Progress 05/01/20 to 04/30/25
Outputs
Target Audience:The scientific community in the areas of poultry processing wastewater management, municipal wastewater treatment, biomethane production, nutrient recovery from meat processing water, faculty, researchers, and students at Prairie View A&M University, and the wide agricultural community that needs to enhance the sustainability of poultry production. Changes/Problems:No changes. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?To date, this project has trained two faculty members, one research scientist, four post-doctoral assistants, 1 staff researcher, two master's students, and four undergraduate students in research activities related to wastewater characterization, wastewater treatment, and membrane separation. Additionally, one research assistant has been trained on the SS-AD of PW, and another on LCA. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?As listed in the publication record, one peer-reviewed article has been published in the high-quality journal Bioengineering. Additionally, an undergraduate research assistant delivered a poster presentation at the 2024 Texas A&M Conference on Energy. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?All project tasks have been successfully completed, with no pending work remaining.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Task 1 Characterization of poultry processing wastewater (PPW) Task 2 Treatment of PPW with Ultrafiltration (UF) Task 3 Preparation of forward osmosis (FO) membranes with surface modification Task 4 Treatment of PPW with hybrid FO-Reverse Osmosis (RO) process Task 5 Investigate membrane antifouling mechanism We have successfully completed Tasks 1-5, and the major results have been published in a high-quality journal called Membranes, with an impact factor of 4.5. Due to high TN in the product water from UF-FO-RO, caused by the ammonia-CO? draw solution in FO, we explored poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSWW) recycling using microfiltration (MF)-RO, UF-RO, and direct RO. The major results are published in a high-quality journal called Separations with an impact factor of 2.6. Task 6 Solid- State Anaerobic Digestion (SS-AD) of Poultry Waste (PW)? We have successfully completed the optimization of pH, substrate-to-inoculum (S/I) ratio, and temperature for SS-AD of PW. The major research findings are submitted in a high-quality journal called bioengineering with an impact factor 3.8. The major research findings are summarized as follows: PW underwent thermal and mechanical pretreatment to enhance its biodegradability. Inoculum was degassed for 5 days. The biomethane potential (BMP) assays were conducted in 250 mL serum bottles with a 20% organic loading rate. Three parameters: pH, S/I ratio, and temperature were optimized for SS-AD of organic solid poultry waste. Three main parameters, S/I ratio, pH, and temperature, were evaluated for the SS-AD of organic solid poultry waste. pH was evaluated at non-adjusted pH, initially adjusted pH, and controlled pH conditions at a constant S/I ratio of 0.5 and temperature of 35 ± 1 °C. The S/I ratios were examined at (0.3, 0.5, 1, and 2) at a controlled pH of ≈7.9 and temperature of 35 ± 1 °C. The temperature was assessed at mesophilic (35 ± 1 °C) and thermophilic (55 ± 1 °C) conditions with a constant S/I ratio of 0.5 and controlled pH of ≈7.9. The characterization of PW displayed the total content of Carbon (C) 60.3%, Hydrogen (H) 9.5%, Sulfur (S) 0.5 %, Nitrogen (N) 6.1%, and Oxygen (O) 23.6%, with total solids at 99.0% and total volatile solids at 98.0%. The theoretical methane yield was calculated using CHNSO content, showing 707 mL/gvs. The results demonstrate that the highest biomethane production and biodegradability were achieved with a controlled pH of ≈7.9 (689 ± 10 mg/L, 97.5 ± 1.4%). The initially adjusted pH (688 ± 14 mg/L, 97.3 ± 1.9%) and an S/I ratio of 0.3 (685 ± 8 mg/L, 96.8 ± 1.2%) had approximately equivalent outcomes. The thermophilic conditions yielded 78% lower biomethane yield than mesophilic conditions. Task 7 Life cycle analysis of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment We have successfully completed the task 7 Life cycle analysis (LCA) of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment. The key findings are listed below. LCA analysis of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater collects inventory data for the sequential membrane process of UF-FO-RO for material, infrastructure, transportation, and operation phases. The research scales up the inventory data from lab to industrial use, including the materials' frequency. The study uses the LTS2023 method in Simapro to analyze environmental impacts. The assessment results stated a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 4.94 kg CO2-eq per cubic meter of wastewater treated. The major contributor is the material phase, with 79.99% of emissions of the total GWP, followed by the operation phase, which contributes 18.38%. The cumulative energy demand is 76.8 MJ using Texas's electricity mix as energy. LCA includes a sensitivity analysis by replacing regional energy sources with renewable sources. The contribution percentage varies between the phases while using solar and wind options for energy. While using the photovoltaic electricity production mix, the contribution for material and operation phases towards the GWP became 94.68% and 3.38%. ?While using wind power plant electricity, the contribution of the material and operation phases towards the emissions became 97.34% and 0.67%. Cumulative energy demand is 69.11 MJ and 67.18 MJ for solar and wind alternatives. The contribution of the transportation and infrastructure phases is less compared to the material and operation phases. The influence of chemicals contributes to the high emissions in the material phase. The net extracted water was around 0.77-0.78 m3 per cubic meter of wastewater treated for all three options.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Sana Fatima, Faryal Fatima, and Raghava R. Kommalpati. "Evaluation of Membrane Pretreatment Processes before Reverse Osmosis for Recycling of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater." Poster presentation at the 2024 Texas A&M Conference on Energy, College Station, TX. September 1113, 2024.
- Type:
Peer Reviewed Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2025
Citation:
Fatima, F.; Kommalapati, R.R. Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Solid Poultry Waste for Biomethane Production. Bioengineering 2025, 12, 712. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070712
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Progress 05/01/23 to 04/30/24
Outputs
Target Audience:The scientific community in the areas of poultry processing wastewater management, municipal wastewater treatment, biomethane production, nutrient recovery from meat processing water, faculty, researchers, and students at Prairie View A&M University, and the wide agricultural community that needs to enhance the sustainability of poultry production. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?To date this project has trained 1 faculty, 1 research scientist, 1 master's student and 1 undergraduate student in research activities for wastewater characterization, wastewater treatment, and membrane separation areas and 1 research assistant on the SS-AD of PW. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?As listed in the publication record, one peer-reviewed articlewas publishedin the high-quality journal Separations. Additionally, a research assistant delivered an oral presentation at the 2023 Texas A&M Conference on Energy. An undergraduate student presented a poster atboththe 2023 Texas A&M Conference on Energy and the 2023 NAMS Conference. Furthermore,two oral presentations were deliveredat the 2024 AIChE Spring Meeting and the 2024 ACS Annual Meeting. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?During the next reporting period, we will finalize Task 6 (SS-AD of PW) by optimizing temperature for SSAD, performing the lab-scale 2-stage SS-AD process, and evaluating the impact of AD process biosolids on agricultural soil quality and food safety. Furthermore, we will conduct Task 7, which involves the life cycle assessment of the proposed approach.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Tasks 1 -4 Completed Task 5 Investigate membrane antifouling mechanism We have successfully completed Tasks 1-5, and the major results have been published in a high-quality journal called Membranes, with an impact factor of 4.5. Since the TN was high in the product water achieved after UF-FO-RO due to the draw solution ammonia-CO2used for FO, we conducted some additional research work by recycling the PSWW with MF-RO, UF-RO, and direct RO. The major results are published in a high-quality journal called Separations with an impact factor of 2.6. The major research findings are summarized as follows: Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater (PSWW) treatment using MF-RO, UF-RO, and direct RO meets potable water quality standards for chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorous (TP), total nitrogen (TN), total solids (TS) required for reusing wastewater in the poultry industry. However, employing MF and UF pretreatment methods before RO led to significant performance enhancements. This approach resulted in a 9% increase in membrane flux, improved pollutant removal efficiencies from wastewater, and substantial reductions in RO membrane costs. The cost of RO without pretreatment is high due to expenses associated with fouling and maintenance. The foulants in the pretreatment primarily consist of organic compounds such as proteins and carbohydrates found in algae and colloids, along with some inorganic matter. Considering both economic analysis and removal efficiency, MF-RO emerges as the most cost-efficient option, followedby UF-RO and RO alone. The cost of MF-RO is approaching that of conventional wastewater treatment, especially as water scarcity issues increase, leading to higher water prices. These findings suggest that a combination of the MF-RO membrane process holds excellent promise for PSWW treatment. It demonstrates outstanding performance, achieving high efficiency in pollutant removal and recovering valuable products, all while maintaining economic efficiency. Currently, we are conductingcharacterization of the product water obtained after membrane processes, including UF-FO-RO, UF-RO, MF-RO, and RO, to examine whether it meets the standards for potable water quality utilized in poultry processing. Task 6: Solid- State Anaerobic Digestion (SS-AD) of Poultry Waste (PW) We have successfully completed the optimization of retention time, pH and substrate to inoculum (S/I) ratio for SS-AD of PW. The major research findings are summarized as follows: PW underwent thermal and mechanical pretreatment to enhance its biodegradability. Inoculum was degassed for 5 days. Biomethane potential (BMP) assays were conducted in 250 mL serum bottles, with a working volume of 100 mL, at an organic loading rate of 20% over a 14-day period. The biomethane was measured by the water displacement method. The characterization of PW displayed the total content of Carbon (C) 60.27%, Hydrogen (H) 9.54%, Sulfur (S) 0.47 %, Nitrogen (N) 6.09%, and Oxygen (O) 23.63%, with TS at 99% and total volatile solids at 98%. The theoretical methane yield was calculated using CHNS content, showing 707 mL/gvs. For pH optimization, samples were conducted at an S/I ratio of 0.5. The samples with no adjusted pH, initially adjusted pH, and controlled pH were evaluated. For initial pH adjustment and control pH samples, the pH was set to 7.85 using 1 M NaOH. The results showed that the sample with no adjusted pH yielded 89% biodegradability, with an estimated methane yield (EMY) of 630 mL/gvs. The pH-adjusted and controlled samples showed over 100% biodegradability and resulted in EMY of 738 mL/gvs and 750 mL/gvs EMY, respectively. For S/I ratios of 0.5 and 0.75, maintained at pH 7.85, experiments were conducted. The results indicated that for both ratios, the highest peak of biomethane production occurred on the second day, with a yield of 205 mL/gvs for the 0.5 ratio, while the 0.75 ratio yielded 193 mL/gvs. The cumulative biogas yields for 0.5 and 0.75 were very close, at 774 ml/gvs and 777 mL/gvs, respectively. Further analysis was conducted on S/I ratios of 0.3, 0.5, and1,while maintaining pH. The results indicated that S/I ratios equal to or below 0.5 were optimal for SSAD of poultry waste. A ratio of 1 led to reduced biodegradability and lower biogas production.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Sana Fatima, Faryal Fatima, Hongbo Du, and Raghava R. Kommalpati. "Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treated with Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis for Reuse." Poster presentation at the 2023 NAMS Conference, Tuscaloosa, Al. May 1317, 2023. Received First Place Award
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Sana Fatima, Faryal Fatima, and Raghava Kommalapati. "Evaluate Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Pretreatment Methods on the Performance of Reverse Osmosis for Recycling Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater." Poster presentation at the 2023 Texas A&M Conference on Energy, College Station, TX. September 2729, 2023.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Faryal Fatima and Raghava Kommalapati. "Biogas Production from Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion of Poultry Waste." Oral Presentation at the 2023 Texas A&M Conference on Energy, College Station, TX. September 2729, 2023.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Faryal Fatima, and Raghava Kommalapati. "Evaluation of Membrane-Based Pretreatment Processes on the Performance of Reverse Osmosis for Recycling Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater." Oral presentation at the 2024 ACS Spring meeting, New Orleans, LA. March 1721, 2024.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Faryal Fatima and Raghava Kommalapati. "Potential of Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion for Biogas Production from Poultry Waste." Oral presentation at the AIChE Engineers Spring Meeting in New Orleans, LA. March 24- 28, 2024.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2024
Citation:
Faryal Fatima, Sana Fatima, Hongbo Du, and Raghava R. Kommalpati.. An Evaluation of Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Pretreatment on the Performance of Reverse Osmosis for Recycling Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater. Separations 2024, 11, 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11040115
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Progress 05/01/22 to 04/30/23
Outputs
Target Audience:The scientific community in the areas of poultry processing wastewater management, municipal wastewater treatment, biomethane production, nutrient recovery from meat processing water, faculty, researchers, and students at Prairie View A&M University, and the wide agricultural community that needs to enhance the sustainability of poultry production. Changes/Problems:No change. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?To date, this project has trained 1 faculty, 1 research scientist, 1 master's student, and 2 undergraduate students in research activities for wastewater characterization, wastewater treatment, and membrane separation areas and 1 research assistant on the SS-AD of PW. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?As provided in the publication list, during this reporting period, one peer-reviewed article was published in Membranes and one oral presentation was given in the 2023 AIChE Spring Meeting. Also, the research assistant gave an oral presentation at the 2022 Texas A&M Conference on Energy and a poster presentation in the 2023 Prairie View A&M University Research and Innovative Week. One undergraduate student presented a poster at the 18th Texas A&M University System Pathways Student Research Symposium. The student also received a travel award to the 2023 conference of the North American Membrane Society in May 2023, and she will present her current research process at the conference. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?During the next reporting period, we will continue working on Task 6 (Anaerobic digestion of poultry processing solids with SS-AD system) and carry out Task 7 (life cycle assessment of the proposed approach). We are also planning to conduct research on recycling of PPW using RO process with Microfiltration pretreatment and UF pretreatment method. We expect to conclude our research at the end of the next reporting period.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Task 1 Characterization of poultry processing wastewater (PPW) Task 2 Treatment of PPW with ultrafiltration (UF) Task 3 Preparation of forward osmosis (FO) membranes with surface modification Task 4 Treatment of PPW with hybrid FO-RO process We successfully completed Tasks 1 - 4. The major results were published in a high-quality journal called Membranes with an impact factor of 4.5. The major research findings are summarized as follows: UF is an excellent pretreatment method for PPW for reusing it. The fouling of UF was irreversible, and the main foulants of UF are protein and carbohydrates. The fouling in FO is very less because UF significantly reduced the pollutants. Compared to pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) mode and coated membrane in PRO mode, the FO mode was the most efficient by providing a high removal efficiency of pollutants. The reverse osmosis (RO) achieved 100% removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorous (TP), total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS), and total fixed solids (TFS). The RO did not remove total nitrogen (TN) completely as ammonia is highly soluble in water, and ammonia gas is transferable through the RO membrane. The sequential membrane process (UF-FO-RO) is a promising approach for PPW treatment and reuse. Since the RO did not remove the nitrogen completely from PPW as high concentration of ammonia carbon-dioxide draw solution was used for the FO process. Therefore, preliminary experiments were conducted for recycling the PPW using UF-RO process. The results showed that the UF-RO process was able to achieve 100% removal efficiency of TS, TVS, TFS, COD, and TP, and it removed TN from 107 ± 2.0 mg/L to 5±1.9 mg/L, thus achieving a removal efficiency of 95.3 % and producing water that can be reused for poultry processing purposes. Task 5 Investigation of membrane antifouling mechanism The foulants of the UF membrane were analyzed by a Smith Detection Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR) spectrometer and a PerkinElmer thermogravimetric analyzer. The foulants were collected from the membrane surface, air-dried at room temperature, and then tested for detecting functional groups. The weight percentage of moisture, organic and inorganic compounds present in the foulants was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TGA results showed that the UF membrane foulants were composed of 20% water, 60% organic, and 20% inorganic compounds. The FTIR spectra confirmed that the main foulants on the UF membrane were organic compounds, i.e., proteins and carbohydrates in algae and colloids. Task 6: Anaerobic digestion of poultry processing solids with SS-AD system Preliminary experiments were conducted on the anaerobic digestion of poultry processing solids with a solid state-anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) system Poultry Waste (PW) The PW was collected from the Sanderson slaughterhouse, including intestine, offal, skin, organs, and any meat without bones not retained after the screening stage. PW was dried in an oven (Thermo Scientific Heratherm Oven) at 80°C for 5 days. Mechanical pretreatment of the PW was completed using a mechanized grinder (LHB dual refiner Model 6SM14A) to reduce its size into fine particles. Then the PW was transferred into a Ziplock bag and stored inside a laboratory-grade refrigerator at 4°C for future use. Inoculum The inoculum was collected from the anaerobic digester of Prairie View Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). A 100 mL inoculum was transferred into 250 mL of serum bottles covered with a rubber stopper and sealed with an aluminum cap to prevent air passage. Then it was incubated at a temperature of 36 ± 1 °C. The inoculum was degassed for 5 continuous days until no significant gas was produced. Biochemical Methane Potential Assays in Serum Bottles The BMP assays were carried out in a working volume of 100 mL using the 250 mL size serum bottle. The pH was adjusted to 7.85 using a NaOH 1 M solution. The headspace of the serum bottle was filled with N2 gas for three minutes at a flow rate of 5 L/min to ensure anaerobic conditions. Then the bottles were immediately sealed with a butyl rubber stopper. The hydraulic retention time used was 14 days. The mixing of the serum bottles was done twice daily by shaking them before and after the biogas volume measurement. The biogas generated during the incubation period was measured using the water displacement method. The results showed that in 10 days, the SS-AD of PW produced 907 mL of cumulative methane. The methane yield was very high on Day 2 for almost 263.3 mL due to the presence of readily biodegradable organic matter. After Day 2, the methane production started to reduce and reached 30 mL on Day 7. In the last three days, methane production remained constant at 10 mL.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Fatima, F.; Du, H.; Kommalapati, R. R.. A sequential membrane process of ultrafiltration, forward osmosis and reverse osmosis for poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment and reuse. Membranes, 2023. 13(3), Article ID: 296.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Faryal Fatima, Hongbo Du, and Raghava Kommalapati. Use of Membranes for the Treatment and reuse of water from the Poultry Slaughterhouse. 2022 Texas A&M Conference on Energy, College Station, TX. September 28-29, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Sana Fatima, Faryal Fatima, Hongbo Du, and Raghava Kommalapati. Characterization of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater. The 18th Texas A&M University System Pathways Student Research Symposium. Galveston, TX. March 2-3, 2023.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Faryal Fatima, Hongbo Du, and Raghava R. Kommalapati, Purification and Reuse of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater with Membrane Technology Oral Presentation at the 2023 AIChE Spring Meeting, Houston, TX. March 12-16, 2023.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Faryal Fatima, Hongbo Du, and Raghava Kommalapati. Recycling of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater with Membrane Technologies. 2023 Research and Innovation Week. Prairie View, TX. April 10-14, 2023.
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Progress 05/01/21 to 04/30/22
Outputs
Target Audience:The scientific community in the areas of poultry processing wastewater management, municipal wastewater treatment, biomethane production, nutrient recovery from meat processing water, faculty, researchers, and students at Prairie View A&M University, and the wide agricultural community that needs to enhance the sustainability of poultry production. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?To date this project has trained 1 faculty, 1 research scientist, 1 Master's student and 1 undergraduate student in research activities for wastewater characterization, wastewater treatment, and membrane separation areas. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?As provided in the publication list, during this reporting period, one peer-reviewed journal article was published, and it has been cited 12 times. One graduate poster presentation was made by a student working on the project at the Annual (2022) Texas A&M University System Student Research Symposium and won the third-place award. One graduate student poster and one undergraduate poster were given at the Annual (2022) Research Week, Prairie View A&M University, to demonstrate the research findings to the peer research community. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?During the next reporting period, the fouling mechanism will be investigated by studying the interactions of organic compounds and salt ions present in the PPW with membrane surfaces and zwitterionic polymers through classical molecular dynamics (MD) modeling, and zero-waste discharge will be realized by producing biomethane through the anaerobic co-digestion of poultry processing bio-solid waste and agricultural residue and using discharged waste from the co-digestion as fertilizer.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Task 1 Characterize poultry processing wastewater Characterization of poultry wastewater samples were conducted at pH, COD (Hach chemical oxygen demand method 8000), TS (total solids method 2540B), TDS (total dissolved solids method 2540C), TSS (total suspended solids method 2540D), TVS (total volatile solids method 2540E), total phosphate (TP), total nitrogen (TN) for raw poultry processing wastewater taken at the terminal of effluent discharge to the environment from a poultry processing plant in Texas according to the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The size distribution of the dissolved particles in the water samples was determined with a nanoparticle size analyzer (Zetasizer ZS, Malvern Instruments, Ltd.). Task 2. Treat PPW with ultrafiltration The raw poultry processing wastewater (PSWW) was pretreated with Synder ultrafiltration (1000 Da) membrane using a Sterlitech skid-mounted filtration membrane system, including a CF402 cell. The performance of the membrane was evaluated by measuring permeate flux and characterizing the water quality of the permeate. Based on the data gathered, the average flux (Jav), rejection coefficient (R), volume concentration ratio (VCR), and the real-time flux (Jw) were determined. The pretreatment of PSWW with UF removed 36.7% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 38.9% of total phosphorous (TP), 24.7% of total solids (TS), 14.5 % of total volatile solids (TVS), and 27.3 % of total fixed solids (TFS). The flux of the UF membrane was successfully restored to 93% after 1st wash and 86% after 2nd wash by cleaning the UF membrane with 0.1 % of sodium hydroxide solution and 0.2% of phosphoric acid. Task 3 Prepare forward osmosis (FO) membranes with surface modification The surfaces of commercial Cellulose triacetateFO membranes provided by Sterlitech was modified with zwitterionic polymers - L-DOPA for 12 hours, to improve the anti-fouling properties of the membrane on the porous support side. 1 M solution of L-DOPA was prepared by dissolving 12.1 g of Tris base in 80 mL of deionized water and adjusting pH to 8.0 by slowly adding approximately 6 mL concentrated HCl. Then diluted the prepared Tris-HCl solution in 990 ml of DI water and finally added 2 g of L-DOPA in 1L of diluted Tris-HCl solution. FO membranes were surface-modified for 12 hours in a FO system provided by Sterlitech by setting the porous side of the FO membrane to face the coating solution. Task 4 Treat PPW with hybrid FO-RO process By following the ultrafiltration, PSWW was purified with FO membrane in FO mode, pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) mode, and L-DOPA coated membrane in the PRO mode. All these modes achieved complete removal of COD and TP. However, the FO mode showed the highest pollutant removal efficiency; 90.5% of TS, 85.3% of TVS, 92.1% of TFS, and 37.2% of TN. The second-highest removal efficiency was attained by PRO mode by rejecting 84.2% of TS, 83.3% of TVS, 87.6% of TFS, and 12.8% of TN. The coated membrane in PRO mode eliminated the least pollutants from PSWW, about 79.0% of TS, 80.6% of TVS, 75.9% of TFS, and 6.3% of TN. The average flux in the FO mode, PRO mode, and coated membrane in PRO mode was 9.4 L/m2hr, 9.5 L/m2hr, and 5.9 L/m2h, respectively. The FO mode permeate was further treated by RO membrane to separate the filtrate from the draw solution and purify the PSWW for recycling limits. The RO utterly removed COD, TS, TVS, TFS, and TP. But the TN was reduced by only 56% because of the high ammonia concentration present in the draw solution. Overall, the sequential membrane process (UF-FO-RO) showed excellent performance by providing high rejection efficiency for pollutant removal and water recovery.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Faryal Fatima, Hongbo Du, and Raghava R. Kommalapati. "Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater with Membrane Technologies: A Review." Water 2021, 13(14): 1905.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Faryal Fatima, Hongbo Du, and Raghava Kommalapati. Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment with Membrane Technologies. The 17th Texas A&M University System Pathways Student Research Symposium. College Station, TX. March 3-4 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Sana Fatima, Hongbo Du, and Raghava Kommalapati. Characteristics of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater. Poster presentation on 2022 Undergraduate Research Day at Prairie View A&M University. Prairie View, TX. April 4, 2022.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Faryal Fatima, Hongbo Du, and Raghava Kommalapati. A Sequential Membrane Process for Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater with Membrane Technologies. Poster Presentation on 2022 Graduate Research Day at Prairie View A&M University. Prairie View, TX. April 6, 2022.
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Progress 05/01/20 to 04/30/21
Outputs
Target Audience:The scientific community in the areas of poultry processing wastewater management, municipal wastewater treatment, biomethane production, nutrient recovery from meat processing water, faculty, researchers, and students at Prairie View A&M University, and the wide agricultural community that needs to enhance the sustainability of poultry production. Changes/Problems:Due to the Pandemic, we could not conduct research as planned and a little behind in accomplishing our targets for this project. We will try to make up for some of the time that we lost when we are not allowed to work in the labs. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?To date, this project has strengthened the research capacities of one faculty and one research scientist and has trained one graduate and 1 undergraduate student in the research areas of poultry wastewater characterization and membrane separation with UF and FO. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?As provided in the publication list, during this reporting period, one graduate poster presentation was made by the graduate student working on the project to demonstrate the research findings to the research community at Prairie View A&M University. Currently, one review article is submitted to a peer-reviewed journal, which is currently under review. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?During the next reporting period, the fouling mechanism will be investigated by studying the interactions of organic compounds and salt ions present in the poultry processing wastewater through classical molecular dynamics (MD) modeling. The poultry wastewater will be treated with the surface-modified FO membrane and then undergo a hybrid FO-reverse osmosis system. In addition, preliminary lifecycle inventories of membrane processes used for poultry processing wastewater treatment will be built based on the available literature.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Task 1 Characterize poultry processing wastewater Synthetic poultry wastewater samples were measured for pH, conductivity, and COD (chemical oxygen demand method 8000), TS (total solids method 2540B), TDS (total dissolved solids method 2540C), TSS (total suspended solids method 2540D), TVS (total volatile solids method 2540E), and total phosphate (TP) according to the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The size distribution of the dissolved particles in the water samples was determined with a nanoparticle size analyzer (Zetasizer ZS, Malvern Instruments, Ltd.). Task 2. Treat PPW with ultrafiltration Synthetic poultry wastewater was pretreated with the Sterlitech membrane filtration CF402 system equipped with a Synder 1000Da ultrafiltration membrane. The performance of the membrane was evaluated by measuring permeate flux and characterizing the water quality of the permeate. Based on the data gathered, the average flux (Jav), rejection coefficient (R), volume concentration ratio (VCR), and the real-time flux (Jw) were determined. Task 3 Prepare forward osmosis (FO) membranes with surface modification The surface of commercial cellulose triacetate FO membranes obtained from Fluid Technology Solutions, Inc. (Albany, Oregon) was modified with zwitterionic polymers, such as amino acid L-DOPA toimprove the anti-fouling properties of the membrane on the porous support side. The 1 M solution of L-DOOPA was prepared by dissolving 12.1 g of Tris base in 80 mL of deionized water and adjusting pH to 8.0 by slowly adding approximately 6 mL concentrated HCl. Then diluted the prepared Tris-Hcl solution in 990 ml of DI water and finally added 2g of L-Dopa in 1L of diluted Tris-HCl solution.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater with Membrane Technologies: A Review, Submitted to Water (June 2021- Under Review).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Faryal Fatima, Hongbo Du, Raghava R. Kommalapati. Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater with Membrane Technologies, The 2021 Research Symposium at Prairie View A&M University, April 5-7, 2021.
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