MULTIPLE STRESSORS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS OF OHIO

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1021815
• Project Start Date: Dec 4, 2019
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2024
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
1680 MADISON AVENUE
WOOSTER,OH 44691

Performing Department
School of Natural Resources

Non Technical Summary
Clean, fresh water is essential to all life. Freshwater ecosystems that are fully functional provide many services to humans and the environment, such as clean drinking water, water for animals and crops, reservoirs of biodiversity, and places of recreation. For example, freshwater recreational and commercial fisheries support local, regional, and national economies. Recreational fishing alone is valued at $115 billion dollars in overall economic output and supports over 800,000 jobs in the United States. Ohio recreational fisheries bring in over $2 billion a year. Thus, the services provided by healthy freshwater ecosystems are essential to human well-being. However, degradation of aquatic ecosystems is rampant and most waterways are facing threats from multiple sources, such as nutrient run-off from farmland, urban development, increasing temperatures due to climate change, and invasive species. Gaining a better understanding of the complex and intertwined issues facing our waterways should help us better manage freshwater resources now and for the future.The goal of our project is to investigate how aquatic ecosystems - and all the animals and plants that comprise an ecosystem - respond to multiple environmental stressors. Stressors, or environmental changes that affect the way an animal, a species, or ecosystem functions, often act in concert such that when there are two or more stressors acting on a system, the impact is much more severe than if we just added up the independent effects of each stressor. Therefore, there is a critical need to understand the different stressors acting on Ohio's aquatic ecosystems and how they impact freshwater resources. Using a variety of approaches, we will (a) examine multiple stressors and their effects on individuals, populations, and whole ecosystems, and (b) engage stakeholders and community members to better inform management of freshwater resources and increase awareness of the issues facing aquatic ecosystems in Ohio and the Midwest. For example, we will use field-based surveys to examine changes in: biodiversity or the number and function of different species present in a system, animal and plant community structure, and the productivity (or total amount of living things) of the system. These studies will examine diverse waterways, including streams, rivers, wetlands, ponds and lakes and will simultaneously identify stressors affecting the system by taking measurements of water quality. We will pair field-based work with controlled experiments in semi-natural mesocosms (i.e. artificial ponds) and in the laboratory. For example, we will control levels of one or more stressors and test how individual animals and populations respond to those stressors behaviorally and physiologically. We will integrate the results from these various research methods to gain a better understanding of the effects of complex and interacting stressors on individual animals, various aquatic species, and the ecosystem in which they live. Our integrative research will help us to better understand the impact of multiple stressors on Ohio's aquatic ecosystems. This knowledge can then be translated through engagement with our partners, stakeholders, and the community to bring meaningful awareness about the state of water quality in Ohio and importantly how we can better manage and predict effects on the services provided by aquatic ecosystems.

Animal Health Component

10%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

80%

Applied

10%

Developmental

10%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
135	0399	1070	45%
112	0320	1070	10%
136	0399	1070	45%

Knowledge Area
135 - Aquatic and Terrestrial Wildlife; 136 - Conservation of Biological Diversity; 112 - Watershed Protection and Management;

Subject Of Investigation
0320 - Watersheds; 0399 - Watersheds and river basins, general;

Field Of Science
1070 - Ecology;

Keywords

water quality

freshwater

environmental change

ecosystem functioning

biodiversity

education and outreach

multiple stressors

rivers

lakes

wetlands

Goals / Objectives
Our overarching goal is to investigate the relative impact of multiple stressors on Ohio's aquatic ecosystems. We will achieve this goal using the following specific objectives:1. Examine the relative importance and interactions of multiple stressors on responses across levels of biological organization (e.g., individuals, populations, communities, ecosystems) within Ohio's major watersheds and across the region.2. Translate research to decision-making agencies and the public through outreach and education.

Project Methods
Our collective research toolbox spans a suite of methodologies including, but not limited to, laboratory experiments, semi-natural mesocosm studies, large-scale field surveys and monitoring, and predictive modeling. In addition, our complementary research foci on individuals (Gray), populations and species (Pintor), and ecosystems (Sullivan) allow us to use an integrative approach needed to tackle the issue of multiple stressors impacting Ohio's aquatic ecosystems.Facilities: Our group has access to an array of field equipment to conduct field surveys at all taxonomic levels and across spatial scales within a watershed - from headwater streams to main river channels, wetlands, ponds, and large lakes. For example, fish diversity and abundance can be determined using shock boats and backpack electrofishers, seines, block nets, etc. Mesocosm and laboratory tests of individual and population responses to stressors will take place at The Shiermeier Olentangy River Wetland Research Park (ORWRP) on OSU's Columbus campus. This facility has 64 outdoor mesocosms (640 L cattle tanks fed by ground water) with continuous water quality monitoring (in-line YSI sondes), aeration, and the capacity to manipulate several environmental stressors simultaneously. For example, we can manipulate nighttime light levels, turbidity, temperature, invasive species presence/absence, nutrient concentrations, etc. The ORWRP facility also has an analytical lab for processing samples. We additionally have IACUC approved wetlab space at the ORWRP and in Kottman Hall, equipped with flow-through and stand-alone aquarium systems that can hold a variety of species for short- and long-term experiments. These wetlabs will serve as space for conducting behavioral and physiological trials on individuals and populations to determine specific mechanisms driving individual-level responses to stressors.Objective 1: We will examine the individual- through ecosystem-level responses to multiple stressors through a combination of field surveys, manipulative field experiments, and controlled laboratory experiments.a) Ecosystem-level responses - Shifts in biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem productivity can indicate a loss or change in ecosystem functioning. Our work therefore aims to quantify the effect of anthropogenic stressors on ecosystem-level responses by assessing changes in, for example, food-web structure (e.g. food chain length, connectance, etc.), stream metabolism, rates of primary productivity, rates of decomposition, cross boundary nutrient flows, etc. across spatial and/or temporal scales. Assessing change at the level of communities and ecosystems can help to identify the interacting effects of stressors and which stressors have the largest overall impact, thus informing our research at other levels of biological organization (e.g., individuals, populations).b) Population- and species-level responses - We expect population-level responses to be indicated by population declines, changes in population demography or structure, and changes to population stability over time. We will therefore employ a number of approaches to test for population-level responses to multiple stressors - alone and in combination - including methods that will also help us link to individual responses and ecosystem functioning. For example, by pairing species assemblage surveys, that may indicate patterns of population change in natural settings, with semi-natural mesocosm studies, in which we can control and manipulate different stressors, we can estimate relative and interactive effects of each stressor. We can therefore measure changes in species interactions (e.g., predator-prey relationships, competitive outcomes), fitness, and shifts in population structure, to assess population-level responses to different stressors and how these might scale up to influence communities and ecosystem processes and scale down to individual organisms.c) Individual-level responses - Investigating how an individual organism responds to multiple stressors should provide insight into the mechanisms underlying changes at the population and ecosystem levels. Employing a physiological ecology approach (i.e. using physiological tools to test the capacity of individuals to respond to environmental change), experiments that assess the independent and interactive effects of important aquatic stressors (e.g., turbidity, excess nutrients, ALAN, temperature, invasive species) on individual organisms will be performed. These types of experiments testing, for example, changes in metabolic rate, thermal tolerance, behavioral shifts such as foraging rate and activity level, can provide a mechanistic understanding of higher-order changes (e.g., population declines, shifts in community structure).Objective 2: Our second objective is to translate our research to inform conservation and management decisions and to provide educational and outreach opportunities for the public. We will accomplish this by engaging partners and stakeholders in a series of workshops and by developing and delivering educational materials to the public through online and in-person venues.a) Workshops and Symposia: Workshops will largely engage stakeholder groups and agency partners that can use our research to inform management decisions. As one example, in our partnership with ODOT, workshops will be organized to reveal research on the effects of ALAN on sensitive stream systems near rural and urban roadways and promote discussions on ways to mitigate such effects while delivering the safety needs of the agency in lighting our roadways. Symposia will target the broader scientific audience both regionally and internationally. For example, Dr. Gray is co-organizing a symposium entitled, "Sensing the Environment: Molecules to Populations (Sensing the Anthropocene)" at the International Congress on the Biology of Fish 2020 in Montpellier, France. This symposium aims to bring together world experts on the sensory responses of fishes to changing environments and the implications for population-level persistence.b) Outreach and Education: Our group has several established outreach and educational programs that will be further developed to reach larger and more diverse audiences. For example, Dr. Sullivan runs a NSF-funded Louis Stokes Alliances for Minority Participation (LSAMP) Bridge Program in aquatic sciences each summer, providing 20 incoming freshmen per year with experiential learning in aquatics sciences. The ORWRP, directed by Dr. Sullivan, delivers a variety of outreach activities and hosts over 2500 people per year (K-12 students and teachers, agencies, public groups, etc.). Dr. Gray has established an outreach program, Water Across the World, that aims to link youth from rural Ohio and Uganda on common water quality issues. This program involves 2 to 3 teacher training workshops per year, monthly hands-on water quality monitoring for >100 students, and year-end events (e.g., school open-house in Uganda, water-centered and student-led fundraising activities in Ohio, etc.).

Progress 12/04/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:During the current reporting cycle, and our first year of this project, our target audience was largely the academic community as we consolidated existing data and research and sought peer feedback. Thus, we targeted regional and international professional societies. We also reached the academic audience more broadly through peer-reviewed publications. We further sought to engage policy-makers, for example, by publishing perspective pieces (e.g. Ames et al. 2020, Consevation Physiology; Sullivan et al. 2020, Science). Changes/Problems:The Covid pandemic and associated university and state restrictions on research and travel have had large, negative impacts on our research program. We rely heavily on field-based sampling with intensive laboratory analyses of samples. Most of our projects lost at least three months of sampling (April, May, June) and others had to be scaled back even after we were able to obtain exemptions to perform critical research. Much of our large-scale ecosystem response work requires either year-round or full growing season sampling. In the case of stream sampling for effects of artificial lighting at night, for example, our dataset is now compromised because we completely missed the spring sampling events. Some lab-based experiments (e.g. visual sensitivity of fish held under different levels of ALAN) were completely cancelled and will not likely happen in the near future as they require intensive animal husbandry and our spaces are too small to accommodate multiple people working at the same time. Other larger-scale, outdoor experiments that required building of infrastructure (e.g. erection of light poles and associated electrical installations in the experiment wetlands at the ORWRP. Additionally, the toll on training opportunities was very high. Hiring freezes and restrictions on students' activities meant that we could not hire the large number of undergraduate student field assistants that we typically do. These work experiences are invaluable are now completely lost for many students. Graduate students had to therefore work shorthanded after major delays in starting field and laboratory work. This will mean significant delays until graduation for many of our graduate students; we note that the stress of this situation for graduate students has been particularly difficult. The uncertainty around funding for additional semesters or years in some cases is of particular concern for both advisors and students. It was also difficult to retain students who had been recruited to start in the program in autumn 2020, again because of uncertainties surrounding funding and research. Each PI on our team worked diligently with our students and postdocs to develop scaled-back research plans, back-up research plans involving existing data or new computing tools, and contingencies for those back-ups. This mentorship alone took an exhausting toll on researchers, not to mention the re-arranging of entire research programs. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Across our three lab groups we are currently training 17 graduate students, 22 undergraduate researchers, and 2 postdoctoral fellows. We were scheduled to attend a number of professional conferences; some of these were cancelled and others were held virtually. Regardless, students participated in the process of developing abstracts and where possible delivering their presentations virtually. This resulted in 14 presentations of our research at society meetings. Some students also took advantage of the down-time from delayed fieldwork to take online courses. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The challenge of the Covid-19 pandemic has made dissemination of our results in traditional formats to target communities difficult. Nevertheless, we presented our work at various regional (e.g. Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference) and international (e.g. American Fisheries Society, Society for Freshwater Science) meetings that held virtual sessions in lieu of in-person events. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We are currently working within the bounds of Covid-19 restrictions on travel, number of people in a lab at any given time, etc. However, our hope is that within the next reporting cycle this situation will improve so that we can continue planned research activities (Objective 1) and outreach activities. Examples of planned work include continued intensive sampling (water quality, fish and invertebrate communities) of streams in the Ohio River basin to examine the complex dynamics between nutrient inputs and biodiversity; mesocosm studies of species interactions under various stressors (e.g., temperature, turbidity, hypoxia); and, lab-based experiments testing how individual fish respond elevated night lighting and other urban stream stressors (e.g., elevated turbidity and water temperature). Outreach and education efforts (Objective 2) will also resume in the next reporting year as, hopefully, Covid restrictions will lift. Some of our outreach activities, in particular, including the LSAMP aquatic program and Dr. Gray's Water Across the World outreach program linking rural youth in Ohio and Uganda, will re-commence in summer 2021.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? *Every aspect of our research was, and continues to be, affected by the Covid-19 pandemic and resulting university and state restrictions. We detail specific issues in the "Changes/Problems" section below. Objective 1. We have several large, ongoing projects that tackle our primary objective of investigating the influence of multiple human-induced stressors across levels of biological organization. In this reporting year, the first on this project, we focused on consolidating and disseminating existing data and performing critical field and laboratory work. For example: a) Ecosystem-level responses: Drs. Sullivan and Gray continue to study the effects of artificial lighting at night (ALAN) on stream and reservoir systems. After an initial delay of several months due to covid, we made progress on data collection. A complete sample of the fish communities at six bridges crossing urban sections of the Scioto River were made to investigate variation in fish community structure across gradients of ALAN in October 2020. Drs. Pintor and Sullivan are working on a large-scale project in the Ohio River watershed that evaluates the complex interactions of nutrient inputs and stream biodiversity. Dr. Sullivan's group published a paper (Sullivan et al. 2020) on the interactive effects of multiple stressors in urban streams. b) Population- and species-level responses: Dr. Pintor is leading a project that examines the ecological interactions between native and non-native crayfish species across their ranges. Some fieldwork was possible later in summer 2020 when research exemptions were permitted by the university and some related travel restrictions were lifted. Dr. Pintor's group published a paper in Hydrobiologia describing variation in foraging and predator-prey dynamics where the crayfish species overlap (Reisinger et al. 2020). In another study at the level of populations and species, Dr. Gray examined the relationship between management practices in small, privately owned farm ponds with water quality and fish health. This was coupled with a mesocosm experiment at The Shiermeier Olentangy River Wetland Research Park (ORWRP) on OSU's Columbus campus to test the effects of common aquatic dyes on fish growth. Analyses are ongoing and one Masters student is close to finishing their thesis. The completion of the thesis and final report have been disrupted due to Covid. Preliminary results were presented at by the student at the Midwest Fish and Wildlife Annual Meeting in January 2020. c) Individual-level responses: Dr. Gray is leading a project based in Lake Erie that seeks to understand how individual fish respond to severe harmful algal blooms (from excess non-point source nutrient loading) and elevated sedimentary turbidity (from more severe spring storms associated with climate change). In this reporting year her group presented to several audiences on the use of different lure colors by recreational anglers dependent on algal bloom conditions and the use of a phone app to collect data from recreational anglers. Dr. Gray and her students published this work in the Journal of Great Lakes Research (Nieman et al. 2020). Due to Covid restrictions planned field and lab work in 2020 has been postponed on this project; however, we were able to use historical data sets provided by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources to look for changes to patterns in angler behavior, walleye catch rates, and harmful algal bloom severity. Analyses are ongoing. Dr. Gray published a paper with several graduate student co-authors that offered a perspective in the journal Conservation Physiology on how we can better integrate physiological responses of individual organisms to population, community, and ecosystem levels of the biological hierarchy (Ames et al. 2020) Objective 2. As this project is only one year old, and due to restrictions and delays due to the Covid-19 pandemic, our outreach activities were minimal in 2020. a) Workshops and symposia: Planned workshops and symposia were cancelled in 2020. For example, Dr. Gray co-organized a symposium entitled, "Sensing the Environment: Molecules to Populations (Sensing the Anthropocene)" for the International Congress on the Biology of Fish 2020 in Montpellier, France. This symposium aims to bring together world experts on the sensory responses of fishes to changing environments and the implications for population-level persistence; however, the conference was cancelled and will now be held in summer 2021. b) Outreach and Education: Most activities were cancelled in 2020. For example, Dr. Sullivan runs a NSF-funded Louis Stokes Alliances for Minority Participation (LSAMP) Bridge Program in aquatic sciences each summer, providing 20 incoming freshmen per year with experiential learning in aquatics sciences; however, this was cancelled in 2020 due to university- and state-level Covid-19 restrictions.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Czaja, R. Sullivan, S.M.P. Sullivan, and L.M. Pintor. Environmental drivers of food-web structure in Ohio streams. American Fisheries Society Virtual Annual Meeting, Sept. 2020.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ames, E.M., M.R. Gade, C.M. Marroquin, C.L. Nieman, A. Tutterow, J. Wright, C. Tonra, S.M. Gray. 2020. Striving for population-level conservation: integrating physiology across the biological hierarchy. Conservation Physiology 8(1): coaa019. doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coaa019
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Sullivan, S. M. P., Bohenek, J. R., C�ceres, C., & Pomeroy, L. W. (2020). Multiple urban stressors drive fish-based ecological networks in streams of Columbus, Ohio, USA. Science of The Total Environment, 141970.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Nieman, C.L., S.M. Gray Seeing into The Past: An Investigation of The Relationship Between Visual Morphology and 90 Years of Anthropogenic Turbidity in Emerald Shiner 80th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, Springfield, IL. (Jan. 2020)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Nieman, C.L., T.K. Hrabak, S.M. Gray Can the Fish See the Bait on the Hook: The Relationship between Altered Visual Environments and Lure Color Choice. The American Fisheries Society Virtual Annual Meeting (Sept. 2020).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Sullivan, S.M.P., Rains, M.C., Rodewald, Buzbee, W.W., and A.D Rosemond. 2020. Distorting science, putting water at risk. Science 369:766-768.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Rieck, L.O., and S.M.P. Sullivan. 2020. Coupled fish-hydrogeomorphic responses to urbanization in streams of Columbus, Ohio, USA. PLoS ONE 15: e0234303.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Goss, C.W., Sullivan, S.M.P., and P.C. Goebel. 2020.. Effects of land-cover transitions on emerging aquatic insects and environmental characteristics of headwater streams in an agricultural catchment. River Research and Applications 36:1097-1108.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ballash, G., Lee, S., Mollenkopf, D., Mathys, D., Albers, A., Sechrist, E., Feicht, S., Van Belen Rubio, J, Sullivan, S.M.P., Lee, J., and T. Wittum. 2020. Pulsed electric field application reduces carbapenem- and colistin-resistant microbiota and blaKPC spread in urban wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management 265:110529.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Jackson, B.K, and S.M.P. Sullivan. 2020. Influence of wildfire severity on geomorphic features and riparian vegetation of forested streams of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire 29:611-617.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Mutumi, G.L., Cumming, G.S., Sullivan, S.M.P., Caron, A., and C. C�ceres. 2020. Using a multi-isotope approach to understand waterfowl movement in southern Africa. The Condor: Ornithological Applications 121(4):1-10.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sullivan, S.M.P., and^D.W.P. Manning. 2019. Aquatic-terrestrial linkages as complex systems: insights and advances from network models. Freshwater Science 38(4):936-945.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Sullivan, S.M.P. and D.A. Cristol. 2020. Ecological networks as a framework for understanding and predicting contaminant movement across the land-water interface. Pages 299-342 in Contaminants and ecological subsidies: the land-water interface, Kraus, J.M., Waters, D.M., and M.A. Mills eds). SpringerNature, Switzerland.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Bohenek, J., Karr, C., Harrison, S., Sullivan, S.M.P., and S. Gray. Artificial light at night potentially shifts fish-assemblage composition, but not body size, in small urban streams. American Fisheries Society Virtual Annual Meeting, Sept. 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Sanchez, N., C�ceres, C., and S.M.P. Sullivan. Multiple stressors influence algal communities and microcystin production in riverine systems of the upper Ohio River basin. Summer of Science Society for Freshwater Science Virtual Poster Session, June 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Diesburg, K.M., Sullivan, S.M.P., and D.W.P. Manning. Mechanisms and more: riparian biological invasions alter community structure and ecosystem function in stream-riparian ecosystems. Summer of Science Society for Freshwater Science Virtual Poster Session, June 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Bush, B., Sullivan, S.M.P., and B. Zimmerman. Impacts of a native fish reintroduction on resident fish assemblages. Summer of Science Society for Freshwater Science Virtual Poster Session, June 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Czaja, R.A., Pintor, L.M., and S.M.P. Sullivan. Environmental drivers of intraspecific trait variation in crayfish. Summer of Science Society for Freshwater Science Virtual Poster Session, June 2020.
• Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sullivan, S.M.P. 2019. The Ties that Bind: Connectivity and Aquatic-Terrestrial Linkages in Watershed and Coastal Ecosystems. Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Nov. 2019. (Invited presentation)
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Reisinger, L.S., M.G. Glon** & L.M. Pintor. 2019. Divergence in foraging and predator avoidance across native and non-native populations of crayfish. Hydrobiologia, 847: 803818.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Williams*, B., T. Atkinson, R. Oldham, T. Hrabak, L.M. Pintor, S.M. Gray. (2019) Linking vision, color signals, and mate choice in an African cichlid. Sensorium Conference. Urbana, IL. United States.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Berg*, EA, LM Pintor (2019) The effect of hydrological restoration on nutrient concentrations and macroinvertebrate communities in Lake Erie coastal wetlands. Midwest Fish & Wildlife Conference, Invited Special Session, Cleveland, Ohio. United States.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Meyer, SC**, CA Johnson*, LM Pintor (2019) Giving Up Density as an approach to identify a difference in foraging behavior between native and invasive crayfish species. Society for Integrative & Comparative Biology. Tampa, Florida. United States.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Rebecca Czaja, Lauren Pintor, Mazeika Sullivan. 2020 Aquatic Insect Trait Variation and Land Use in Ohio Streams. Entomological Society of American Virtual Meeting. Virtual.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Rebecca Czaja, Lauren Pintor, Mazeika Sullivan. 2020 Environmental Drivers of Food Web Structure in Ohio Streams. American Fisheries Society Virtual Meeting. Virtual.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Rebecca Czaja, Lauren Pintor, Mazeika Sullivan. 2020 Environmental Drivers of Intraspecific Trait Variation in Crayfish. Society for Freshwater Science Summer of Science. Virtual.