Progress 06/15/20 to 08/15/22
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience of this project is the scientific community and agricultural producers. Data obtained through this project have been presented at the American Society of Animal Science annual meetings in 2020, and 2022, and at the Western Section of the American Society of Animal Science in 2021 at the general and Ph.D. competition poster sessions and during a Young Scholar Awardee talk. Additionally, the project director presented this data to producers during the Corona Range and Livestock Research Center Advisory Council Meeting in 2021 and 2022, and to students at the NMSU Agricultural Experiment Staton Corona Range and Livestock Research Center Field Day in November 2021 and US Beef Academy in May 2022. Changes/Problems:The major adjustment in the project was largely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The initial opportunity to conduct the immune challenge over multiple years as stated in the objective could not be met due to constraints with conducting research, transportation of biological materials, and limiting personnel interactions during the pandemic. Thus, only one year of the immune challenge was able to be completed as opposed to the initial proposal. Additionally, the animal numbers initially included per year in the project proposal per treatment could not be met due to the reduction in herd size due to the drought in New Mexico and the southwestern United States in 2020. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project director traveled to Auburn University in the College of Veterinary Medicine to live and work intensively for 3 months in the spring of 2022 alongside top scientists in the field to learn cell culture and virology techniques in the completion of sample analysis for the research project. This required additional budget management and coordination of efforts from personnel at the host university and the project director's home university for the completion of the analysis. The project director has engaged in professional development by serving as the national graduate student director for the American Society of Animal Science from 2019-2021, presenting data at the American Society of Animal Science virtual annual meeting in July 2020, the Western Section of the American Society of Animal Science in October 2021, and most recently at the American Society of Animal Science meeting in June 2022. The project has provided the opportunity to interact with different groups, including presenting information to a scientific audience, stakeholders, and students over the last three years. Additionally, the project director has mentored three undergraduate students who assisted with this research in the past year. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?This research has been presented orally at regional and national scientific meetings, to regional stakeholder groups within New Mexico, and at the U.S. Beef Academy which hosts students and industry members from across the country annually at the Corona Range and Livestock Research Center. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Colostrum samples were collected and analyzed over 3 years (N=50) from cows receiving a KV and MLV vaccination annually at roughly 4-6 months of gestation. Quantitative IgG was assessed for antibody analysis. Colostrum IgG was significantly higher (P = 0.02) in cows receiving a KV vaccination compared to cows receiving a MLV vaccination. Additionally, cow serum antibody titers against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 were significantly higher for cows receiving a KV vaccination (P < 0.0001), however, both vaccination groups had higher titers during the first 63 d postpartum before antibody decay prior to annual revaccination (P ≤ 0.002). Colostrum antibody likely contributed to calf serum antibody titers against BVDV-1 (P = 0.0037) and BVDV-2 (P = 0.0004), which were significantly higher in calves born to KV cows than those born to MLV cows during the first 63 d of age but were similar by weaning. These results indicate that vaccination of cows with a KV vaccine against BVDV provides greater humoral immunity in their calves during the first 63 d of life, however, this potential advantage wanes by weaning. Future research should be conducted to elucidate specific antibodies against viral pathogens that are part of reproductive and respiratory diseases. The goal to determine the influence of vaccination status on antibody in colostrum was accomplished. Objective 2: During the preweaning period with measurements taken over a 3-year period, rumen and blood samples were collected from cows and calves. Cow and calf serum nutritional metabolites of glucose, urea nitrogen, and non-esterified fatty acids were assessed on d 1, d 7, d 35 d 63, and d 205. Metabolites were unaffected by vaccination type of the dam (P ≥ 0.11). Ruminal fermentation metrics, including pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acids were assessed in both cows and calves. Ruminal fermentation (P ≥ 0.06) and rumen bacterial populations (P = 0.98) were not significantly affected by vaccination of the cow. Birth weights, weaning weights and overall preweaning average daily gain of calves were similar across cow vaccine treatments (P ≥ 0.39). Cow body condition score at calving and at weaning was similar across treatments (P ≥ 0.17). Calves born in 2019 and 2020 (N=33) underwent a 56-d feed efficiency study to evaluate growth and ruminal function postweaning. Postweaning average daily gain, average dry matter intake, and feed conversion ratio were similar between treatments (P ≥ 0.42). Calf ruminal fermentation metrics were unaltered by vaccination treatment (P ≥ 0.33). Serum metabolites were similar between vaccination treatments (P ≥ 0.32). Heifer progeny achieved a similar percent of mature body weight (P = 0.84), and puberty (P = 0.62), prior to the first breeding season. Overall, no differences were determined by vaccination type on preweaning or postweaning growth or rumen characteristics. The goal to assess growth performance, immune function, and ruminal function of cows and calves was accomplished. Objective 3: In year 3 of the study, calves (N=16) remained unvaccinated against viral pathogens and were early weaned at approximately 140 d of age, and were subjected to an intranasal immune challenge with BVDV. Throughout a 28-d period, rectal temperatures, clinical scores, and blood samples were collected to evaluate responses to the viral challenge. Serum antibody titers were evaluated against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 prior to the study and after completion. Calves born to cows receiving a MLV vaccination had a tendency for higher clinical scorers (P = 0.08), and lower circulating lymphocyte and leukocyte populations than calves born to KV cows (P ≤ 0.03). This indicates that these animals may have been better prepared for an immune response and suggests white blood cell populations were directed toward fighting a viral infection at specific tissues rather than remaining in circulation. Haptoglobin concentrations as a marker of the acute phase response of calves were most pronounced at d 10 post-challenge when viral replication was highest (P < 0.001) but were similar between treatments (P = 0.93). Calves born to KV cows had significantly higher titers against BVDV-1 (P = 0.02) but similar titers against BVDV-2 (P = 0.50) to calves born to MLV cows. All calves had significantly higher titers to BVDV-2 post-challenge (P < 0.0001). Calves had similar initial and final body weights and average daily gain (P ≥ 0.16) between treatments. However, the COVID-19 pandemic limited replication of the viral challenge across all sampling years from previous objectives, and as such the limited sample size and lack of control (calves from unvaccinated cows) may not be sufficient to establish differences in populations The goal to determine immunocompetency of animals against BVDV was partially accomplished but should be explored further.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Lujan, L. A., Melchior, E. A., Rosasco, S. L., Dunlap, R. L., Cox, S. H., Scholljegerdes, E. J., ... & Lodge-Ivey, S. L. (2020). PSI-33 Evaluation of calf performance when cows grazing native rangeland are vaccinated for bovine viral diarrhea virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis using either a modified live or killed vaccine. Journal of Animal Science, 98(Supplement_4), 473-474
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Melchior, E. A., L. A. Luan Zavala, S. L. Rosasco, A. B. Selman, A. F. Summers, E. J. Scholljegerdes, and S. L. Lodge-Ivey. 2021. PSIII-9. Evaluation of progeny effect of maternal vaccination type for bovine viral diarrhea virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis when grazing native rangeland. Western Section Annual Meeting.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Melchior-Tiffany, E. A., C. Anderson, S. H. Cox, R. L. Dunlap, S. L. Lodge-Ivey, J. C. Wenzel, and E. J. Scholljegerdes. Evaluation of immune performance of calves born to cows vaccinated with a lifetime regimen of a modified-live or killed viral vaccine when challenged with bovine viral diarrhea virus. 2022. PSV-A-2. American Society of Animal Science Annual Meeting.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Melchior, E. A. Young Scholar Award Talk: Influence of a lifetime regiment of a modified live viral or killed viral vaccination against bovine viral diarrhea virus on beef cattle performance. 2022. 398. American Society of Animal Science Annual Meeting.
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Progress 06/15/20 to 06/14/21
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience of this project is the scientific community and agricultural producers. Data obtained from this project thus far have been presented at one scientific meeting during the reporting period. The American Society of Animal Science had a virtual scientific meeting in July 2020 and is in a hybrid format this coming July 2021 to accommodate scientists and students unable to travel. Data from this had been presented at the virtual scientific meeting in July 2020 during the Ph.D. student poster competition. Due to COVID-19, there has been a delay in obtaining results that can be disseminated to the entire target audience. As the pandemic begins to wane, results will be appropriately disseminated in the coming reporting year. The project director was able to discuss this research with two different undergraduate student groups in the form of webinars presented during the spring 2021 semester. Changes/Problems:Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, efforts to complete the immune challenge as listed in objective 3 of this proposal have been delayed. In order to ship a viral pathogen from one state to another state and begin the immune challenge, additional documentation from each state and the USDA must be completed and this has been delayed due to personnel unable to complete the paperwork. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project director has engaged in professional development through presenting data at the American Society of Animal Science virtual annual meeting in July 2020. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on university education, the project director has assisted professors at their home institution with moving coursework to an online format. Additionally, the project director has mentored one undergraduate student who assisted with this research and presented at two undergraduate student webinars discussing research and graduate school. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The research, as a multi-year project, has been disseminated partially through abstracts and poster presentations at scientific meetings. The project director has presented one abstract at the national level and as a co-author of an undergraduate mentee at the national and regional levels. In order to provide opportunities for research to undergraduate students, the project director acted in a mentor role and was a co-author on an undergraduate poster competition in 2020 and will be a co-author for an undergraduate poster competition later in 2021 at regional scientific meetings. As the communities of interest are primarily scientists and beef cattle producers, when a complete data set is available, it will be presented in subsequent meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?To accomplish the goals set forth, this coming reporting period will have the completion of objectives 1, 2, and 3 from the proposal. Final sample analyses from the multiple years of collections will be conducted no later than the end of 2021, and data will be analyzed and in spring and summer 2022 for dissemination to the communities of interest.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
At present, objective two has been evaluated. Upon weaning, calves underwent a 45-d post-weaning period before being subsequently moved to the campus research facility to undergo a feed efficiency trial. Calves born to dams of differing vaccination types showed no differences in ruminal function (as determined through ruminal ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations), feed efficiency, or growth performance, indicating that dam vaccination type does not alter progeny growth postweaning. Objectives 1 and 3 will be analyzed this fall through coordination with project mentors at Auburn University.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Melchior, E. A., Rosasco, S. L., Lodge-Ivey, S. L., Cox, S. H., Dunlap, R. L., Wenzel, J. C., ... & Scholljegerdes, E. J. (2020). PSIV-12 Evaluation of reproductive performance and herd longevity when heifers grazing native range are vaccinated with a lifetime regimen of a killed viral or modified live viral vaccine. Journal of Animal Science, 98(Supplement_4), 287-287.
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