Progress 07/01/22 to 06/30/23
Outputs
Target Audience:General public, researchers, graduate students, scientific community Changes/Problems:Mushrooms were one of the fresh produce proposed to be studied. Since, the microbial inactivation results on Mushrooms are not very promising, another produce(spinach leaves) will be investigated hereafter. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has supported the research training of one postdoctoral researcher (Dr. Qingyang Wang), two graduate students (Duncan Trosan, Dushyanth Kumar), one undergraduate student (Patrick Walther) and one international undegraduate intern (Vratika Nagda) at NCSU, and one postdoctoral researcher (Dr. Stephen McLaughlin), three graduate students (Christopher Gorka, John Wiech and Praj Kunta Patel) and two undergraduate students (Benjamin Synder and Kira Dvinskikh) at Rutgers University. The project provides interdisciplinary training for all the researchers involved. Dr. Stapelmann is teaching an introductory, transdisciplinary course "Biomedical Applications of Plasma" (NE 591) which has been attended by students from Dr. Salvi's and Dr. Stapelmann's lab. The content of the course was designed to provide the basis for this and other interdisciplinary research projects. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated to communities of interest via Peer-reviewed publication (2, 1 submitted, 1 In progress) Presentations at scientific conferences (6) Seminar/invited talks (3) What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?NCSU (Salvi): We will continue to investigate the plasma efficacy of Kapton- and PET-based devices on polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamin C and D content, biofilm inactivation, and enzyme activity in apples, spinach, and mushrooms. The shelf life of mushrooms, apples and spinach treated with plasma will be investigated in the following phase. In the next phase new in-package devices are evaluated for the efficacy of plasma generation, microbial inactivation, and effect on nutrients. NCSU (Stapelmann): We will continue to characterize new electrode materials / designs by means of optical emission spectroscopy and current / voltage measurement. Ongoing analysis of potential residue formation will be concluded. Current investigations focusing on spatially resolved ozone measurements will be concluded. Rutgers (Mazzeo): We will continue to improve the fabrication process, with particular emphasis on scalability and fresh produce-specific designs. We will continue to train undergraduates in the design and fabrication of these devices. In addition, we are going to form a team of undergraduate students to explore the design and packaging aspects of our devices.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
NCSU (Salvi): We applied plasma generated from paper-based circular electrodes for the inactivation of E. coli DH5and Listeria innocua on baby spinach and tomatoes. We evaluated quality parameters such as color, texture, weight loss, and pH on the application of plasma generated through conformable paper-based circular electrodes. We applied Kapton-based conformable electrodes for the sanitation of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) inoculated with E. coli O157:H7. Microbial and Biofilm inactivation (E. coli) efficacy on the application of plasma was evaluated at various time intervals. We compared the total phenolic content of spinach using cold plasma generated by Kapton and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) based devices. We compared the effectiveness of volume dielectric barrier discharge plasma and surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma in inactivating E. coli DH5inoculated on TSA agar plates and Mushrooms at various time intervals and distances from the device. We evaluated the efficacy of plasma generated from Kapton-based conformable devices for the inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium and Klebsiella aerogenes on eggs. NCSU (Stapelmann): We characterized new electrode designs with different dielectric materials (PET, Kapton) for plasma parameters (deposited power, plasma current, reduced electric field, ozone, and plasma extension on the electrode) and optimized performance. We continued our analysis using scanning electrode microscopy (SEM) and electrical measurements of the different electrode materials and geometries, which informed our collaborators at Rutgers to improve the electrode design for more reproducible performance and improved longevity of the devices. SEM imaging and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR and Raman) analysis revealed changes in the dielectric and electrode material, prompting investigations in potential residues that could be left by plasma treatment (ongoing) We developed a novel electric circuit model of SDBD plasmas and identified a correlation between electrode perimeter and deposited power. Further, it was found out that electrode geometry, in particular the shape and size of the small hexagons / circles, impacts the gas temperature in the plasma, while the reduced electric field remains unchanged. This allows us to use the electrode geometry design as an additional knob to tune plasma chemistry towards efficient sanitation. (Manuscript submitted) Rutgers (Mazzeo): We have continued to improve techniques for fabricating paper-like electrodes that have gone from lasting from minutes to lasting for hours. These devices have facilitated more in-depth characterization at Rutgers and NCSU. A Rutgers undergraduate student developed a technique for squeezing bubbles and wrinkles out of the devices. We have continued to supply SDBD devices to NCSU for characterization and application. These devices have had polyester (PET) and Kapton as dielectrics. We have been preparing and exploring designs that might be more feasible for packaging. Some of these designs are exploiting folding into three-dimensional structures. We have empirical evidence demonstrating how the relative area between the fabricated electrode and targeted surface can affect the degree of sanitization. We have photographed the degradation of devices and worked with NCSU to hypothesize methods of failure and ablation of electrodes and dielectrics. We have also confirmed correlations between the amount of ozone produced and length of the edges in SDBD devices in coordination with NCSU (Dr. Stapelmann and Trosan).
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Alves, L. L., Becker, M. M., van Dijk, J., Gans, T., Go, D. B., Stapelmann, K., ... & Kushner, M. J. (2023). Foundations of plasma standards. Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 32(2), 023001.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Trosan, D., Walther, P., McLaughlin, S., Salvi, D., Mazzeo, A., & Stapelmann, K. (2023). Analysis of the Effects of Complex Electrode Geometries on the Energy Deposition and Electric Field Measurements of Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharges.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Stapelmann, K., Herrera Quesada, MJ., Myers, BJ., Polito, J., and Kushner, MJ. PLASMA, PLASMA-LIQUID, AND PLASMA-CYSTEINE SOLUTION CHEMISTRY HOW THE TREATED OBJECT BECOMES PART OF THE CHEMISTRY , invited talk, Plasma Technology Conference, Bochum, Germany, March 27-29, 2023.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Tammineni, DK., Wang, Q., Trosan, D., McLaughlin, S., Mazzeo, A., Stapelmann, K., Salvi, D., Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma for in-Package Inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 Biofilms on Baby Spinach Leaves, International Association for Food Protection (IAFP) Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada, 2023.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
McLaughlin, S., Trosan, D., Wang, Q., Pal, R., Salvi, D., Stapelmann, K., and Mazzeo, A., Dielectric Comparison for Paper-Like Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge Devices (Poster). ASME IMECE, Columbus, OH, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Trosan, D., Walther, P., Mclaughlin, S., Mazzeo, A., Stapelmann, K., Flexible Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge Electrodes for Biomedical Applications Effects of Electrode Geometry and Dielectric Material on Plasma Parameters , 50th IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science ICOPS, Santa Fe, NM, USA, May 22 25, 2023
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Stapelmann, K. Biomedical Plasmas: Plasma Oncology and more (June 22, 2022), Princeton Summer School Introduction to Fusion Energy and Plasma Physics (June 13 -24, 2022, virtual)
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Stapelmann, K. Plasma Liquid Chemistry in the Presence of Organic Matter , Plenary Talk (June 29, 2022), International Conference on Plasma Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands, June 27 July 1, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Trosan, D., Wang, Q., Mclaughlin, S., Mazzeo, A., Salvi, D., Stapelmann, K., Characterization and Optimization of Complex Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharges for the Purpose of Food Decontamination (June 29, 2022), International Conference on Plasma Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands, June 27 July 1, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Trosan, D., Walther, P., Wang, Q., Mclaughlin, S., Mazzeo, A., Salvi, D., Stapelmann, K., Characterization of Novel Flexible Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge Electrodes for the Purpose of In-Package Microbe Deactivation on the Surface of Fresh Produce , 75th APS Gaseous Electronics Conference, Sendai, Japan, October 3-7, 2022.
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Progress 07/01/21 to 06/30/22
Outputs
Target Audience:General public, researchers, graduate students, scientific community Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has supported the research training of one postdoctoral researcher (Dr. Qingyang Wang) and one graduate student (Duncan Trosan) at NCSU, and one postdoctoral researcher (Dr. Stephen McLaughlin) and one undergraduate student (Christopher Gorka) at Rutgers University. The project provides interdisciplinary training for all the researchers involved. Dr. Stapelmann is teaching an introductory, transdisciplinary course "Biomedical Applications of Plasma" (NE 591) which has been attended by students from Dr. Salvi's and Dr. Stapelmann's lab. The content of the course was designed to provide the basis for this and other interdisciplinary research projects. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated to communities of interest via Peer-reviewed publication (1) Presentations at scientific conferences (5) Seminar/invited talks (7) Media Coverage (1) What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?NCSU (Salvi): We will apply new conformable plasma electrodes with a two-cone configuration for the sanitation of whole apples. The sanitation efficacy against E. coli will be evaluated and the impact of processing parameters will be optimized. We will also continue the analysis of micronutrients in plasma-treated mushroom such as ascorbic acid and vitamin D. The quality and micronutrients of apples after plasma treatment will also be evaluated. We are also in the progress of writing the second manuscript for publication. NCSU (Stapelmann): We will finalize the current and voltage measurements to inform electrode optimization. We anticipate to decide for a final electrode design at the beginning of the next reporting period. With the final electrode design, a more comprehensive plasma characterization will be informed to expand the 1-dimensional measurements to 2D OES for 2-dimensionally resolved reduced electric field and plasma density by using an absolutely calibrated iCCD camera, as well as 2-dimensionally resolved absorption spectroscopy for ozone measurements. Rutgers (Mazzeo): We will continue to improve the fabrication process, with particular emphasis on scalability and fresh produce specific designs. With a reliable fabrication process created, we will recruit undergraduates to help in a mini-manufacturing line to create electrodes in greater numbers and disparate form-factors. We will explore the effect of different dielectric materials in plasma generation.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
NCSU (Salvi): We applied circular paper-based conformable electrodes for the sanitation of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Microbial inactivation efficacy was evaluated and compared with that of agar plate, which represents a flat, smooth surface to show the effect of surface properties on sanitation efficacy. We evaluated processing parameters including treatment time, treatment distance, and post-treatment resting time as impact factors for sanitation efficacy. We evaluated the impact of plasma treatment on the surface color of mushrooms over the storage of samples at 4 °C. We evaluated the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and the activity of polyphenol oxidases of plasma-treated mushrooms. We compared the microbial inactivation efficacy of surface dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) electrodes (paper-based and foil-based electrodes) to that of volume DBD on mushroom slices and agar plates. NCSU (Stapelmann): We characterized new electrode designs for plasma parameters (deposited power, plasma current, reduced electric field, ozone, and plasma extension on the electrode) and optimized performance Our analysis using scanning electrode microscopy (SEM) and electrical measurements of the different electrode materials and geometries informed our collaborators at Rutgers to improve the electrode design for more reproducible performance and improved longevity of the devices We developed a novel electric circuit model of SDBD plasmas and identified a correlation between electrode perimeter and deposited power (manuscript in preparation) Our analysis using FTIR of plasma-treated mushrooms revealed no significant changes after plasma treatment. Rutgers (Mazzeo): We have increased electrode longevity from minutes to hours to improve the electrode fabrication process. This opens alternate applications into reusable electrodes with the same beneficial conformable designs as the short-lived, disposable electrodes. We explored alternate designs to promote water resistance and greater device flexibility. We tested variations in fabrication which has yielded a necessary ability to project how changes in materials and dimensions affect the reliability and functionality of electrodes. We tested various electrode materials to lower the cost of device fabrication, eventually creating electrodes in the sub-dollar range. We developed manufacturing controls to improve the repeatability of electrode fabrication.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Wang, Q., Pal, R. K., Yen, H. W., Naik, S. P., Orzeszko, M. K., Mazzeo, A., & Salvi, D. (2022). Cold plasma from flexible and conformable paper-based electrodes for fresh produce sanitation: Evaluation of microbial inactivation and quality changes. Food Control, 108915. (Wang, Q. and Pal, R. share first authorship).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Trosan, D., Walther, P., Mclauglin, S., Mazzeo, A., Stapelmann, K., 2022. Characterization and Design of Flexible Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge Electrodes. In 11th International Workshop on Microplasmas Meeting Abstracts.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Wang, Q., Pal, R., Trosan, D., McLaughlin, S., Mazzeo, A., Stapelmann, K., Salvi, D., Flexible cold plasma electrodes for in-package sanitation: Evaluation of sanitation efficacy and quality changes in mushrooms, Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) Annual Conference, Chicago, IL, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
A. D. Mazzeo, T. Liang, X. Zou, J. Xie, Ali Ashraf, D. Salvi, F. Berthiaume, and R. K. Pal. Paper as a substrate and smart material for electronics, packaging, and robotics. 2021 IEEE International Conference on Flexible and Printable Sensors and Systems (FLEPS), 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Wang, Q. Conformable and Flexible Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge for Fresh Produce Sanitation . Multi-Institutional Food Engineering Seminar Series Organized as part of USDA Multistate Committee NC1023. Virtual Presentation. March 4th, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Trosan, D., Mclauglin, S., Wang, Q., Salvi, D., Mazzeo, A., Stapelmann, K., 2022. Manufacturing of packaged fresh produce with conformable in-package cold atmospheric plasma. International Online Plasma Seminar, February 3rd 2022
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Stapelmann, K., 2022. A cocktail of active ingredients benefits and challenges for plasma medicine. Michigan Institute for Plasma Science and Engineering Seminar, January 26th 2022
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Salvi, D. Research updates on cold plasma technology . Seminar for the Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia. Virtual presentation. November 4th, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
S. Mclaughlin, C. Gorka, D. Trosan, R. Pal, K. Stapelmann, D. Salvi, F. Berthiaume, A. Mazzeo. Long-Lasting, Paper-Like Dielectric Barrier Discharge Devices. ASME IMECE 2021, November 2021
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Trosan, D., Wang, Q., Pal, R., Mazzeo, A., Salvi, D., Stapelmann, K. High-Quality Manufacturing of Packaged Fresh Produce with Conformable In-Package Cold Atmospheric Plasma. 74th APS Annual Gaseous Electronics Conference, virtual conference, 2021
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Salvi, D. Research updates on cold plasma technology . Seminar for the Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University. Virtual presentation. Oct 5th, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Stapelmann, K., 2021. Plasma Agriculture at NC State, September 23rd 2021. German Aerospace Center Seminar Series Meet me in the Cloud
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Bublitz E., 2022. Could Plasma Be a Sustainable Sanitation Solution? https://cals.ncsu.edu/news/could-plasma-be-a-sustainable-solution-for-produce-sanitation/#:~:text=Using%20plasma%20instead%20of%20conventional,and%20convenience%20for%20the%20consumer.
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Progress 07/01/20 to 06/30/21
Outputs
Target Audience:General public, researchers, graduate students, scientific community Changes/Problems:Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there were some delays in experimental work and hiring. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has supported one postdoctoral researcher (Dr. Qingyang Wang) and partly supported the research training of one graduate student (Duncan Trosan) at NCSU. The project provides interdisciplinary training for both researchers. Dr. Stapelmann is teaching an introductory, transdisciplinary course "Biomedical Applications of Plasma" (NE 591) which has been attended by students from Dr. Salvi's and Dr. Stapelmann's lab. The content of the course was designed to provide the basis for this and other interdisciplinary research projects. Dr. Ramendra Pal (postdoctoral researcher) at Rutgers built on our experience designing and testing paper-based DBD devices to provide new designs/insights for the collaborative team. He manufactured devices that have gone to NC State for testing and verification. He designed setups at Rutgers that allow us to quantify the amount of ozone produced in enclosed containers. He also made a visit to Polytech in Pennsylvania to help secure a high-voltage amplifier that went to NC State to allow testing of paper-based devices with a power supply comparable (superior) to the ones we have at Rutgers. During his time contributing to this research project, he successfully interviewed for a faculty position and has moved to start his tenure-track position in the Department of Chemical Engineering at BITS Pilani-Hyderabad Campus in India. In April 2021, Dr. Stephen McLaughlin joined the project and has started making/testing devices for the project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Presentations at scientific conferences Virtual seminars invited by universities and companies NC State Stakeholder Research Showcase Peer-reviewed publication (in preparation) What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?NCSU (Salvi): We will continue investigating the microbial inactivation efficacy of the flexible cold plasma electrodes optimized by the Rutgers group, on mushroom and apples. We will be evaluating different influencing factors on the inactivation efficacy and provide data for the other groups for further optimization and characterization of the electrode. As the optimization of electrodes progresses, we will also start analyzing the effects of plasma treatment on the quality and nutrients of produce. NCSU (Stapelmann): We will continue current and voltage measurements to inform electrode optimization, continue optical emission spectroscopy and evaluate the results for the determination of gas temperature and plasma parameters, and optimize the ozone absorption spectroscopy setup and determine ozone densities Rutgers (Mazzeo): In the next year, we will make progress in packaging engineering, scalability and cost analysis, and stability. We continue to work on designs that will accommodate the targeted fresh produce. We will send more devices to NC State for further testing and verification. As we make these devices, we will consider how we can recruit undergraduates to work on creating a mini-manufacturing line to produce the devices with reproducible quality. We are also working to create long-lasting devices with new postdoc Stephen McLaughlin. His experience working in fabrication will involve depositing layers of conductive electrodes that will be thicker than the 10-nm layers we are currently employing on metallized paper.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
NCSU (Salvi): The system for running the flexible SDBD plasma electrodes was setup and finalized. The effectiveness of the current-optimized electrodes on the inactivation of E. coli was evaluated. The bacterial inactivation efficacy of the electrode was studied on both a smooth surface (tryptic soy agar) and the surface of white mushroom. The effects of treatment time, treatment distance, bacterial inoculation method, and the post-treatment incubation time were also investigated. NCSU (Stapelmann): Different electrodes were characterized regarding current and voltage and power dissipated in the plasma. The current and voltage measurements were used to investigate the stability and durability of the electrodes. The results were used to inform the electrode design and optimization by our colleagues at Rutgers Optical emission spectroscopy for gas temperature and plasma parameters as well as absorption spectroscopy to determine ozone densities has been set up and first measurements are ongoing. Rutgers (Mazzeo): Development of new designs of electrodes that have the potential to enclose fresh produce in ways similar to those already being employed by the food packaging industry: For planar produce such as spinach, we have been working with flat, circular DBD generators. For spherical produce such as apples and tomatoes, we have designed and begun to test a two-cone configuration that folds up from laser cut sheets of metallized paper. Improving the repeatability of our manufacturing processes to create the DBD devices: We have learned how to create working devices in our lab at Rutgers, but getting these same devices to work at NC State has not been trivial. For example, we can now measure the electrical impedance of a device at low voltage to ensure that it meets basic quality before powering it with high voltage. In this process of working to establish quality control, we found a need to make our coated electrodes thick enough to function properly and provide sufficiently low contact resistance to interface with the high-voltage connectors. Measurement of ozone: We are working to understand the effects of the volume of the enclosed environment to understand how much ozone gets produced. We are also beginning to understand how we might make the devices last longer without overheating or self-destructive arcing. This may not be an issue with disposable packaging, but for devices that might be useful further up the manufacturing chain, long-lasting devices could be necessary.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Paper-based Cole Plasma-generating Electrodes for the Inactivation of Food-pathogens. R. K. Pal, Q. Wang, A. Mazzeo, D. Salvi. E-MRS (Virtual) Symposium Q: Cellulose electronics and photonics: a new challenge for materials a new opportunity for devices III, June, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Paper-based Skin-like Functionality: Antimicrobial Protection and Detection of Touch. Tongfen Liang, Xiyue Zou, Ramendra Pal, Jiaqi Liu, Maame Assasie-Gyimah, Weijian Guo, Chuyang Cheng, Jingjin Xie, Max Tenorio, Daniel Sullivan, Anna Root, Paul Stansel, Anne McKeown, George Weng, William Sampson, Assimina Pelegri, Qingyang Wang, Deepti Salvi, and Aaron Mazzeo. E-MRS (Virtual) Symposium Q: Cellulose electronics and photonics: a new challenge for materials a new opportunity for devices III, June, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Paper Robots? How paper-based devices are capable of killing microbes, sensing touch, and robotic manipulation and locomotion. Aaron Mazzeo. Rutgers Engineering Virtual Speaker Series, August, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Flexible, Atmospheric Plasma Generators for Sanitization and Medicine. Aaron Mazzeo. Cancer Institute of New Jersey Cancer Pharmacology Research Meeting, September 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Paper as a substrate and smart material for electronics, packaging, and robotics. Aaron Mazzeo. Henkel Scientific Advisory Board Meeting, September 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Paper as a Substrate and Material for Electronics, Packaging, and Robotics." Aaron Mazzeo. IEEE FLEPS, June 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Applications of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma in Food and Agriculture. Deepti Salvi. Cornell University Food Science Seminar, October, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Applications of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma in Agriculture and Food Safety. Deepti Salvi. BASF invited talk, January, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Applications of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma in Food and Agriculture. Deepti Salvi. UC Davis Department of Food Science and Technology Seminar Series, January, 2021.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Plasma Agriculture at NC State." Katharina Stapelmann. The Plasma Agriculture Working Group NSF EPSCoR CPU2AL, June 2021.
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