Progress 10/01/23 to 09/30/24
Outputs
Target Audience:Farmers, agricultural industry personnel, crop consultants, extension agents, breeders, fellow scientists, and policymakers were reached through presentations and participation at field days, conferences, and meetings. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project offered valuable learning experiences for graduate students. One student had the opportunity to gain in-depth knowledge about the importance and cultivation of specialty crops, such as guar and black gram, in North Dakota, and the student obtained an MS degree in Plant Sciences.Additionally, the project offered an internship for a master's student providing hands-on experience in conducting field experiments with different crops, treatments, and objectives. This experience enhanced the students' practical skills and deepened their understanding of experimental design and field trial management. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The activities and findings of projects were delivered to target audiences by presenting at 2024 Williston Research Extension Center's Field Day (68 participants), 2024 NDSU Research Extension Center Spring Conference (60 participants), and 2024 MSU-EARC and NDSU-WREC Advisory Board Annual Meeting (30 participants). The outcomes have been published and distributed, in electronic and paper formats as well. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Experiments similar to those outlined in the section "What was accomplished under these goals?" will be conducted during the next reporting period.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
High-yielding novel crop species and varieties shall be continuously developed and introduced to address changing environmental conditions, biotic and abiotic stresses, and shifting consumer demands. Alongside this, appropriate production technologies shall be constantly developed for a given niche to fully unlock the genetic yield potential of different crop varieties. Furthermore, modern technology, especially the use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) shall be tested to monitor crop growth and development, which will provide rapid, high-accuracy data to support informed decision-making. This project will equip farmer stakeholders with unbiased information on high-yielding varieties of several traditional crop species, the potential for integrating new exotic crops that fit seamlessly into existing cropping systems and farm equipment, and tailored production practices for each crop species. Additionally, fellow researchers will gain valuable insights into the use of UAS for agronomic research. Ultimately, the project will contribute to the long-term economic stability of rural communities and strengthen the agricultural economy of the Northern Great Plains, with a particular focus on Northwestern North Dakota.Goal 1: Evaluate crop varieties and breeding lines for abiotic stress tolerance and adaptation to the semiarid dryland conditions of the Northern Great Plains:1a. Salinity is a significant abiotic stress that adversely affects crop growth, yield, and quality. In North Dakota, about 5.8 million acres are affected by excessive salt. Twenty-one black gram germplasms were subjected to NaCl concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM/L under controlled laboratory conditions, with Petri dishes and a germination chamber to identify salt-tolerant black gram genotypes. Germination percentages were recorded daily for six days, based on the number of seedlings with a radicle length greater than 3 mm. On the seventh day, images of the germinating seedlings were captured using a cell phone camera from a fixed height. These images will be analyzed with software such as ImageJ and MATLAB to measure root lengths and diameters. Identifying salt-tolerant black gram germplasm will offer growers an alternative legume species to grow in salt-affected soils.Goal 2: Develop crop production practices and cropping sequences that enhance input use efficiency, yield, and quality of dryland crops in the Northern Great Plains:2a. A preliminary study was conducted to determine the optimum seeding depth for seven broadleaf crop species under the semi-arid, rainfed, no-till conditions of northwestern North Dakota. The crops evaluated were peas, lentils, soybeans, chickpeas, black gram, canola, and flax. These crops were seeded at seven different depths: 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2 inches on July 24, 2024. Black gram exhibited 65% germination at a 2-inch depth but only 2% at 0.5 inches. Canola had 35% germination at 1.5 inches and 5% at 0.5 inches. Chickpeas had 43% germination at 1.5 inches and none at 0.5 inches. Flax showed only 9% germination at 1.5 inches and 0.1% at 0.5 inches. Lentils had 60% germination at 2 inches and 7% at 0.5 inches. Peas had 61% germination at 2 inches and 0.3% at 0.5 inches. Soybeans exhibited 38% germination at 1.75 inches and none at 0.75 inches. These findings indicate that seeding depth is a critical factor influencing seedling emergence and overall crop establishment. The generally low germination percentages across all species suggest that late planting, as occurred in this study, may have negatively affected seedling emergence. This highlights the importance of aligning planting dates with optimal environmental conditions to improve crop establishment, especially in semi-arid regions with limited rainfall. Furthermore, the results underscore the need for continued research to refine seeding depth recommendations for each species, with an emphasis on adjusting planting dates to enhance germination.2b. A study conducted at the Nesson Valley Irrigation Site in Ray, ND, assessed the effects of various irrigation strategies on soybean growth and yield. The soybean variety S01XF25 was grown under 12 different irrigation treatments, including rainfed (dryland) conditions and varying levels of deficit irrigation applied at different stages of growth. Aerial imagery taken throughout the growing season revealed notable differences in crop development, with rainfed soybeans exhibiting poor growth and early senescence. The results indicated that deficit irrigation during the pod development phase led to a 25% reduction in plant height and a 26% decrease in yield compared to fully irrigated plants. Rainfed conditions had the most severe impact, reducing yield by 63% to just 19 bushels per acre. Interestingly, skipping irrigation during certain growth stages--such as flowering, seed filling, maturity, or a combination of seed filling and maturity--did not result in any yield loss compared to full irrigation, offering a promising strategy for water conservation. These findings suggest that farmers could reduce water usage by about 10% without sacrificing soybean yields, while underscoring the crucial role of irrigation in optimizing soybean productivity.Goal 3: Evaluate specialty/horticultural crops under semiarid climate conditions to identify best management practices and new crops/varieties with superior performance, crop adaptation, and cold hardiness:3a. This experiment was repeated to evaluate the feasibility of growing and cultivating black gram (Vigna mungo) in North Dakota and to identify genotypes best adapted to the semiarid irrigated conditions of the region. Twenty-one black gram accessions were seeded at the Nesson Valley Irrigation Site on June 6, 2024. Throughout the crop growth, aerial imagery was captured using a drone equipped with an RGB camera to monitor plant development. At maturity, five randomly selected plants were manually harvested to assess yield and yield components. These measurements will help quantify the performance of the different accessions under irrigated conditions, which subsequently provide information to growers regarding blackgram germplasm suitable for growing in the northern great plains.3b. Continuous wheat is the predominant cropping system in the MonDak region. Producers have initiated rotating canola, sunflower, soybeans, lentils, and peas with wheat. There is a need to enhance crop diversity in MonDak region for agriculture sustainability. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of growing sesame under no-till rainfed conditions in the semi-arid MonDak region. Forty sesame germplasms, selected from an initial pool of 200 accessions based on their performance in an irrigated pot experiment, were seeded on June 20, 2024, under no-till rainfed conditions. The planting row-to-row distance was 30 inches. We harvested fourteen germplasms on November 3, 2024, which showed a possibility of growing sesame in this region. The data on grain yield and key yield components, including seed size and number of capsules will allow the advancement of selected lines for further study in coming years.?Goal 4: Evaluation and application of precision agriculture, especially the use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), in small plot experiments:4a. Drones equipped with visual cameras were flown over black gram, sesame, and soybean trials to monitor crop growth and health. Preliminary results indicated that UAS technology can quickly, frequently, and precisely detect crop stress, disease, and growth irregularities, offering valuable data to analyze the effects of applied treatments. Moreover, it enablesaccurate delineation of harvest plot areas, which increases the precision of yield estimation per plot. The ability to monitor crops at regular intervals with minimal disruption to field activities indicates that UAS technology could be a valuable tool for ongoing agricultural experimentation and management.
Publications
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Koirala, S. 2024. Genetic variation in black gram and guar for phenology, physiology, growth, and yield under irrigated and rainfed conditions of Northern Great Plains. Masters Thesis. North Dakota State University. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/33939
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Pradhan, G. P., Tjelde, T., & Staricka, J. 2024. Optimizing Irrigation Practices for Soybean Production in Semi-Arid Western North Dakota. In: 2024 Agricultural Research Update Regional Report No. 30. NDSU WREC and MSU EARC (In Press).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Pradhan, G. P., Koirala, S., & Rahman, M. 2024. Introducing New Field Crop Species for No-Till Dryland Conditions of North Dakota. Presented at the Spring 2024 NDSU Research Extension Center Conference. February 27-29, Fargo, ND.
- Type:
Peer Reviewed Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Sainju, U. M., & Pradhan, G. P. 2024. Pea Growth, Yield, and Quality Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization to Previous Crop in Small Grain-Pea Rotations. Agronomy Journal. 116:1746-1757. DOI: 10.1002/agj2.21589
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Progress 10/01/22 to 09/30/23
Outputs
Target Audience:Farmers, ag industry personnel, crop consultants, extension agents, breeders, fellow scientists, and policymakers. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? This year, I attended several conferences, workshops, field days, meetings, and webinars. 2022 NDSU Agronomists' Meeting. January 18-19, 20223, Langdon, ND. Spring 2023 NDSU Research Extension Center Conference. March 7-9, 2023, Fargo, ND. Use Cover Crops Like a Pro On Your Farm. AgSource Laboratories. 03-07-2023 (Webinar). Field-Based Single Plant Phenotyping for Wheat Breading. ASA ACSESS Journal. 03-09-2023 (Webinar). Solve Your Agronomic Challenges with Multispectral & Thermal Drone. AgEagle. 03-15-2023 (Webinar). NEW FLIR SIRAS - Update on Advanced Features. FLIR. 03-16-2023 (Webinar). Science-Based Nutrient Management in Times of High Fertilizer Prices. ASA. 03-21-2023 (Webinar). 43rd Annual Field Day. MSU-EARC/Extension. July 11, 2023. Sidney, MT. Dryland Agronomy and Horticulture Field Day. NDSU WREC. July 12, 2023, Williston, ND. Nesson Valley Irrigation Project Field Day. NDSU WREC. July 13, 2023, Ray, ND. Irrigation Scheduling and Nutrient Management for Orchard Systems. ASA. 10/19/2023 (Webinar). 2023 ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting: Open Science Inspires. October 29-November 1, St. Louis, MO. The project provided an opportunity for a student to participate in the research and learn about the importance and possibility of cultivating specialty crops, guar and black gram, in North Dakota. The student will apply research findings and coursework to obtain an MS degree in Plant Sciences. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The activities and findings of projects were delivered to target audiences by presenting at field days and visits (202 participants), professional society meetings (130 participants), and meetings with community leaders (8 participants), and students (6 participants). The outcomes have been published and distributed, in electronic and paper formats as well. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Experiments similar to those outlined in the section "What was accomplished under these goals?" will be conducted during the next reporting period.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal 1: Evaluate crop varieties and breeding lines for abiotic stress tolerance and adaptation to the semiarid dryland conditions of the Northern Great Plains. In 2023, six dryland winter wheat trials were conducted to evaluate germplasm and varieties for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and adaptation to the semiarid dryland conditions of the MonDak region. The agronomic data collected from variety evaluation trials on different crops in previous years led to the release of the following high-yielding crop varieties in 2023: Hard Red Spring Wheat: ND Thresher by North Dakota AES, MT 1809 and MT 1939 by Montana AES, Hard Red Winter Wheat: ND Allison by North Dakota AES, MTCL 19151 and MTF 20189 by Montana AES, Six-Rowed Barley: ND Treasure by North Dakota AES. Goal 2: Develop crop production practices and cropping sequences that enhance input use efficiency, yield, and quality of dryland crops in the Northern Great Plains: Optimal Irrigation Strategies for Sustainable Soybean Yield under Semiarid Conditions of Northern Great Plains In irrigated agriculture, the amount and timing of irrigation play a crucial role in obtaining a sustainable higher yield with a minimum adverse effect on the environment. Insufficient irrigation results in lesser crop yield than the genetic potentiality of a given variety, while excessive irrigation escalates pumping costs, hastens the depletion of water resources, induces nutrient leaching, and contributes to environmental pollution. Soybean is the second largest irrigated crop in ND preceded by corn. There is a lack of information on the timing and amount of irrigation needed for soybeans under the semiarid conditions of Western ND. The overall goal of this project is to determine the optimum amount and timing of irrigation for enhanced soybean yield, quality, and water productivity. The secondary objectives are to assess the effect of irrigation treatments on soil health manifested by changes in soil physical and chemical properties, and on the manifestation of soybean diseases including but not limited to white mold. A glyphosate-tolerant soybean variety ND 17009GT was seeded at the Nesson Valley Irrigation Site, Ray, ND (Longitude: -103.1061564, Latitude: 48.1634933) on May 24, 2023, under randomized complete block design with four replications. The seeding rate was 195,000 PLS/ac with Row to Row distance of 30 in and a gross plot size of 59' X 50'. There were 12 irrigation treatments. Aerial photos taken on July 25, 2023, revealed discernible differences in soybean growth among the various treatments. Notably, optimal growth was observed under full irrigation, with a slight decrease noted under deficit irrigation during the flowering stage. Growth was significantly impeded under deficit irrigation during the vegetative stage, and soybeans subjected to rainfed conditions exhibited a detrimental impact on growth. On the evening of August 1, 2023, a hailstorm tragically destroyed the entire crop, ruining the hope of witnessing how these growth patterns affect grain output and quality. Sorghum hay and Silage Yield × Quality Compromise as Influenced by Growth and Nutrient Quality Trait This collaborative experiment was seeded at the Williston Research Extension Center (Longitude: -103.738145, Latitude: 48.135569) on May 19, 2023, under a split-plot design with four replications. Two forage crops (entries), namely Sorghum The objectives of this study were to (i) assess the compromise in yield and quality of entries as influenced by traits and harvest points, (ii) quantify nitrate concentrations at different harvest points, and (iii) identify the optimal economic harvest point. Goal 3: Evaluate specialty/horticultural crops under semiarid climate conditions to identify best management practices and new crops/varieties with superior performance, crop adaptation, and cold hardiness. Performance of Black gram and guar under No-till Rainfed Conditions of the Northern Great Plains U.S.A. has been experiencing huge fluctuations in the acreage of lentils and peas. The fluctuations are mainly due to volatile market conditions and disease incidences. There is a need to diversify legume production for agricultural sustainability. Black gram and guar are specialty legume crops that have high nutritional, agricultural, and economic values. We conducted experiments to evaluate the feasibility of growing and cultivating black gram and guar in ND and to identify genotypes best adapted to the semiarid conditions of ND. Twenty-one black gram accessions and 18 guar accessions were seeded at the NDSU Williston Research Extension Center dryland research site (Longitude: -103.738276, Latitude: 48.135800). The experimental design was an alpha lattice with four replications for the black gram and two replications for the guar. During crop growth, drones equipped with multispectral, thermal, or RGB cameras were flown over the experimental field to estimate Canopy Temperature (CT), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE). At maturity, we measured plant height, collected biomass, and hand-harvested the crops. Performance of Black gram and guar under Irrigated Conditions of the Northern Great Plains U.S.A. has been experiencing huge fluctuations in the acreage of lentils and peas. The fluctuations are mainly due to volatile market conditions and disease incidences. There is a need to diversify legume production under irrigated conditions to enhance wateruse efficiency, yield, and farm income.Black gram and guar are specialty legume crops that have high nutritional, agricultural, and economic values. We conducted experiments to evaluate the feasibility of growing and cultivating black gram and guar in ND and to identify genotypes best adapted to the semiarid irrigated conditions of ND. Twenty-one black gram accessions and 18 guar accessions were seeded at the Nesson Valley Irrigation Site (Longitude -103.108197, Latitude: 48.166897) on June 2nd and 6th, respectively. The experimental design was an alpha lattice with four replications for the black gram and two replications for the guar. During crop growth, drones equipped with multispectral, thermal, or RGB cameras were flown over the experimental field to estimate Canopy Temperature (CT), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE). On the evening of August 1, 2023, a hailstorm tragically destroyed the entire crops, and as a result, we were unable to obtain any yield data. Goal 4: Evaluation and application of precision agriculture, especially the use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), in small plot experiments. Drones with visual, multispectral, and thermal cameras were flown over the black gram and soybean plots. Preliminary results indicated that an unmanned aircraft could be used to determine crop health quickly, frequently, and precisely.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Pradhan, G. P., Tjelde, T. J., & Staricka, J. A. 2023. Enhancing Water Use Efficiency of Soybean in Irrigated Agriculture: Identifying Optimal Irrigation Strategies for Sustainable Yield. Paper presented at ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting: Open Science Inspires. October 29-November 1, St. Louis, MO. https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2023am/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/149255.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Koirala, S., Pradhan, G. P., & Rahman, M. 2023. Black Gram As a Feasible Alternative Crop for Northern Great Plains. Paper presented at ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting: Open Science Inspires. October 29-November 1, St. Louis, MO. https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2023am/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/149233.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Koirala, S., Rahman, M., & Pradhan, G. P. 2023. Cultivation of Guar in Semi-Arid Northern Region of the United States. Poster presented at ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting: Open Science Inspires. October 29-November 1, St. Louis, MO. https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2023am/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/149214.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Keene, C., Marais, F., Friskop, A., Liu, Z., Zhong, S., Bortolon, L., Martin, G., Rickertsen, J., Simons, K., Pradhan, G., & Hanson, B. 2023. Hard Red Winter Wheat Variety Trial Results for 2023 and Selection Guide. NDSU Extension and NDSU NDAES. A1196-23. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/sites/default/files/2023-09/a1196-23.pdf.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Pradhan, G. P. Koirala, S., & Rahman, M. M. 2023. Growing Guar Beans Under No-till Semiarid Conditions of Northern Great Plains. In: 2023 Agricultural Research Update Regional Report No. 29. NDSU WREC and MSU EARC (In Press).
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Pradhan, G. P., Tjelde, T., & Staricka, J. 2023. Optimal Irrigation Strategies for Sustainable Soybean Yield under Semiarid Conditions of Northern Great Plains. In: 2023 Agricultural Research Update Regional Report No. 29. NDSU WREC and MSU EARC (In Press).
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Pradhan, G. P., Tjelde, T., Jacobs, J. & Nielsen, J. 2023. Wheat Variety Comparisons, Williston, ND 2023. In: 2023 Agricultural Research Update Regional Report No. 29. NDSU WREC and MSU EARC (In Press).
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Progress 10/01/21 to 09/30/22
Outputs
Target Audience:Farmers, ag industry personnel, crop consultants, extension agents, breeders, fellow scientists, and policymakers. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? This year, I attended several conferences, workshops, field days, meetings, and webinars. Economics of Soil Health: Contributions of Reduced Tillage and Cover Cropping. SSSA. 01-19-2022 (Webinar). Drones, Cameras, Droplets, and More - The Latest Technologies for Crop Sprays. ASA. 01-24-2022 (Webinar). 2022 NDSU Agronomists' Meeting, February 1-2, 2022. Hettinger, ND. Irrigation of Controlled Environment Crops Balancing Light, water, and Nutrients. Meter Group, Inc. USA. 03-29-2022 (Webinar). New Bluetooth Soil Moisture Data Loggers. Hobo Data Loggers. 04-07-2022 (Webinar). Tassel Count is Coming: How to Use for Grower Engagement. Sentera Inc. 06-07-2022 (Webinar). McKenzie County Soil Conservation Tour. McKenzie County Soil Conservation District. McKenzie, ND. 07-07-2022. Enhancing Sustainability through On-farm Research and Metrics session of the 2022 Sustainability Agronomy Conference. ASA. 07-26-2022 (Webinar). 2022 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting: Communication & Public Engagement for Healthy People & a Healthy Planet. November 6-9, Baltimore, MD, USA. Quantification of Resource Capture by Crops Radiation. Meter Group, Inc. USA. 12-27-2022 (Webinar). The project provided an opportunity for a student to learn about the importance and cultivation of specialty crops, guar and black gram, in North Dakota and to work towards obtaining a MS degree in Plant Sciences. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The activities and findings of projects were delivered to target audiences by presenting at field days, extension research conferences, professional society meetings, and meetings with local ag lenders, community leaders, and students. The outcomes have been published and distributed in electronic and paper formats as well. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The activities and projects mentioned above under "What was accomplished under these goals?" will be repeated during the next reporting period.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal 1: Evaluate crop varieties and breeding lines for abiotic stress tolerance and adaptation to the semiarid dryland conditions of the Northern Great Plains. In 2022, 38 dryland trials were conducted to evaluate germplasm and varieties for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and adaptation to the semiarid dryland conditions of the MonDak region. The trials include five small grains and eight alternate crop species. The agronomic data collected from variety evaluation trials resulted in the release of the following high yielding crop varieties in 2022: Hard Red Spring Wheat: Brawn-SD by South Dakota AES, MN-Rothsay by University of Minnesota, and ND Heron by North Dakota AES. Goal 2: Develop crop production practices and cropping sequences that enhance input use efficiency, yield, and quality of dryland crops in the Northern Great Plains: Soybean irrigation trial under semi-arid western ND In irrigated agriculture, the amount and the timing of irrigation play a crucial role in obtaining a sustainable higher yield with minimum adverse effects on the environment. Insufficient irrigation during critical growth stages results in lesser crop yield than the genetic potentiality of a given variety; and excess irrigation leads to higher pumping costs, quick depletion of water resources, leaching of nutrients, and environmental pollution. Soybean is the second largest irrigated crop in ND, however, there is a lack of information on the optimum amount and timing of irrigation of this crop for western ND. The main objective of this study was to determine the optimum amount and timing of irrigation for enhanced soybean yield, quality, and water productivity. The secondary objectives are to assess the effect of irrigation treatments on the soil health manifested by changes in soil physical and chemical properties, and the manifestation of soybean diseases including but not limited to white mold. A glyphosate-tolerant soybean variety ND 17009GT was seeded at the Williston Research Extension Center, Nesson Valley Irrigation Site, Ray, ND (Longitude: -103.1069, Latitude: 48.1630) on May 27, 2022, under randomized complete block design with four replications. The seeding rate was 195,000 PLS/ac with Row to Row distance of 30 in and a gross plot size of 59' X 50'. There were 12 irrigation treatments. During plant growth, soil water contents at six different depths (from 6" to 36") were recorded 15 times from June 22 to September 6, 2022. An Unmanned aircraft system equipped with multispectral, thermal, or RGB cameras was flown over the experimental field on different dates to assess canopy temperature (CT), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and normalized difference Red Edge (NDRE). At maturity, plant height was measured, biomass was collected, and the crop was harvested using a plot combine. The preliminary data showed that deficit irrigation during the pod filling stage caused a marked decline in NDVI and grain yield compared to the deficient irrigation at other stages. The study demonstrated a possibility of saving irrigation water without any decrease in soybean grain yield, provided that the deficit irrigation does not occur at the flowering and pod development stages. Goal 3: Evaluate specialty/horticultural crops under semiarid climate conditions to identify best management practices and new crops/varieties with superior performance, crop adaptation, and cold hardiness. Performance of Black gram and guar under No-till Rainfed and Irrigated Conditions of the Northern Great Plains U.S.A. has been experiencing huge fluctuations in the acreage of lentils and peas. The fluctuations are mainly due to volatile market conditions and disease incidences. There is a need to diversify legume production for agricultural sustainability. Black gram and guar are specialty legume crops that have high nutritional, agricultural, and economic values. We conducted these experiments to evaluate the feasibility of growing and cultivating black gram and guar in ND and to identify genotypes best adapted to the semiarid conditions of ND. Twenty-one black gram accessions and 18 guar accessions were seeded at the NDSU Williston Research Extension Center dryland research site (Latitude 48.12632; Longitude -103.738798) and Nesson Valley Irrigation Site (Latitude 48.163059; Longitude -103.105099). The experimental design was an alpha lattice with four replications for the black gram and two replications for the guar. During crop growth, drones equipped with multispectral, thermal, or RGB cameras were flown over the experimental field to estimate Canopy Temperature (CT), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE). At maturity, we measured plant height, collected biomass, and hand-harvested the crops. The preliminary findings from no-till rainfed black gram demonstrated that there is a genotypic variability for growth, physiology, yield characteristics, and grain yield among black gram accessions. The experiment indicated that the black gram may be grown in the Northern Great Plains of the United States under no-till, dryland conditions. Increasing the competitiveness of local fruit production with tunnel grown strawberry in North Dakota. The experiment was conducted at the WREC Nesson Valley Research and Development site to examine the production of strawberries under open field, low and high tunnels. The study will increase consumer knowledge about adapted strawberry cultivars and demonstrate the benefits of using tunnels for fruit production. Six different day-neutral strawberry varieties were planted in June 2021 in randomized block design with four replications each in the high tunnel, low tunnel, and open field. Each treatment plot has five plants. Some plants did not survive for different reasons; so, we replanted strawberry plants on October 2021. Most of the strawberry plants could not overwinter; nearly two percent of plants survived. Hence, we reordered strawberry plants in May 2022. Bare root strawberry plants, immediately on arrival, were planted in three inches pots and raised under light shelves. These plants were transplanted into the ground on June 23, 2022. Temperature sensors with auto data loggers were installed in high tunnel and open field. Every week, growth parameters (no of runners, growth stage) were measured and ripe berries were harvested. The runners were removed fortnightly. The harvesting/yield parameters include number of fruits and the weight of marketable and unmarketable fruits. The criteria for unmarketable fruits are mainly fruit weight (<7 g), deform shape, and damaged fruit (eaten by birds, goffer, mice, flies, etc.). Strawberries were harvested and weighed from each plant separately. Preliminary results showed a significant difference among environments and cultivars but no interaction effect for growth yield and berry qualities. The study demonstrated that the high tunnel may extend the growing period of strawberry plants and result in higher berry yield compared to open fields and low tunnels. The variety Evie II performed better than other varieties. Goal 4: Evaluation and application of precision agriculture, especially the use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), in small plot experiments. Drones with visual, multispectral, and thermal cameras were flown over the black gram and soybean plots. Preliminary results indicated that an unmanned aircraft could be used to determine crop health quickly, frequently, and precisely.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
1. Andrew J. Green, Mohamed Mergoum, Richard Frohberg, Jesse Underdahl, Richard Horsley, Adam Walz, Senay Simsek, Brian Otteson, Ana Maria Heilman-Morales, Andrew Friskop, Joel Ransom, John Rickertsen, Mike Ostlie, Blaine Schatz, Bryan Hanson, Eric Eriksmoen, Gautam Pradhan, Glenn Martin, Jack Rasmussen, Shaobin Zhong, Tim Friesen, Matthew Rouse, Yue Jin, Shiaoman Chao, and Maricelis Acevedo. 2022. Registration of ND VitPro hard red spring wheat. Journal of Plant Registrations. DOI: 10.1002/plr2.20239.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
2. Gautam Prasad Pradhan, Saurabha Koirala, Mukhlesur Rahman, Tyler Tjelde, and Jerald W. Bergman. 2022. Performance of Blackgram and Guar Under Rainfed and Irrigated Conditions of the Northern Great Plains of the United States. Paper presented at 2022 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting: Communication & Public Engagement for Healthy People & a Healthy Planet. November 6-9, Baltimore, MD, USA. Paper 155-4.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
3. Clair Keene, Andrew Green, Andrew Friskop, Tim Friesen, Zhaohui Liu, Shaobin Zhong, John Rickertsen, Eric Eriksmoen, Bryan Hanson, Glenn Martin, Gautam Pradhan, and Mike Ostlie. 2022. North Dakota Hard Red Spring Wheat Variety Trial Results for 2022 and Selection Guide. NDSU Extension and NDSU NDAES. A574-22.
https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/sites/default/files/2022-11/a574-22.pdf.
4. Clair Keene, Elias Elias, Andrew Friskop, Tim Friesen, Zhaohui Liu, Shaobin Zhong, Frank Manthey, Mike Ostlie, Glenn Martin, Bryan Hanson, John Rickertsen, Eric Eriksmoen, Gautam Pradhan. 2022. North Dakota Durum Wheat Variety Trial Results for 2022 and Selection Guide. NDSU Extension and NDSU NDAES. A1067-22.
https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/sites/default/files/2022-10/a1067-22.pdf.
5. Clair Keene, Rich Horsley, Mike McMullen, Andrew Friskop, Thomas Baldwin, Steve Zwinger, Mike Ostlie, Glenn Martin, John Rickertsen, Eric Eriksmoen, Bryan Hanson, and Gautam Pradhan. 2022. North Dakota Barley, Oat, and Rye Variety Trial Results for 2022 and Selection Guide. NDSU Extension and NDSU NDAES. A1049-22.
https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/sites/default/files/2022-12/a1049-22.pdf.
6. Hans Kandel, Nonoy Bandillo, Adnan Aky�z, Mike Ostlie, John Rickertsen, Michael Wells, Bryan Hanson, Lawrence Henry, Richard Duerr, Gautam Pradhan, Christy Sperling, Jerry Bergman, Eric Eriksmoen, Jayden Hansen, Austin Kraklau, and Glenn Martin. 2022. North Dakota Dry Pea Variety Trial Results for 2022 and Selection Guide. NDSU Extension and NDSU NDAES. A1469-22.
https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/sites/default/files/2022-11/a1469-22.pdf.
7. Hans Kandel, Carrie Miranda, Gustavo Kreutz, Sam Markell, Chad Deplazes, Mike Ostlie, Kristin Simons Greg Endres and Tim Indergaard, Kelly Cooper, Heidi Eslinger, Spencer Eslinger, Eric Eriksmoen, Austin Kraklau, Jayden Hansen, Bryan Hanson, Lawrence Henry, Richard Duerr, John Rickertsen, Michael Wells, Gautam Pradhan, Justin Jacobs, Andrina Turnquist, Tyler Tjelde, Katelyn Landeis, Melissa Seykora, and Brian Zimprich. 2022. North Dakota Soybean Variety Trial Results for 2022 and Selection Guide. NDSU Extension and NDSU NDAES. A843-22.
https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/sites/default/ files/2022-12/a843-22_0.pdf.
8. Hans Kandel, Mukhlesur Rahman, Adnan Aky�z, Mike Ostlie, Bryan Hanson, Lawrence Henry, Richard Duerr, Eric Eriksmoen, Austin Kraklau, Jayden Hansen, Gautam Pradhan, Justin Jacobs, Andrina Turnquist, and Tyler Tjelde. 2022. North Dakota Canola Hybrid Trial Results for 2022 and Selection Guide. NDSU Extension and NDSU NDAES. A1124-22.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
9. Gautam Prasad Pradhan, Saurabha Koirala, Mukhlesur Rahman, and Jerald Bergman. 2022. Performance of Black gram under No-till Rainfed Conditions of the Northern Great Plains. In: 2022 Agricultural Research Update Regional Report No. 28. MSU EARC and NDSU WREC (In Press).
10. Gautam Pradhan, Tyler Tjelde, and James Staricka. 2022. Soybean irrigation trial under semi-arid western ND. In: 2022 Agricultural Research Update Regional Report No. 28. MSU EARC and NDSU WREC (In Press).
11. Gautam Pradhan. 2022. Wheat Variety Comparisons, Williston, ND 2021. In: 2022 Agricultural Research Update Regional Report No. 28. MSU EARC and NDSU WREC (In Press).
12. Gautam Pradhan. 2022. Dryland Crop Performance Comparisons Williston, ND 2021. In: 2022 Agricultural Research Update Regional Report No. 28. MSU EARC and NDSU WREC (In Press).
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Progress 10/01/20 to 09/30/21
Outputs
Target Audience:Farmers, ag industry personnel, crop consultants, extension agents, breeders, fellow scientists, and policymakers. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This year, I participated and/or presented papers at several conferences, workshops, field days, and meetings: 2021 NDSU Agronomists' Meeting, January 20-21, Dickinson, ND. 68th Annual Hard Spring Wheat Show, February 10th, Williston, ND. 2021 REC Association Meeting, February 24th (Virtual). The Northern Corn and Soybean Expo, February 24th (Virtual). Getting It Right Soybean Production Confirmation, February 17th (Webinar). Sulfur: Nutrient Cycling and Fertilization Management in Row Crops, February 18th (Webinar). Advancing Remote Sensing Education with the L3Harris Academic Programm, February 25th (Webinar). FielDHub: The NDSU R Shiny Package for Design of Experiments in Life Sciences webinar, March 08th (Webinar). Phenotyping in Small Plot Agronomic Field Trials - Emerging technologies for rapid collection of actionable data, April 06th (Webinar). Web Project Update, April 09th (Webinar). Phenomics Applied to Agriculture, June 30th (Webinar). Lightworks 2021.3, July 07th (Webinar). Williston Research Extension Center Field Day, July 14th. Williston, ND. Eastern Agricultural Research Center Field Day, July 20th, Sidney, MT. North Central Research Extension Center Field Day, July 21st, Minot, ND. 2021 ASA, CSSA, SSSA International annual meeting: A Creative Economy for Sustainable Development. November 7-10th, Salt Lake City, UT. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results were disseminated to target audiences through presentations at field days, summits and expo, meetings, policymakers visits, and phone calls. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal 1: Evaluate crop varieties and breeding lines for abiotic stress tolerance and adaptation to the semiarid dryland conditions of the Northern Great Plains. In 2021, 41 dryland trials were conducted to evaluate germplasm and varieties for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and adaptation to the semiarid dryland conditions of the MonDak region. The trials include five small grains and eight alternate crop species. The agronomic data collected from variety evaluation trials resulted in the release of the following high yielding crop varieties by North Dakota AES in 2021: ND Crown, Kabuli type chickpea; ND Dawn, Large yellow field pea; ND Dickey, Conventional (non-GMO) soybean; ND Frohberg, Hard red spring wheat; ND Heart, Conventional oat; ND Noreen, Hard red winter wheat. Goal 2: Develop crop production practices and cropping sequences that enhance input use efficiency, yield, and quality of dryland crops in the Northern Great Plains: Determining Soybean Planting Date and Soil Temperature for the No-till Semiarid Conditions of Western North Dakota Two glyphosate-tolerant soybean varieties, 'ND17009GT' and 'ND18008GT', were seeded at Williston Research Extension Center, Williston. The treatments comprised of seven seeding dates: 3rd, 10th, 17th, 25th, and 31st of May, and 7th and 14th of June 2021 as main plots; two varieties: as subplots, and two seed treatments (treated with Obvious @ 0.13 kg/45 kg seed, and not treated) as sub-sub plots. 2021 is another severe drought year that adversely affected soybean growth and yield. The annual precipitation from 2020/10/01 to 2021/09/30 was 241 mm, 114 mm below the 65-year average. The preliminary results showed that the effect of seed treatment was not evident on soybean growth and yield. Soybean seeded in the middle of June had the highest grain yield compared to all other seeding dates, and variety ND17009GT performed better than ND18008GT for both yield and test weight. Flax Seeding Date and Rate for No-Till Semiarid Western North Dakota This experiment was conducted at NDSU Williston Research Extension Center, Williston, ND (Lat. 48.1343°, Lon. -103.7398°; Elevation 2105 ft). The treatment comprised of six seeding dates: April 24th, May 3rd, 10th, 17th, 25th, and 31st of 2021 as main plots; two Varieties: Gold ND and ND Hammond as subplots; and four seeding rates: 17, 28, 39, 50 kg/ha as sub-sub plots. 2021 is another severe drought year that adversely affected flax growth and yield. The annual precipitation from 2020/10/01 to 2021/09/30 was 241 mm, 114 mm below the 65-year average. Preliminary results revealed that Gold ND had a higher yield potential than ND Hammond at all planting dates. The May 3rd seeding yielded the highest grain yield in both varieties. The seeding rate of 39 kg/ha was the optimum for grain yield in 2021. Performance of Durum Wheat Under Different Seeding Date and Rate This experiment was conducted at the Williston Research Extension Center (WREC), Williston, ND. (Lat. 48.13789°, Lon. -103.73572°; Elevation 2105 ft). The treatment comprised of six seeding dates: April 23rd, May 3rd, 13th, 24th, 25th, June 2nd, and 13th of 2021 as main plots; two durum wheat varieties (Joppa, a prevalent variety in MonDak region with no genetic makeup for low Cd accumulation; and ND Riveland a low Cd accumulating variety) as subplots, and five seeding rates (0.85, 1, 1.15, 1.3, and 1.45 million pure live seeds per acre) as sub-sub plots. Durum wheat experienced extreme high temperature and drought stress this year. The maximum daily temperature exceeded 32°C for 14 days in July and six days in August. Durum seeded in different dates was in the reproductive stage in those months. The annual precipitation from 2020/10/01 to 2021/09/30 was 241 mm, 114 mm below the 65-year average, and average monthly precipitation was always lower than the 65-year average except in November 2020 and June 2021. Preliminary results of this experiment indicated that drought and high temperature stress had a significant impact on durum wheat yield. The maximum grain yield obtained was at the seeding date of April 13th; all other seeding dates decreased the yield by 41 to 80 percent. The sustainable agroecosystems for soil health This long-term research project was initiated in 2013 with the objectives of developing agricultural systems that improve soil health, crop production, precipitation use, and economic sustainability of no-till dryland farming in the Northern Great Plains of the USA. There were seven fixed and two dynamic rotations. Preliminary results showed a significant effect of crop rotation on durum plant height, test weight, and thousand kernel weight but not on grain yield and protein. Effect of crop rotation was evident on pea thousand kernel weight and test weight but not on plant height, grain yield, and protein. Goal 3: Evaluate specialty/horticultural crops under semiarid climate conditions to identify best management practices and new crops/varieties with superior performance, crop adaptation, and cold hardiness. Evaluation of New Oil Crop (Sesame, Sesamum indicum L.) for Adaptation to MonDak Region Crop diversification has been recognized as one of the best practices to enhance sustainable crop production and rural economy. Two hundred sesame germplasms, belonging to 24 countries, were seeded on June 2nd, 2021, in 2-gallon pots filled with potting mix. The seeds source was the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit, Georgia, USA. The plants were frequently irrigated until old leaves started yellowing. The preliminary results showed that plant height ranged from 29 inches to 71 inches. Altogether, 167 germplasms produced pods and seeds. Evaluating Haskaps in North Dakota for growth and production as a fruit wine This experiment was conducted in randomized block design with 12 varieties and four replications. Each plot had four plants. Most of the plants did not survive in spring 2018. The Haskaps were replanted in May and September 2018. The haskaps were evaluated for survival and maintained with regular drip irrigation, hand weeding, and spraying preen (a weed preventer) during summer. The preliminary results showed that about 96 percent of plants survived and started producing berries. There was a significant difference among Haskap varieties for plant height, plant width, hundred berry weight, berry yield, and Brix percentage. The plant height and width ranged from 34 to 99 cm and 31 to 92 cm, respectively. The tallest and widest variety was Sugar Mountain Blue. The weight of hundred berries ranged from 45.8 to 152.0 grams. The YezBerry Maxie had the biggest berry. The berry yield ranged from 18.1 to 454.9 grams/plant. The Boreal Blizzard produced the highest yield followed by Sugar Mountain Blue. The Brix percentage in berries ranged from 12.75 to 19.63 %. Increasing the competitiveness of local fruit production with tunnel grown strawberry in North Dakota. The experiment was conducted at the Nesson Valley Research and Development site to examine the production of strawberries under open field, low and high tunnels. The study will increase consumer knowledge about adapted strawberry cultivars and demonstrate the benefits of using tunnels for fruit production. Six different day-neutral strawberry varieties were planted in June 2021 in randomized block design with four replications each in the high tunnel, low tunnel, and open field. Each treatment plot has five plants. Some strawberries plant did not survive but were replanted. Goal 4: Evaluation and application of precision agriculture, especially the use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), in small plot experiments. Drones with visual and multispectral cameras were flown over the soybean, flax, and durum research plots throughout the growing season. Preliminary results indicated that an unmanned aircraft could be used to determine crop health quickly, frequently, and precisely.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
1. Rahman M., L.E.M. delR�o, J.V. Anderson, M. Berhow, J. Roy, E. Eriksmoen, M. Miller, G. Pradhan, J. Rickertsen, M. Ostlie, and B. Hanson. 2021. NDOLA-2, A High-Yielding Open-Pollinated Conventional Spring Type Canola in North Dakota. Journal of Plant Registration. https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20189.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
1. Pradhan. G. P. and R. Chipalu Pradhan. 2021. Influences of Seeding Date and Rate on Durum Grain Yield and Grain Cd Under Semiarid No-till Conditions. Paper presented at 2021 ASA, CSSA, SSSA International annual meeting: A Creative Economy for Sustainable Development. November 7-10, Salt Lake City, UT. Paper 416-2.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
1. J. E. Berg, P. L. Bruckner, P. Carr, C. Chen, J. Eberly, K. D. Kephart, K. Kowatch-Carlson, P. Lamb, K. McNamara, G. Pradhan, M. Ramsey, T. Schafer, A. Shine, V. Smith, J. A. Torrion, C. Wahlstrom, D. Holen, D. Nash, and R. Ramsfield. Winter Wheat Variety Performance Summary in Montana. In: 2021 Winter Wheat Varieties Performance Evaluation (2020 Data). MSU AES.
https://plantsciences.montana.edu/crops/2020%20WW.pdf.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
2. Clair Keene, Andrew Green, Senay Simsek, Andrew Friskop, Matt Breiland, Tim Friesen, Zhaohui Liu, Shaobin Zhong, John Rickertsen, Eric Eriksmoen, Bryan Hanson, Glenn Martin, Gautam Pradhan, Mike Ostlie. 2021. North Dakota Hard Red Spring Wheat Variety Trial Results for 2021 and Selection Guide. NDSU Extension and NDSU NDAES. A574-21. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/sites/default/files/202111/a574_hrsw_2021.pdf.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
3. Clair Keene, Elias Elias, Andrew Friskop, Tim Friesen, Zhaohui Liu, Shaobin Zhong, Frank Manthey, Blaine Schatz, Mike Ostlie, Glenn Martin, Bryan Hanson, John Rickertsen, Eric Eriksmoen, Gautam Pradhan. 2021. North Dakota Durum Wheat Variety Trial Results for 2021 and Selection Guide. NDSU Extension and NDSU NDAES. A1067-21.
https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/publications/north-dakota-durum-wheat-variety-trial-results-2021-and-selection-guide.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
4. Clair Keene, Rich Horsley, Mike McMullen, Paul Schwarz, Andrew Friskop, Thomas Baldwin, Blaine Schatz, Steve Zwinger, Mike Ostlie, Glenn Martin, John Rickertsen, Eric Eriksmoen, Bryan Hanson, and Gautam Pradhan. 2021. North Dakota Barley, Oat, and Rye Variety Trial Results for 2021 and Selection Guide. NDSU Extension and NDSU NDAES. A1049-21.
https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/sites/default/files/2021-11/a1049_barley_21.pdf.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
5. Hans Kandel, Carrie Miranda, Sam Markell, Chad Deplazes, Mike Ostlie, Blaine Schatz, Greg Endres, Ezra Aberle, Tim Indergaard, Haley Burgard, Melissa Hafner, Kelly Cooper, Heidi Eslinger, Seth Nelson, Eric Eriksmoen, Austin Kraklau, Jayden Hansen, Bryan Hanson, Lawrence Henry, Jewel Faul, John Rickertsen, Michael Wells, Jerry Bergman, Gautam Pradhan, Cameron Wahlstrom, Justin Jacobs, Andrina Turnquist, Tyler Tjelde, Katelyn Landeis, Melissa Seykora, and Brian Zimprich. 2021. North Dakota Soybean Variety Trial Results for 2021 and Selection Guide. NDSU Extension and NDSU NDAES. A84321. https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/sites/default/files/202112/a834_soybean_2021.pdf.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
6. Hans Kandel, Mukhlesure Rahman, Glenn Martin, John Rickertsen, Michael Wells, Bryan Hanson, Lawrence Henry, Jewel Faul, Cameron Wahlstrom, Jerry Bergman, and Gautam Pradhan. 2021. North Dakota Flax Variety Trial Results for 2021 and Selection Guide. NDSU Extension and NDSU NDAES. A1105-21.
https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/sites/default/files/2021-11/a1105_flax_2021.pdf.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
7. Hans Kandel, Mukhlesur Rahman, Adnan Aky�z, Bryan Hanson, Lawrence Henry, Jewel Faul, Eric Eriksmoen, Austin Kraklau, Jayden Hansen, Gautam Pradhan, Cameron Wahlstrom, Justin Jacobs, A. Turnquist, and Tyler Tjelde. 2021. North Dakota Canola Variety Trial Results for 2021 and Selection Guide. NDSU Extension and NDSU NDAES. A1124-21.
https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/sites/default/files/2021-11/a1124_21.pdf.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
8. Hans Kandel, Nonoy Bandillo, Adnan Aky�z, Blaine Schatz, Mike Ostlie, Steve Zwinger, Steve Schaubert, John Rickertsen, Michael Wells, Bryan Hanson, Lawrence Henry, Jewel Faul, Jerry Bergman, Cameron Wahlstrom, Gautam Pradhan, Tyler Tjelde, Justin Jacobs, and Andrina Turnquist, Hannah Worral, Shana Forster, Glenn Martin. North Dakota Dry Pea Variety Trial Results for 2021 and Selection Guide. NDSU Extension and NDSU NDAES. A1469-21.
https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/sites/default/files/2021-11/a1469_drypea_21.pdf.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
9. Hans Kandel, Brent Hulke, Mike Ostlie, Blaine Schatz, Szilvia Yuja, John Rickertsen, Michael Wells, Eric Eriksmoen, Austin Kraklau, Jayden Hansen, Jerry Bergman, Gautam Pradhan, Cameron Wahlstrom, Justin Jacobs, Tyler Tjelde, and Andrina Turnquist. 2021. North Dakota Sunflower Hybrid Trial Results for 2021 and Selection Guide. NDSU Extension and NDSU NDAES. A652-21.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
1. Gautam P. Pradhan, James Staricka and Jerald W. Bergman. 2021. Determining Soybean Planting Date and Soil Temperature for the No-till Semiarid Conditions of Western North Dakota. In: 2021 Agricultural Research Update Regional Report No. 27. NDSU WREC and MSU EARC. (In Press).
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
2. Gautam P. Pradhan, Jerald W. Bergman, and James A. Staricka. 2021. Flax Seeding Date and Rate for No-Till Semiarid Western North Dakota. In: 2021 Agricultural Research Update Regional Report No. 27. NDSU WREC and MSU EARC. (In Press).
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
3. Gautam P. Pradhan and Rojee Chipalu Pradhan. 2021. Performance of Durum Wheat Under Different Seeding Date and Rate. In: 2021 Agricultural Research Update Regional Report No. 27. NDSU WREC and MSU EARC. (In Press).
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
4. Rojee Chipalu Pradhan and Gautam Pradhan. 2021. Evaluation of New Oil Crop (Sesame, Sesamum indicum L.) for adaptation to MonDak Region. In: 2021 Agricultural Research Update Regional Report No. 27. NDSU WREC and MSU EARC. (In Press).
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
5. Gautam Pradhan, Jim Staricka, Audrey Kalil, Jerry Bergman, Cameron Wahlstrom, Kyle Dragseth, Taheni Gargouri Jbir, David Weltikol, Lynn Staricka, Rojee Chipalu Pradhan, Christy Sperling, Kaleb Cornell. 2021. Sustainable Agroecosystem for Soil Health in the Northern Great Plains. In: 2021 Agricultural Research Update Regional Report No. 27. NDSU WREC and MSU EARC. (In Press).
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
6. Gautam Pradhan, Jerald Bergman, and Kyle Dragseth. 2021. Wheat Variety Comparisons, Williston, ND 2021. In: 2021 Agricultural Research Update Regional Report No. 27. NDSU WREC and MSU EARC. (In Press).
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
7. Gautam Pradhan, Jerald Bergman, Kyle Dragseth. 2021. Dryland Crop Performance Comparisons Williston, ND 2021. In: 2021 Agricultural Research Update Regional Report No. 27. NDSU WREC and MSU EARC. (In Press).
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