitshavebeeninafederal government mandatedgating phase, with onlyessential employees allowed to be onsite at a 25% facility capacity limit. While this has hampered laboratory-based research objectives, significant progress has been made in meetingobjectives. PDs have collectively met and exceeded all extension goals. Eight of 13 research goals are at 100% completion or ahead of schedule, while the remaining five research goals are at or below 15% completion due to COVID-19-related restrictions on facility occupancy and/or travel, particularly at USDA locations. Universityprogramshave also faced reduced lab access andin some cases, requests from upper administration to cut back on planned activitiesand spending. Quarantine periods have beennecessary on short notice whenstaffbecame ill with COVID-19.Our team has shown resilience under these circumstances and,as a result,the objectives allcontinue toappear to be achievable within the granting period. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Seven postdocs, three graduate students and one summer intern were recruited to work with the BBIG team on boxwood blight mitigation. In addition to planning and executing the proposed research activities, analyzing data, and writing for industry and academic publications, all postdocs and students actively participated in translating research into operational protocols and educational materials, delivering to the end user, and documenting project impacts. They also were regularly interacting with the Advisory Panel via Zoom meetings and email exchanges, gaining an appreciation of how to work with industry partners. This project also provided the team members, especially early career scientists, with a variety of other professional training opportunities as exemplified below. TRAINING FOR THE PROJECT TEAM AND COLLABORATORS A training session on Microsoft Teams by Paige Ghra, Program Coordinator, Collaborative Computing Solutions at Virginia Tech, was organized and conducted on July 20, 2020 for PDs, associates, and Advisory Panel members in order to improve the internal communications for enhanced project productivity, quality and impacts. A seminar on how to study the plant microbiome by Xiaoping Li, postdoctoral microbiome scientist, for PDs and their associates, Advisory Panel members as well as some collaborators via Zoom on February 12. 2021 as part of our efforts in team capacity-building. PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR POSTDOCS AND STUDENTS One postdoc has had experience as project manager, with extra responsibilities forhandling communications via Teams, Zoom and email, assembling reports, andcoordinating other postdocs in perfecting a poster on the BBIG research team's organization and objectives.Coachingis provided by the project leaders as needed. One postdoc - Applied Plant Pathologist, has transitioned into the role of coordinating field trials evaluating antidesiccants and biocontrol agents with NCDA&CS, NCCE, and collaborating growers and become a point of contact for the collaboration with the Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in Belgium. PDs advised and supported as needed. One postdoc has coordinated boxwood sampling with the OSU/USDA ARS HCRL team in Corvallis, OR and collaborating growers in Virginia for the microbiome studies. This postdoctoral associate also directly worked with the growers taking samples late spring and summer. PDs helped connection with collaborating PDs and growers, advised on planning, and provided other support as needed. One postdoc - Epidemiologist, has become a point of contact person for collaboration with German scientists, re-analyzing their data of field trials evaluating fungicides, boxwood cultivars and other blight management strategies from the epidemiology perspective. This postdoctoral associate is transitioning into a role of coordinating the newly established International Working Group of Boxwood Blight Epidemiology, with PDs' support as needed. Two postdocs on the project have had the opportunity to coordinatemulti-authorefforts on two publications on boxwood diseases for the diagnostic community.PDs haveprovidedadvice and leadership as needed.The first of these publications, a diagnostic guide for boxwood blight disease, has been downloaded over 3,000 times, and was ranked as the second-most downloaded paper published in the journal for the year of 2000. Postdocs and graduate students presented at the quarterly Project Team meetings. Postdocs and graduate students were supportedto attend the American Phytopathological Society (APS) meetings and other professional meetings such as Phyllosphere Fortnight 2021 at Phyllosphere Fortnight 2021 - PHYLLOSPHERE 2022 (ucdavis.edu). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Delivering research and innovations to the end user has been an integral part of this project as detailed below. To best serve the horticulture industry, public and private gardeners, we networked with prominent scientists in the U.S. and overseas, and partnered with stakeholders to establish an international boxwood blight research and education consortium - Boxwood Blight Insight Group (BBIG). We also designed a logo reflecting the project goal (sustainable boxwood production and gardening) and approach (focused science and application studies). Accordingly, we integrated this logo into our newsletter, PowerPoint presentation, Word and PDF document templates for more effective and efficient technology transfer. TRANSLATING RESEARCH INTO PRODUCTS, PROTOCOLS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS BBIG Newsletter was launched in November 2020 and has since been published quarterly - featuring the latest news and major research breakthroughs, and highlighting major extension and outreach accomplishments. Other sections include Project Meeting Brief, New Team Members. Scouting and Best Management Practices Videos were produced by the Extension teams to help growers, landscapers and other horticulturists to scout for and better manage boxwood blight at production and in gardens and landscapes. The scouting video is in both English and Spanish to meet the needs of the diverse work force in the horticulture industry. Bilingual Educational Resources included extension publications and posters, in addition to the scouting videos in both English and Spanish. DELIVERING TO END USERS Conventional means of tech transfer included: quarterly meetings with the Advisory PanelviaZoom, publication of five extension articles, and conducting: two field demonstrations, six short courses, and fifteen webinars ata number ofvirtual meetings of gardeners, nurserymenand arborists, as well asmaking afewin-person appearancesover the past year. Expedited mass dissemination of research included: Project outreach website - Boxwood Blight Insight Group at https://www.boxwoodhealth.org, in collaboration with AmericanHort and the Horticultural Research Institute (HRI). This website was released to the public in November 2020, and it has since been a powerful platform to keep stakeholders informed, engaged, and excited about the project. Since its release, this website has had over 2,700 views. BBIG on Live Stage of the tHRIve Knowledge Center at Cultivate'21 in Columbus, OH on July 11, 2021. This national meeting provided the BBIG Team a platform to present and connect to various sectors of the horticulture industry. This session consisted of four presentations, three given by BBIG PDs (Gouker, Hong, and LaMondia) and one by a collaborator (Coop). BBIG Google Group (bbig-g@vt.edu) was established and used, along with other local and national networks, for dissemination of BBIG newsletters, research and extension publications, and boxwood health related news. Over 10,000 boxwood enthusiasts were reached with the BBIG Google Group alone. Outreach through Research and Extension Communities by: organizing an Idea Café at the APS Annual Meeting - Plant Health 2021 Online on August 2, 2021. This was one of the well-attended breakout sessions with about 30 attendees, publishing research results through nineteen refereed journal articles, communicating research data through sixteen presentations at annual meetings of the APS and the Ecological Society of America,and communicating research through two invited lectures. International Boxwood Seminar Series was added to the project to bring international expertise to the horticulture industry, master gardeners and consumers in the U.S. The inaugural presentation was held on March 18, 2021, followed by the second and third webinars on June 2 and August 25, 2021, respectively. These webinars target all sectors of the horticulture industry, public garden managers, consumers, boxwood research and extension communities, as well as regulatory personnel. The inaugural seminar attracted 359 attendees from the U.S. and a dozen foreign countries and received over 70 follow-up questions and discussion threads. Citizen Science Projectswere also added to meet the emerging needs. For pathogen monitoring at sites of infestation, we advisedgarden managers on experiment design, providedtechnical and material assistance, and helped analyze and interpret their data. For field trials evaluating boxwood collections for blight resistance, we helped growers analyze their research data, and advised on writing the results for publication. We also worked with a homeowner to rebuild her garden with NewGen cultivars, plus sanitation, mulching, science-directed fungicide protection after she lost over 300 well established boxwood to the blight. DOCUMENTING PROJECT IMPACTS Major changes in knowledge Our extension programs have enabled growers, retailers, landscapers, arborists, garden managers and other horticulturists, regulatory personnel, and extension specialists and agents to better understand the blight disease, its diagnostic characters and latest mitigation technologies. Our research and innovation have advanced the science of boxwood blight biology, epidemiology, diagnostics and mitigation technology. For example, spacing plants further apart lowers the chance for the pathogen to spread from an infected plant to nearby healthy plants. Decreasing irrigation frequency reduces infection and disease severity. Thus, critical changes in the way nurseries grow boxwood (increased plant spacing and decreased irrigation) can reduce the chances for boxwood blight outbreaks and pathogen movement within the nursery. These advancements will continue to change blight diagnostics and improve disease mitigation, thereby benefiting the horticulture industry and consumers for years to come. Changes in practice and condition Boxwood production has shifted from severely affected states to less affected or regulated states as demonstrated by the Economic Team. Many growers have shifted their boxwood inventory to include less susceptible cultivars, a practice that will change the health of boxwood plantings nationally in the future. Many stakeholders have begun to take a systems approach to blight mitigation and boxwood crop health management while focusing on blight prevention and trying to contain and eradicate the disease at its earliest detection as exemplified by the public gardens we have worked with. Some of the stakeholders have learned through Citizen Science Projects and set up their own facilities and programs to monitor the blight pathogen in infested soil. While these efforts started at individual production facilities and gardens, they created conditions limiting pathogen spread, suppressive for pathogen survival, infection, and reproduction, consequently contributing to the blight mitigation and containment at local, regional, and national levels. Other impacts This project has set a new example for fighting a good fight together against invasive species and destructive diseases through stakeholder partnership and international collaboration. For instance, AmericanHort and HRI are hosting the project outreach website with a knowledge center and helped us developed a user-friendly interface. This invaluable partnership is projected to provide continual maintenance and service to the horticulture industry and consumers, even after this SCRI project ends. In addition to hosting our International Boxwood Seminar series, AmericanHort and HRI are playing key roles in planning, organization, publicizing, running, recording, posting recordings, and documenting attendance metrics. In addition to sharing their expertise through the International Boxwood Seminar series, researchers in Belgium, Germany, and United Kingdom are collaborating on several important project components including biocontrol and field epidemiology. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We will make every effort to catch up on research components that were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic this past year, while striving to do even better for the other research and extension programming where we have in some cases exceeded what we originally proposed, including the International Boxwood Seminar series, Citizen Science Projects.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Obj 1: To prevent blighted plant materials from entering the nursery trade Two approaches were taken to develop on-site pathogen detection assays. For the serological approach, a protein target (12239) was identified by proteomics analysis. This target is highly abundant and unique to the boxwood blight fungi, Cps and C. henricotiae (Che). Two polyclonal antibodies, pAb 12239-1 and pAb 12239-2 against two partial sequences of the protein 12239 and their corresponding recombinant proteins (rProteins) have been generated, purified, and verified using both western blots and double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). pAb 12239-1 efficiently captured its corresponding rProtein and detected the target antigen in extracts of Cps- and Che-infected leaves, but it did not react with the rProtein of 12239-2 or extracts of healthy leaves or leaves with Volutella blight. For the DNA isothermal amplification approach, seven primer pairs were designed against two DNA targets (predicted genes P.25 and P.38) unique to Cps and Che. Specificity and sensitivity are being evaluated. Three Oregon nurseries surveyed in 2021 all had blight. Due to drought and heat this year, blight symptoms were less common and severe than in previous years with more moderate temperatures and abundant rainfall. Leaf spots were mostly absent while stem lesions and leaf drop occurred more frequently. Most symptoms developed during the rainy season. Few new symptoms have developed since the onset of hot, dry weather in June, unless the grower waters extensively. This has made disease scouting more challenging. The most infected cultivars included Winter Gem, Green Gem, Green Mountain, Green Velvet. An experiment was conducted to evaluate symptom development on tolerant and susceptible boxwood cultivars inoculated with Cps outdoors quarterly in Oregon. No blight developed on most plants regardless of cultivar or season. Subsequently, a modified growth chamber study is initiated to explore infection at cooler temperatures on tolerant (Winter Gem) and susceptible (Green Velvet) cultivars at 15 and 25oC with 75% relative humidity. Infection occurred at both 15°C (average Oregon fall/spring temperature) and 25°C (optimum for Cps growth and infection). Data are collected on disease incidence and the percent canopy affected by the blight. Field epidemiology studies focused on analysis of existing data from fungicide and boxwood cultivar evaluation trials in Germany between 2006 and 2020, and the records of positive samples submitted to the Royal Horticultural Society in the United Kingdom from 1998 to 2019. Both data sets were visualized and strategies formulated to relate the onset and progression of boxwood blight to local weather conditions. The German collaboration began with English boxwood (Buxus sempervirens 'Suffruticosa') and nontreated control plants, with cultivar and fungicide factors to be added next. Obj 2: To better manage and contain the blight at sites of contamination Four field trials were established in western North Carolina (NC) to evaluate three best performing antidesiccants - TransFilm, Vapor Gard, and Wilt Pruf, and six biological control agents (BCAs) selected from lab studies. The antidesiccant trials were initiated in mid-April and biocontrol trials in late May. Treatments with 6 to 7 replicate plants each were arranged in a randomized complete block design. More defoliation has been observed in nontreated boxwood than those treated with antidesiccants or fungicide in one trial while overall blight incidence remained low in the other trials. These trials are joint efforts with NC Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCDA&CS), NC Cooperative Extension (NCCE), and growers. Lab studies were also done to determine the survival of Burkholderia cepacia SSG, and identify the optimum culture media and age, and surfactants to improve BCA survival and performance against the blight. Several studies have been conducted to evaluate boxwood self-defense enhancers. Specifically, five treatments - 30 s, 1, 2, and 5 m exposure by UV-C lamps with an output of approximately 20 µW cm2 plus a nontreated control were included in detached leaf assays with English boxwood. Disease severity was determined by measuring lesion size across 5 days post inoculation (dpi). Results showed marginally significant differences (P=0.05) between all treatments except control vs 30 s, control vs 60 s, and 1 m vs 2 m treatments. The greatest difference seen in disease reduction was between the 30-s and 5-m treatments. Detached leaves of English boxwood, B. × 'Green Velvet', and B. microphylla var. japonica 'Winter Gem' were inoculated with 200 conidia then incubated at 18 to 27°C with various leaf wetness periods (LWP) to lay the foundation for tech integration. Disease incidence was recorded at 3 to 13 dpi. A minimum of 5 h of leaf wetness was required for any infection. Infection incidence increased most rapidly at 12 to 15 h and continued to increase up to 21 h. Temperatures between 21 and 25°C were optimal for disease development. There was about a 7-day lag between appearance of lesions and maximal sporulation. The two less-susceptible cultivars had fewer lesions than English boxwood; Cps sporulated later and at a smaller proportion of infected 'Winter Gem' leaves. Obj 3: To build resilience into boxwood production and gardening At least 70 sets of unique controlled pollinations were performed, resulting in intra- and interspecific F1 boxwood hybrids designed for breeding and genetic mapping purposes. These plants are grown in polyhouses then they will be moved out to nursery beds in project years 3 and 4 for further evaluation. Current hybrids and accessions are being evaluated for blight resistance using a detached leaf assay. A new acetone-based DNA extraction method was developed that works well for boxwood while reducing total extraction time by 2 h. Additionally, a project to generate and annotate a boxwood reference genome is underway, for the diploid English boxwood using PacBio and Omni-C platforms. This first boxwood genome sequence will be an invaluable resource for breeding and genetic trait mapping. Boxwood samples were taken from Oregon and Virginia twice in May and August 2021; and they are being analyzed to determine the geographic location and climatic effects on epiphytic and endophytic fungal and bacterial communities. Additional samples were taken from the ongoing field trials in western NC to examine fungicide and antidesiccant effects on boxwood phyllosphere microbiome. Three chemistries: chlorothalonil, propiconazole, and combo were included in the fungicide impact studies. Obj 4: To analyze the cost-effectiveness and economics of blight innovations To promote the adoption of advanced blight mitigation best management practices (BMPs), we have analyzed the economic dimensions of all recommended changes relative to current standard disease control practices. Economic engineering is being used to estimate the initial capital investment, production costs, and product prices for the baseline and alternative boxwood nursery production models. The models are being simulated with representative BMPs and proper disease control protocols. The models are also serving as a baseline to determine the socio-economic impacts of our strategies to reduce production and post-production shrink. We have collected and summarized current BMPs associated with boxwood production on the East and West coasts by visiting with growers and project team members to determine equipment usage, input materials, and labor hours used during boxwood production using current production practices. The spreadsheet model of the current production system for boxwood in container nurseries in the eastern versus western regions of the U.S. has been built, ready for review by team members.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. L. Diseases of 2020. Landscape Seminar. Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County, October 14, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. L. Battling garden enemies. Horticultural Alliance of the Hamptons, November 8, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. L. The notorious and baffling diseases of boxwood and beech. Nursery and Landscape Session. Long Island Agricultural Forum, January 7, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. L. Boxing against boxwood blight. New York State Nursery and Landscape Association, February 10, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. L. Defying diseases. 2021 Virtual Tree Steward Program. Cornell Cooperative Extension of Westchester County, March 17, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Hong, C. X. Boxwood blight and other must-know emerging diseases. Eastern Shore of Virginia Master Gardener Training on Plant Disease Diagnosis and Control, November 12, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Hong, C. X. Fighting boxwood blight together. Ornamentals/Nursery track at the 66th New Jersey Annual Vegetable Meeting, hosted by Rutgers University, February 2225, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Jeffers, S. N., and Daughtrey, M. L. Boxwood blight: identification and management. Virtual IPM Symposium, Clemson Cooperative Extension Service, Clemson University, October 22, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. L. Tree health and disease issues. Engaging Communities Through Tree Stewardship Program. Cornell Cooperative Extension of Dutchess County, October 9, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
LaMondia, J. A. Management of boxwood blight. Chesapeake Green, February 18, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
LaMondia, J. A. Identification and management of boxwood blight. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, February 24, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Santamaria, L. Tiz�n de boxwood: Conociendo al enemigo para un mejor manejo de la enfermedad. Manejo integrado de plagas para plantas de viveros (Integrated pest management for nursery crops). Oregon Association of Nurseries, March 2, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Santamaria, L. Scouting for boxwood blight: a new bilingual educational tool in an Interactive Virtual Workshop. SCRI - Boxwood Blight-Advisory meeting. Aurora, OR, June 4, 2021.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Ohkura, M.*, Nackley, L. L., Scagel, C. F., and Weiland, J. E. Social distancing and staying dry keeps boxwood blight at bay. Digger, in press as of September 1, 2021. Part of the OSU Growing Knowledge Series.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Pscheidt, J. W. Boxwood (Buxus spp.)-Box Blight. In: Pscheidt, J. W., and Ocamb, C. M., senior editors. Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook [online]. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. https://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/host-disease/grass-seed-stem-rust
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Santamaria, L. El tiz�n de boxwood en viveros de producci�n commercial. Oregon Extension Service Publication No.: EM9124-S first published in 2016, reviewed and updated 2020 at https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em9124s
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Santamaria, L. Boxwood blight in commercial nurseries. Oregon Extension Service Publication No.: EM9124 first published in 2016, reviewed and updated 2020 at https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em9124
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Weiland, J. E. and Pscheidt, J. W. Scouting for boxwood blight. Digger 64(3):2528. Part of the Oregon State University Growing Knowledge series.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Santamaria, L. Boxwood Blight in commercial nursery production - El tiz�n de boxwood en viveros de producci�n commercial. Oregon Extension Service Publication No.: EM9124-P first published in 2016, reviewed and updated 2020 at https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em9124p
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Stravoravdis, S., Marra, R.E., LeBlanc, N. R., Crouch, J. A., and Hulvey, J. P. Evidence for the role of CYP51A and xenobiotic detoxification in differential sensitivity to azole fungicides in boxwood blight pathogens. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22:9255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179255
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Bika, R.*, Copes, W., and Baysal-Gurel, F. Comparative performance of sanitizers in managing plant-to-plant transfer and postharvest infection of Calonectria pseudonaviculata and Pseudonectria foliicola on boxwood. Plant Disease published online at https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-21-0481-RE
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F., Jennings, C., and Simmons, T. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of boxwood blight, 2020. Plant Disease Management Reports 15:OT002. https://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/volume15/
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Castroagud�n, V. L.*, Shishkoff, N., Stanley, O., Whitesell, R., Olson, T., and Crouch, J. A. First report: Co-infection of Sarcococca hookeriana (sweetbox) by Coccinonectria pachysandricola and Calonectria pseudonaviculata causes a foliar disease of sweetbox in Pennsylvania. Plant Disease published online at https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-1006-1020-1198-PDN
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Castroagud�n, V. L.*, Weiland, J. E., Baysal-Gurel, F., Cubeta, M. A., Daughtrey, M. L., Gauthier, N. W., LaMondia, J., Luster, D. G., Hand, F. P., Shishkoff, N., Williams-Woodward. J., Yang, X.*, LeBlanc, N., and Crouch, J. A. One clonal lineage of Calonectria pseudonaviculata is primarily responsible for the boxwood blight epidemic in the United States. Phytopathology 110:18451853. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-20-0130-r
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Castroagud�n, V. L.*, Yang, X.*, Daughtrey M. L., Luster, D. G., Pscheidt, J. W., Weiland, J. E., and Crouch, J. A. Boxwood blight disease: A diagnostic guide. Plant Health Progress 21:291300. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-06-20-0053-DG
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Gouker, F. E., Guo, Y. H., and Pooler, M. R. Using acetone for rapid PCR-amplifiable DNA extraction from recalcitrant woody plant taxa. Applications in Plant Sciences 8:e11403. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.11403
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Hall, C. R., Hodges, A. W., Khachatryan, H., and Palma, M. A. Economic contributions of the green industry in the United States in 2018. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 38:7379. https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-38.3.73
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Hall, C., Hong, C. X., Gouker, F. E., and Daughtrey, M. L. Analyzing the structural shifts in U.S. boxwood production due to boxwood blight. Journal of Environmental Horticulture (in press).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Hall, C. R., and Knuth, M. J. An update of the literature supporting the well-being benefits of plants: Part 4 available resources and usage of plant benefits information. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 38:6872. https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-38.2.68
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Kong, P., Richardson, P., and Hong, C. X. Burkholderia sp. SSG is a broad-spectrum antagonist against plant diseases caused by diverse pathogens. Biological Control 151:104380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104380
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Becker, L. E., Adhikari, U., May, T., Shishkoff, N., Crouch, J. A., and Cubeta, M. A. Evaluation of boxwood cultivars for resistance to boxwood blight, 2020. Plant Disease Management Reports 15:OT008. https://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/volume15/abstracts/ot008.asp
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
LaMondia, J. A. Curative fungicide activity against Calonectria pseudonaviculata, the boxwood blight pathogen. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 38:4449. https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-38.2.44
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
LaMondia, J. A., and Maurer, K. Calonectria pseudonaviculata conidia dispersal and implications for boxwood blight management. Plant Health Progress 21:232237. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-04-20-0024-RS
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
LeBlanc, N., Cubeta, M. A., and Crouch, J. A. Population genomics trace clonal diversification and intercontinental migration of an emerging fungal pathogen of boxwood. Phytopathology 111:184193. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-20-0219-fi
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Sacher, G. O.*, Weiland, J. E., Putnam, M. L., Crouch, J. A., and Castroagud�n, V. L.* Confirmation of Calonectria pseudonaviculata causing boxwood blight of Buxus cultivars in Oregon. Plant Disease 104:1862. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-20-0078-pdn
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Shishkoff, N., Miller, M. E., and Cubeta, M. A. Rooting response of boxwood cultivars to hot water treatment and thermal sensitivity of Calonectria henricotiae and C. pseudonaviculata in diseased boxwood (Buxus spp.). Journal of Environmental Horticulture 39:110. https://doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-39.1.1
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Yang, X.*, Castroagud�n, V. L.*, Daughtrey, M. L., Loyd, A., Weiland, J. E., Shishkoff, N., Baysal-Gurel, F., Santamaria, L., Salgado-Salazar, C., LaMondia, J. A., Crouch, J. A., and Luster, D. G. A diagnostic guide for Volutella blight affecting Buxaceae. Plant Health Progress published online at https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-02-21-0052-DG
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Yang, X.*, McMahon, M. B., Ramachandran, S. R., Garrett, W. M., LeBlanc, N., Crouch, J. A., Shishkoff, N., and Luster, D. G. Comparative analysis of extracellular proteomes reveals putative effectors of the boxwood blight pathogens, Calonectria henricotiae and C. pseudonaviculata. Bioscience Reports 41(3):BSR20203544. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20203544
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Barker, B., Coop, L., and Hong, C. X. Risk modeling to predict outbreaks and establishment of invasive pathogens: a case study of boxwood blight. Annual Meeting of Ecological Society of America online at ESA Meetings The Ecological Society of America, August 26, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Bika, R.*, Simmons, T., Jennings, C., and Baysal-Gurel, F. Comparative performance of sanitizers in reducing the plant-to-plant transfer of Calonectria pseudonaviculata in boxwood using cutting tool. 130th Meeting of the Tennessee Academy of Science. November 21, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Bika, R.*, Simmons, T., Jennings, C., and Baysal-Gurel, F. Comparative performance of sanitizers in reducing the plant-to-plant transfer of Calonectria pseudonaviculata in boxwood using cutting tool. Northeastern Plant, Pest, and Soil Conference (NPPSC). January 47, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Bika, R.*, Copes, W., and Baysal-Gurel, F. Efficacy of sanitizers in reducing plant-to-plant transfer of Calonectria pseudonaviculata conidia on cutting tool blade. 98th Annual Meeting of the APS Southern Division. February 1519, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Bika, R.* and Baysal-Gurel, F. Dip application of sanitizers in managing postharvest infection of Calonectria pseudonaviculata on boxwood cuttings. Plant Health 2021 APS Annual Meeting. August 26, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Hong, C. X. Potential of antidesiccants as a physical barrier to prevent infection of boxwood plants by Calonectria pseudonaviculata under controlled environments. Plant Health 2021 APS Annual Meeting. August 26, 2021. https://api.ltb.io/show/ABDSR
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Hong C. X., Daughtrey, M. L., Luster, D. G., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. Boxwood Blight Insight Group (BBIG): an international consortium to protect a major evergreen shrub crop and iconic landscape plant. Plant Health 2021 APS Annual Meeting. August 26, 2021. https://api.ltb.io/show/ABDST
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Hong, C. X., Daughtrey, M. L., Howle, M., Williamson, M., and Mirmow, N. Testing garden soil infectivity at landscape sites once infested by Calonectria pseudonaviculata in Eastern United States with detector boxwood plants. Plant Health 2021 APS Annual Meeting. August 26, 2021. https://api.ltb.io/show/ABDSU
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Hong, C. X., Kong, P., Yang, X.*, and Omolehin, O.* Developing sustainable solutions to boxwood blight (Calonectria pseudonaviculata) with biological control agents. Plant Health 2021 APS Annual Meeting. August 26, 2021. https://api.ltb.io/show/ABDSU
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Kodati, S.*, Allan-Perkins, E., and LaMondia, J. A. In vitro study on the effect of temperature, leaf wetness period, and cultivar susceptibility on boxwood blight incidence. 80th Annual Meeting of the APS Northeastern Division, March 1012, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Ohkura, M.*, Nackley, L. L., Mitchell, J. N., Scagel, C. F., and Weiland, J. E. Social distancing reduces boxwood blight incidence and severity. Plant Health 2021 APS Annual Meeting. August 26, 2021. https://api.ltb.io/show/ABDST
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Yang, X.*, Carter, M. L., and Luster, D. G. Development of serological diagnostic assays for boxwood blight disease. Plant Health 2021 APS Annual Meeting. August 26, 2021. https://my.ltb.io/www/#/stack/ABEBO
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Yang, X.*, McMahon, M. B., Carter, M. L., and Luster, D. G. Serological and recombinase polymerase amplification-based assays to diagnose boxwood blight. 77th Annual Meeting of the APS Potomac Division, March 1012, 2021.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Hong C. X., Daughtrey, M. L., Luster, D. G., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. Boxwood Blight Insight Group (BBIG) Newsletter Volume 1, Issue 1, released December 6, 2020. https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/217658e5/files/uploaded/bbig-newsletter.pdf
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Hong C. X., Daughtrey, M. L., Luster, D. G., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Newsletter Volume 2, Issue 1, released March 8, 2021. https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/217658e5/files/uploaded/BBIG%20Newsletter%20Vol%202%20Issue%201_bwhmLW5LSPGpsiTGf38j.pdf
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Hong C. X., Daughtrey, M. L., Luster, D. G., Hall, C., Weiland, J., Baysal-Gurel, F., Gouker, F. E., Kong, P., Crouch, J. A., LaMondia, J. A., Pscheidt, J. W., Santamaria, L., Shishkoff, N., and Snover-Clift, K. BBIG Newsletter Volume 2, Issue 2, released May 28, 2021. https://irp.cdn-website.com/217658e5/files/uploaded/BBIG%20Newsletter%20Vol%202%20Issue%202.pdf
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Shishkoff, N., Daughtrey, M. L., and Smallwood, E. Sorting Through the Boxwood Blights. 77th Annual Meeting of the APS Potomac Division, March 1012, 2021.
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Outreach Website at https://www.boxwoodhealth.org
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Shishkoff, N., Smallwood, E., and Camp, M. J. The effect of Trichoderma koningiopsis and Calonectria spp. on survival of Pseudonectria buxi in boxwood leaf debris incubated at 0, 10, or 20 �C. 77th Annual Meeting of the APS Potomac Division, March 1012, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Shishkoff, N., Smallwood, E., and Camp, M. J. Use of Trichoderma koningiopsis to reduce viability of Calonectria spp. in boxwood leaf litter incubated at 0, 10, or 20 �C. Plant Health 2021 APS Annual Meeting. August 26, 2021. https://api.ltb.io/show/ABDSR
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Gouker, F. Boxwood breeding at the U.S. National Arboretum. Cultivate21 Live Stage, hosted by AmericanHort. Columbus, OH, July 11, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Hong, C. X. Boxwood blight research: whats the BBIG deal. Cultivate21 Live Stage, hosted by AmericanHort. Columbus, OH, July 11, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
LaMondia, J. A. Fungicides and management implications for boxwood health. Cultivate21 Live Stage, hosted by AmericanHort. Columbus, OH, July 11, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F. Dealing with diseases in the landscapes. University of Tennessee - Tennessee Extension Master Gardener (UT-TEMG) Central Region Virtual Conference/Workshop, June 24, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Santamaria, L. El tiz�n de boxwood: �Monitoreando al culpable! Taller Virtual Interactivo, April 12, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Santamaria, L. Boxwood blight - scouting, symptom identification, and best management practices, May 17, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Baysal-Gurel, F. Boxwood blight. Southern Region Green Industry Webinar hosted by University of Georgia, Center for Urban Agriculture, November 12, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Daughtrey, M. L. Cornell Update on Diseases. New York State Arborists Association Annual Meeting, November 6, 2020.
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