Progress 09/01/19 to 08/31/23
Outputs
Target Audience:The UVMRP mission is to provide high quality data, data products, and services in support of agricultural research, and to facilitate the use of these measurements with climate and crop models. Research topics span the geographic distribution of UV-B solar irradiance and the effects of increased or diminished UV-B on crops, native and invasive plants, and animals. The program participates in international instrument inter-comparisons to ensure quality control and a common reference standard for comparing U.S. data with the rest of the world. Over the past years there have been between 6,000 and 10,000 visits per month to the web site (and average 500 downloads per month) by users to obtain data and/or related information. Over the years, 54% of web data downloads have come from .EDU domains, 23% from .GOV domains, 21% from .com domains and the balance from other domains. Both national and international educators and students have retrieved data or related information via the program website. Most academic data use is for agricultural research. The UVMRP measurements and tools have been the source for numerous research studies conducted by universities and agricultural research facilities across the nation. Fourteen land grant universities have prior and/or current research studies in collaboration with the UVMRP, and all of them have a UVMRP instrument array at their location. In addition, the UVMRP has prior and/or current research collaborations with government agencies such as NASA, NOAA, DOE, EPA, and NSF. UVMRP stakeholders include: a) USDA personnel at all levels who fund, participate, or have an interest in the program, b) agricultural researchers from governmental, academic, and other institutions, c) researchers from health communities, and d) educators and students at all levels who make use of network data and tutorials. Collaboration and support of research in the effects of UV-B on plants and materials has resulted in papers that are presented at scientific conferences. As ground-based measurements of UV-B and study of UV-B effects on agriculture continue to be important, and predictive crop yield tools come of age, an increasing number of researchers could make use of UVMRP products. Perhaps the best measure of the effectiveness of the UVMRP in serving stakeholders is the large number of publications that have come directly from the program or from collaboration with affiliated researchers. There have been over 300 publications to date in the 30-year history of the UVMRP. Agricultural effects studies account for two-thirds of publications, with UV-B climatology making up most of the remainder. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate and post-doctoral participation and mentoring are taking place in all phases of the project, through co-authorship of papers in scientific journals, proceedings, and transactions, as well as presentations of research work at professional society events. The project provides the following research opportunities for the graduate and undergraduate students and postdoctoral fellows: Investigation of the relationship between diffuse irradiance and cloud coverage using our shadowband measurements. Research of the effects of wildfire smoke on UV radiation at UVMRP Davis, CA site. Improvement of data quality of UVMRP measurements and studying the interaction between UV irradiance and atmospheric constituents. Calibration of the DayCent-UV model and the coupling between the DayCent-UV and CWRF models to simulate the grasslands dynamics in North American. Study the effects of environmental stressors on economically import crops. Evaluation of climate impacts on agriculture productivity with the latest total factor productivity and fraction changes in a changing climate. Development of the coupled climate-crop model, conducting model calibration and experiments, analyzingresults, and writing journal articles. Construction of the high-resolution crop-specific agricultural production database. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Data from all agroclimatologic and research network sites are available on the project's web site https://uvb.nrel.colostate.edu/UVB/. Our scientifically peer-reviewed papers and associated conference presentations are also available on the website for scientific and/or wider communities of interest. Additionally, UVMRP staff routinely respond directly to data inquiries and requests for UV-related expertise via telephone and email. Currently we have users from more than 300 different organizations, with 48% from national educational institutions; 33% from national governmental agencies; 2% from commercial enterprises; and 17% from international institutions. Our paper in determining climate effects on US total agricultural productivity that is published in the Proceedings for the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), attracts significant media attention, and which is covered by Nature Research Highlights in 2017. The 5-year impact factor of the PNAS is 12.3, while the current altmetric score of the article is 137, putting it in the top 5% of research outputs, revealing the significance of its findings. Furthermore, it has been cited 123 times, downloaded/full-paper-assessed over 18,000 times, picked up by 9 news outlets, 6 blogs, tweeted by 50 users, and have 307 readers on Mendeley. Our effects work facilitates breeders on selecting crop (e.g., cotton and soybean) varieties that can handle realistic future conditions like UV exposure, drought, warmer temperature, and more carbon dioxide. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
UVMRP activities focus on three primary goals: (1) to collect high-quality and geographically-distributed solar ultraviolet (UV) and visible radiation measurements, and to make these data publicly available for the agricultural, ecological, and scientific communities; (2) to quantify the isolated and combined effects of UV and other environmental stressors on economically important crops through experiments; (3) to develop a coupled modeling framework of climate-agroecosystem-UV interactions and economic impacts for science-informed decision support toward sustainable US agriculture. UVMRP manages the only nationwide network which measures surface UVB irradiance, and provides 8 other data products, at 37 agro-climatological sites and 4 long-duration research sites that together encompass 20 ecoregions and a variety of land types. UVMRP staff checks the instrument data daily, and when necessary, works with local site operators to correct any problems. Via the UVMRP web page, we continue to provide quality UV and visible surface radiation measurements and data products, including calibrated and biologically-weighted UV irradiances, UV index, synthetic spectra, instantaneous optical depths, daily and hourly sums, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Conversion from analog telephone modem connections to Ethernet/cellular modem connections has been completed. Development of the new UVMRP website is ongoing and open to public access. The new website adopts WordPress as its base and PHP as its primary language, and provides options to download datasets in batch by years (all sites) and by locations (all years). UVMRP continues to improve the accuracy and quality of climatological data in several ways. To ensure data quality, UVMRP staff visually checks the instrument data daily and works with local site operators to correct any problems. Statistics-based procedures including range checks, signal-to-noise limits, and cross-instrument sub-hourly correlation evaluations are deployed to enhance automated quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA). In addition, new QC/QA algorithms are continuously revised/redesigned to reduce the human labeling effort and improve the labeling accuracy. The calibration procedures/algorithms are constantly under development and the mature ones are deployed for various UVMRP radiometers. Monthly in-situ calibrations are performed using the Langley Analyzer and the global-pairing cloud screening algorithm. The Gaussian Process Regression algorithm has been used to smooth in-situ calibration factors at all sites. The in-house calibration facility is currently capable of (UV-) MFRSR spectral response measurements. All radiometers receive periodic recalibration at NOAA's Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO), Hawaii. PAR sensors are calibrated by the manufacturer. UVMRP continues to conduct agriculture-focused research using the network measurements. For the effects of wildfire smoke on irradiance in the UV-Visible spectra, we find that 20% of growing season days are smoke-impacted and smoke increases diffuse fraction of irradiance by 45% and decreases total irradiance by -6% at 10 UVMRP sites. For effects research, we are working with our collaborators at Mississippi State University on several experiments using its Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research (SPAR) environmental chambers to investigate impacts of elevated UVB radiation and other environmental stressors [e.g., elevated CO2 (+CO2), high/low temperature (±T), drought (-W)] on the growth and development of economically important crops (Soybean, Basil, and Brassica). For soybean, the severity of -W is inversely correlated with root, shoot, and gas exchange traits and shows transgenerational effects. For cotton, the heat- and drought-tolerant cultivars have morpho-physiological and reproductive stress resilience traits. For basil, -W suppresses its morphological traits and +T reduces its stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, and fresh mass responses. Additionally, even with the mitigation of +CO2, +UVB still reduces basil leaf areas and branches. For Brassica, it is found that +UVB and +T decrease their leaf area, biomass, chlorophyll content especially during their early-season growth and development and +CO2 mitigates these effects. It is also found that the effects of ±T are trait and genotype dependent. The findings of these studies could allow for revealing underlying mechanisms, selection of stress tolerant cultivars with the best coping ability for future climate, optimization of commercial crop productions or specific traits and simulation of crop responses in models. For integrated assessment, we are working with collaborators in the University of Maryland to develop a comprehensive predictive system for risk analysis, evaluation of economic impacts, and strategic planning concepts to achieve sustainable agricultural development in a changing environment, using the CWRF-CROP framework. CROP represents a universal abstraction for many crop models such as GOSSYM, DSSAT, and DayCent. As a part of CWRF-CROP, we continue to develop the CWRF-DSSAT system to be included in this integrated assessment system. We continue to re-engineer the DSSAT modules to establish two-way communication with CWRF and to simulate and predict the growth and yields of soybean and cotton in the US. For soybean, vegetation parameters serving as feedbacks to CWRF like LAI and canopy height are being transformed and the module is tested with reanalysis weather data. The initial results from the coupled systems reveal mechanisms of climate-crop interactions at large scale. For instance, we find that there are significant cooling effects and increased precipitation in the Midwest due to crops, and that a 0.5°C temperature decline in US marginal lands increases biofuel crops' biomass by 15-million tons. We also find crop-specific critical growth stages when weather has the strongest influence on crop yields. To improve the capability of the coupled CWRF-CROP system, we also continue to improve the simulation accuracy of the CWRF with current focus on improving its cumulus scheme. For instance, we identify the main cause of summer Central U.S. warm-and-dry biases in CWRF to be the cloud base definition in the cumulus parameterization. We continue to evaluate the economic impacts of crop production variations with focus on extending the trend of total factor productivity (TFP) up to 2020 and correlating TFP with environmental variables. Development of DayCent-UV is underway to quantify UV impacts on ecosystems so as to ultimately couple it with CWRF. We developed the cattle weight prediction function based on grassland plant production. For CWRF-DayCent-UV coupling, we are developing the interface for DayCent-UV to utilize weather data in regional grids, and are preparing the crop fractional area and the corresponding crop management files for every grid. In the meantime, DayCent-UV is applied to various Ecosystems in North America to simulate their dynamics. The grassland productivity forecast system based on DayCent, GrassCast, is used to predict spring and summer plant productivity peaks three to four months ahead of the growing seasons in the Great Plains, based on the observed El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) patterns.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Wlane, C. H., and Reddy, K. R. 2022. Temperature effects on the shoot and root growth, development, and biomass accumulation of corn (Zea mays L.). Agriculture, 12, 443. doi: 10.3390/agriculture12040443
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Sun, C., and X.-Z. Liang. 2022. Understanding and Reducing Warm and Dry Summer Biases in the Central United States: Analytical Modeling to Identify the Mechanisms for CMIP Ensemble Error Spread. J. Climate, 1-42. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0255.1
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Corwin, K. A., C. A. Corr, J. Burkhardt, and E. V. Fischer. 2022. Smoke-Driven Changes in Photosynthetically Active Radiation During the U.S. Agricultural Growing Season. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127(23), e2022JD037446. doi: 10.1029/2022JD037446
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Woodmansee, R. G., M. B. Coughenour, W. Gao, L. Richards, W. J. Parton, D. S. Schimel, K. Paustian, S. Ogle, D. S. Ojima, R. Conant and M. Wallenstein. 2021. Chapter 8. Land/Atmosphere/Water Interactions. In R. G. Woodmansee, J. C. Moore, D. S. Ojima, and L. Richards (eds.), Natural Resource Management Reimagined - Using the Systems Ecology Paradigm (pp. 245-278). Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA. DOI: 10.1017/9781108655354
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Sehgal, A., K.R. Reddy, C.H. Walne, T.C. Barickman, S.R. Brazel, D. Chastain, W. Gao. 2022. Climate stressors on growth, yield, and functional biochemistry of two Brassica species, Kale and Mustard. Life, 12, 1546. doi: 10.3390/life12101546
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Sehgal, A., K.R. Reddy, C.H. Walne, T.C. Barickman, S. Brazel, Chastain, W. Gao. 2022. Individual and interactive effects of multiple abiotic stress treatments on early-season growth and development of two Brassica species. Agriculture, 12(4), 453. doi: 10.3390/agriculture12040453
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Persaud, L., R. Bheemanahalli, R. Seepaul, K.R. Reddy, B. Macoon. 2022. Low- and High-Temperature Phenotypic Diversity of Brassica carinata Genotypes for Early-Season Growth and Development. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.900011
|
Progress 09/01/21 to 08/31/22
Outputs
Target Audience:The UVMRP mission is to provide high quality data, data products, and services in support of agricultural research, and to facilitate the use of these measurements with climate and crop models. Research topics span the geographic distribution of UV-B solar irradiance and the effects of increased or diminished UV-B on crops, native and invasive plants, and animals. The program participates in international instrument inter-comparisons to ensure quality control and a common reference standard for comparing U.S. data with the rest of the world. Over the past years there have been between 6,000 and 10,000 visits per month to the web site (and average 500 downloads per month) by users to obtain data and/or related information. Over the years, 54% of web data downloads have come from .EDU domains, 23% from .GOV domains, 21% from .com domains and the balance from other domains. Both national and international educators and students have retrieved data or related information via the program website. Most academic data use is for agricultural research. The UVMRP measurements and tools have been the source for numerous research studies conducted by universities and agricultural research facilities across the nation. Fourteen land grant universities have prior and/or current research studies in collaboration with the UVMRP, and all of them have a UVMRP instrument array at their location. In addition, the UVMRP has prior and/or current research collaborations with government agencies such as NASA, NOAA, DOE, EPA, and NSF. UVMRP stakeholders include: a) USDA personnel at all levels who fund, participate, or have an interest in the program, b) agricultural researchers from governmental, academic, and other institutions, c) researchers from health communities, and d) educators and students at all levels who make use of network data and tutorials. Collaboration and support of research in the effects of UV-B on plants and materials has resulted in papers that are presented at scientific conferences. As ground based measurements of UV-B and study of UV-B effects on agriculture continue to be important, and predictive crop yield tools come of age, an increasing number of researchers could make use of UVMRP products. Perhaps the best measure of the effectiveness of the UVMRP in serving stakeholders is the large number of publications that have come directly from the program or from collaboration with affiliated researchers. There have been over 300 publications to date in the 29-year history of the UVMRP. Agricultural effects studies account for two-thirds of publications, with UV-B climatology making up most of the remainder. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate and post-doctoral participation and mentoring are taking place in all phases of the project, through co-authorship of papers in scientific journals, proceedings, and transactions, as well as presentations of research work at professional society events. One undergraduate student studies the effects of wildfire smoke on UV radiation at UVMRP Davis, CA site. One PhD student and one undergraduate student focus on effects of environmental stressors on economically import crops. One Postdoctoral fellow focuses on developing the coupled climate-crop model, conducting model experiments, analyzingresults, and writing journal articles. One postdoc fellow focuses on understanding climate impact on agricultural production and reviewing literature. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Data from all agroclimatologic and research network sites are available on the project's web site (http://uvb.nrel.colostate.edu). Our scientifically peer-reviewed papers and associated conference presentations are also available on the website for scientific and/or wider communities of interest. Additionally, UVMRP staff routinely respond directly to data inquiries and requests for UV-related expertise via telephone and email. Currently we have users from more than 300 different organizations, with 48% from national educational institutions; 33% from national governmental agencies; 2% from commercial enterprises; and 17% from international institutions. Our paper in determining climate effects on US total agricultural productivity that is published in the Proceedings for the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), attracts significant media attention, and which is covered by Nature Research Highlights in 2017. The 5-year impact factor of the PNAS is 12.3, while the current altmetric score of the article is 124, putting it in the top 5% of research outputs, revealing the significance of its findings. Furthermore, it has been cited 76 times, downloaded/full-paper-assessed over 18,000 times, picked up by 9 news outlets, 4 blogs, tweeted by 53 users, and have 283 readers on Mendeley. Our effects work facilitates breeders on selecting crop (e.g., rice) varieties that can handle realistic future conditions like UV exposure, drought, warmer temperature, and more carbon dioxide. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will deliver continuous maintenance of the network instruments, preserve high rates of data collection, develop up-to-date calibration protocols, and provide reliable primary and derived data products. We will continue to work with Mississippi State University and utilize their SPAR facility to evaluate the isolated and combined effects of UV-B and other environmental stressors on crops. Further progress towards the completion of the Integrated Agricultural Impact Assessment System framework is expected through ongoing collaborations with the University of Maryland. This includes advancing efforts to couple the Agroecosystem framework (CROP) with the CWRF model as well as developing and integrating an economic module into the impact assessment system to provide insight for farm management practices and policy decisions. For climatology data collection, we will continue to follow our established QC protocols and schedule annual site visits to perform necessary instrument maintenance. Ongoing evaluation of the shadowband and pyranometer QC flags and methodology is expected to simplify and improve the efficiency of the automated component of the QC procedure. We will continue to work with site operators to ensure rapid response to instrument issues. Evaluation of the in-house calibration facility software and hardware will be conducted to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the (UV-) MFRSR spectral response measurements. We will continue to investigate state-of-the-art methodologies for data processing and to deploy the validated new algorithms in production (e.g., Gaussian Process Regression). We will continue to develop the new UVMRP website with the focus on the data interface and the backend for UVMRP data products. For effects research, we will continue to evaluate the isolated and combined effects of UV-B and other environmental stressors on the growth and development of major crops and to identify the cultivars/lines tolerance for future environmental conditions. This includes conducting SPAR chamber experiments to investigate effects of temperature stress, drought, and CO2 levels on soybean growth, development, and yield. These experiments will facilitate the development of quantitative algorithms that will be incorporated into climate-crop simulation models for the Climate-Agroecosystem-UV Interactions and Economic system. For integrated assessment, we will continue to develop/upgrade the coupled CWRF-CROP system by reengineering the latest DSSAT version for distributed modeling and to simulate the growth and yields of corn, soybean, and cotton over the U.S. We will investigate the uncertainty of CWRF-DSSAT on soybean modeling and perform sensitivity analysis of soybean cultivars, farm management practices, soil conditions, and climate variations. We will continue to combine statistical analysis and dynamic modeling to determine quantitative relationships between crop yields and environmental, technological, and adaptation factors. We will also continue to develop the DayCent-UV and to couple it with CWRF.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
UVMRP activities focus on three primary goals: (1) to collect high-quality and geographically-distributed solar ultraviolet (UV) and visible radiation measurements, and to make these data publicly available for the agricultural, ecological, and scientific communities; (2) to quantify the isolated and combined effects of UV and other environmental stressors on economically important crops through experiments; (3) to develop a coupled modeling framework of climate-agroecosystem-UV interactions and economic impacts for science-informed decision support toward sustainable US agriculture. UVMRP manages the only nationwide network which measures surface UVB irradiance, and associated parameters, at 37 agro-climatological sites and 4 long-duration research sites that together encompass 20 ecoregions and a variety of land types. UVMRP staff checks the instrument data daily, and when necessary, works with local site operators to correct any problems. Via the UVMRP web page, we continue to provide quality UV and visible surface radiation measurements and data products, including calibrated and biologically-weighted UV irradiances, UV index, synthetic spectra, instantaneous optical depths, daily and hourly sums, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Conversion from analog telephone modem connections to Ethernet/cellular modem connections has been completed. Development of the new UVMRP website is ongoing. The new website adopts WordPress as its base and PHP as its primary language. The webpage will be available in summer 2022. UVMRP continues to improve the accuracy and quality of climatological data in several ways. Quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) algorithms are continuously revised to set appropriate flags for all radiation data and to simplify the interpretation of data quality issues. An automatic statistics-based set of QC codes were developed which utilize a series of range checks and signal-to-noise limits to catch QC issues such as noise and instrument failures. The QC codes are applied to newly collected data, and have been used to reprocess historical data. In addition, an abnormality detection algorithm that checks sub-hourly correlation between 368 and 415 channels is now applied and serves as a supplement to the automatic QC checks. Monthly in-situ calibrations are performed using the Langley Analyzer and the supplemental global-pairing cloud screening algorithm. Parameters of the Gaussian Process Regression algorithm for smoothing calibration factors are being optimized at every site. For effects research, several experiments were conducted in Mississippi State University's Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research (SPAR) environmental chambers to investigate impacts of UVB radiation and other environmental stressors on the growth and development of economically important crops (basil, and Brassica carinata). For basil, the explored environmental stressors include drought, temperature, CO2, & UV-B radiation. The experiments for the interactive temperature and elevated CO2 (eCO2) impacts show that 1) Low & high temperature prompts opposite response in stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis but both decrease fresh mass; 2) eCO2 mitigates the adverse effects of temperature stress. The experiments for the interactive drought (DS) and eCO2 effects finds that eCO2 has positive impacts on physiological, biochemical, and morphological aspects under DS. For example, DS inhibits the basil's photosynthetic system while eCO2 improves its water use efficiency and increases its chlorophyll content and peroxidase and ascorbate activity under DS. In addition, the prominent suppression of basil's morphological traits by DS in its later growth stage is alleviated by eCO2 treatment. The interactive elevated UV-B radiation and eCO2 experiment on Basil finds overall negative effects. Elevated UV-B causes reduction in branch number, stem dry matter, root volume, and increase in wax content, leaf area, & root-to-shoot ratio. Even though eCO2 increases yield mass, it also causes undesirable morphological features, lowering basil's economic value. For Brassica carinata, the focus is on the high-temperature effects. The results show the leaf lipidome is altered to maintain optimal membrane fluidity. The findings of these studies could allow for revealing underlying mechanisms, selection of stress tolerant cultivars with the best coping ability for future climate, optimization of commercial crop productions, and simulation of crop responses in models. For integrated assessment, we are working with the University of Maryland to develop a comprehensive predictive system for risk analysis, evaluation of economic impacts, and strategic planning concepts to achieve sustainable agricultural development in a changing environment, using the CWRF-CROP framework. CROP represents a universal abstraction for many crop models such as GOSSYM, DSSAT, and DayCent. As a part of CWRF-CROP, CWRF-DSSAT is now being developed for inclusion in this integrated assessment system. We continue to enhance the coupled CWRF-CROP system to simulate and predict the growth and yields of corn, soybean, and cotton in the US. One effort is to better simulate spatiotemporal variations of corn yields by introducing seasonal leaf area index in addition to annual yield as optimization objectives. The validation was conducted in retrospective CWRF and interactive CWRF-DSSAT settings against the latest ECMWF reanalysis ERA5 data. The preliminary results show significant climate-crop interactions on both regional climate conditions and crop yields. In addition to crops, our biomass crop climate feedback study using the coupled CWRF-CROP system shows that Miscanthus increases evapotranspiration, reduces sensible heat transfer, and cools the Midwest Heartland summer. In addition, having Miscanthus increases summer rainfall and reduces water vapor pressure deficit, which lowers potential transpiration for all Midwest crops and increases corn and soybean yields by 12%. To improve the capability of the coupled CWRF-CROP system, we continue to improve the simulation accuracy of the CWRF with current focus on improving cumulus scheme with a better physical understanding. We identified the causes of summer Central U.S. warm-and-dry biases in CWRF: 1) underrepresenting the lifting effect & 2) insufficient anvil clouds. We proposed to add the trigger for mesoscale convective systems in unfavorable conditions and a cloud-to-rainwater conversion to favor anvil formation. The preliminary result shows that with the new ensemble approach the biases are eliminated consistently. To evaluate the economic impacts, we continue to incorporate the trend of total factor productivity (TFP) and its correlation with environmental variables. Development of DayCent-UV is underway to quantify UV impacts on ecosystems and to couple it with CWRF ultimately. To extend the DayCent-UV's ability of predicting cattle weight gains, the correlation between observed grassland plant production and cattle weight gains at five US Great Plains (GP) sites is analyzed. The preliminary results show opposite correlations at low and high plant productivity. To incorporate the winter precipitation impact on water balance in the spring and plant growth in the following growing season into DayCent-UV, a study analyzes long-term lysimeter and plant production data at a Colorado site. To improve the long-term simulation of important US crop rotation systems, we continue to couple the CWRF land surface model with the DayCent model by developing an interface between reanalyzed meteorological data grids and DayCent-UV. The aboveground net primary production and soil C and N data across the US GP are being prepared to calibrate and validate DayCent-UV for the region and for eventually using the model to assess potential climatic changes impacts on ecosystem dynamics in the GP during the next 80 years.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Barickman, T. C., B. Adhikari, A. Sehgal, C. H. Walne, K. R. Reddy, and W. Gao. 2021. Drought and elevated co2 impacts photosynthesis and biochemicals of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Stresses, 1(4), 223-237. doi: 10.3390/stresses1040016
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Barickman, T. C., B. Adhikari, A. Sehgal, C. H. Walne, K. R. Reddy, and W. Gao. 2021. Drought and elevated carbon-dioxide impact the morphological profile of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Crops, 1(3), 118-128. doi: 10.3390/crops1030012
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Barickman, T. C., O. J. Olorunwa, A. Sehgal, C. H. Walne, K. R. Reddy, W. Gao. 2021. Yield, Physiological Performance, and Phytochemistry of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under Temperature Stress and Elevated CO2 Concentrations. Plants, 10(6), 1072. doi: 10.3390/plants10061072
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
He, Y., D. Jaiswal, X.-Z. Liang, C. Sun, S. P. Long. 2022. Perennial biomass crops on marginal land improve both regional climate and agricultural productivity. GCB-BIOENERGY, 14(5), 558-571. doi: 10.1111/gcbb.12937
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Barickman, T. C., O. J. Olorunwa, A. Sehgal, C. H. Walne, K. R. Reddy, W. Gao. 2021. Interactive Impacts of Temperature and Elevated CO2 on Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Root and Shoot Morphology and Growth. Horticulturae, 7(5), 112. doi: 10.3390/horticulturae7050112
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Barickman, T.C., S. Brazel, A. Sehgal, C.H. Walne, K.R. Reddy, and W. Gao. 2021. Individual and interactive temporal implications of UV-B radiation and elevated CO2 on the morphology of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Horticulturae, 7(11), 474. doi: 10.3390/horticulturae7110474
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Lwe, Z. Z., S. Sah, L. Persaud, J. Li, W. Gao, K. R. Reddy, S. Narayanan. 2021. Alterations in the leaf lipidome of Brassica carinata under high-temperature stress. BMC Plant Biology, 21, 404, doi: 10.1186/s12870-021-03189-x
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Ojima, D. S., R. T. Conant, W. J. Parton, J. M. Lackett, and T. L. Even. 2021. Recent Climate Changes Across the Great Plains and Implications for Natural Resource Management Practices. Rangeland Ecology & Management. 78, 180-190. doi: 10.1016/j.rama.2021.03.008
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Progress 09/01/20 to 08/31/21
Outputs
Target Audience:The UVMRP mission is to provide high quality data, data products, and services in support of agricultural research, and to facilitate the use of these measurements with climate and crop models. Research topics span the geographic distribution of UV-B solar irradiance and the effects of increased or diminished UV-B on crops, native and invasive plants, and animals. The program participates in international instrument inter-comparisons to ensure quality control and a common reference standard for comparing U.S. data with the rest of the world. Over the past years there have been between 6,000 and 10,000 visits per month to the web site (and average 500 downloads per month) by users to obtain data and/or related information. Over the years, 45% of web data downloads have come from .EDU domains, 45% from .GOV domains and the balance from other domains. Both national and international educators and students have retrieved data or related information via the program website. Most academic data use is for agricultural research. The UVMRP measurements and tools have been the source for numerous research studies conducted by universities and agricultural research facilities across the nation. Fourteen land grant universities have prior and/or current research studies in collaboration with the UVMRP, and all of them have a UVMRP instrument array at their location. In addition, the UVMRP has prior and/or current research collaborations with government agencies such as NASA, NOAA, DOE, EPA, and NSF. UVMRP stakeholders include: a) USDA personnel at all levels who fund, participate, or have an interest in the program, b) agricultural researchers from governmental, academic, and other institutions, and c) educators and students at all levels who make use of network data and tutorials. Collaboration and support of research in the effects of UV-B on plants and materials has resulted in papers that are presented at scientific conferences. As ground based measurements of UV-B and study of UV-B effects on agriculture continue to be important, and predictive crop yield tools come of age, an increasing number of researchers could make use of UVMRP products. Perhaps the best measure of the effectiveness of the UVMRP in serving stakeholders is the large number of publications that have come directly from the program or from collaboration with affiliated researchers. There have been over 300 publications to date in the 28-year history of the UVMRP. Agricultural effects studies account for two-thirds of publications, with UV-B climatology making up most of the remainder. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate and post-doctoral participation and mentoring are taking place in all phases of the project, through co-authorship of papers in scientific journals, proceedings, and transactions, as well as presentations of research work at professional society events. One postdoc supported by UVMRP worked on improving data quality of UVMRP measurements and studying the interaction between UV irradiance and atmospheric constituents. One Postdoctoral fellow supported by UVMRP focused on climate impacts on agriculture productivity with the latest total factor productivity and fraction changes in a changing climate. One P.ostdoctoral fellow supported by UVMRP involved in all aspects of the project, from model development to conducting experiments, and implementation of coupling systems. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Data from all agroclimatologic and research network sites are available on the project's web site (http://uvb.nrel.colostate.edu). Our scientifically peer-reviewed papers and associated conference presentations are also available on the website for scientific and/or wider communities of interest. Additionally, UVMRP staff routinely respond directly to data inquiries and requests for UV-related expertise via telephone and email. Currently we have users from more than 300 different organizations, with 48% from national educational institutions; 33% from national governmental agencies; 2% from commercial enterprises; and 17% from international institutions. Our paper in determining climate effects on US total agricultural productivity that is published in the Proceedings for the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), attracts significant media attention, and which is covered by Nature Research Highlights in 2017. The 5-year impact factor of the PNAS is 10.3, while the current altmetric score of the article is 121, putting it in the top 5% of research outputs, revealing the significance of its findings. Furthermore, it has been cited 51 times, downloaded/full-paper-assessed over 18,000 times, picked up by 8 news outlets, 4 blogs, tweeted by 55 users, and have 225 readers on Mendeley. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will deliver continuous maintenance of the network instruments, preserve high rates of data collection, develop up-to-date calibration protocols, and provide reliable primary and derived data products. We will continue to work with Mississippi State University and utilize their SPAR facility to evaluate the isolated and combined effects of UV-B and other environmental stressors on crops. Further progress towards the completion of the Integrated Agricultural Impact Assessment System framework is expected through ongoing collaborations with the University of Maryland. This includes advancing efforts to couple the Agroecosystem framework (CROP) with the CWRF model as well as developing and integrating an economic module into the impact assessment system to provide insight for farm management practices and policy decisions. For climatology data collection, we will continue to follow our established QC protocols and schedule annual site visits to perform necessary instrument maintenance. Ongoing evaluation of the shadowband and pyranometer QC flags and methodology is expected to simplify and improve the efficiency of the automated component of the QC procedure. We will continue to work with site operators to ensure rapid response to instrument issues. Evaluation of the in-house calibration facility software and hardware will be conducted to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the (UV-) MFRSR spectral response measurements. We will continue to investigate state-of-the-art methodologies for data processing. We will continue to develop the new UVMRP website with the focus on the data interface and the backend for UVMRP data products such as irradiance data, PAR, Erythemal, daily/hourly sums. For effects research, we will continue to evaluate the isolated and combined effects of UV-B and other environmental stressors on the growth and development of major crops and to identify the cultivars/lines tolerance for future environmental conditions. This includes conducting SPAR chamber experiments to investigate effects of temperature stress and CO2 levels on basil growth, development, phytonutrient concentrations, and yield. These experiments will facilitate the development of quantitative algorithms that will be incorporated into climate-crop simulation models for the Climate-Agroecosystem-UV Interactions and Economic system. For integrated assessment, we will continue to develop/upgrade the coupled CWRF-CROP system by reengineering the latest DSSAT version for distributed modeling and to simulate the growth and yields of corn, soybean, and cotton over the U.S. We will continue to combine statistical analysis and dynamic modeling to determine quantitative relationships between crop yields and environmental, technological, and adaptation factors. We will also continue to develop the DayCent-UV and to couple it with CWRF.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
UVMRP activities focus on three primary goals: (1) to collect high-quality and geographically-distributed solar ultraviolet (UV) and visible radiation measurements, and to make these data publicly available for the agricultural, ecological, and scientific communities; (2) to conduct experiments on the isolated and combined effects of UV and other environmental stressors on economically important crops; (3) to develop an agricultural assessment system which will extrapolate probable effects of environmental stressors including UV on the sustainability of agricultural systems. UVMRP manages the only nationwide network which measures surface UVB irradiance, and associated parameters, at 37 agro-climatological sites and 4 long-duration research sites that together encompass 20 ecoregions and a variety of land types. UVMRP staff checks the polling success daily, and when necessary, works with local site operators to correct any problems. Via UVMRP web page, we continue to provide high-quality UV and visible surface radiation measurements and data products, including calibrated and biologically-weighted UV irradiances, UV index, synthetic spectra, optical depths, daily and hourly sums, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Conversion from analog telephone modem connections to Ethernet/cellular modem connections has been completed at 89% of the sites and is ongoing. Development of the new UVMRP website is ongoing. The new website adopts WordPress as its base and PHP as its primary language. All webpages with static information have been created. UVMRP continues to improve the accuracy and quality of climatological data in several ways. Quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) algorithms are continuously revised to set appropriate flags for all radiation data and to simplify the interpretation of data quality issues. The automatic statistics-based QC codes summarize experts' experience/knowledge and utilize a series of range checks and signal-to-noise limits to catch QC issues such as noise and instrument failures. The QC codes are applied to newly collected data nightly, while the historical data are reprocessed in batch mode whenever codes have updates to ensure data consistency and to re-evaluate data quality. In addition, an abnormality detection algorithm that checks sub-hourly correlation between 368 and 415 channels is under development and serves as a supplement to the automatic QC checks. Monthly in-situ calibrations are performed using the Langley Analyzer and the supplemental global-pairing cloud screening algorithm. Parameters of the Gaussian Process Regression algorithm for smoothing calibration factors are being optimized at every site. For effects research, several experiments are conducted in Mississippi State University's Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research (SPAR) environmental chambers to investigate impacts of UVB radiation and other environmental stressors on the growth and development of economically important crops (soybean, rice, cotton, corn). For soybean, one experiment examines the effects of soil water deficit (during early-season) on root, shoot, and gas exchange traits of soybean cultivars, Progeny P5333RY and Asgrow AG5332. All measured parameters are inversely correlated with soil moisture. Another experiment quantifies the effects of four day/night temperature regimes (20/12-40/32°C) on soybean cultivars AG5332 AG & P5333RY PR up to 21 DAS. The results show cultivar influences mainstem nodes and root volume, while temperature effect is significant on all other root/shoot parameters. The interactive effects between temperature and cultivar are observed on plant height, root surface area, root tips. For rice, one experiment explores the temperature tolerance of 64 genotypes at the seedling stage. The results show cold stress (22/14°C) causes significant reductions in all root, shoot, and physiological traits, whereas a significant increase in all traits is observed under high temperatures (38/30°C). For cotton, one study reports the field-based characterization of multiple morpho-physiological and reproductive stress resilience traits in 11 isogenic CS lines and the inbred G. hirsutum line TM-1 and concludes that CS-T07, CS-B15sh, CS-B18 are heat- and drought-tolerant. For corn, an experiment evaluates in vitro seed germination responses of 9 hybrids to osmotic potentials. Based on maximum seed germination and seed germination rate at various osmotic stress levels, AgriGold A6659 & Terral REV 25BHR26 are identified as the most- and least-tolerant corn hybrids during germination. Finally, a multi-species experiment quantifies the temperature effects on germination of corn, cotton, and soybean seeds. Among the three crops, corn has the highest optimal temperature (34.6°C), whereas cotton has the higher minimum & maximum temperatures. The findings of these studies could allow for selection of stress tolerant cultivars with the best coping ability for future climate, optimization of commercial crop productions, and simulation of crop responses in models. For integrated assessment, we are working with the University of Maryland to develop a comprehensive predictive system for risk analysis, evaluation of economic impacts, and strategic planning concepts to achieve sustainable agricultural development in a changing environment, using the CWRF-CROP framework. CROP represents a universal abstraction for many crop models such as GOSSYM, DSSAT, and DayCent. As a part of CWRF-CROP, CWRF-DSSAT is now being developed for inclusion in this integrated assessment system. A series DSSAT version for soybean driven by reanalysis weather data in 1979, which outputs growing data such as LAI and root fraction, is tested at the UFQU site. We continue to enhance the coupled CWRF-CROP system to simulate and predict the growth and yields of corn, soybean, and cotton in the US. An effort is to couple and optimize DSSAT instead of GOSSYM with CWRF to simulate cotton variations at the 30km scale. The initial results show that the model realistically simulates the spatial distribution and interannual pattern of cotton yields across the Cotton Belt during 1980-2019. To improve the capability of the coupled CWRF-CROP system, we continue to improve the simulation accuracy of the CWRF with current focus on ensemble cumulus parameterization. The improved model better reproduces seasonal mean precipitation spatial patterns in the US, which reveals 5 physical mechanisms with distinctive interplays among water & energy supplies and surface & cloud forcings. To evaluate the economic impacts, we continue to incorporate the trend of total factor productivity (TFP) and its correlation with environmental variables. With newly updated USDA US TFP data and survey statistics in 2020, both TFP and TFP change show bigger fluctuations since 2010 and the national harvest rates of corn show a big difference from survey statistics data. The effects of environmental variation and agricultural adaptation on crop production and food supply is under review and the potential frameworks (pathways) to improve cropping system resilience is being investigated. Development of DayCent-UV is underway to quantify UV impacts on ecosystems and to couple it with CWRF ultimately. A grassland productivity forecast system connected to DayCent-UV is developed to estimate aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in the Great Plains (GP) and achieves a greater-than-50%-correlated ANPP as early as mid-April for the Southern GP and mid-May to early June for the Central and Northern GP. To improve the long-term simulation of important US crop rotation systems, we continue to couple the CWRF land surface model with the DayCent model by developing interface between reanalyzed meteorological data grids (NARR, NetCDF format) and DayCent-UV. Initial results show that the interface works successfully in the grassland regions of North America.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Wijewardana, C., F.A. Alsajri, J.T. Irby, L.J. Krutz, B.R. Golden, W.B. Henry, K.R. Reddy. 2019. Water Deficit Effects on Soybean Root Morphology and Early-Season Vigor. Agronomy. 2019, 9(12), 836. doi: 10.3390/agronomy9120836
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Jumma, S.H., N. Kakar, E. D. Redo�a, A. A. Lone, D. Chastain, W. Gao, M. L. Warburton, and K. R. Reddy. 2020. Assessing the Early-Season Vigor of a Diverse Rice Population by Using Morphophysiological Traits. Sabrao Journal of Breeding and Genetics, 52 (3) 248-270.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Alsajri, F. A., C. Wijewardana, R. Rosselot, B. Singh, L.J. Krutz, W. Gao, K. R. Reddy. 2020. Temperature Effects on Soybean Seedling Shoot and Root Growth and Developmental Dynamics. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences, 65: 247-257.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Reddy, K.R., R. Bheemanahalli, S. Saha, K. Singh, S.B. Lokhande, B. Gajanayake, J.J. Read, J.N. Jenkins, D.A. Raska, L.M.D. Santiago, A.M. Hulse-Kemp, R.N. Vaughn, D.M. Stelly. 2020. High-Temperature and Drought-Resilience Traits among Interspecific Chromosome Substitution Lines for Genetic Improvement of Upland Cotton. Plants. 9, 1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121747
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Walne, C.H., F.A. Alsajri, B. Gajanayake, S. Lokhande, R. Seepaul, C. Wijewardana, K.R. Reddy. 2020. In Vitro Seed Germination Response of Corn, Cotton, and Soybean to Temperature. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences, 65 (3): 374-384.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Walne, H., A. Gaudin, W.B. Henry, K.R. Reddy. 2020. In vitro seed germination response of corn hybrids to osmotic stress conditions. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment, 3:e20087. doi: 10.1002/agg2.20087
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Jumaa, S. H., A. Sehgal, N. Kakar, E.D. Redo�a, D. Chastain, M.L. Warburton, and K.R. Reddy. 2020. Evaluation of rice genotypes for early- and mid-season vigor using morphological and physiological traits. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences, 65: 319-357.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Reddy, K.R, A. Seghal, S. Jumaa, R. Bheemanahalli, N. Kakar, Ed. Redo�a, C. Wijewardana, F.A. Alsajri, D. Chastain, W. Gao, S. Taduri, A.A. Lone. 2021. Morpho-physiological characterization of diverse rice genotypes for seedling stage high- and low-temperature tolerance. Agronomy. 11, 112. doi: 10.3390/agronomy11010112
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Chen, M., Z. Sun, B. H. Newell, C. A. Corr, W. Gao. 2020. Missing Pixel Reconstruction on Landsat 8 Analysis Ready Data Land Surface Temperature Image Patches Using Source-Augmented Partial Convolution. Remote Sens. 12, 3143. doi: 10.3390/rs12193143
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Sun, C., and X.-Z. Liang. 2020a. Improving U.S. extreme precipitation simulation: Sensitivity to physics parameterizations. Climate Dynamics, 54, 4891-4918. doi:10.1007/s00382-020-05267-6
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Sun, C., and X.-Z. Liang. 2020b. Improving U.S. extreme precipitation simulation: Dependence on cumulus parameterization and underlying mechanism. Climate Dynamics, 55, 1325-1352. doi:10.1007/s00382-020-05328-w
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Hartman, M.D., W.J Parton, J.D. Derner, D.K. Schulte, W.K. Smith, D.E. Peck, K.A. Day, S.J. Del Grosso, S. Lutz, B.A. Fuchs, M. Chen, W. Gao. 2020. Seasonal grassland productivity forecast for the U.S. Great Plains using Grass?Cast. Ecosphere, 11(11), e03280. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.3280
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Progress 09/01/19 to 08/31/20
Outputs
Target Audience:The UVMRP mission is to provide high quality data, data products, and services in support of agricultural research, and to facilitate the use of these measurements with climate and crop models. Research topics span the geographic distribution of UV-B solar irradiance and the effects of increased or diminished UV-B on crops, native and invasive plants, and animals. The program participates in international instrument inter-comparisons to ensure quality control and a common reference standard for comparing U.S. data with the rest of the world. Over the past years there have been between 6,000 and 10,000 visits per month to the web site by users to obtain data and/or related information. Over the years, 45% of web data downloads have come from .EDU domains, 45% from .GOV domains and the balance from other domains. Both national and international educators and students have retrieved data or related information via the program website. Most academic data use is for agricultural research. The UVMRP measurements and tools have been the source for numerous research studies conducted by universities and agricultural research facilities across the nation. Fourteen land grant universities have prior and/or current research studies in collaboration with the UVMRP, and all of them have a UVMRP instrument array at their location. In addition, the UVMRP has prior and/or current research collaborations with government agencies such as NASA, NOAA, DOE, EPA, and NSF. UVMRP stakeholders include: a) USDA personnel at all levels who fund, participate, or have an interest in the program, b) agricultural researchers from governmental, academic, and other institutions, and c) educators and students at all levels who make use of network data and tutorials. Collaboration and support of research in the effects of UV-B on plants and materials has resulted in papers that were presented at scientific conferences. As ground based measurements of UV-B and study of UV-B effects on agriculture continue to be important, and predictive crop yield tools come of age, an increasing number of researchers could make use of UVMRP products. Perhaps the best measure of the effectiveness of the UVMRP in serving stakeholders is the large number of publications that have come directly from the program or from collaboration with affiliated researchers. There have been over 300 publications to date in the 26-year history of the UVMRP. Agricultural effects studies account for two-thirds of publications, with UV-B climatology making up most of the remainder. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate and post-doctoral participation and mentoring are taking place in all phases of the project, through co-authorship of papers in scientific journals, proceedings, and transactions, as well as presentations of research work at professional society events. Two postdocs supported by UVMRP worked on improving data quality of UVMRP measurements and studying the interaction between UV irradiance and atmospheric constituents. Two graduate students and one postdoc supported by UVMRP worked with Dr. K. Raja Reddy's group at Mississippi State University to study the effects of environmental stressors on crops using their SPAR chambers. One Postdoctoral fellow supported by UVMRP focused on climate impacts on agriculture productivity with the latest total factor productivity and fraction changes in a changing climate. One graduate student completed his PhD with the support from UVMRP. He developed the ability to work with interdisciplinary areas, by taking part in all aspects of the project, from model development to conducting experiments, and implementation of coupling systems. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Data from all agroclimatologic and research network sites are available on the project's web site (http://uvb.nrel.colostate.edu). Our scientifically peer-reviewed papers and associated conference presentations are also available on the website for scientific and/or wider communities of interest. Additionally, UVMRP staff routinely respond directly to data inquiries and requests for UV-related expertise via telephone and email. Currently we have users from more than 300 different organizations, with 48% from national educational institutions; 33% from national governmental agencies; 2% from commercial enterprises; and 17% from international institutions. Our paper in determining climate effects on US total agricultural productivity that was published in the Proceedings for the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), attracted significant media attention, and which was covered by Nature Research Highlights in 2017. The 5-year impact factor of the PNAS is 10.6, while the current altmetric score of the article is 122, putting it in the top 5% of research outputs, revealing the significance of its findings. Furthermore, it has been cited 38 times, downloaded over 15,300 times, picked up by 8 news outlets, 4 blogs, tweeted by 55 users with potential 181,855 followers, and have 171 readers on Mendeley. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will deliver continuous maintenance of the network instruments, preserve high rates of data collection, develop up-to-date calibration protocols, and provide reliable primary and derived data products. We will continue to work with Mississippi State University and utilize their SPAR facility to evaluate the isolated and combined effects of UV-B and other environmental stressors on crops. Further progress towards the completion of the Integrated Agricultural Impact Assessment System framework is expected through ongoing collaborations with the University of Maryland. This includes advancing efforts to couple the Agroecosystem framework (CROP) with the CWRF model as well as developing and integrating an economic module into the impact assessment system to provide insight for farm management practices and policy decisions. For climatology data collection, we will continue to follow our established QC protocols and schedule annual site visits to perform necessary instrument maintenance. Ongoing evaluation of the shadowband and pyranometer QC flags and methodology is expected to simplify and improve the efficiency of the automated component of the QC procedure. We will continue to work with site operators to ensure rapid response to instrument issues. Evaluation of the in-house calibration facility software and hardware will be conducted to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the (UV-) MFRSR spectral response measurements. We will continue to investigate state-of-the-art methodologies for data processing. For effects research, we will continue to evaluate the isolated and combined effects of UV-B and other environmental stressors on the growth and development of major crops and to identify the cultivars/lines tolerance for future environmental conditions. This includes conducting SPAR chamber experiments to investigate the effects of diurnal temperature variation on two soybean cultivars (AG5332 AG, P5333RY PR). In addition, UVB effects on growth and yield of three sweetpotato cultivars will also be investigated. These experiments will facilitate the development of quantitative algorithms that will be incorporated into climate-crop simulation models for the Climate-Agroecosystem-UV Interactions and Economic system. For integrated assessment, we will continue to develop the coupled CWRF-CROP system to simulate the growth and yields of corn and soybean. We will continue to combine statistical analysis and dynamic modeling to determine quantitative relationships between crop yields and environmental, technological, and adaptation factors. We will continue to analyze the relationship between USDA TFP and survey statistics using more current data. We will also continue to develop the DayCent-UV and CWRF coupling.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
UVMRP activities focus on three primary goals: (1) to collect high-quality and geographically-distributed solar ultraviolet (UV) and visible radiation measurements, and to make these data publicly available for the agricultural and science communities; (2) to conduct experiments on the isolated and combined effects of UV and other environmental stressors on economically important crops; (3) to develop an agricultural assessment system which will extrapolate probable effects of environmental stressors including UV on the sustainability of agricultural systems. UVMRP manages the only nationwide network which measures surface UVB irradiance, and associated parameters, at 37 agroclimatological sites and 4 long-duration research sites that together encompass 20 ecoregions and a variety of land types. UVMRP staff checks the polling success daily, and when necessary, works with local site operators to correct any problems. Via our web page, we continue to provide high-quality UV and visible surface radiation measurements and data products, including calibrated and biologically-weighted UV irradiances, UV index, synthetic spectra, optical depths, daily and hourly sums, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Conversion from analog telephone modem connections to Ethernet/cellular modem connections has been completed at 77% of the sites and is ongoing. UVMRP continues to improve the accuracy of our climatological data in several ways. We are using revised QC/QA algorithms to set appropriate flags which are included with each data download to simplify the interpretation of data quality issues. In addition to existing range checks, the UVMRP now employs a statistics-based algorithm to detect critical instrument issues (e.g., failure, low signal). We have reprocessed all data from all years using this new statistics-based algorithm to ensure data consistency and to re-evaluate data quality. Monthly in-situ calibrations are performed using the Langley Analyzer and a supplemental global-pairing cloud screening algorithm. Parameters of the Gaussian Process Regression algorithm for smoothing Vos are being optimized at every site. Additional research opportunities were discussed during the 2019 UVMRP workshop "UV Radiation Research and Ecosystem-Climate Interactions", including advancing UV radiation research (e.g., atmospheric effects, ecosystem impacts) and innovative methods for coupling ecosystem-climate models. For effects research, several experiments were conducted in Mississippi State University's Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research (SPAR) environmental chambers to investigate impacts of UVB radiation and other environmental stressors on the growth and development of economically important crops. Two studies investigated the drought stress (20-100% of ET) effects on soybean cultivars using the SPAR chambers. One of them focused on seed germination and seedling vigor and the other on physiological and spectral features. The results showed that increased water stress levels on the parent generation during the reproductive growth stage reduced its seed weight and storage reserve, the effects of which were transferred to its F1 generation and caused reduced germination, seedling vigor, and seed quality of F1 under optimum conditions. The latter study showed that, averaged over cultivars, drought stress decreased the photosynthesis (mainly through reducing stomatal conductance), and increased soybean canopy reflectance in the visible spectrum but decreased reflectance in the near-infrared region. Temperature effects on soybean seedlings were also investigated. 64 soybean cultivars from Maturity Groups (MG) III to V were given low (LT;20/12°C), optimum (30/22°C), and high (HT;40/32°C) temperature treatments during the seedling growth stage. Although cultivar variability existed, the experiment found a significant decline in the root, shoot and physiological parameters under both LT and HT, except for two root parameters (LT). Cultivars CZ5225LL and GS47R216 were most sensitive and tolerant to LT, while 5115LL and 45A-46 were most sensitive and tolerant to HT, respectively. The findings of these studies could allow for selection of cultivars with the best coping ability for future climate change environments. For integrated assessment, we are working with the University of Maryland to develop a comprehensive predictive system for risk analysis, evaluation of economic impacts, and strategic planning concepts to achieve sustainable agricultural development in a changing environment, using the CWRF-CROP framework. CWRF-DSSAT is now being developed for inclusion in this integrated assessment system. We are transforming LAI, canopy height, row space and plant density in CWRF-DSSAT into vegetation roughness parameters. We continue to couple CWRF with the biomass growth model BioCro. Preliminary results from a retrospective 31-year (1980-2010) simulation found a 0.5°C temperature decline due to LAI, soil moisture, and ET increases in marginal lands, which thus created an increase of 15-million tons of biomass from biofuel crops across the continental US. We continue to enhance the coupled CWRF-CROP system to simulate and predict the growth and yields of corn and soybean in the US. Using the coupled CWRF-DSSAT systems over the timespan 1980 to 1991, we found crop growth produced a significant cooling effect in the Midwest while also increasing precipitation in the region, except for areas in the south and southeast. Using random forest regression, we found significant contribution of climate and air pollution (PM2.5 and ozone) on crop production. More specifically, early season temperature and precipitation are the best predictors for soybean yields while corn is more reliant on the middle to end of season temperature and precipitation. We continue to incorporate the trend of total factor productivity (TFP) and its correlation with environmental variables. Development of a new module, the DayCent-UV model, is underway to quantify UV impacts on ecosystems and ultimately couple it with CWRF. We have used DayCent to assess water stress effects on plant production in the US Great Plains (GP) at both site and county levels. To improve the long-term simulation of important US crop rotation systems (e.g. wheat/fallow and corn/soybean), we continue to couple the CWRF land surface model with the DayCent model by (1) developing maps of major crops' fractional area on NARR grids and (2) developing the DayCent crop management files based on geographic location, meteorological condition, and agricultural history. The Tropospheric Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation Model (TUV) has been incorporated into CWRF-CROP for clear-sky conditions. We continue to work on coupling these models for all-sky conditions using cloud parameters from satellite products, and are beginning to verify these modeled UV outputs against the UVMRP site observations.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Alsajri, F., B. Singh, C. Wijewardana, J. Irby, W. Gao, K. R. Reddy. 2019. Evaluating Soybean Cultivars for Low-and High-Temperature Tolerance During the Seedling Growth Stage. Agronomy, 9(13), 1-20. doi:10.3390/agronomy9010013
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Chen, M., B. H. Newell, Z. Sun, C. A. Corr, and W. Gao. 2019. Reconstruct missing pixels of Landsat land surface temperature product using a CNN with partial convolution. Proceedings of SPIE, Applications of Machine Learning, 11139, 111390E. doi: 10.1117/12.2529462
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Wijewardana, C., F. A. Alsajri, J. T. Irby, L. J. Krutz, B. Golden, W. B. Henry, W. Gao, and K. R. Reddy. 2019. Physiological assessment of water deficit in soybean using midday leaf water potential and spectral features. Journal of Plant Interactions, 14:1, 533-543, DOI: 10.1080/17429145.2019.1662499
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Wijewardana, C., K.R. Reddy, L.J. Krutz, W. Gao, and N. Bellaloui. 2019. Drought stress has transgenerational effects on soybean seed germination and seedling vigor. PLoS ONE, 14(9): e0214977. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021497700
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Chen, M., W. J. Parton, M. D. Hartman, S. J. Del Grosso, W. K. Smith, A. K. Knapp, S. Lutz, J. D. Derner, C. J. Tucker, D. S. Ojima, J. D. Volesky, M. B. Stephenson, W. H. Schacht, W. Gao. 2019. Assessing precipitation, evapotranspiration, and NDVI as controls of US Great Plains plant production. Ecosphere, 10(10), e02889
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