MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE, NATURAL RESOURCES, AND ENVIRONMENT USING INNOVATIVE APPROACHES

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: NEW
• Funding Source: EVANS-ALLEN
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1021753
• Project No.: TEXXNRES_2019
• Project Start Date: Dec 12, 2019
• Project End Date: Nov 30, 2022

Project Director
Awal, RI.

Recipient Organization
PRAIRIE VIEW A&M UNIVERSITY
P.O. Box 519, MS 2001
PRAIRIE VIEW,TX 77446

Performing Department
Research Centers

Non Technical Summary
Several studies carried out by environmental and ecophysiology scientists show that climate-related disruptions (e.g., floods and droughts) will have significant impacts on water resources, soil health, and agricultural production. Losses of natural wetlands will affect flood attenuation, storm surge protection, and erosion control. Profound land use changes resulting from the expansion of urban areas and agricultural acreages have been impacting rural economies, food, and water security, conservation of natural resources and resulted in significant challenges related to stormwater management, wildfire protection, flooding, and soil erosion. There is a strong need for developing reliable, innovative scientific tools and environmentally sustainable technologies to mitigate the effects of these potential impacts across Texas and also to provide better insights on adequate environmental, agriculture and natural resources management. The main goal of this research is to develop an integrated research approach at the watershed continuum by combining multi-scale field experiments with a strong numerical modeling and data analysis tools (e.g. Geospatial analysis tools) using in situ and remotely sensed data to enhance our understanding of watershed hydrological processes in response to different controlling parameters, i.e., land use (reforest/deforestation, brush management, agricultural use, and urbanization), extreme weather conditions (drought and flooding), and climate change. Specific objectives are: (i) collect, monitor, analyze, and quantify research data related to soils, plants, water, and climate; (ii) design and conduct laboratory and field experiments to advance the understanding of agriculture and natural resources-related issues, and to develop better approaches and methodologies that lead to more effective management of these ecosystem components; (iii) integrate remote sensing and in-situ data for use in agriculture and natural resources management and modeling; (iv) develop innovative technologies and techniques (applications/ tools/ sensors) for environmental management of agriculture and natural resources;, (v) develop best management practices for soil health management, soil conservation, water conservation, and protection of soil and water quality; and (vi) conduct outreach programs to disseminate the findings of research to different stakeholders.

Animal Health Component

0%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

10%

Applied

80%

Developmental

10%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
102	0110	2050	25%
111	0210	2050	25%
112	0320	2050	25%
132	0430	2050	25%

Knowledge Area
102 - Soil, Plant, Water, Nutrient Relationships; 111 - Conservation and Efficient Use of Water; 112 - Watershed Protection and Management; 132 - Weather and Climate;

Subject Of Investigation
0320 - Watersheds; 0110 - Soil; 0430 - Climate; 0210 - Water resources;

Field Of Science
2050 - Hydrology;

Keywords

natural resources management

water security

soil health

innovative approach

modeling

Goals / Objectives
The main goal of this research is to develop an integrated research approach at the watershed continuum by combining multi-scale field experiments with a strong numerical modeling and data analysis tools (e.g., Geospatial analysis tools) using in situ and remotely sensed data to enhance our understanding of watershed hydrological processes in response to different controlling parameters, i.e., land use (reforest/deforestation, brush management, agricultural use, and urbanization), extreme weather conditions (drought and flooding), and climate change. Specific objectives of the proposed research plan are:The specific objectives of this work are to:Objective I: Collect, monitor, analyze, and quantify research data related to soils, plants, water, and climate.Objective II: Design and conduct laboratory and field experiments to advance the understanding of agriculture and natural resources-related issues, and to develop better approaches and methodologies that lead to more effective management of these ecosystem components.Objective III: Integrate remote sensing and in-situ data for use in agriculture and natural resources management and modeling.Objective IV: Develop innovative technologies and techniques (applications/ tools/ sensors) for environmental management of agriculture and natural resources.Objective V: Develop best management practices for soil health management, soil conservation, water conservation, and protection of soil and water quality.Objective VI: Conduct outreach programs to disseminate the findings of research to different stakeholders.

Project Methods
Tasks and activities relevant to the above listed objectives are detailed as follows:Objective I: The Natural Resources and Environmental Systems team has been studying the impact of organic amendment types (cow manure, chicken manure, and milorganite) and rates (low, medium, and high) on soil physical and chemical properties, crop nutrients uptake and yield, and fate of nutrient within and below the roots of collard greens. A second field experiment has been also established to evaluate the performance of several cover crops under south-central Texas conditions. A stream gauge station will be installed at the outlet of a semi-urbanized watershed that includes active agricultural production fields to quantify surface runoff, flooding, and water quality during heavy-to-extreme events. An eddy covariance flux tower installed at the Bill and Vara Daniel University Farm which will continue monitoring CO2, methane (CH4), evapotranspiration, weather parameters (solar radiation, relative humidity, air temperature, air pressure, wind speed, and direction, and precipitation), and soil parameters (temperature, moisture, and electrical conductivity). Data from these experimental fields, weather stations, and flux tower will be collected using different sensors, and gauges. Water quality parameters, water flow volumes, soil moisture contents at different depths, soil properties, and soil water solution will also be monitored. Other regional and national historical weather data at different temporal resolutions will be downloaded from different online resources and used to populate corresponding databases. Precipitation data will be acquired from the following sources, Multi-Radar Multi-Sensors (MRMS) and Multisensor Precipitation Estimates (MPE) along with rain gauge data; such data will be used for multiple applications including irrigation scheduling, and flood mitigation and prediction.Objective II: Field and laboratory experiments will be conducted to advance understanding of agriculture and natural resources-related issues. Field experiments will be focused on: (i) assessing soil health (soil health and environmental benefits of cover crops, soil compaction, soil density, soil crust development, etc.); (ii) monitoring water quality of wetland pond ecosystems that receive runoff water from agricultural row crop (vegetable) and pasture operations; (iii) evaluating the performance of different single and mixtures of cover crops; (iv) evaluating the performance of micro-irrigated leafy greens under different organic amendment types and rates; and (v) cultivating three major crops (Corn, Cotton, and Sorghum) with different nutrient management and irrigation rates to evaluate the adaptation measures to produce optimum crop yield using minimum resources (water and nutrients) with little or no impact on the environment; and (vi) evaluating drought tolerance capacity of sweet potato under Texas environment. During field experiments, different types of in-situ data will be collected, such as weather data, soil CO2 flux, soil moisture, soil physical characteristics using infiltrometer, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and EM38, vegetation indices (e.g., NDVI), and soil moisture using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS).Objective III: The NRES team is exploring the use of various satellite products to address state, national, and international critical issues. For example, NASA's Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) produces different product including estimates of surface and root zone soil moisture, carbon fluxes; whereas Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) estimates, vegetation index, leaf area index, evapotranspiration, land surface temperature, albedo, carbon fluxes and characterize land cover at global scale. In addition, we will also explore Landsat and Sentinel satellite products.Numerical models will be fed data from satellite products and in-situ to investigate the impact of climate and land use/land cover change on water quantity and quality, soil quality as well as on agricultural productions at multiple scales, e.g., regional, national or global. In addition, some of the satellite products such as Landsat and Sentinel will also be used to characterize natural hazards such as floods. The team will also conduct calibration, validation, and a series of sensitivity analysis of a suite of models (Hydrologic and hydraulic models, ecological models, crop models, and water allocation models) to provide information to our stakeholders in decision making different issues related to floods, climate change, crop production, etc.Objective IV: NRES team will conduct the following activities: i) Perform a literature review to find the existing tools and technologies and list their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations; ii) identify new and innovative technologies/tools (based on step i) or improve the existing ones in order to accomplish the objective; iii) examine the required data, governing equations, and assumptions to make the tools work reasonably; iv) develop needed tools, and calibrate and validate their results based on historical data; v) use the developed technologies to assess the effect of various short- and long-term developments scenarios under extreme climate conditions on agriculture and natural resources.Different web and mobile device (Android) applications have been developed by NRES Team. Different applications/tools/sensors will be developed to support precision agriculture. Unmanned Aircraft Systems with different sensors (multispectral, thermal, and hyperspectral) will be used to develop and test algorithms for predicting soil moisture, invasive weed species, crop health, and crop yield.Objective V: The soil health-related experiments planned under this study are: 1) cultivating cover crops to increase organic matter [biomass] that provides the food source for soil microorganisms which aids in the exchange of plant beneficial nutrients extracted from organic and commercial sources; 2) measuring soil compaction which can decrease root penetration into the subsoil with an associated reduction in water and nutrient availability; 3) measuring soil density increases and correlated soil porosity decreases, which affect water and air availability in surface and subsurface soil layers; and 4) measuring soil crust development, which decreases infiltration of water, decreases plant germination, and reduces water and nutrient availability in the topsoil. Soil and water quality levels will be monitored for pH, Eh (redox potential), EC (electrical conductivity), and DO (dissolved oxygen).We will develop/test different algorithms using multispectral and thermal images from UAS to estimate surface water content. This study will also improve irrigation scheduling tools (including IrrigWise) developed by the NRES team. The addition of organic matter to soils from sources like manure, compost, or cover crops generally improves the soil's capacity to hold water. Field experiments on organic amendment types and rates and cover crops will help to understand soil water and nutrient dynamics in the root zone. All these efforts will help in developing water conservation BMPs in agriculture.This study will also use hydrological and water quality models to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative best management practices (BMPs) at reducing pollutant loads from selected watersheds. The application of models is an efficient approach to identify and prioritize critical sub-watersheds and to evaluate the relative importance of managing them.Objective VI: The following activities will be conducted: field days; field and laboratory exercises for students, faculty, and staff; training workshops will be conducted as part of the CAHS Field Day; presentations at local, state and national meetings and conferences; publication of peer-reviewed articles, extension bulletins, and other extension materials.

Progress 10/01/20 to 09/30/21

Outputs
Target Audience:Middle to high school students, undergraduate and graduate students, landowners/managers, farmers, and ranchers, researchers from federal and state agencies Changes/Problems:We are having an issue getting AC power from the nearest available station to the Flux Tower at PVAMU research farm, where we are trying to install an N2O sensor that requires AC power. COVID-19 affected the pace of work due to staffing schedule changes, but work continued toward the goal of meeting the objectives of the project. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Postdoctoral researchers, graduate, and undergraduate students had opportunities to learn and get training to install lysimeter, automated soil CO2 measuring chambers (multiplexer), and weather, soil, soil moisture, plant, and water quality monitoring sensors. They were also trained on collecting and analyzing data for dissemination. The project has provided the opportunity to train students, landowners/managers, farmers, and ranchers and provide professional development for the research scientists and postdoctoral researchers by attending and participating in professional conferences, webinars, and workshops. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated to communities of interest by digital media (PowerPoint, ZOOM), posters, prints, and copies of presentations. Some of the research findings were presented at the ASA, CSSA and SSSA International Annual Meetings, AGU (Americal Geophysical Union) Fall Meeting, Disaster PRIMR 2021, and First Conference for Interdisciplinary Student Research (CISR) conferences. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Conduct field experiments similar to the sorghum experiment growing corn. Continue field experiment on performance of micro-irrigated sweet corn under different organic amendment types and rates. Continued dissemination of research results with more opportunity for face-to-face rather than virtual presentations. Compilation of research results into manuscripts for publishing in trade, professional society, and peer-reviewed journals.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective I: Continued collecting soil, water, air quality, and climatic data at field and watershed scales. Collected data from the sweet corn experimental field, including soil moisture, soil water samples, soil samples, plant biomass, NDVI, leaf chlorophyll content, and weather data. Soil compaction field data were collected at six sites in the PVAMU student garden. Objective II: A field experiment was set up by growing sorghum to monitor soil carbon emission, soil health, water quality parameters, and soil moisture on the PVAMU Research Farm. We conducted another field experiment on the performance of micro-irrigated sweet corn under different organic amendment types and rates. The experiment evaluated and quantified the effects of organic amendments types and rates on soil organic carbon (SOC), CO2 emission, soil moisture, and nitrogen dynamics within and below the root zone. A soil compaction study was conducted at six sites in the PVAMU student garden where we were experiencing elevated erosion conditions along with plant stress (water, insect, and disease) that we believed to be related to the compaction layer (traffic pan) that develops in the soils of this area of Texas. This study on the PV property can be extended to the surrounding cropland and pastures that experience similar conditions due to soil management practices related to traditional farming and ranching operations. A study of spatial variability of red Saharan dust was conducted to identify sources of iron that contribute to the reddish-brown colors of upland sandy soils on the Upper Texas Gulf Coast Prairie with a focus on associated bioenvironmental and biomedical implications from the microbial communities in these soils. Objective III: Used remote sensing and in-situ data to study the impact of the COVID-19 on carbon emission. Evaluated the performance of the Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) system compared to other precipitation products (rain gauge network, Multisensor Precipitation Estimator (M.P.E.)) at different spatial and temporal aggregations during four major flooding events in Harris County, Texas; and the effects of temporal and spatial aggregation scales on the performance of the MRMS system using a suite of statistical parameters. Google Earth, Soilweb (UC Davis version), Texas Forest Service (Map My Property) resources were used for site identification and correlation to collected data from research studies. Objective IV: Several experiments are ongoing on the PVAMU Research Farm at a field scale to identify best management practices to enhance soil health and reduce soil, air, and water pollution. Investigated the influence of climate change on irrigation requirements and green and blue water usages for turfgrass and three common urban agriculture crops in eight mid-sized US cities. The static cone penetrometer was used to measure soil compaction which was correlated to the plant root limiting depth in field sites. A smartphone camera magnification mode was used to record red Saharan dust particles versus organic matter and matrix soil particles at selected field sites. Objective V: Analyzed how Uri influenced the drought severity, soil profile moisture content, and vegetation cover across Texas. Investigated the unprecedented impact of winter storm Uri on power outage, air quality, and water systems in Texas, US. The soil compaction study allowed us to determine the percentage effective root utilization zone that can be correlated to the plant health and soil quality for growing vegetables, row crops, and pastures. Objective VI: Results from the soil compaction study were used in outreach programs conducted to disseminate the research findings to stakeholders that included landowners/managers, farmers, and ranchers. Different research activities in the sweet corn field experiment were demonstrated to participants of the Reuse Water Quality REEU program and NSF INFEWS Scholar program.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Ray, R.L., Singh, V., Singh, S.P., Acharya, B.S., and He, Y. 2021. What is the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on global carbon emissions? Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151503
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Awal, R., Elhassan, A., Abbas, F., Fares, A., Bayabil, H.K., Ray, R.L., and Woldesenbet, S.: Patterns of nutrient dynamics in the root zone of collard greens grown under different organic amendment types and rates, Sustainability 2021, 13, 6857.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Habibi, H., Awal, R., Fares, A., and Temimi, M.: Performance of Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) product in monitoring precipitation under extreme events in Harris County, Texas, Journal of Hydrology, 2021.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Abdelmoamen, A.A., Al Omari, S., Awal, R., Fares, A., Chouikha, M.: A distributedsystem for supporting smart irrigation using Internet of Things technology. Engineering Reports. 2021;3:e12352.
• Type: Books Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Fares, A.: Climate Change and Extreme Events, Elsevier, 2021.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Fares, A., Habibi, H. and Awal, R.: Extreme Events and Climate Change: A Multi-disciplinary Approach. In A. Fares (ed.), Climate Change and Extreme Events. Elsevier, 2021, pp 1-7.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Le, T.D.N. and Awal, R.: Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Sea Level Rise in Coastal Cities of Developing Countries In A. Fares (ed.), Climate Change and Extreme Events. Elsevier, 2021, pp 145-170.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Ray, R.L., Joshi, M., Griffin, R.W., Neelgund, G., Awal, R., and Risch, E. Soil salinity management with saline soil and irrigation water: a case study from Mandvi, Kutch, Gujarat, India. 3rd Euro-Mediterranean Conference For Environmental Integration, June 10-13, 2021, Sousse, Tunisia.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Awal, R., Fares, A., and Habibi, H.: Evaluation of Performance of Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) product in Monitoring Extreme Precipitation in Harris County, Texas, Disaster PRIMR 2021 at Texas A&M University, January 31 - February 4, 2021 (Virtual Meeting).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Fares, A. and Awal, R.: The 2020 Atlantic Hurricane Season Lived up to Predictions and Shattered Records!, Disaster PRIMR 2021 at Texas A&M University, January 31 - February 4, 2021 (Virtual Meeting).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Shaik, MAK, Awal, R., and Fares, A.: Improving Irrigation Water Estimator for Texas (IWET): Point with Single Soil Type to Field with Multiple Soil Types, First Conference for Interdisciplinary Student Research (CISR), April 1-2, 2021 (Virtual Conference).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Ferrell, B., Awal, R., Elhassan, A., Griffin, R., and Fares, A.: Effect of Different Cover Crops on Soil Water Content, First Conference for Interdisciplinary Student Research (CISR), April 1-2, 2021 (Virtual Conference).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Awal, R., Fares, A., and Habibi, H.: IWET: A Web-Based Tool for Estimating Irrigation Requirements for Crops and Urban Landscapes in Texas, ASA, CSSA and SSSA International Annual Meetings, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Habibi, H., Awal, R., and Fares, A.: Performance of Remote Sensing Technologies in Monitoring Precipitation Under Extreme Rainfall Events in Harris County, Texas, ASA, CSSA and SSSA International Annual Meetings, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ray, R., Griffin, R., Fares, A., Awal, R., El Hassan, A.: Effects of Organic Manure Application on Root Distribution of Collard Green in a Humid Climate, ASA, CSSA and SSSA International Annual Meetings, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Sishodia, R.P., Ray, R.L., Fares, A., Awal, R., and Ampim, P.: Evaluating Gridded Precipitation Products for Hydrologic Modeling over an Agricultural Watershed in North-central Texas, AWRA 2020 Virtual Annual Water Resources Conference, November 9 - 11, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Awal, R., Habibi, H. and Fares, A.: Improvement of the Global Air Quality: the Bright side of the COVID-19 Pandemic, AGU Fall Meeting, Online Everywhere, 1-17 December 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Sishodia, RP, Ray, RL, Fares, A., Awal, R., Ampim, P.: Effects of climate change on surface water flows and crop water requirements in North-Central Texas, AGU Fall Meeting, Online Everywhere, 1-17 December 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Risch, E., Ray, R., and Sishodia, R.: Reviewing and Analyzing the Cyclical Occurrences of Droughts Using Satellite Data in South-East Texas. Virtual meeting. AMS101 101 st. Annual Meeting. 10-15, January 2021. New Orleans, LA.

Progress 12/12/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:In this reporting period, we tried to reach undergraduate students, graduate students, researchers, faculty, and other stakeholders across Texas, the nation, and the world. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two postdoctoral researchers, four graduate students, and two undergraduate students were trained on collecting and analyzing data and modeling under laboratory and field conditions. They were also offered opportunities to disseminate their research work at regional, national, and international workshops and conferences. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results were disseminated through regional, national, and international workshops and conferences, and publications. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Conduct field experiment on performance of micro-irrigated sweet corn under different organic amendment types and rates, continue working on an existing testbed to install Soil CO2 Flux Sensors, Methane Analyzer, and soil moisture sensors near flux tower at PVAMU research farm, develop a series of collaborative research projects, continue analyzing collected data and conduct an outreach program to disseminate the findings of the research.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective I: Collect, process, and analyze different types of data across Texas and globally, including climatic, air pollution, and Greenhouse gases (e.g., CO2). Objective II: Established a field experiment to monitor soil carbon emission, soil moisture, soil health, and water quality. Objective III: Used remote sensing and in-situ data to study the impact of the hurricane on carbon emission. Evaluated gridded precipitation data for hydrologic modeling in North-Central Texas. Evaluated performance of Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) product in monitoring precipitation under extreme events in Harris County, Texas. Investigated the impacts of the global response to COVID-19 on air pollution and air quality changes in major cities across the globe over the past few months. Objective IV: Calibrated and validated Hargreaves-Samani equation to estimate reference crop evapotranspiration under limited climate data in West Texas. Developed different tools to improve irrigation water management of crops and urban landscapes. Developed tools include web-based irrigation scheduling tools IrrigWise, IrrigWise-PRISM, an android app (Weather and soil) for site-specific soil parameters and forecasted weather data, and Irrigation Water Estimator for Texas (IWET). Objective V:Monitored soil pH on three hilltop soil map units at PVAMU as one indicator of soil health. A field study was conducted to quantity stored organic matter, type, and size at the soil surface and in the upper surface soil profile (0-4 inches) in response to traditional pasture mowing techniques. Objective VI: The results were disseminated through publications and regional, national, and international workshops and conferences.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Sishodia, R., Ray, R.L., and Singh, S. 2020. Applications of remote sensing in precision agriculture: A review. Remote Sensing 12(19), 3136
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ray, R.L., Griffin, R.W., Fares, A., Elhassan, A., Awal, R., Woldesenbet, S., and Risch, E. 2020. Soil CO2 emissions from an experimental research farm: Effects of organic amendments, temperature, and rainfall. Nature/Scientific Reports 10, 5849
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Awal, R., Habibi, H., Fares, A., and Deb, S.: Estimating Reference Crop Evapotranspiration under Limited Climate Data in West Texas, Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 2020, 28, 100677.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Habibi, H., Awal, R., Fares, A., and Ghahremannejad, M.: COVID-19 and the Improvement of the Global Air Quality: The Bright Side of a Pandemic. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1279.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Umair, M., Kim, D., Ray, R.L., and Choi, M. 2020. Carbon cycle feedbacks to climate and soil moisture variability using remote sensing and modeling approach. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology 295
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Rawat, K., Singh, S.K., Ray, R.L., and Szabo, S. 2020. Parameterization of Modified Water Cloud Model (MWCM) using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for winter wheat crop: a case study. Geocarto International.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Rawat, K., Singh, S.K., Ray, R.L., and Szabo, S., 2020. Parameterizing the Modified Water Cloud Model to improve soil moisture retrieval using vegetation models. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, 69(1), 17-26.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ray, R.L., Ampim, P., and Gao, M., 2020. Crop protection under drought stress, In K. Jabran, S. Florentine, and B.S. Chauhan (eds.), Crop Protection under Changing Climate. Springer International Publishing, New-York, USA. 450 pp
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ray, R.L., Lazzari, M., Olutimehin, T. 2020. Remote Sensing approaches and related techniques to map and study landslides, In R.L. Ray and M. Lazzari (eds.), Landslides-Investigation, and Monitoring. IntechOpen, London, UK.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Awal, R., Fares, A., and Habibi, H.: Web-Based Irrigation Scheduling Tool: IrrigWise, 2019 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Nov. 10-13, San Antonio, Texas.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Awal, R., Fares, A., Habibi, H., and Ray, R.L.: Gridded Climate Data based Irrigation Scheduling Tool for Agricultural Crops and Urban Landscapes in the United States, Texas, AGU Fall Meeting 2019, December 9-13, 2019, San Francisco, CA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Habibi, H., Awal, R., El-Hassan, A., Fares, A.: Performance of Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor in Monitoring Precipitation Under Extreme Rainfall Events in Harris County, Texas, AGU Fall Meeting 2019, December 9-13, 2019, San Francisco, CA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ray, R.L., He, Y. Kim, D., Choi, M., Awal, R., Risch, E. and Fares, A.: Exploring the impact of Hurricane Harvey on the Carbon Cycle, AGU Fall Meeting 2019, December 9-13, 2019, San Francisco, CA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ayanbanjo O., Ray, R.L., Sishodia, R., and Risch, E. Impact of frequent floods and droughts on Groundwater Storage in Texas. 15th Annual Research Symposium, Prairie View, A&M University, April 13-16, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Hull-Littlejohn, T., Sishodia, R., Ray, R.L., and Risch E. Evaluating the Effects of Rainfall and Temperatures on Root Zone Soil Moisture and Evapotranspiration. 15th Annual Research Symposium, Prairie View, A&M University, April 13-16, 2020.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Okafor, W., Olutimehin, T., Sishodia, R., Ray, R.L., Carson, L., Awal, R., El Hassan, A., and Fares, A. Study the effects of cover cropping on soil CO2 emissions: An experimental approach. 15th Annual Research Symposium, Prairie View, A&M University, April 13-16, 2020.