Source: STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS TO DETECT AND MONITOR FOREST PESTS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
MCINTIRE-STENNIS
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1021012
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Sep 3, 2019
Project End Date
Aug 27, 2024
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY
BOX 6109
NACOGDOCHES,TX 75962
Performing Department
College of Forestry & Agriculture
Non Technical Summary
The current issue examined is the incorporation of new methods of using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS or drones)toexaminethe hazard and risk to forests for forest insects and diseases. UAS has the befits of 2.25 inch resoultion at 400 feet, the maximum authorize height for flyng without FAA approval; and the benefit of flying at any time during the day (without FAA approval) to take individual images, streaming video and programmed flights to develop both 2D and 3D orthophotmosaics.Pictometry has the benefit of 9 (Neighborhood) or 23 (Community) cm resolution imagery to assess height, width, slope, elevation and location from multiple oblique angles to measure individual trees or the forest. Data from Pictometry can be exported to ArcGIS databases for further GIS analysis. Measurements of disturbances over time in endangered red-cockaded woodpecker clusters can assess the impact of natural processes on the long term impact of change in the forest in these clusters and recruitment stands. Previous examinations of impact of hurricanes, drought, bark beetles and lightning point to the need to effectively manage this critical resource. Weights of Evidence (WofE) can quantify hazard and risk to bark beetles while current deployment of the Landsat 8 satellite as part of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission can be used to refine the WofE variables of covertype, patch size and age of forest stands to provide increased precision and accuracy of landscape ecological measurements. The use of micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) points to the viability of smaller drones for use in forest measurements. The real time streaming of data to an iPhone, iPad2 or Androids points to decreased time in making management decisions. These data can be exported to ArcGIS10.2 for further analysis increasing the viability of the data. The combination of measurements from Pictometry, field measurements of disturbances, analysis of Landsat 8 data and the use of MAVs for real time data collection will enhance the use of hazard and risk management systems for bark beetles. The rapid movement of bark beetles over the landscape means multiple methods of detection and movement need to be incorporated into forest management plans. As forests change over time and land ownership changes, research needs to be directed at rapid detection using current technology. Landsat 8 was launched and became active in 2013; Pictometry is expanding in natural resource measurements and is available in multiple years in the proposed study areas; and MAVs are decreasing in size and increasing in both camera resolution and ease of capture and transfer of data. The proposed project will evaluate these techniques for further refinement of hazard and risk rating systems for bark beetles over industrial, federal and urban landscapes.
Animal Health Component
100%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
0%
Applied
100%
Developmental
0%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2160699107050%
2120699107025%
2110699107025%
Knowledge Area
212 - Pathogens and Nematodes Affecting Plants; 211 - Insects, Mites, and Other Arthropods Affecting Plants; 216 - Integrated Pest Management Systems;

Subject Of Investigation
0699 - Trees, forests, and forest products, general;

Field Of Science
1070 - Ecology;
Goals / Objectives
The major goals of the proposed project on the use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) forhazard rating for forest insects and diseases using the current technology to both develop and validate hazard rating for impact of forest insects on pine and hardwood forests in East Texas in industrial, federal and urban areas. The major achievement will be to validate and update current hazard rating systems usingavailable imagery and technology. Objective 1 is to use UAS to quantify hazard and risk for forest insects. The resolution of the UAS is 2.25 inches at 400 feet, the maxium height for a UAS without prior FAA approval, This will be used for individual tree analysis, stand analysis and landscape analyis using one of these three methods: individual images; streaming video; or programmed flights using DJIGO app to pillot the DJI Phantom 4 UAS combined with Pix4DCapture app for the programmed flights to produce both 2D and 3D orthophotomosaics using Drone2Map software in ArcGIS10.6.2.The data from the flights will be downloaded from the UAS into Drone2Map to combinewith online measurements to refine the existing hazard and risk models for forest insects. Online measuremnts include Pictometry hyperspatial imagery; Google Earth Pro online imagery; and LiDAR.Objective 2 will continue to monitor disturbances in forest stands, to quantifyhazard and change over time in pine plantations, pine regeneration, non-plantation pines; and hardwoods.. . Weights of Evidence will be refined based on southern pine beetle hazard rating to refine forest covertype, forest age and forest patch size to evaluate potential hazard in pine stands using UAS. If available and with permission, southern pine beetle infestations will be flown and monitored for infestation size and efficacy of control methods including salvage and cut and leave. Ips bark beetle outbraks will be monitored in maure forest stands. For pine plantations, infestaions of the Texas leaf-cutting ant, Atta texanawill be monitored and measured using the UAS. Infestations of pine seedings will be monitored to ascertain if detection of seeding infesting insects (tip moths and weevils) can be quantified. The UAS at a height of 3-10 meters will be used to monitor pine seedings as a potential method to quantify infestations.Where available, Pictometry and Google Earth Pro will be compared to these data for change over time. Objective 3 will quantify the use of the UASfor citizen science, especially iNaturalist, the largest cizizen science data base with 8.6 million entries. To date, the DJI Phantom 4 has been used to quantify oak mistletoe in hardwoods; and insects and diseases in pecan; both impact and distributon of fire ants in open pine standsd; and distribution of Texas leaf-cutting ants in pine forests. Objective 4 is to develop 3 D models of individual trees and stands using the Pix4DCapture 3D app. From these models, 3D printed models using a 3D printerwill be made as a redition of the trees and forest stands. Both graduate and undergraduate students will be involved in the research thruogh proper training on safe operation of the UAS and following both FAA 336 regulation for Recreation and Hobby Users for training; and FAA 107 for UAS Pilot Traing for Commercial flights. A team of four faculty members in the Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture are trained in UAS piloting, the download of data from the UAS into Drone2Map software, and the production of both 2D and 3D models. Work will be completed in the GIS Laboratory in the Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture at Stephen F. Austin State University. The College and GIS Laboratoryhas adequate storage and backup ofdata and products in a secure facility. The time frame of the project will be from October 1, 2109 to September 30, 2024.
Project Methods
Weights of Evidence will be refined based on southern pine beetle hazard rating to refine forest covertype, forest age and forest patch size to evaluate potential hazard in pine stands using UAS. If available and with permission, southern pine beetle infestations will be flown and monitored for infestation size and efficacy of control methods including salvage and cut and leave.Ipsbark beetle outbreaks (Bryant et al. 2006) will be monitored in mature forest stands. For pine plantations, infestations of the Texas leaf-cutting ant,Atta texana (Kroll et al. 1985, Kulhavy et al. 1998, Kulhavy et al. 2001) and Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana, (Kulhavy et al. 1989, Sun et al. 2009) will be monitored and measured using the UAS. Infestations of pine seedlings will be monitored to ascertain if detection of seeding infesting insects (tip moths and weevils) can be quantified. Where available, Pictometry and Google Earth Pro will be compared to these data for change over time.The UAS will be used to evaluate hazard and risk rate for southern forests insects and diseases. Imagery will be taken using individual images; streaming video; and programmed flights (Unger et al. 2019). The scale and resolution of the imagery taken will be dependent on whether individual tree data will be acquired; a forest stand (less than 100 acres) will be inventoried; or combined flight imagery of multiple stands over 100 acres. The resolution of the UAS will be used in pine plantation management to quantify infested pines; detect openings in stands due to insects, diseases, invasive species, drought or fire.The forest area will be quantified and used for individual tree analysis, stand analysis and landscape analysis using one of these three methods: individual images; streaming video; or programmed flights using DJIGO app to pilot the DJI Phantom 4 UAS combined with Pix4DCapture app for the programmed flights to produce both 2D and 3D orthomosaics using Drone2Map software in ArcGIS10.6.2 (Unger et al. 2018b, Hung et al. 2019, Unger et al. 2019).Individual tree analysis of mature trees for hazard can be quantified by individual images, streaming video, and programmed flights (Kulhavy et al. 2016, 2017, 2019). Streaming video can be used to document pest impact and information extracted for damages assessment over time. Areas can be flown at different times and seasons to quantify change. Locations of the video can be taken from full motion video in ArcGIS; or from ground control points set with GPS (Hung et al. 2019). The data from the flights will be downloaded from the UAS into Drone2Map to combinewith online measurements (Unger et al. 2018b, Kulhavy et al. 2017) to refine the existing hazard and risk models for forest insects. Online measurements include Pictometry hyperspatial imagery; Google Earth Pro online imagery; and LiDAR (Kulhavy et al. 2015).The use of UAS for quantification of insects and diseases in individual trees or stands can be quantified and an accurate location provided from the UAS. Location data for each individual image will be extracted by downloading the UAS data into iNaturalist. Images taken directly above (nadir) will provide accurate imagery within 5 m. A database and project will be built in iNaturalist titled UAS (Drone) Image of Forest Pests and Diseases.UAS counts of oak mistletoe found two times as many plants in the crowns of mature hardwood compared to ground counts indicating the use of this method (Kulhavy et al. 2019). This inventory and measurements will be expanded by examining hardwoods for both individual plants by size and as either male or female mistletoe plants.For the Texas leaf-cutting ant, Atta texana, location of central nest mounds (up to 30 m in diameter) and individual feeder mounds (up to 0.5 m in diameter) will provide an areal analysis over time of both the size and location of the central nest mound; and the number and location of individual feeder mounds. These data will be downloaded into iNaturalist and plotted against soil series and vegetation covertypes to quantify Texas leaf-cutting ant distribution.For Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana, flights of the UAS at 3 to 10 m in height will be examined to quantify infested branches and the terminal leader for tip moth infestations. These infestations will be measured against ground counts to compare the methods of UAS and ground counts to see if there is a difference between the two methods. Hazard rating methods of tip moths were quantified by Sun et al. (2009).For urban forest hazard rating, the UAS will be used to quantify the CTLA (Council of Trees and Landscape Appraisers) method to calculate urban tree hazard following Kulhavy et al. (2016). Variables measured include forest insect and disease impact; crown structure; crown loss; expected longevity; trunk condition; and estimated growth as fair, moderate or vigorous. Prior research (Kulhavy et al. 2016) indicated no statistical difference in UAS compared to ground estimations.For Ips and southern pine beetle, either individual infested pines or pine stands will be located and the UAS used to locate these trees and take heights (Unger et al. 2016a, 2016b, 2018a). These location data will be verified with GPS, Pictometry (when available), Google Earth Pro, and LiDAR for accuracy of location and heights using previous methods (Kulhavy et al. 2015; Unger et al. 2016a, 2016b, 2018a).As each individual image contains spatial data from the UAS, these data can be extracted for individual trees; impact on trees; or images of insects and diseases on the ground (i.e. Texas leaf-cutting ants, Atta texana).For forest insect and disease measurements, both 2D and 3D models will be taken using the Pix4DCapture app with the UAS. The UAS will be flown in a programmed 2D or 3D flight at 80 percent endlap and 70 percent sidelap (Hung et al. 2019); or in a free flight program, and downloaded into ESRI Drone2Map software in the GIS Laboratory in the Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture. The data will then be used to construct models of the tree (or stand), then displayed as a 2 D orthomosaic in ArcGIS 10.6.2; or a 3D model. From the 3D model, the tree can then be printed on a 3D printer in the 3D Printer Laboratory.Models can be constructed of Texas leaf-cutter central nest mounds, regeneration pines, and impacted urban forest trees to model damage assessment. These areas can be flown and measured over time (Hung et al. 2019) to detect change in area or condition. Ground control points need to be located for accuracy and precision of measurements.Statistical analysis includes RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) comparing UAS to ground measurements for areal and linear measurements (Kulhavy et al. 2018, Veigut et al. 2018), and heights (Unger et al. 2018a, 2018b); and parametric Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with the proper mean separation using a P value of 0.05 for forest insect and disease hazard rating (Kulhavy et al. 2016, 2019). Non-parametric analysis will be used for data not normally distributed. Accuracy and precision assessment will be monitored with ground control points (Hung et al. 2019)

Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience is professional forest entomologists including the Society of American Foresters at regional and national meetings; forest entomologists at the Southern Forest Insect Work Conference, the North American Forest Insect Work Conference; and local, regional and national meeting for presentation of material and products. Professional foresters, students in classes including forest insects and diseases, landscape ecology, and spatial science; and formal and informal presentations will be presented at schools, school organizations and non-forestry affiliated organizations to present the information. Presentations will be given to Citizen Science groups (iNaturalists, Master Naturalists, Invasive Species Management). Presentations, posters and publications will be prepared and presented at conferences and published in journals. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Training included use of UAS for FAA licence; use of UAS for undergraduate research and service in forestry and geospatial science; use of UAS for high school education for students and teachers. Data from UAS were downloaded into iNaturalist as a Drones and Biodiversity site for mistletoe, crapemyrtle and crapemyrtle bark scale, pecan trees and the important fire ants. Students wer trained to move iNaturalist infomation to ArcGIS 10.6.1 for geodatabase construction and queries. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Referred publications; streaming video; YouTube; Facebook. A video on the the use of UAS in teaching, research and service was prepared for the Forest Innocatons Research conference and posted onto the U. S. Endowmwnt for Forests and Communities website. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Contiune research with UAS on landing accuracy of UAS; comparing UAS to Pictometry, GoogleEarthPro and LiDAR for ground accuracy; comparing scale across measurements platforms (UAS, Pictometry and GoogleEarthPro) from 1:000 to 1:5000 scale; integrate UAS into iNaturalist project Drones and Biodiversity; location accuacy comparing the DJI Phatom 4, DJI Phantom 3 and the DJI Spark; comparing nadir location for trees using UAS, Pictometry and GoogleEarthPro. The Mavic Mini was added to UAS use for teaching, research and service due to its ease of use and training. The Mavic Mini was used to locate fire ant mounds for Citizen Scientist additonal to iNaturalist and in support of reseach and teacing in Forest Entomology, Geospatial Science and Environmental Science.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? UAS were used for reseach in forestry and geospatial sciences for natural resource measurements. Uses included positional accuracy; use of UAS in a natural resource curriculum; and use of UAS to estimate mistletoe estimations in hardwoods. The major finding is that two times as many plants were counted with UAS compared to traditional ground surverys. Four undergraduate and two graduate students were trained for their FAA UAS licence. 3D printed models were made of the Caddo Mounds house destroyed by a tornado and printed out as models for use in recovery and rebuilding. An invited talk at the Forest Innovations Reviews, U. S. Endowment for Forests and Communities was presented at the first symposium and published as a YouTube video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8Z79AgluNEv Presentations were given at the virtual Society of American Foresters natonal convention on the use of UAS in natural resources in teaching, research and service. Service learning was promoted in the use of UAS in iNaturalist for precision and accuracy of location of pecans in a city park compared to surveyed points, Google Earth Pro, Pictometry and What3Words.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Kulhavy, D., Reynolds, R., Unger, D., McBroom, M., Hung, I., and Zhang, Y. 2020. Use of Altmetrics to Analyze ScholarWorks in Natural Resource Management. Journal of Altmetrics, 3(1):6. https://doi.org/10.29024/joa.33
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Kulhavy, D., Unger, D., Viegut, R., Hung, I., and Zhang, Y. 2020. Integration of CITYgreen Landscape Ecological Analysis into a Capstone Environmental Science Course. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(6):259-267. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v9n6p259
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Zhang*, Y., Kulhavy, D., Unger, D., and Hung, I. 2020. UAS and 3D Printing for Conservation and Modeling Education. Construct3D - Academic 3D Printing and Digital Fabrication Conference for K12, Higher Ed., and Informal Ed. Conference, Houston, Texas, February 15.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Kulhavy*, D., Unger, D., Hung, I., and Zhang, Y. 2020. Innovation Zone: Undergraduate Research at SFA: Why it Matters? Society of American Foresters National Convention, Virtual, October 29-31.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Zhang, Y., Kulhavy, D., Hung, I., and Unger, D. 2020. Use of 3D Printer for Natural Resource Education. Society of American Foresters National Convention, Virtual, October 29-31.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Zhang, Y., Kulhavy, D., Reynolds, R., Unger, D., McBroom, M., and Hung, I. 2020. Digital Preservation and Access of Natural Resources Documents. Society of American Foresters National Convention, Virtual, October 29-31.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Zhang, Y., Viegut, R., Kulhavy, D., Schalk, C., Unger, D., and Hung, I. 2020. iNaturalist Project; Drones and Biodiversity. Society of American Foresters National Convention, Virtual, October 29-31.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Driver, S., Schalk, C., Kulhavy, D., Unger, D., Zhang, Y., and Hung, I. 2020. Species Distribution Modeling for Arid Adapted Species in Zion National Park. Society of American Foresters National Convention, Virtual, October 29-31.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Hung, I., Kulhavy, D., Williams, M., Unger, D., and Zhang, Y. 2020. Comparing Mapping Tools in Locating Disc Golf Course Features in a Forested City Park. Society of American Foresters National Convention, Virtual, October 29-31.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Fenley, A., Viegut, R., Hung, I., Zhang, Y., Kulhavy, D., and Unger, D. 2020. Comparison of Positional Accuracy on Pecan Tree Locations Attained with Different Geospatial Technologies. Society of American Foresters National Convention, Virtual, October 29-31.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Viegut, R., Kulhavy, D., Schalk, C., Hung, I., Zhang, Y., and Unger, D. 2020. Roadkill in Texas Measured in iNaturalist. Society of American Foresters National Convention, Virtual, October 29-31.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Unger, D., Kulhavy, D., Boughton, A., Viegut, R., Zhang, Y., and Hung, I. 2020. Location Assessment of Crapemrytle with Drones, Google Earth Pro and Pictometry. Society of American Foresters National Convention, Virtual, October 29-31.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Shupe, S., Viegut, R., Zhang, Y., Hung, I., Unger, D., and Kulhavy, D. 2020. Analysis of Single Point Accuracy Across four DJI Drone Platforms. Undergraduate Research Conference, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, April 7.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Shupe, E., Kulhavy, D., Unger, D., Hung, I., and Zhang, Y. 2020. Land Cover Change within Philmont Scout Ranch due to the 2018 Ute Park Fire. Undergraduate Research Conference, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, April 7.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Kulhavy, D., Hung, I., Unger, D., Viegut, R., and Zhang, Y. 2020. Measuring Building Height Using Point Cloud Data Derived from Unmanned Aerial System Imagery in an Undergraduate Geospatial Science Course. Higher Education Studies (Accepted December 3).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Unger, D., Kulhavy, D., Viegut, R., Zhang, Y., and Hung, I. 2020. Student Led Land Cover Change Detection within an Urban/Rural Habitat. Society of American Foresters National Convention, Virtual, October 29-31.


Progress 09/03/19 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience is professional forest entomologists including the Society of American Foresters at regional and national meetings; forest entomologists at the Southern Forest Insect Work Conference, the North American Forest Insect Work Conference; and local, regional and national meeting for presentation of material and products. Professional foresters, students in classes including forest insects and diseases, landscape ecology, and spatial science; and formal and informal presentations will be presented at schools, school organizations and non-forestry affiliated organizations to present the information. Presentations will be given to Citizen Science groups (iNaturalists, Master Naturalists, Invasive Species Management). Presentations, posters and publications will be prepared and presented at conferences and published in journals. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Training included use of UAS for FAA licence; use of UAS for undergraduate research and service in forestry and geospatial science; use of UAS for high school education for students and teachers. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Referred publications; streaming video; YouTube; Facebook What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Contiune research with UAS on landing accuracy of UAS; comparing UAS to Pictometry, GoogleEarthPro and LiDAR for ground accuracy; comparing scale across measurements platforms (UAS, Pictometry and GoogleEarthPro) from 1:000 to 1:5000 scale; integrate UAS into iNaturalist project Drones and Biodiversity; location accuacy comparing the DJI Phatom 4, DJI Phantom 3 and the DJI Spark; comparing nadir location for trees using UAS, Pictometry and GoogleEarthPro.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Unmanned aerial systems (UAS or drones) were used for reseach in forestry and geospatial sciences for natural resource measurements. Uses included positional accuracy; use of UAS in a natural resource curriculum; and use of UAS to estimate mistletoe estimations in hardwoods. The major finding is that two times as many plants were counted with UAS compared to traditional ground surverys. Four undergraduate and two graduate students were trained for their FAA UAS licence. 3D printed models were made of the Caddo Mounds house destroyed by a tornado and printed out as models for use in recovery and rebuilding. An invited talk at the Forest Innovations Reviews, U. S. Endowment for Forests and Communities was presented at the first symposium and published as a YouTube videohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8Z79AgluNEv

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Unger, D., Kulhavy, D., Hung, I., Zhang, Y., and Stephens-Williams, P. 2019. Integrating Drones into a Natural-Resource Curriculum at Stephen F. Austin State University. Journal of Forestry, 114(4):398-404.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hung, I., Unger, D., Kulhavy, D., and Zhang, Y. 2019. Positional Precision Analysis of Orthomosaics Derived from Drone Captured Aerial Imagery. Drones, 3(46):doi:10.3390/drones3020046
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kulhavy, D., Ross, W., Sun, J., Unger, D., and Hung, I. 2019. Resin Flow in Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines Used by Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers. Forest Research: Open Access, 8(1):1-8.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kulhavy, D., Hung, I., Unger, D., and Zhang, Y. 2019. Student Led Area Measurement Assessments Using Virtual Globes and Pictometry Web-based Interface within an Undergraduate Spatial Science Curriculum. Journal of Education and Culture Studies, 3(1):53-63.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: McBride, B., Scott, C., Kulhavy, D., Hung, I., and Unger, D. 2019. A Student Led Investigation of the Landscape Dynamics of Campus Recycling. Higher Education Studies, 9(1):110-117.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kulhavy, D., Schalk, C., Viegut, R., Unger, D., Shockley, S., and Hung, I. 2019. Using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) to Quantify Mistletoe in Urban Environments. Urban Naturalist, 20:1-10.
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Teaching, Research and Service. Forest Innovations Reviews, U. S. Endowment for Forests and Communities, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8Z79AgluNE
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kulhavy, D., Unger, D., Hung, I., Zhang, Y., and Fuller, S. 2019. Drone Videography for Natural Resources Education. YouTube (uploaded March 26): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-CHwmYRtrI