DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS FOR SE USA

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1021831
• Project Start Date: Dec 17, 2019
• Project End Date: Dec 2, 2024
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
G022 MCCARTY HALL
GAINESVILLE,FL 32611

Performing Department
North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy

Non Technical Summary
Grasslands cover 25% of earth´s surface and are the largest terrestrial agro-ecosystem on the globe. They contribute to human welfare not only by providing animal products such as beef or milk for human consumption, but also by providing ecosystem services. Planted pastures in Florida occupy an estimated 3.5 million acres and native grasslands another 6 million acres, supporting 1.2 million head of beef cattle and other livestock. The beef and dairy industries in Florida represent an annual gross income of US$1 billion to the state economy. In addition, there are over 500,000 horses in Florida with an associated cash flow of $5 billion per year. Forages, grazed or conserved as hay, baleage, or silage, are an important feedstock for all livestock classes, thus they are responsible for a significant share of the income attributed to animal industries. Sustaining these industries and increasing their profitability while protecting Florida´s environment is a significant challenge.Grasslands provide ecosystem services (ES) that benefit the entire society, including provisional (e.g. beef, milk), supporting (e.g. photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, soil formation), regulating (e.g. C sequestration, habitat for pollinators, water regulation), and aesthetical and recreational (e.g. recreation and ecotourism, aesthetic values). Delivery of these ES must be a priority when designing a program to enhance sustainability of livestock systems. Therefore, the economic portion should try to maximize net profit, which could include options such as reducing costs and maintain (or increase) ecosystem productivity. Thus, reducing costs of fuel, machinery, fertilizer, feed, and other off-farm inputs might help to increase economic sustainability, as long as the productivity component does not reduce at a greater degree than the reduction of inputs. There are numerous ways to address this, but our focus will be a three-pronged approach: 1) Extend the grazing season and reduce the need for supplementation; 2) Integrate forage legumes to reduce N fertilizer inputs and enhance delivery of ES; 3) Integrate crop and livestock systems.

Animal Health Component

70%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

20%

Applied

70%

Developmental

10%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
102	0780	1060	50%
133	0780	1060	25%
131	0780	1060	25%

Knowledge Area
133 - Pollution Prevention and Mitigation; 102 - Soil, Plant, Water, Nutrient Relationships; 131 - Alternative Uses of Land;

Subject Of Investigation
0780 - Grasslands, other;

Field Of Science
1060 - Biology (whole systems);

Keywords

ecosystem services

low input system

livestock

forages

integrated crop-livestock system

Goals / Objectives
Grasslands cover 25% of earth´s surface and are the largest terrestrial agro-ecosystem on the globe. They contribute to human welfare not only by providing animal products such as beef or milk for human consumption, but also by providing ecosystem services. Planted pastures in Florida occupy an estimated 3.5 million acres and native grasslands another 6 million acres, supporting 1.2 million head of beef cattle and other livestock. The beef and dairy industries in Florida represent an annual gross income of US$1 billion to the state economy. In addition, there are over 500,000 horses in Florida with an associated cash flow of $5 billion per year. Forages, grazed or conserved as hay, baleage, or silage, are an important feedstock for all livestock classes, thus they are responsible for a significant share of the income attributed to animal industries. Sustaining these industries and increasing their profitability while protecting Florida´s environment is a significant challenge.Grasslands provide ecosystem services (ES) that benefit the entire society, including provisional (e.g. beef, milk), supporting (e.g. photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, soil formation), regulating (e.g. C sequestration, habitat for pollinators, water regulation), and aesthetical and recreational (e.g. recreation and ecotourism, aesthetic values). Delivery of these ES must be a priority when designing a program to enhance sustainability of livestock systems. Therefore, the economic portion should try to maximize net profit, which could include options such as reducing costs and maintain (or increase) ecosystem productivity. Thus, reducing costs of fuel, machinery, fertilizer, feed, and other off-farm inputs might help to increase economic sustainability, as long as the productivity component does not reduce at a greater degree than the reduction of inputs. There are numerous ways to address this, but our focus will be a three-pronged approach: 1) Extend the grazing season and reduce the need for supplementation; 2) Integrate forage legumes to reduce N fertilizer inputs and enhance delivery of ES; 3) Integrate crop and livestock systems. Previous Work and Present Outlook:Extend the grazing season and reduce the need for supplementation We have been assessing numerous ways to extend the grazing season in Southeast USA. Strategies that we have worked or are part of our current work include: 1) use of stockpiled warm-season perennial grasses, with emphasis on limpograss; 2) development of black oat varieties adapted to Florida; 3) assessing mixtures of alfalfa-bermudagrass and their potential for grazing; 4) assessing the potential of different mixtures of small grains and annual ryegrass to extend the grazing season; 5) assessing earlier planting dates for small grains, including black oats; 6) assessing bermudagrass genotypes looking for more even distribution of forage during the year. These different research actions are in different development stages. Results of these projects are actively communicated to the stakeholders through different channels such as social media platforms, e-articles, extension publications in producer's magazines, field days, workshop and seminars, and in-service training. Integrate forage legumes to reduce N fertilizer inputs and enhance delivery of ES Forage legumes have been a large portion of my research and extension effort. We started assessing different forage legumes for the cool and warm seasons. For the cool-season, we assessed a variety of species, including crimson, red, white, ball, berseem, and balansa clovers. In addition, we also developed projects assessing alfalfa varieties and different harvesting regimes as well as harvesting management of alfalfa-bermudagrass mixtures. In the warm-season, we evaluated different cultivars of perennial peanut and tried to identify ways to integrate this species into warm-season perennial grass sod. We did these activities both at the research station and on-farm sites. Other warm-season legume that we have been working is sunnhemp and Arachis pintoi. Those are promising options.Scaling up from the small plot trials, we were able to measure ES delivered by forage legumes in low-input systems and contrast them with grass-based N-fertilized systems with intensive use of N fertilizers. The results of this project indicated the possibility to produce similar livestock gains per area in the grass-legume mixtures fertilized with 30 lb N/acre per year compared with the grass-based N-fertilized systems that received 200 lb N/acre per year. In addition, grass-legume mixtures had less soil nitrates and provided better habitat for pollinators, with greater presence of bees in the grass-legume mixtures.Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems Integrating crops and livestock is a win-win combination. Livestock can graze during times when crops are not growing, cycling nutrients and improving bioavailability of soil nutrients. This result not only in benefits directly translated by cattle weight gains, but also in improved crop production. There are numerous instances where these benefits were described, included a sod-based rotation system initiated a couple of decades ago. Adoption of these systems, however, is still limited. We are trying to identify the constraints, both biological and social-economic, in order to advance this important activity in SE USA. Currently we are assessing how grazing management and rotation type affects the delivery of ES, including row-crop production, forage nutritive value and biomass production, nitrate leaching, and nutrient cycling. We are using cotton and peanut as row crops, and testing three grazing intensities (overgrazing, moderate grazing, lenient grazing), in addition to the control treatments without grazing and without cover crop. The study is still preliminary and it will continue in the future years.Objectives:Integrate crop and livestock systems to reduce nitrate leaching and soil erosion by adopting cover crops and developing livestock systems on fallow land.Integrate forage legumes into grasslands as a way to improve delivery of ecosystem services.Identify management strategies to extend the grazing season and reduce feeding costs during forage shortage.

Project Methods
Project 1: Use of cover crops and grazing management on row cropland: BMPs to reduce ground water nitratesLocation: The study will be located at the North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC) in Marianna.Procedures: We will assess the effect of cover crop, grazing intensity, and rotation system (SBR or ICL) on nitrate leaching and crop productivity during the warm-season. The SBR rotation will be in bahiagrass (YRs 1 and 2), peanut (Yr 3), while the ICL rotation will be in cotton (Yrs 1 and 2), peanut (Yr 3). The ICL system is an intermediate step between the traditional row-crop systems and the SBR. In the ICL, there is the benefit of grazing cover crop and enhancing nutrient cycling during the cool-season, but it does not rely on a warm-season, perennial grass (i.e., bahiagrass) during the warm-season.Treatments:Row crop, no cover crop and no grazing (Control treatment)Row crop, rye/oat cover crop (30 lbs N/acre) and no grazing (Typical cover crop system)Row crop, rye/oat cover crop (80 lbs N/acre) and no grazing (cover crop with same rate of grazing trials)SBR: Row crop, rye/oat cover crop + 80 lbs N/acre (grazed every 2 wks. leaving 500 lb. DM/acre of post-grazing residual stubble mass)SBR: Row crop, rye/oat cover crop + 80 lbs N/acre (grazed every 2 wks. leaving 1,500 lb. DM/acre of post-grazing residual stubble mass)SBR: Row crop, rye/oat cover crop + 80 lbs N/acre (grazed every 2 wks. leaving 2,500 lb. DM/acre of post-grazing residual stubble mass)ICL: Row crop, rye/oat cover crop + 80 lbs N/acre (grazed every 2 wks. leaving 500 lb. DM/acre of post-grazing residual stubble mass)ICL: Row crop, rye/oat cover crop + 80 lbsN/acre (grazed every 2 wks. leaving 1,500 lb. DM/acre of post-grazing residual stubble mass)ICL: Row crop, rye/oat cover crop + 80 lbs N/acre (grazed every 2 wks. leaving 2,500 lb. DM/acre of post-grazing residual stubble mass)Cool-season plantings will follow the warm-season crop (corn, cotton, or peanut) component of the SBR. Each plot will measure 24 x 50 ft. and will be individually fenced. After planting, every 2 weeks the cool-season cover crop will be evaluated to determine herbage mass. Plots will only be grazed if herbage mass is greater than the post-grazing residual stubble mass. Cattle will be closely monitored during grazing and will be withdrawn from the paddock when residual stubble mass reaches the target height. Stubble height will be linked to stubble mass using a double-sampling procedure. Disk settling heights of an aluminum disk will be taken (30 per paddock) every 14 days during each grazing season, before placing the cattle. Settling heights will be the indirect measurements. These will be calibrated with harvested samples every 28 d. Drain lysimeters will be placed in three blocks, with one lysimeter per plot (total of 27 drain lysimeters) at 1.5 m (5 ft) depth. Soil inorganic N (ammonium and nitrate) will be measured at 5 depths (0-15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-90, and 90-120 cm), at initiation and end of the trial.Project 2: Ecosystem services provided by forage legumesLocation: The study is already established adjacent to the demonstration SBR system at the North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC), Marianna.Procedures: We will substitute N fertilizer with biological N2 fixing forage legumes and assess the effect on nitrate leaching and livestock productivity. Currently, paddocks contain nine drain lysimeters (one per experimental unit; and replicated three times) and 18 porous cup lysimeters (two per experimental unit; and replicated three times). Data obtained during the cool-season can be applied to the SBR winter system. Treatments are assigned in a complete randomized block design, with three replications.Grazing system treatments:Rye/oats + 100 lb N/acre (similar to SBR) during the cool-season and 100 lbs N/acre during the warm-season on bahiagrass;Rye/Oat/Crimson/Red/Ball clover + 30 lbs N/acre during the cool-season and unfertilized bahiagrass during the warm-season; andRye/Oat/Crimson/Red/Ball clover + 30 lbs N/acre during the cool-season and unfertilized bahiagrass/perennial peanut during the warm-season.Nitrate leaching will be monitored with drain and porous cup lysimeters. Nitrate sampling will follow a similar protocol described in Experiment 1. Cattle performance will be determined every 21 days after a 16-h fasting period. Cattle average daily gain (ADG) will be calculated for each 21-d period by dividing the average weight gain of the two tester (same animals remain in treatments during entire season) animals during that specific period by the number of days. Grazing days are calculated by multiplying the number of livestock in each paddock by the number of days within each period. Adjusted numbers will be used to express grazing days per acre. Gain per area estimates are determined by multiplying the average daily gain by the grazing days per acre within each period. Stocking rate is determined by dividing the total cattle body weight (BW) per paddock by 1000 lbs, which is defined as one animal unit (AU).Project 3: Canopy characterization of stockpiled limpograss in North FloridaExperimental site, treatments, and designThis on-farm grazing experiment will be conducted at Deseret Cattle and Timber Ranch in Gulf County, FL. Cattle will graze stockpiled limpograss cv. Floralta pastures according to the on-farm management protocol. Factors will be three canopy layers (upper, middle, and lower) and two plant components (leaf and stem). There will be 12 paddocks (3 acres each) for canopy characterization along the season (October 2019 to February 2020).Experimental management and response variablesLimpograss pastures will be grazed as usually practiced at Deseret Ranch during the summer. By mid-August (15 Aug), pastures will be deferred and fertilized with 60 lb N/acre. Grass will be stockpiled until the end of October, when the grazing will start. This is typically the season when shortage of forages occur. Grazing management will follow on-farm protocol.Pastures will be assessed every 28 days. Herbage responses include herbage mass, herbage nutritive value (CP and IVDMD), and botanical composition. Canopy characterization will consist of 50 disk heights per paddock and 50 ruler measurements per paddock in each evaluation date. We will also collect hand-plucked samples to characterize the canopy layers (upper, middle, and lower third). In the laboratory, leaves will be separated from stem, within each layer. Samples will be oven-dried (131°F) for 48 h and analyzed for N concentration using the Dumas combustion method (CHNS analyzer, from Elementar).Project 4: Sunnhemp following corn planting as a tool to reduce soil nematode populationWe will test the following crop rotations:Spring 2019 (March-June)Summer 2019 (Aug - Oct.)Spring 2020 (March-June)CornCornCornCornSorghumCornCornMilletCornCornSunnhemp incorporatedCornCornSunnhemp harvested for hayCornCornReference Millet (no N added)CornThese crop rotations will be planted at the Plant Science Research and Education Center (PSREU) at Citra, FL. The trials will be planted in a site artificially infested with nematode. Summer trials will be planted after a corn crop, planted in the Spring 2019. We will use this approach to create the conditions of growing corn after a corn crop, which is used by some dairy producers in Florida. These conditions will favor nematode population.

Progress 10/01/20 to 09/30/21

Outputs
Target Audience:We reached target audience during this reporting period by doing the following activities: Education Materials: 81 (included posters/abstract (28), oral presentations (10), power pointer presentations (19), extension publication (11), Forage legume Conference videos (5), and classes for FIDA - FL International Dairy Academy (8) Field consultations: 11 Office consultation: 37 Group Learning participants: 672 Telephone consultations: 38 Email consultations: 59 Social Media Contacts: 518,513 (numbers reported from Doug Mayo on Panhandle Ag e-news, facebook and twitter for the Panhandle AG Team) Volunteers: 5; 480 h each; total of 2400 ? Changes/Problems:No changes/problems to report. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Along the duration of this project, we graduated 4 PhD students, 3 MS students, and currently we have 2 ongoing PhD students. We also mentored 20 interns and/or visiting scholars during the same period. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have been reaching our target audience by writing extension reports, organizing field days and in service trainnings, publishing in Producer's magazines, creating videos, and publishing peer-review research. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to continue our extension efforts and will pursue further funding for our work. Integrating forage legumes, extending the grazing season, and integrating crop and livestock systems while enhancing ecosystem services of agroecosystems are our top priorities.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Outcome types The 5-yr average for my extension program indicates that 80% of the attendees considered the programs excellent and 20% considered good, 98.6% learned new skills, 74.7% indicated that plan to adopt new practice, and 77.2% confirmed that changed practice based on the results of our programs. Considering that in the last 5 years we had 2,297 clients attending our extension programs, this represents a significant contribution to improve sustainability of livestock systems, which is the major focus of my extension program. Impacts and Outcomes: Success stories: A major positive impact from this extension program is the increased adoption of forage legumes. We were able to reduce N fertilizer input from 200 lb N/acre to 30 lb N/acre, and to maintain livestock productivity by using grass-legume based systems. This has a major economic and environmental implication for beef cattle production systems in Florida. Assuming a reduction of 170 lb N/acre,500,000 acres of pastures using N fertilization, and $0.5/lb N, we have a cost savings of $42.5 million dollars annually and a reduction on nitrate leaching on FL groundwater. In addition, we are measuring a myriad of ecosystem services (ES) in contrasting grazing systems with the goal of putting an economic value on these ES. The long-term goal is to find mechanisms to pay land managers for the ES their grasslands provide to society. We contacted the NRCS State Agronomist to include the establishment of strip-planted rhizoma peanut in bahiagrass pastures in the EQIP program based on our research data. They accepted our request and now this cost-share program is available for producers throughout the State of Florida. The program funds $254 per acre of planted strip of rhizoma peanut. Several producers are now integrating perennial peanut into their grazing systems. Below are the testimonials of a few of them, indicating the value of our extension program. We developed a limpograss stockpiling trial at Deseret Cattle and Timber in North Florida with the goal to extend the grazing season and reduce off-farm inputs. The data showed promising results and the ranch adopted the practice. In 2019, they planted 1,200 acres of limpograss and they plan to plant many more acres in the upcoming years. The technology will likely spread along the Gulf Coast. Deseret Ranch is using the stockpiled limpograss to develop heifers, using supplementation with molasses and urea. Florida currently develops 85,000 heifers per year. Considering an average feeding cost of $1,300 [($2.5/d)*520 d] to develop a heifer from weaning to calving, if we reduce this cost by 30% using stockpiled limpograss, that would represent a cost saving of $33 million per year positively impacting the Florida Beef Industry. If we assume an adoption of 30%, the impact would be near $10 million/yr, not accounting for potential reproductive benefits that could significantly enhance this value. We were able to demonstrate the possibility to extend the grazing season from 210to 290 days during the year, reducing feeding costs. Our goal is to reach 365 days of grazing. Cost-savingsof changingfrom hay feeding to grazing is around $0.5 per cow per day, if we apply this to 200,000 cows and 80 days, we have a cost savings of $8 million dollars. Our project on integrated crop-livestock systems shows the potential to utilize 700,000 acres of row crops in FL during the cool-season, with an estimated economic value of $480 per acre, resulting in 336 million dollars if fully adopted. In Jackson County, Mr. Steve "Beaver" Yoder is currently leasing row cropland during the fall and using stocker steers for grazing. This is a great example of how the integration of row crop and livestock systems might help the region. In 2019, Mr. Yoder had approximately 2,000 stockers using this system.?

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: 2. Guerra, V.A., L. Beule, H.L. Liao, C.L. Mackowiak, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., A.R.S. Blount, D.L. Rowland, X.B. Wang. 2022. Soil Bacterial Community Response to Rhizoma Peanut Incorporation into Florida Pastures. J. Environ Qual 51:55-65 https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20307
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: 3. Silva, L.S., L.E. Sollenberger, M.K. Mullenix, M.M. Kohmann, J.C.B. Dubeux Jr., M.L. Silveira. 2022. Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in nitrogen-fertilized grass and legume-grass forage systems. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 122:105-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-021-10188-9
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: 5. Moreno, L.S.B., K.J. Boote, L.E. Sollenberger, J.C.B. Dubeux Jr., M.M. Khomann, D.N.L. Pequeno. 2022. Shade and Nitrogen Fertilization Affect Forage Accumulation and Nutritive Value of C4 Grasses Differing in Growth Habit. Crop Science 62:512-523 https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20617
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 7. Santos, E.R.S., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., D.M. Jaramillo, L. Garcia-Jimenez, J.M.B. Vendramini, N. DiLorenzo, L.M.D. Queiroz, J.D. Pereira Neto, D. Abreu, M. Ruiz-Moreno. 2021. Herbage accumulation and nutritive value of stockpiled limpograsses and Tifton-85 bermudagrass. Crop, Forage, & Turfgrass Management, 8, e20140. https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20140
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 9. Vasco, A.C.C.M., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., A.M. Arias-Esquivel, L.K. Warren, C.L. Wickens. 2022. Feeding behavior and preference of horses fed rhizoma peanut hay. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 47:35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j/jveb.2021.09.011
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 12. Vasco, A.C.C.M., J.M. Bobel, J.C.B. Dubeux Jr., L.K. Warren, C.L. Wickens. 2021. Digestibility and nitrogen and water balance in horses fed rhizoma peanut hay. Journal of Animal Science, 2021; skab284. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab284
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 15. Jaramillo, D., H. Sheridan, K.J. Soder, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr. 2021. Enhancing the sustainability of temperate pasture systems through more diverse swards. Agronomy 11:1912 https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/10/1912
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 16. Costa, S.B.M., A.C.L. de Mello, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., M.V.F. dos Santos, M.V. da Cunha, J.J. Coelho. 2021. Proportion and digestibility of tree legumes in diets of grazing cattle in a tropical silvopastoral system. Livestock Science 252(2021)104689 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104689
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 22. Silva, I.G. daG, J.C.B. Dubeux Jr., M.V.F. dos Santos, A.C.L. de Mello, M.V. da Cunha, V.X.O Apolin�rio, E.V. de Freitas. 2021. Tree canopy management affects dynamics of herbaceous vegetation and soil moisture in silvopasture systems using arboreal legumes. Agronomy 2021, 11(8), 1509. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081509
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 24. Van Cleef, F.S.O.G, J.C.B. Dubeux Jr., H.D. Naumann, E.R.S. Santos, L.E. Sollenberger, J.M.B. Vendramini, M. Ruiz-Moreno, F.M. Ciriaco, N. DiLorenzo. 2021. Methane emissions and ?13C composition from beef steers consuming increasing proportions of sericea lespedeza hay on bermudagrass hay diets. J. Animal Sci. 99(8):1-8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab224
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 26. Silva, L.S., L.E. Sollenberger, M.M. Kohmann, J.C.B. Dubeux Jr., P. Aryal, M.L. Silveira, J.M.B. Vendramini. 2021. Existing litter mass and N Disappearance on Year-round N-fertilized Grass and Legume-based Forage Systems. Agronomy J. 113:5170-5182 https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20826
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 29. Jaramillo, D.M.G, J.C.B. Dubeux Jr., L.E. Sollenberger, J.M.B. Vendramini, C.L. Mackowiak, N. DiLorenzo, L. Garcia, L.M.D. QueirozG, E.R.S. SantosG, B.G.C. Homem, F. van CleefG, M. Ruiz-Moreno. 2021. Water Footprint, Herbage, and Livestock Responses for N-Fertilized Grass and Grass-Legume Grazing Systems. Crop Sci. 61:3844-3858. http://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20568
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 33. Garcia, L.G, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., L.E. Sollenberger, J.M.B. Vendramini, N. DiLorenzo, E.R.S. SantosG, D.M. JaramilloG, M. Ruiz-Moreno. 2021. Nutrient excretion from cattle grazing nitrogen-fertilized grass or grass-legume pastures. Agronomy Journal 113:3110-3123. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20675
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 40. Longhini, V.Z., A.S. Cardoso, A.S. Ber�a, R.M. Boddey, R.A. Reis, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., A.C. Ruggieri. 2021. Could forage peanut in low proportion replace N fertilizer in livestock systems? PlosOne 16(3):e0247931 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247931
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 42. Santos, E.R.S.G, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., C. Mackowiak, A.R.S. Blount, L. Sollenberger, D.M. Jaramillo G, L. GarciaG, D. AbreuG, R.T. Souza, M. Ruiz-Moreno. 2021. Herbage responses and nitrogen agronomic efficiency of bermudagrass-legume mixtures. Crop Sci. 61:3815-3829. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20552
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 44. Jaramillo, D.M.G, J.C.B. Dubeux Jr., L. Sollenberger, C. Mackowiak, J.M.B. Vendramini, N. DiLorenzo, L.M.D. QueirozG, E.R.S. SantosG, L. Garcia, M. Ruiz-Moreno, E. van Santen. 2021. Litter Mass, Deposition Rate, and Decomposition in N-Fertilized or Grass-Legume Grazing Systems. Crop Science https://10.1002/csc2.20475 61:2176-2189.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 45. Lira, K.G, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., M.A. Lira, F.F.R. Carvalho, M.V.F. Santos, M.V. Cunha, A.C.L. Mello, D. JaramilloG, J.D. Pereira NetoG. 2021. Tracing sheep binary C3-C4 diet using stable isotope ratio (?13C). Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1):288-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2021.1881413
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 46. Longhini, V.Z., A.S. Cardoso, A.S. Ber�a, I.N.O. Carvalho, R.M. Boddey, R.A. Reis, J.C.B. Dubeux Jr., A.C. Ruggieri. 2021. Nitrogen fertilization increased litter deposition and litter N in warm-climate grasslands. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 119:247-258 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-021-10119-8
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 48. Aryal, P.g, L.E. Sollenberger, M.M. KhomannG, L.S. da Silvag, E.M. Shepardg, K.D. Cooleyg, D.L. Rowland, and J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr. 2021. Plant Growth Habit and Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects on Rhizoma Peanut Biomass Partitioning During Establishment. Grass & Forage Sci. 76:485-493 https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12519
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 49. Rolando, J.L.G, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., T.C. de Souzag, C. Mackowiak, D. Wright, S. George, T. Pires, and E.R.S. SantosG. 2021. Organic Carbon is Mostly Stored in Deep Soil and Only Affected by Land Use in Its Superficial Layers: A Case Study in SE USA Ultisols. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment. 2021;4:e20135. https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20135
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: 51. Silva, I.A.G.G, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., A.C.L. de Melo, M.V. da Cunha, M.V.F. dos Santos, V.X.O. Apolin�rio, E.V. de Freitas. 2021. Tree legume enhance livestock performance in a silvopasture system. Agronomy Journal 113:358-369. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20491

Progress 12/17/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:We reached the target audience during this reporting period by doing the following activities: Education Materials: 65 [included posters/abstract (15), oral presentations (9), power pointer presentations (16), extension publication (15), USDA Technical Publication (01), and videos (9)] Field consultations: 9 Office consultation: 39 Group Learning participants: 470 Telephone consultations: 43 Email consultations: 67 Social Media Contacts: 418,981 (numbers reported from Doug Mayo on Panhandle Ag e-news, facebook and twitter for the Panhandle AG Team) Volunteers: 4 (480 h each); total of 1920 Changes/Problems:COVID-19 reduced our opportunities for in-person meetings, reducing the extension effort. However, virtual meetings flourished in 2020 and we were able to overcome the potential reduction in in-person meetings. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The following opportunities for training and professional development ocurred in 2020: 2020 Video for the Panhandle Ag highlighting the "Integration of Forage Legumes into livestock systems" https://youtu.be/QTgV9pyDZ74 2020 Video with an alfalfa producer (Bill Conrad) highlighting his experience. https://youtu.be/HTn-SJ0fA2o 2020. Ecosystem services delivered by forage legumes in grassland ecosystems. 01 June 2020. Available at Serviços Ambientais Providos por Leguminosas Forrageiras em Ecossistemas de Pastagens - YouTube 2020. Management of grass-legume mixtures to optimize the benefits to the soil. 22 September 2020. Available at PALESTRA 3 - IV SIMPRUPASTO 22 DE SETEMBRO DE 2020 - YouTube 2020 Video for the cover crop virtual field day. Grazing management of cover crops. Video available at Dr. Jose Dubeux-Grazing Cover Crops - YouTube 2020. Grassland ecosystems and their environmental benefits. Available at CONEXÃO UNIV. FLÓRIDA x BRASIL - Tema: Os ecossistemas de Pastagens e seus Benefícios Ambientais - YouTube 2020. Nutrient Cycling in Grassland Ecosystems. Available at CICLAGEM DE NUTRIENTES EM PASTAGENS - YouTube 2020 Beef and Forage IST, invited speaker addressing stockpiling of limpograss for extension professionals. 2020 Heifer Development Field Day, invited speaker addressing cost of supplementation and forage options to extend the grazing season. 10 Jan. 2020 How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Extension publications (see list in previous section), videos (see list in previous section), workshops, and in service training. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue developing efforts towards integrate forage legumes into livestock systems and to reduce off-farm inputs. We will organize the second edition of the Forage Legume Conference in 2021. We also plan to start a new grazing trial with stockpiled limpograss.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Extend the grazing season and reduce the need for supplementation We developed a limpograss stockpiling trial at Deseret Cattle and Timber in North Florida with the goal to extend the grazing season and reduce off-farm inputs. The data showed promising results and the ranch adopted the practice. In 2019, they planted 1,200 acres of limpograss and they plan to plant many more acres in the upcoming years. The technology will likely spread along the Gulf Coast. Deseret Ranch is using the stockpiled limpograss to develop heifers, using supplementation with molasses and urea. Florida currently develops 85,000 heifers per year. Considering an average feeding cost of $1,300 [($2.5/d)*520 d] to develop a heifer from weaning to calving, if we reduce this cost by 30% using stockpiled limpograss, that would represent a cost saving of $33 million per year positively impacting the Florida Beef Industry. If we assume an adoption of 30%, the impact would be near $10 million/yr, not accounting for potential reproductive benefits that could significantly enhance this value. We were able to demonstrate the possibility to extend the grazing season from 210to 290 days during the year, reducing feeding costs. Our goal is to reach 365 days of grazing. Cost-savingsof changingfrom hay feeding to grazing is around $0.5 per cow per day, if we apply this to 200,000 cows and 80 days, we have a cost savings of $8 million dollars. Integrate forage legumes to reduce N fertilizer inputs and enhance delivery of ES A major positive impact from this extension program is the increased adoption of forage legumes. We were able to reduce N fertilizer input from 200 lb N/acre to 30 lb N/acre, and to maintain livestock productivity by using grass-legume based systems. This has a major economic and environmental implication for beef cattle production systems in Florida. Assuming a reduction of 170 lb N/acre,500,000 acres of pastures using N fertilization, and $0.5/lb N, we have a cost savings of $42.5 million dollars annually and a reduction on nitrate leaching on FL groundwater. In addition, we are measuring a myriad of ecosystem services (ES) in contrasting grazing systems with the goal of putting an economic value on these ES. The long-term goal is to find mechanisms to pay land managers for the ES their grasslands provide to society. We contacted the NRCS State Agronomist to include the establishment of strip-planted rhizoma peanut in bahiagrass pastures in the EQIP program based on our research data. They accepted our request and now this cost-share program is available for producers throughout the State of Florida. The program funds $254 per acre of planted strip of rhizoma peanut. Several producers are now integrating perennial peanut into their grazing systems. Below are the testimonials of a few of them, indicating the value of our extension program. Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems Our project on integrated crop-livestock systems shows the potential to utilize 700,000 acres of row crops in FL during the cool-season, with an estimated economic value of $480 per acre, resulting in 336 million dollars if fully adopted. In Jackson County, Mr. Steve "Beaver" Yoder is currently leasing row cropland during the fall and using stocker steers for grazing. This is a great example of how the integration of row crop and livestock systems might help the region. In 2019, Mr. Yoder had approximately 2,000 stockers using this system.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Garz�n, J.E., J.M.B. Vendramini, M.L. Silveira, L.E. Sollenberger, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., H.L. Liao, H.M.S. Silva, V.C Gomes, and I. Machado. 2020. Ecosystem services of overseeding Aeschynomene into bahiagrass pastures in Florida. ASA/CSSA/SSSA International Annual Meeting Abstracts, virtual meeting, AZ. Available at ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting (social27.com)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Silva, G.M., T.M. Schulmeister, F. Podversich, F. Tarnonsky, M.E. Zamora, J.I. Urrutia, J. Laporta, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., A.M. Gonella-Diaza, and NB. DiLorenzo. 2020. Provision of artificial shade before weaning influences performance of Angus and Brangus cow-calf pairs. 2020 ASAS-CSAS-WSASAS Virtual Annual Meeting & Trade Show, July 19-23, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Podversich, F., S. Roskopf, L. Abdelhadi, G.M. da Silva, F. Tarnonsky, F. Fernandez, F. Sanchez, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., L. Ferraretto, N. DiLorenzo. 2020. Effects of sorghum silage kernel processing on intake and apparent total tract digestibility of beef heifers. 2020 ASAS-CSAS-WSASAS Virtual Annual Meeting & Trade Show, July 19-23, 2020.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Andriarimalala, J.H., J.C.B. Dubeux Jr., N. DiLorenzo, D.M. Jaramillo, J.N. Rakotozandriny, P. Salgado. 2020. Use of n-alkanes to estimate feed intake in ruminants: a meta-analysis. Journal of Animal Science 98(10):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa304
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Herrera, A.M., A.C.L. Mello, V.X.O. Apolin�rio, J.C.B. Dubeux Jr., V.J. Silva. 2020. Decomposition of senescent leaves of signalgrass (Urochloa decumbens Stapf. R. Webster) and arboreal legumes in silvopastoral systems. Agroforestry Systems 94:2213-2224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-020-00542-1
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Garzon, J.A., J.M.B. Vendramini, M.L. Silveira, P. Moriel, H.M. da Silva, J.C.B. Dubeux Jr., M. Kaneko, C. Carnelos, and P.M. Campos. 2020. Harvest management and genotype effects on sunn hemp forage characteristics. Agron. J. (Accepted for publication). https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20465
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Vasco, A.C.C.M., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., M.O. Wallau, C.L. Wickens, L.K. Warren. 2020. Characterization of forage utilization and pasture management practices on Florida horse operations. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 95:103253 https//doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103253
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Vendramini, J.M.B.; E. Rios, J.C.B. Dubeux Jr., K. Quesenberry, P. Munoz. 2020. Registration of Mislevy Bermudagrass. Journal of Plant Registration 2020:1-9 (published as early view). https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20093
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Alviarez, L.A.D, B.G.C. Homem, P.H. Couto, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., T.F. Bernardes, D.R. Casagrande, M.A.S. Lara. 2020. Managing marandu palisadegrass and calopo pastures based on light interception. Grass & Forage Sci. 75:447-461. DOI: 10.1111/gfs.12501
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Santos, E.R.S., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., D.M. Jaramillo, L. Garcia, L.M.D. Queiroz, C.S. Silva, and D.S. Abreu. 2020. Overseeding cool-season forages on rhizoma peanut fields. Crop, Forage, & Turfgrass 6:e20060 https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20060
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Santos, E.R.S., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., D.M. JaramilloG, L. Garcia, C. Mackowiak, A.R.S. Blount, J.D. Pereira Neto, L.M.D. Queiroz, M. Ruiz-Moreno. 2020. Herbage responses and nitrogen agronomic efficiency of bahiagrass-legume mixtures. Agronomy Journal 112:4057-4068. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20278
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Schulmeister, T.M., M. Ruiz-Moreno, M. Garcia-Ascolani, F. M. Ciriaco, D. D. Henry, J. Benitez, E. R. S. Santos, J. C. B. Dubeux Jr., G. C. Lamb, and N. DiLorenzo. 2020. Apparent total tract digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolites in beef steers fed green-chopped cool-season forages. Journal of Animal Sciences 98:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa175
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Nair, V.D, L.E. Sollenberger, W.G. Harris, A.N. Sharpley, A.M. Freitas, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., A.N. Rodriguez. 2020. Mining of Soil Legacy Phosphorus without Jeopardizing Crop Yield. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 3:e20056 https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20056
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Gomes, F.K., B.G.C. Homem, M.D.B.L. Oliveira, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., R.M. Boddey, T.F. Bernardes, D.R. Casagrande. 2020. Defoliation frequency affects litter responses and nitrogen excretion by heifers in palisadegrass-forage peanut pastures. Agronomy Journal 112:3089-3100. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20240
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Dubeux, J.C.B., Jr.; E. Twidwell. 2020. Hurricane Preparation and Recovery in the Southeastern United States  Forage Producers Guide. USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station/USDA Southeast Climate Hub, June 2020. p.1-48.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Vendramini, J., A.R. Blount, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr. 2020. Alyceclover  Summer Annual Legume. EDIS SS-AGR-47. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ds123
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Blount, A.R., M. Wallau, E. Rios, J.M.B. Vendramini, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., Md. A. Babar, K.E. Kenworthy, M. Mulvaney, and K.H. Quesenberry. 2020. 2020 Cool-season Forage Variety Recommendations for Florida. EDIS SS-AGR-84. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/aa266
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Dubeux, J., D. Abreu, N. DiLorenzo, L. Queiroz, E. Santos, D. Jaramillo, C. Garcia, F. Van Cleef, A. Maderal, and M. Almeida. 2020. Supplementation of molasses-based liquid feed for cattle fed on limpograss hay in North Florida. The Florida Cattleman and Livestock Journal, November 2020, v.85, n.2, p.62-68.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Dubeux, J.C.B., Jr., L. Garcia, D. Jaramillo, E. Santos, F. van Cleef, L. Queiroz. 2020. How much nitrogen forage legumes can add to grazing systems in FL? The Florida Cattleman and Livestock Journal, July 2020, v. 84, n.10, p.8-10.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Dubeux, J.C.B., Jr., D. Abreu, L. Dantas, A. Blount, E. Santos, D. Jaramillo, F. van Cleef, C. Garcia. 2020. Seeding rate affects performance of oats and black oats in North Florida. Available at Seeding Rate Affects Performance of Oats and Black Oats in North Florida | Panhandle Agriculture (ufl.edu)
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Cooley, K.D., L.E. Sollenberger, M.M. Kohmann, A.S. Blount, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., M.L. Silveira, L.S. da Silva, and P. Aryal. 2020. Rhizoma peanut herbage and root-rhizome responses to extended regrowth periods. Crop Sci. 60:2802-2813. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20236
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Jaramillo, D.M., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., J.M.B. Vendramini, L.M.D. Queiroz, E.R.S. Santos, M. Ruiz-Moreno, L. Garcia, D.S. Abreu, L.R. Miranda, M.C.F. Siqueira. 2020. Establishment techniques affect productivity, nutritive value, and atmospheric-N2 fixation of two sunn hemp cultivars. Grass & Forage Science 75:153-158. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12472
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Aryal, P., L.E. Sollenberger, M.M. Khomann, L.S. da Silva, E.M. Shepard, K.D. Cooley, D.L. Rowland, and J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr. 2020. Rhizoma peanut genotype and planting date affect biomass allocation patterns and establishment performance. Crop Science 60:1690-1701. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20142
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Lima, H.B., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., M.A. Lira, A.C.L. de Mello, M.V.F. dos Santos, M.V. Cunha, E.V.de Freitas, V.X.O. Apolin�rio. 2020. Herbage responses of signalgrass under full sun or shade in a silvopasture system using tree legumes. Agronomy Journal 112:1839-1848. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20137
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Dubeux,J.C.B., Jr. 2020. The Art and Science of Grazing Management. Available at http://nwdistrict.ifas.ufl.edu/phag/2020/03/27/the-art-and-science-of-grazing-management/ also featured at https://florida.growingamerica.com/news/2020/04/art-and-science-grazing-management
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Grabau, Z., J. Dubeux, M. Wallau, and M. Tsegay. 2020. Rotation Crops for Managing Nematodes in Corn-Intensive Operations. Available at Rotation Crops for Managing Nematodes in Corn-Intensive Operations | Panhandle Agriculture (ufl.edu)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Van Cleef, F., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., J.M.B. Vendramini, L.E. Sollenberger, H.D. Naumann, E.R.S. Santos, D.M. Jaramillo, L. Garcia, M. Ruiz-Moreno, and N. DiLorenzo. 2020. Nitrous oxide emission from excreta of beef steers fed a tannin-rich legume. ASA/CSSA/SSSA International Annual Meeting Abstracts, virtual meeting, AZ. Available at ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting (social27.com)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Jaramillo, D.M., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., N. DiLorenzo, L.E. Sollenberger, J.M.B. Vendramini, C. Mackowiak, L.M.D. Queiroz, B.G. Homem, M. Ruiz-Moreno, E.R.S. Santos, F. van Cleef, L. Garcia, C.V. Garcia. 2020. Water footprint of beef production in contrasting N fertilized or grass-legume mixed grazing systems. ASA/CSSA/SSSA International Annual Meeting Abstracts, virtual meeting, AZ. Available at ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting (social27.com)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Abreu, D.S., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., L.M.D. Queiroz, D.M. Jaramillo, E.R.S. Santos, F. van Cleef, F. Pinese, C.V. Garcia, J.H. Andriarimalala, M. Ruiz-Moreno. 2020. Productive and morphological responses of oats (Avena sativa L.) and black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) under different seeding rates. ASA/CSSA/SSSA International Annual Meeting Abstracts, virtual meeting, AZ. Available at ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting (social27.com)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: van Cleef, F.O.S., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., E.R.S. Santos, D.M Jaramillo, M. Ruiz-Moreno, and N. DiLorenzo. 2020. Traceability of diet composition in the plasma of beef steers consuming a tannin-rich legume. ASA/CSSA/SSSA International Annual Meeting Abstracts, virtual meeting, AZ. Available at ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting (social27.com)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Harling, J.F., Jr., C.H.L. de Souza, E.F. Rios, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., L.E. Sollenberger, P. Aryal, and J. Archarya. 2020. Harvest height and frequency for alfalfa-bermudagrass mixtures in Florida. ASA/CSSA/SSSA International Annual Meeting Abstracts, virtual meeting, AZ. Available at ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting (social27.com)
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Dubeux, J.C.B., Jr., A. Blount, F. Pinese, L. Dantas, E. Santos, D. Jaramillo, L. Garcia, and F. van Cleef. 2020. Seeding rate affects performance of oats and black oats. The Florida Cattleman and Livestock Journal, February 2020, v. 84, n.4, p.43-46.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Abreu, D.S., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., L.D. Queiroz, D. Jaramillo, E. Santos, C.V. Garcia, F. Van Cleef, B. Grossi, and M. Ruiz-Moreno. 2020. Characterization of the Structure and Nutritional Value of Grazed Stockpiled Limpograss (Hemarthria altissima), in Northern Florida, USA. ASA/CSSA/SSSA International Annual Meeting Abstracts, virtual meeting, AZ. Available at ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting (social27.com)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Queiroz, L.M.D., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., L.E. Sollenberger, J.M.B. Vendramini, H. Liao, M. Ruiz-Moreno, D.R. Casagrande, D.S. Abreu, C.V. Garcia, D.M. Jaramillo, E.R.S. Santos, F.O. van Cleef. 2020. Tracking nitrogen transfer in grass-legume system using enriched 15N2. ASA/CSSA/SSSA International Annual Meeting Abstracts, virtual meeting, AZ. Available at ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting (social27.com)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Garcia, C.V., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., X. Martini, D. Conover, E.R.S. Santos, B. Grossi, M. Ruiz-Moreno, I. Gomes, L. Dantas, D. Abreu, F. van Cleef. 2020. Assemblage of dung beetle species affects greenhouse gas emission and nutrient cycling. 2020. ASA/CSSA/SSSA International Annual Meeting Abstracts, virtual meeting, AZ. Available at ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting (social27.com)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Liu, J.C., C.L. Mackowiak, J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., H.L. Liao, A. Blount. 2020. Perennial grass-legume impacts on the vertical distribution of soil nutrient and quality indicators. ASA/CSSA/SSSA International Annual Meeting Abstracts, virtual meeting, AZ. Available at ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting (social27.com)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Queiroz, L.M.D., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., L.E. Sollenberger, J.M.B. Vendramini, H.L. Liao, D.M. Jaramillo, E.R.S. Santos, C.V. Garcia, H.M.S. Silva, B.G.C. Homem, M. Ruiz-Moreno, D.S. Abreu, and F. van Cleef. 2020. Aboveground responses of rhizoma peanut entries in bahiagrass mixtures across multiple locations. ASA/CSSA/SSSA International Annual Meeting Abstracts, virtual meeting, AZ. Available at ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting (social27.com)