IMPROVING PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT WITH URBAN FOREST RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT THROUGH DATA-COUPLED INTERACTIVE LANDSCAPE VISUALIZATIONS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: MCINTIRE-STENNIS
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1021273
• Project Start Date: Feb 5, 2020
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2021
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
(N/A)
ANN ARBOR,MI 48109

Performing Department
Landscape Architecture

Non Technical Summary
Urban forests are widely recognized for their positive contributions to the environment, and aesthetic benefits for people, directlyimpacting the health and well-being of urban residents. Urban forests not only provide shade and cooling effects in summer andwind protection in winter, they also play an important role in a community's ability to respond and recover from extreme weatherevents. Decisions about what types of trees plant and their arrangement is an important step in the process of urbanreforestation, and can play a large role in the success and sustainability of these initiatives.Despite the fact that many people agree on the importance of urban forests, tree cover in U.S. cities has been in decline (anestimated 7900 hectares or 4.0 million trees per year). In addition, while there are many efforts underway to establish new urbanforests, more effort should be made to involve local residents in these efforts. In particular, there is a recognized need toprovide opportunities for meaningful involvement by citizens in all steps of decisions and planning related to urban reforestation.This process will require an interactive and user-friendly decision-making process that can more effectively incorporatecommunity needs with the protection of natural areas in urban centers.As it is important to identify the specific needs and goals of the community, opportunities for collaboration and engagement withcommunity members to specify the goals that are important and meaningful to them must be a part of any urban forest planningand management initiative. However, existing processes to identify these goals can be costly and time consuming, and thusmay not be appropriate in all settings. Our research seeks to improve public engagement for urban forest restoration andmanagement through the use of a video game-based decision-support tool that provides a three-dimensional representation offorests and other urban greenspaces, and which also explicitly incorporates decision-relevant forest attributes. These attributeshave been identified in previous work of ours and we aim to evaluate if they are relevant in other contexts with differentstakeholders. We ultimately aim to supply insights to urban forest managers, and to interested individuals and organizations, toinform the long term social and ecological sustainability of urban forests.

Animal Health Component

(N/A)

Research Effort Categories

Basic

100%

Applied

(N/A)

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
124	6099	3111	100%

Knowledge Area
124 - Urban Forestry;

Subject Of Investigation
6099 - People and communities, general/other;

Field Of Science
3111 - Landscape architecture;

Keywords

ecosystem services

urban forests

community

visualization

planning

Goals / Objectives
Urban forests are increasingly recognized for their positive effect on environmental quality, e.g., air and water quality, and thehealth and wellbeing of city residents (Livesley, McPherson, & Calfapietra, 2016). Despite the importance of urban forests,however, cities still lack an adequate number and diversity of trees (Nowak & Greenfield, 2012) and as such there remains acontinuous and pressing need to restore trees--and tree cover--to urban centers. However, most American cities lack thecapacity to plan for and support reforestation efforts (Jones, Davis, & Bradford, 2013) . Further, existing urban forestmanagement plans do little to reflect the sociocultural services and benefits, e.g., aesthetics, community cohesion, andrecreation, appreciated by much of the public (Tyrvainen, Gustavsson, Konijnendijk, & Ode, 2006).Because of these deficiencies, there is increasing interest in eliciting greater public involvement in the management of urbanforests (Janse & Konijnendijk, 2007). Upstream public engagement has been shown to cultivate more positive attitudes towardsplanning, restoration and management of urban forests (Zhang, Hussain, Deng, & Letson, 2007). Further, giving citizens agreater voice in forest restoration and planning may contribute to reduced public resistance and greater public engagement inthis process (Baur, Tynon, Ries, & Rosenberger, 2016; Zhang et al., 2007) . While there are methods for engaging the public incomplex multi-attribute decision-making (e.g., structured decision-making (Gregory et al., 2012)), these processes can be costlyand time consuming, and thus may not be appropriate in all settings. As such there is a continuous need for participatoryprocesses to better account for the public's interest in urban forests, and to support constructive collaboration betweenprofessionals and the public in the restoration and management of urban forests (Luyet, Schlaepfer, Parlange, & Buttler, 2012).Our research seeks to improve public engagement for urban forest restoration and management through the use of a videogame-based decision-support tool that provides a three-dimensional representation of forests and other urban greenspaces,and which also explicitly incorporates decision-relevant forest attributes. This work builds on and extends the results of ourpreviously funded McIntire Stennis project that successfully co-designed, evaluated, and deployed a fully-functioning prototypeinteractive 3D urban forest planning software package (land.info http://tiny.cc/u3d-dss).Research aims: The research described in this proposal has two key aims. First, we aim to advance the science behindinteractive 3D landscape visualization decision support systems with the ultimate goal of 'scaling up' the land.info software wehave developed for broader applicability across a number of contexts, and to increase real-world impact. Second, we aim toimprove public engagement in urban forest restoration and management through the use of this interactive decision supportsystem, as reflected in public attitudes, support for, and participation in urban forest management and restoration.Research objectives: 1) To use the land.info software to determine experimentally the optimal presentation format for forestattributes, e.g., in numeric vs symbolic format, to improve user (the public's) experience; 2) To test hypotheses related to theinfluence of the number and type of attributes (e.g., more intangible vs more easily quantified) presented to participants on theirattitudes and intentions towards urban forest management and restoration.Research questions: RQ1: Do the attributes identified in a lengthy hyperlocal process 'scale up' to be relevant in othercontexts; RQ2: What is the preferred format to represent these key forest attributes within the decision support system; RQ3:Does the inclusion of a greater number and diversity of forest performance metrics in the 3D landscape visualization decisionsupportsystem improve public attitudes towards urban forest management and restoration; RQ4: Will engagement with a visualforest planning interface increase public support for urban forests, and their restoration and management.Previous Work and Present OutlookOur previous McIntire-Stennis funded research project (Evaluating Ecosystem Service Tradeoffs in the Design, Planning &Management of Urban Forests, MS 2017-18) had the following research objectives: 1) To engage residents to identifylandscape attributes of importance to them; and 2) To co-produce and evaluate in a real-world context a 3D visualization-baseddecision support system to support stakeholder decision making related to urban greening and green infrastructure. Weachieved these objectives by conducting ten intensive community-based workshops with two distinct stakeholder groups. Theresults of our previous research were: 1) The identification of key attributes of multifunctional urban landscapes that wereimportant to community members, e.g. both tangible urban ecosystem attributes like ease of maintenance, temperatureregulation, or flood mitigation, as well as sociocultural attributes like community vitality, security, and pride in community; 2) Theco-production (design, input, and testing) of what became "land.info", a 3D video game-based decision support system for urbanforestry and green space design; and 3) Two fully operational plans for urban greenspace in Detroit's eastside, one of which iscurrently under construction. This is a key outcome from this research, as collaborative efforts to articulate and operationalizecultural attributes and services in environmental decision-making have been underrepresented in existing research and practice(Chan et al., 2012). Further, we have presented our model and findings to local practitioner and academic audiences, as well asnationally and internationally at landscape architecture, urban greenspace planning, and data visualization conferences. We feel we are in a strong position to build on our existing research and make a substantive contribution to the co-design and comanagementof urban forests and will fill a considerable need for a hands-on decision-support tool to enhance publicengagement for sustainable urban greenspaces.In the current study, we will be (1) refining the metrics used in the land.info decision support tool and empirically evaluating thebest techniques to convey different types of information to a broader audience, and (2) using the land.info decision support toolto test hypotheses related to public attitudes and preferences in the context of urban forest restoration and management. Theultimate goals of this research are threefold: (1) Broaden public participation in the restoration and management of urban forestsby identifying urban forest attributes and metrics that have greater utility for the public; (2) Understand public attitudes andpreferences with respect to urban forest management and restoration; and (3) Incorporate these results into the land.infodecision support tool to encourage broader public participation and input into forest restoration and management decisions.This latter goal has as its ultimate purpose to supply insights to urban forest managers, and to interested individuals andorganizations, to inform the long term social and ecological sustainability of urban forests.

Project Methods
Attribute identification, evaluation and operationalizationIn the first year we will: 1. Operationalize the forest attributes and metrics identified in our previous McIntire-Stennis project intothe land.info decision support system for use in broader decision contexts. 2. Study 1a: Use an online survey to elicit publicjudgements and preferences regarding the preferred type and format of forest attributes, testing hypotheses related topreferences for symbolic vs numeric formats, and intangible (less easily quantified) vs tangible (easily quantified) attributes.Standard sociodemographic and social psychological data will serve as covariates. Study 1b: will use an online experimentalsurvey to determine attitudes towards urban forests and urban forest restoration following using land.info and according to oneof three experimental treatments: Treatment 1 (easily quantified attributes); Treatment 2 (less easily quantified attributes); andTreatment 3 (mix of these two types of attributes). Survey participants will interact with our 3D design tool (online), determinethe composition of the restored forest (i.e., number and species of trees), and respond to a series of socio-demographic, socialpsychological survey questions. Question items will also assess their attitudes, beliefs and behavioral intentions related tourban forests, urban forest restoration, urban forest policy, and the design interface itself, these will serve as dependentvariables. 3. Study 2: Use an online experimental survey format to determine attitudes towards urban forests and urban forestrestoration following engagement with land.info which differs in the number of attributes presented to participants. Twotreatments will be deployed; participants randomly assigned to Treatment 1 will base their design on a set of four attributes mostcommonly associated with urban forests (and which are typically represented by quantitative metrics, i.e., dollar cost or lbs ofcarbon sequestered). Those randomly assigned to Treatment 2 will base their design on an expansive set of seven attributes(the four attributes from Treatment 1, plus three additional 'intangible' attributes which are favored by the public, i.e., aestheticand cultural considerations). The remainder of the procedure will follow that described in Study 1b.Reality check: Real-world application and evaluationStudy 3: Carry out a real-world application of the 3D landscape visualization decision support system. Three to five activeurban forest restoration projects will be identified across the United States; involved citizens (i.e., those who advocate for andparticipate in urban forest restoration, or belong to an organization which performs the same) and urban forest managers fromthose communities will be recruited to use the 3D design interface as described in Study 1b. As a comparison, we will alsorecruit uninvolved citizens (i.e., who do not participate in urban forest restoration) from the same geographic area through anonline survey platform.

Progress 10/01/20 to 09/30/21

Outputs
Target Audience:During the reporting period, we reached out to 12 urban forestry practitioners located in Detroit, MI, and New Orlean, LA for feedback on the decision support tool that was developed.One aim was to return to working directly with communities, community-based organizations, and urban forest professionals in Detroit, MI, and New Orleans, LA in the use of the land.info decision-support tool in on-the ground decision-making regarding urban forest reforestation, restoration, and management in the face of climate change. We developedtraining and educational materials associated with the tool and trialed the training with user experience studies with 16 students. Owing to Covid restrictions plans for in-person workshops with communities of interest could not be conducted. Changes/Problems:Owing to Covid restrictions we could not conduct in-person workshops with communities of interest in Detroit, MI, and New Orleans, LA as planned. We attempted to recruit participants for online workshops, however, this was not successful. Given these challenges, the research team decided to focus on improving the Land.Info software with further refinement and development, as well as conducting a literature review to identify the state of the art for gamifying decision support systems and toinform future development. While we had hoped to publish results of the workshops the pivot to the literature review resulted in an additional publication that was not anticipated and therefore was productive in disseminating further research efforts. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Over the course of this phase of the project we provided a postdoctoral fellow with research experience related to systematic literature reviews, user experience evaluation, and development of the land.info software for public use and to inform urban forest management. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The development of the software has been disseminated to academic audiences via two journal publications (previously reported). The research team additionally developed a video to demonstrate the software and disseminated this to practitioners for review and to inform interviews conducted with them about current features and future development. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgU_uLxBfa8 What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Due to Covid restrictions the team had to adjust the project substantially as the final year of work involved in-person workshops with residents in Detroit, MI, and New Orleans, LA.The decision was made to focus on incorporating what was learned from the online survey conducted in the first phase of the project into the Land.Info decision support system. A new interface and data representation was developed informed by the experimental results and online training material was designed and evaluated with students as they were the most accessible audience. Results from these activities informed further development and refinement of the software. Given the shift to online work the additionaldecision was made to conducta literature review ongamifying decision support systems for design and planning decision making in order to contextualize and inform further development This was submittedfor review during the project reporting period and is now accepted for publication.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Lindquist, M., & Campbell-Arvai, V. (2021). Co-designing vacant lots using interactive 3D visualizations - Development and application of the Land.Info DSS. Landscape and Urban Planning, 210, 104082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104082
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2022 Citation: Fox, N. Lindquist, M., Van Berkel, D., Campbell-Arvai, V., & Serrano-Vergel, R. (2022). Gamifying Decision Support Systems to Promote Inclusive and Engaged Urban Resilience Planning. Urban Planning, 7(2), Special Issue: Gaming, Simulations and Planning: Physical and Digital Technologies for Public Participation in Urban Planning. (under review)

Progress 02/05/20 to 09/30/21

Outputs
Target Audience:During the reporting period, we reached out to 12 urban forestry practitioners located in Detroit, MI, and New Orlean, LA for feedback on the decision support tool that was developed. One aim was to return to working directly with communities, community-based organizations, and urban forest professionals in Detroit, MI, and New Orleans, LA in the use of the land.info decision-support tool in on-the-grounddecision-making regarding urban forest reforestation, restoration, and management in the face of climate change. We developed training and educational materials associated with the tool and trialed the training with user experience studies with 16 students. Owing to Covid restrictions plans for in-person workshops with communities of interest could not be conducted. Changes/Problems:Owing to Covid restrictions we could not conduct in-person workshops with communities of interest in Detroit, MI, and New Orleans, LA as planned. We attempted to recruit participants for online workshops, however, this was not successful. Given these challenges, the research team decided to focus on improving the Land.Info software with further refinement and development, as well as conducting a literature review to identify the state of the art for gamifying decision support systems and to inform future development. While we had hoped to publish the results of the workshops the pivot to the literature review resulted in an additional publication that was not anticipated and therefore was productive in disseminating further research effort What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Over the course of this phase of the project we provided a postdoctoral fellow with research experience related to systematic literature reviews, user experience evaluation, and development of the land.info software for public use and to inform urban forest management. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The development of the software has been disseminated to academic audiences via two journal publications (previously reported). The research team additionally developed a video to demonstrate the software and disseminated this to practitioners for review and to inform interviews conducted with them about current features and future development. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgU_uLxBfa8 What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Due to Covid restrictions the team had to adjust the project substantially as the final year of work involved in-person workshops with residents in Detroit, MI, and New Orleans, LA. The decision was made to focus on incorporating what was learned from the online survey conducted in the first phase of the project into the Land.Info decision support system. A new interface and data representation was developed informed by the experimental results and online training material was designed and evaluated with students as they were the most accessible audience. Results from these activities informed further development and refinement of the software. Given the shift to online work, the additional decision was made to conduct a literature review on gamifying decision support systems for design and planning decision making in order to contextualize and inform further development This was submitted for review during the project reporting period and is now accepted for publication.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2022 Citation: Fox, N. Lindquist, M., Van Berkel, D., Campbell-Arvai, V., & Serrano-Vergel, R. (2022). Gamifying Decision Support Systems to Promote Inclusive and Engaged Urban Resilience Planning. Urban Planning, 7(2), Special Issue: Gaming, Simulations and Planning: Physical and Digital Technologies for Public Participation in Urban Planning. (under review)
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Lindquist, M., & Campbell-Arvai, V. (2021). Co-designing vacant lots using interactive 3D visualizations - Development and application of the Land.Info DSS. Landscape and Urban Planning, 210, 104082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104082

Progress 02/05/20 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:From October 1, 2019 to September 30, 2020 the research team built on collaborative research conducted with two community-based organizations in Detroit (the Eastside Community Network and the Alliance for the Great Lakes). In this new round of research our focus is on advancing the science behind interactive 3D landscape visualization decision support systems with the ultimate goal of 'scaling up' the land.info software we have developed for broader applicability across a number of contexts, and to increase real-world impact. We aim to improve public engagement in urban forest restoration and management through the use of this interactive decision support system, as reflected in public attitudes, trust in and support for, and participation in urban forest management and restoration. Our target audience are communities and community-based organizations across the US that are involved in urban reforestation, urban forest restoration, and urban forest management. Our ultimate goal is to create a decision support system which can be used independently (i.e., without direct input from this research team) by these groups in support of their urban forest-related planning and ongoing management. By placing decision-making about the present and future form of urban forests into the hands of community-members, this tool will serve to empower urban communities which had previously been marginalized or excluded from decision-making related to urban forest restoration and management (as well as related tree-planting activities). This decision support system will also serve as a tool for outreach and education about urban forests. By incorporating user-friendly feedback about urban forest attributes that have been identified as important by communities, this tool will illustrate in 3-D virtual reality (i) the multiple functions of an urban forest, and (ii) how these functions are augmented or inhibited through urban forest management interventions and decisions within this 3-D virtual space. The insight from this virtual feedback can then inform the reforestation, restoration and management of forests in urban centers across the US. Changes/Problems:The project has been slightly delayed due to a key researcher leaving for a new job. A position is being advertised to replace this individual. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Over the course of this phase of the project we have provided two graduate students with research experience related to systematic literature reviews, survey development and experimental design, data collection and statistical analysis, and development of the land.info software for public use and to inform urban forest management. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We are not yet ready to disseminate the improved land.info software to communities of interest. This current phase of research is focused on ensuring that the software is user-friendly, clearly represents community-identified ecosystem services, can be operated independently, and reflects community-identified needs. We expect to be ready for dissemination of this research before the next reporting period. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We are currently writing up the results of this research in the form of a number of peer-reviewed academic publications. We will continue to further refine the 3D land.info design tool, identify and develop preferred visual metrics to represent key ecosystem services and benefits within the tool, and test hypotheses related to public attitudes towards and interest in urban forests, urban forest management, and associated ecosystem services. As noted, we are also currently developing a survey to investigate preferences for how favored ecosystem services are represented within the land.info 3-D forest interface. Specifically, we will be using a nationally-representative web-based survey to elicit public judgements and preferences regarding the preferred type and format of how these forest attributes (as ecosystem services) are presented to users, testing hypotheses related to preferences for symbolic vs numeric formats, intangible (less easily quantified) vs tangible (easily quantified) attributes, and overall number of attributes presented. This research will provide insight into how best to reflect how these services change (mainly an increase or decrease in the flow of these services) as different forest management decisions are made within this virtual space. Further nationally representative web-based surveys and survey-based experiments are also planned to determine attitudes towards urban forests and urban forest restoration following the use of land.info with different number and combinations of forest ecosystem services from each category of services included as feedback. The ultimate goal of this phase of the research is to optimize how information is presented to participants in order to ensure that the land.info tool is user-friendly and meets community needs in decision making, effectively represents changes in the flow of ecosystem services in response to forest management decisions in this virtual 3-D space, enhance positive attitudes towards urban forests, and increase intentions to engage in urban forest management activities. Over the next reporting periods we will return to working directly with communities, community-based organizations, and urban forest professionals in Detroit, MI and New Orleans, LA in the use of the land.info decision-support tool in on-the-ground decision-making regarding urban forest reforestation, restoration, and management in the face of climate change. We will be investigating the utility of the tool for independent use, developing training and educational materials associated with the tool, and measuring community perceptions of engagement, trust, legitimacy, and agency in the urban forest planning efforts that involve them.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We developed and deployed a nationally representative web-based survey of city dwellers to rank the importance of the ecosystem services that flow from urban forests. Using the categorization from the Millennium Ecosystem Services and as identified from an extensive literature review, we first asked study participants to rank ecosystem services within each category: Provisioning, Supporting, Regulating, and Cultural. We then also asked participants to provide an overall rank for the most important services from each category, an overall rank for the four categories of ecosystem services, and an assessment of how familiar they are with these categories of services. Participants were also asked to provide an overall affective (emotional) evaluation of the presence of urban forests within their community (from negative to positive). Overall, study participants had a positive attitude towards urban forests (Mean attitude: 5.92 (SD=1.93) out of a 7-point scale). A more detailed look at the ratings revealed that participants saw urban forests as acceptable (M=6.20, SD=1.36), calming (M=6.09, SD=1.31), beneficial (M=6.02, SD=1.42), and welcoming (M=6.01, SD=1.41). The most common activity associated with urban forests was walking (44% of respondents). From the category of Cultural ecosystem services, participants ranked Connection with Nature, Physical Health and Recreational Opportunities, and Well-being the highest among these services. From the category of Provisioning ecosystem services, participants ranked Shade provision, Regulating the local climate, and Carbon storage the highest among these services. From the category of Regulating ecosystem services, participants ranked Filtering air, Visual & Sound barrier, and Freshwater provisioning the highest among these services. From the category of Supporting ecosystem services, participants ranked Habitat, Pollinator services, and Biodiversity the highest among these services. In terms of disservices, participants identified Safety, Stinging Insects, and Falling tree limbs as problematic attributes of urban forests. The importance of each category of forest ecosystem service was also assessed (1-7 Likert Scale: Extremely Unimportant to Extremely Important). The ratings are below. Cultural ES: M=5.54; SD=1.71 Provisioning ES: M=5.10; SD=1.55 Regulating ES: M=5.64; SD=1.62 Supporting ES: M=5.70; SD=1.66 ANOVA revealed a significant overall difference among these groups. Post-hoc testing (6 comparisons, corrected p-value = 0.05/6 = 0.008) indicated significant pairwise comparisons between Provisioning and each of Cultural, Regulating and Supporting (all p<0.001). There were no significant differences between any other paired comparisons. Participants also rated their familiarity with these different categories of forest ecosystem services (1-7 Likert Scale: Extremely Unfamiliar to Extremely Familiar). The ratings are below. Cultural ES: M=5.59; SD=1.22 Provisioning ES: M=5.00; SD=1.40 Regulating ES: M=5.05; SD=1.38 Supporting ES: M=5.33; SD=1.39 ANOVA revealed a significant overall difference among these groups. Post-hoc testing (6 comparisons, corrected p-value = 0.05/6 = 0.008) indicated significant pairwise comparisons between Cultural and Provisioning, and Cultural and Regulating (all p<0.001). The difference in familiarity between Cultural and Supporting approached significance (p<0.008). There were no other significant pairwise comparisons. Overall, our results reveal that the urban public hold positive attitudes towards ecosystem services, and see these spaces as providing multiple services to them and their community. These results also reveal a need to inform the public of the importance of Provisioning ecosystem services, as this category was ranked significantly lower than the other categories of services that flow from urban forests. Similarly, educational materials should be directed at familiarizing the public with Provisioning, Regulating and Supporting services that flow from urban forests. Importantly, these results will also inform the next steps in our research program.As noted, we are currently developing a survey to investigate preferences for how these favored ecosystem services are represented within the land.info 3-D interface.Specifically, we will be eliciting public judgements and preferences regarding the preferred type and format of how these forest attributes are presented to users, testing hypotheses related to preferences for symbolic vs numeric formats, intangible (less easily quantified) vs tangible (easily quantified) attributes, and the overall number of attributes presented. This research will provide insight into how best to visually represent changes in services (mainly an increase or decrease in the flow of these services) as different forest management decisions are executed within this virtual space. Further surveys are planned to determine changes in public attitudes towards urban forests and urban forest restoration following the use of land.info with different number and combinations of forest ecosystem services from each category of services included as feedback.The ultimate goal of this phase of the research is to optimize how information is presented to participants in order to ensure that the land.info tool is user-friendly and meets community needs in decision making, enhance positive attitudes towards urban forests, improves trust in and legitimacy of urban forest management efforts, and increase intentions to engage in urban forest management activities.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Campbell-Arvai, V., & Lindquist, M. (2021). From the ground up: Using structured community engagement to identify objectives for urban green infrastructure planning. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 59, 127013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127013
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2021 Citation: Lindquist, M., & Campbell-Arvai, V. (2021). Co-designing vacant lots using interactive 3D visualizations - development and application of the Land.Info DSS. Landscape and Urban Planning.