Progress 05/15/23 to 05/14/24
Outputs
Target Audience:Two presentations were given or submitted at agricultural conferences in 2023 and 2024. The first presentation, titled "Estimating Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure Using Geographic Information (GIS) And Landsat Remote Sensing (LRS)" was presented at the 81st Professional Agricultural Workers Conference (PAWC) on October 29-31, 2023. The second presentation, titled "Pesticide Spray Drift from Agricultural Applications: A Case Study in Macon County, Alabama" will be presented at the 2024 ARD Biennial Research Symposium on April 6-9, 2024, at the Gaylord Opryland Hotel in Nashville, Tennessee. The 81st PAWC is a conference that brings together experts from the national land grant community, state agencies, federal departments, and private sectors to advance innovative practices, tools, and policies. The theme for the conference was "Revisiting Our Roots: Unlocking the Power of Agriculture." The 2024 ARD Biennial Research Symposium's theme is "Climate, Health and Cultivating the Next Generation of Agriculture Leaders: Creating Solutions in Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources. The ARD Symposium is designed to serve as a platform for fostering collaboration, sharing of knowledge, networking, and showcasing the myriad of talents and accomplishments within the 1890 community. The symposium provides an opportunity for attendees to actively engage with peers, experts, and stakeholders in a stimulating environment characterized by the exchange of ideas and experiences. The goal is to leverage these interactions to expand partnerships across the 1890 community and drive innovation, growth, and progress in various areas of interest. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Our project aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the propagation of pesticides near agricultural fields. The primary goal is to identify any health risks that may arise from exposure to these hazardous substances. By gathering relevant data and information, we aim to determine the best time for pesticide application to minimize the hazards associated with pesticide drift. We are developing a user guide to provide training workshops for staff, county agents, directors, and administrators at Tuskegee University and the University of Illinois Springfield. These workshops will focus on the safe and responsible use of pesticides and will ensure that all stakeholders are aware of the potential dangers of pesticide exposure. The information and resources obtained from this project will be used to improve the safety and efficiency of pesticide usage in agriculture. We believe that by working together and being proactive towards the spread of pesticides, we can protect the health and well-being of farmers, workers, and the wider community. use in agriculture. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?In 2023 and 2024, two presentations were given at agricultural conferences. The first presentation, titled "Estimating Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure Using Geographic Information (GIS) And Landsat Remote Sensing (LRS)," was presented at the 81st Professional Agricultural Workers Conference (PAWC) on October 29-31, 2023. The second presentation, titled "Pesticide Spray Drift from Agricultural Applications: A Case Study in Macon County, Alabama," will be presented at the 2024 ARD Biennial Research Symposium on April 6-9, 2024, at the Gaylord Opryland Hotel in Nashville, Tennessee. The 81st PAWC brings together experts from the national land grant community, state agencies, federal departments, and private sectors to advance innovative practices, tools, and policies. The theme of the conference was "Revisiting Our Roots: Unlocking the Power of Agriculture." The 2024 ARD Biennial Research Symposium's theme is "Climate, Health and Cultivating the Next Generation of Agriculture Leaders: Creating Solutions in Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources." The ARD Symposium is designed to serve as a platform for fostering collaboration, sharing of knowledge, networking, and showcasing talents and accomplishments within the 1890 community. It provides an opportunity for attendees to engage with peers, experts, and stakeholders in an environment characterized by the exchange of ideas and experiences. The goal is to leverage these interactions to expand partnerships across the 1890 community and drive innovation, growth, and progress in various areas of interest. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective: Determine the public health risk of pesticide inhalation and educate the community about the risk of pesticide exposure. The project team has developed a questionnaire and plans to test it in the early part of summer 2024 and fall 2024. However, they have been struggling to find a graduate student who is willing to assist them in executing the objectives of the project. As a result, they have decided to recruit a graduate student from Tuskegee University, who will be trained to use OpenAir, AgDrift, and HYSPLIT models under the guidance and help of the project director. Despite announcing the project several times on various platforms, no graduate student has applied for the position. The team intends to recruit a new graduate student in fall 2024 and provide them with hands-on training to ensure they are adequately prepared for their role. In addition, the team is requesting an extension of the project until May 2025 since the current end date of the grant is 5/14/2024. The primary reason for the extension request is that a new Co-PI from the University of Illinois at Springfield has recently been appointed. The previous director left the university, and the new Co-PI started her position in the spring of 2024. She has been working diligently to gather data and organize a workshop as part of this project. Therefore, the team requires more time to complete the project's objectives adequately and organize workshops as a part of this project. Some of the ongoing and future activities related to this project are: Institutional Review Board approval process at the University of Illinois at Springfield (UIS). Identify community or potential participants for the questionnaire survey. Secondary data collection for GIS mapping, especially the base maps. Planning to conduct a workshop at both TU and UIS Universities that includes information dissemination from this project about the ongoing project activities. Hire a graduate student to work on the project. Conduct a questionnaire to learn about people's exposure to pesticides in urban areas and their health symptoms. Therefore, we would like to formally request an additional twelve-month at no-cost extension for the grant to get the work done. We hope this is enough information to decide on the extension.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
These objectives have been completed in both Macon County Alabama and Sangamon County, Illinois. a) Determine the concentration of airborne pesticides in urban agricultural communities and the related meteorological conditions. b) Develop pesticide concentrations dispersion and trajectory model as influenced by weather conditions. c) Map the study areas using GIS technology Two presentations were given or submitted at agricultural conferences in 2023 and 2024. The first presentation, titled "Estimating Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure Using Geographic Information (GIS) And Landsat Remote Sensing (LRS)," was presented at the 81st Professional Agricultural Workers Conference (PAWC) on October 29-31, 2023. The second presentation, titled "Pesticide Spray Drift from Agricultural Applications: A Case Study in Macon County, Alabama," will be presented at the 2024 ARD Biennial Research Symposium on April 6-9, 2024, at the Gaylord Opryland Hotel in Nashville, Tennessee. Three publications in peer-reviewed journals with high impact factors, two have been published and the third one is under review. These are as follows: El Afandi, G.; Ismael, H.; Fall, S. Application of OpenAir and AgDRIFT Models to Estimate Organophosphate Pesticide Spray Drift: A Case Study in Macon County, Alabama. Agriculture 2023, 13, 1763. doi: 10.3390/agriculture13091763 El Afandi, G.; Ismael, H.; Fall, S.; Ankumah, R. Effectiveness of Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques to Estimate the Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides Drift over Macon, Alabama. Agronomy 2023, 13, 1759. doi: 10.3390/agronomy13071759 El Afandi, G.; Ismael, H.; Fall, S. A hybrid modeling approach for estimating the exposure to organophosphate pesticide drift in Sangamon County, Illinois. Under Review.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
El Afandi, G.; Ismael, H.; Fall, S.; Ankumah, R. Effectiveness of Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques to Estimate the Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides Drift over Macon, Alabama. Agronomy 2023, 13, 1759. doi: 10.3390/agronomy13071759
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
El Afandi, G.; Ismael, H.; Fall, S. Application of OpenAir and AgDRIFT Models to Estimate Organophosphate Pesticide Spray Drift: A Case Study in Macon County, Alabama. Agriculture 2023, 13, 1763. doi: 10.3390/agriculture13091763
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
El Afandi, G.; Ismael, H.; Fall, S. A hybrid modeling approach for estimating the exposure to organophosphate pesticide drift in Sangamon County, Illinois.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
El Afandi, G.; Ismael, H.; Fall, S. Estimating Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure Using Geographic Information (GIS) And Landsat Remote Sensing (LRS).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
El Afandi, G.; Ismael, H.; Fall, S. Pesticide Spray Drift from Agricultural Applications: A Case Study in Macon County, Alabama
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Progress 05/15/22 to 05/14/23
Outputs
Target Audience:Two presentations were presented at the 80th Professional Agricultural Workers Conference (PAWC) on November 13-15, 2022. The first one was under the title "Risk Assessment of Pesticides Spray Drift from Agricultural Applications: Case Study Macon County, Alabama". The second one was under the title "Effectiveness of Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques to Estimate the Agricultural Pesticides Exposure Drift over Macon, Alabama". PAWC's mission is to improve the abilities and contributions of agricultural and related professionals (business, government, university, and community professionals) engaged in identifying, utilizing, and disseminating emerging technologies, information, problem-solving, policy formulation, and strategy development for advancing individuals and communities. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The findings of this project will identify the dispersal pattern of pesticides in surrounding areas near the agricultural field and evaluate any health implications due to possible exposure to pesticides. In addition, the dispersal pattern will provide data that will inform the timing of pesticide applications in the quest to reduce exposure resulting from pesticide drift during application. As well, the project has developed the HYSPLIT user guide that will be used in training. All these facilities and findings will be used in training workshops for the faculty, staff, county agents, directors, and administrators of the Tuskegee University Cooperative Extension Program (TUCEP). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Two presentations were presented at the 80th Professional Agricultural Workers Conference (PAWC) on November 13-15, 2022. The first one was under the title "Risk Assessment of Pesticides Spray Drift from Agricultural Applications: Case Study Macon County, Alabama". The second one was under the title "Effectiveness of Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques to Estimate the Agricultural Pesticides Exposure Drift over Macon, Alabama". The PAWC conference has been organized by the College of Agricultural Environment and Nutrition Sciences at Tuskegee University, with representatives from the national land grant community, and from the state, federal, and private sectors. The participants were from USDA, USDI, and other Federal Agencies, Private Sector, and Non-Profit Organizations, Private Sector, and Non-Profit Organizations, 1862 and 1994 Universities, Hispanic Serving Institutions and other 1890 HBCUs Universities, and many other universities. PAWC's mission is to improve the abilities and contributions of agricultural and related professionals (business, government, university, and community professionals) engaged in identifying, utilizing, and disseminating emerging technologies, information, problem-solving, policy formulation, and strategy development for advancing individuals and communities. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Determine the concentration of airborne pesticides in urban agricultural communities and the related meteorological conditions. Develop pesticide concentrations dispersion and trajectory model as influenced by weather conditions. Map the study areas using GIS technology. We are going to repeat the same procedures that have been done over Alabama in collaboration with our collaborators at the University of Illinois Springfield on their case in Springfield. The main objective of this step is to compare two different agroecological zones (Alabama and Illinois) to study the impacts of different weather conditions on the dispersion of pesticides and identify the most potential areas. Determine the public health risk of pesticide inhalation and educate the community about the risk of pesticide exposure. A questionnaire has been developed and was expected to be tested in the early part of the summer of 2022 and the Fall of 2022. Also, a graduate student was recruited and well-trained to use the HYSPLIT model (under guidance and help from the project director) to execute the objectives of this project. This graduate student also has completed the introduction and literature review of her master's thesis at Tuskegee University. Suddenly in the Fall of 2022, she decided to withdraw from the program because she felt that she has been under much stress that it has affected her health (especially her mental health) and general well-being. Therefore, we are going to recruit a new graduate student this Fall of 2023 and give him/her hands-on training (Under guidance and help from the project director) to be able to use the HYSPLIT and AgDrift models to execute the objectives of this project. In addition, during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals, we are going to do the following: Recruit participants Administer the questionnaire. Hire a research assistant. Collect secondary data for GIS analysis such as weather patterns, wind direction, and velocity.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Determine the concentration of airborne pesticides in urban agricultural communities and the related meteorological conditions. Develop pesticide concentrations dispersion and trajectory model as influenced by weather conditions. Map the study areas using GIS technology. These objectives have been partially completed in Macon County Alabama. Two presentations were presented at the 80th Professional Agricultural Workers Conference on November 13-15, 2022. The first one was under the title "Risk Assessment of Pesticides Spray Drift from Agricultural Applications: Case Study Macon County, Alabama". The second one was under the title "Effectiveness of Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques to Estimate the Agricultural Pesticides Exposure Drift over Macon, Alabama". In addition, two publications are under review by authors and will be well-prepared for publication in peer-reviewed journals with high impact factors.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
El Afandi, G.; Ismael, H.; Fall, S.; Ankumah, R. Risk Assessment of Pesticides Spray Drift from Agricultural Applications: Case Study Macon County, Alabama
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
El Afandi, G.; Ismael, H.; Fall, S.; Ankumah, R. Effectiveness of Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques to Estimate the Exposure to Agricultural Pesticides Drift over Macon, Alabama.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
El Afandi, G.; Ismael, H.; Fall, S.; Ankumah, R. Effectiveness of Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques to Estimate the Exposure to Agricultural Pesticides Drift over Macon, Alabama. Preprints.org 2023, 2023040182. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202304.0182.v1.
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Progress 05/15/21 to 05/14/22
Outputs
Target Audience:Two presentations and one poster and questionnaire were made at three different meetings to raise awareness regarding the improper pesticide use in agriculture that can negatively influence the health of individuals in the urban-agricultural interface. The first Presentation: It was presented at 79th Professional Agricultural Workers Conference (PAWC), December 5-7, 2021. PAWC is national in scope including representatives from the national land grant community, and from the state, federal, and private sectors. The title of this presentation was "The Impacts of Seasonal Meteorological Conditions on Pesticide Dispersion in Alabama using the HYSPLIT model". The audience learned more about the background of the impacts of seasonal meteorological conditions on pesticide dispersion in Alabama. These could be summarized as follows: Pesticides are among the main causes of air pollution in agricultural areas. Alabama as one of the agricultural states in the US records a high use of pesticides. During application, a significant fraction (i.e., approximately 15 to 40%) of pesticides is dispersed in the atmosphere up to a thousand miles away. Major ways in which these pesticides disperse in the atmosphere include Volatilization and spray drift. Studies show that pesticides in the atmosphere can be transported up to thousands of miles away from the point of application. The extent of pesticide dispersion due to vertical and horizontal drift depends on atmospheric conditions, especially wind speed and temperature, which tend to differ from season to season. The main objectives of this presentation were: Develop pesticide concentrations dispersion and trajectory model as influenced by weather conditions. Map the study areas using GIS technology. Determine the public health risk of pesticide inhalation and educate the community about the risk of pesticide exposure. Conclusion: The results from the model will provide data that will inform the timing of pesticide applications in the quest to reduce exposure resulting from pesticide drift during application. The Poster and Questionaire: It has been presented at 130th Annual Farmers Conference, February 15-17th, 2022. The Farmers Conference at Tuskegee University is often cited as the oldest event of its type in the nation. This conference represented a two-day educational forum that features tours, panel discussions, interactive demonstrations, and concurrent workshops. The theme for this year's conference was "Regenerating Farms, Economies, and Communities". The conference sessions have addressed emerging issues surrounding small farmers, farm families, and rural communities. The title of the poster was: "Awareness of Risks Associated with Pesticide use and Air Dispersion in Urban Agricultural Interface Communities in Alabama and Illinois" The main objectives of this poster were: Determine the public health risk of pesticide inhalation and educate the community about the risk of pesticide exposure. Evaluate the knowledge of the health effects of pesticides among people living near the agricultural area through a questionnaire survey. Prepare a story map as a tool to create public health awareness among people potentially exposed to pesticides in their surroundings. Questionnaire: Risk Assessment of Pesticide Use in Urban Agricultural Interface Communities. Expected Outcomes from the poster and questionnaire: The study will determine the concentration of pesticides frequently used in the agricultural land of Illinois and Alabama. The GIS Model and meteorological data will help find the dispersal pattern of pesticides in surrounding areas near the agricultural field and evaluate any health implications due to possible exposure to pesticides. Finally, the questionnaire survey will help determine public awareness of pesticides and possibly establish an intervention campaign to educate the community about the risk of pesticide exposure. The Second Presentation: It was presented at the 2022 Association of 1890 Research Directors Research Symposium (ARD), Atlanta Marriott Marquis, April 2 - 5, 2022. The 2022 Symposium has been held from April 2 to April 5, 2022, at the Atlanta Marriott Marquis in Atlanta, GA. This Symposium attracted more than 900 participants and more than 500 research papers and posters were presented. The ARD is the federation of the nineteen (19) autonomous 1890 land grant universities that provides coordination of research initiatives among member 1890 Institutions in cooperation with federal, state, and private partners. The title of this presentation was: "Estimating the Health Risks Due to Pesticide Dispersion in the Agricultural Interface Communities in Alabama". Rational of this study: There has been a lack of effective state laws on preventive measures against pesticide exposure at the community level. The lack of unpromising efforts towards protecting the communities surrounding agricultural areas makes this worthy of being assessed. This study will therefore assess the pesticide use and air dispersion in the urban agricultural interface communities. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The findings of this project will identify the dispersal pattern of pesticides in surrounding areas near the agricultural field and evaluate any health implications due to possible exposure to pesticides. In addition, the dispersal pattern will provide data that will inform the timing of pesticide applications in the quest to reduce exposure resulting from pesticide drift during application. As well, the project has developed the HYSPLIT user guide that will be used in training. All these facilities and findings will be used in training workshops for the faculty, staff, county agents, directors, and administrators of the Tuskegee University Cooperative Extension Program (TUCEP). The mission of the TUCEP is to provide comprehensive research-based educational programs designed for lifelong learning to assist limited-resource families, both urban and rural, and other groups and organizations, to improve their quality of life in a technological global society. Therefore, they will be able to determine the public health risk of pesticide inhalation and educate the community about the risk of pesticide exposure. In addition to raising awareness regarding the improper pesticide use in agriculture that can negatively influence the health of individuals in the urban-agricultural interface. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Follow up on the sampling equipment for the project. Examine the pesticide exposure at urban/agricultural interfaces where possible and simulate it if they cannot be found. Discuss alternative approaches to estimate health risks due to pesticide exposure. Historical data on related pesticide exposure and effects in the study area will be accessed through the Department of Health. Recruit participants and administer the questionnaire. The questionnaire will be used to survey pesticide awareness among people living around agricultural areas. Completion of the master thesis for the graduate student. Hands-on training workshops for the TUCEP at Tuskegee University, graduate and undergraduate students, community, farmers, professional experts, stakeholders, and decision-makers.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The Project Director and the Co-PDs are doing their best to overcome many problems due to the covid-19 lockdown during the first and second years of the project. Therefore, this affects the progress in accomplishing the objectives. Although of these obstacles, the teamwork of the project was able to produce two presentations, a poster, and a questionnaire. In addition to tutorials and hands-on training for graduate students at Tuskegee University on the use of the dispersion model (HYSPLIT). These tutorials followed the given instructions by NOAA as follows: Installing HYSPLIT Testing the installation Gridded Meteorological Data Files Trajectory calculations Trajectory options Trajectory statistics Air Concentration Calculations Configuring the CAPTEX simulation Air Concentration Parameter Sensitivity Alternate display options Pollutant transformations and deposition Air concentration Uncertainty Source attribution methods Custom simulations Therefore, the recruited and well-trained graduate student assigned to this project will be able to use the HYSPLIT model (under guidance and help from the project director) to execute the objectives of this project. This graduate student also has completed the introduction and literature review of her Master's thesis at Tuskegee University. a) Determine the concentration of airborne pesticides in urban agricultural communities and the related meteorological conditions: This objective will be executed starting this summer semester of 2022. b) Develop pesticide concentrations dispersion and trajectory model as influenced by weather conditions: This objective will be executed starting this Fall semester of 2022. C. Map the study areas using GIS technology: A study area in the Springfield IL area has been identified. The GIS coordinates for the area were also determined. At the same time, the study area will be done in the agricultural interface communities in Macon County, Alabama. D. Determine the public health risk of pesticide inhalation and educate the community about the risk of pesticide exposure: A questionnaire has been developed and will be tested in the early part of the summer of 2022 and the Fall of 2022. Graduate students are also being recruited for the project at the University of Illinois at Springfield, IL also at Tuskegee University.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
The Impacts of Seasonal Meteorological Conditions on Pesticide Dispersion in Alabama using the HYSPLIT model
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Awareness of Risks Associated with Pesticide use and Air Dispersion in Urban Agricultural Interface Communities in Alabama and Illinois
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Estimating the Health Risks Due to Pesticide Dispersion in the Agricultural Interface Communities in Alabama
- Type:
Other
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Questionnaire: Risk Assessment of Pesticide Use in Urban Agricultural Interface Communities
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Progress 05/15/20 to 05/14/21
Outputs
Target Audience:Two presentations were made at two different meetings to raise awareness regarding the improper pesticide use in agriculture that can negatively influence the health of individuals in the urban-agricultural interface. The Project Director presented the first one during the extension monthly meeting on August 27, 2020, to the faculty, staff, county agents, directors, and administrators of the Tuskegee University Cooperative Extension Program (TUCEP). The mission of the TUCEP is to provide comprehensive research-based educational programs designed for life-long learning to assist limited-resource families, both urban and rural, and other groups and organizations, to improve their quality of life in a technological global society. The second one was presented at the Professional Agricultural Workers Conference (PAWC) on the 6th to 8th of December 2020. The conference has been organized by the College of Agricultural Environment and Nutrition Sciences at Tuskegee University, with representatives from the national land grant community, and from the state, federal, and private sectors. The participants were from USDA, USDI, and other Federal Agencies, Private Sector, and Non-Profit Organizations, Private Sector and Non-Profit Organizations, 1862 and 1994 Universities, Hispanic Serving Institutions and other 1890 HBCUs Universities and many other universities. http://pawc.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/program-vfairs-dec-5.pdf Due to the ongoing COVID pandemic, both the 2020 PAWC and the TUCEP were held virtually. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Recruit participants and administer the questionnaire. Provide GIS coordinate for the project sites. Identify four possible locations, two of which will be selected for sampling. Sites will be selected less than 1 mile from the site of the application. Mostly places with farmland behind their residence. Identify and purchase equipment (Air Samplers and other Facilities) for pesticide sampling bases on the type of crop grown. Historical data of related pesticide exposure and effects in the study area will be accessed through the Department of Health. We will examine the pesticide exposure at urban/agricultural interfaces where possible and simulate it if they cannot be found.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Due to the covid-19 lockdown during the year, there was very little progress made on accomplishing the objectives. C. Map the study areas using GIS technology: A study area in the Springfield IL area has been identified. The GIS coordinates for the area are yet to be determined. In addition, Cotton and Soybean growers near Selma, Alabama has been identified because they are using a large number of pesticides. D. Determine the public health risk of pesticide inhalation and educate the community about the risk of pesticide exposure: A questionnaire has been developed for pretesting in the early part of the summer. Graduate students are also being recruited for the project.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Risk Assessment of Pesticide Use and Air Dispersion in Urban Agricultural Interface Communities
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Health Effects of Pesticide Use in Alabama
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