MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES TO ENHANCE THE SUSTAINABILITY OF TURF AREAS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1019791
• Project Start Date: Oct 1, 2019
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2024
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
WEST LAFAYETTE,IN 47907

Performing Department
Horticulture and Landscape Architecture

Non Technical Summary
Turfgrasses are estimated to cover over 16 million hectares in the United States (Milesi et al., 2005) with an estimated value of $75 billion annually in the U.S. (Haydu et al., 2008). In Indiana, production and maintenance of turf is an estimated $1.8 billion industry and includes golf courses, athletic fields, sod farms, commercial lawns and residential turf managed professionally or by homeowners. Turf is maintained under a broad range of environmental regimes with equally diverse budgets and expectations, by individuals ranging from seasoned professionals to inexperienced homeowners. Ultimately turf quality, durability, and vigor are determined by decisions made before (establishment decisions) and after (management decisions) the turf stand is planted.Establishment decisions often determine the long-term performance of the turf stand. Results of poor establishment are inherited by future managers and may limit the ability to maintain turf without significant expenditures in labor, irrigation, fertilizer and chemicals. Selection of proper specie(s) and cultivar(s) when establishing turf is critical for long-term performance with the fewest possible inputs (Patton, 2009). Improved genetics and changing functional, aesthetic and climatic demands are driving the need for reevaluation of turfgrass establishment and maintenance recommendations for Indiana and the Midwest. Improved winter tolerance of warm-season grasses, new germplasm, increased turf quality, and improved drought tolerance and endophyte-mediated pest resistance in a variety of species are a few of the more recent advancements in this area.Emerging issues facing the turf industry today and in the future are addressed by this project including the following:?Biological control - Few biological control options are available which increases reliance on cultural and chemical control strategies. Diverse solutions are needed for optimum pest control.?Carbon sequestration - Our understanding of carbon costs associated with management and the ability of the turfgrass system to sequester carbon is limited. Research is needed to identify carbon neutral or carbon sequestering maintenance practices.?Climate change - A greater understanding on environmental stress tolerance mechanisms will increase our ability to manage resilient grasses in a changing climate.?Nutrient use - The continued evaluation of nutrient programs and sources will allow for a reduction in inputs and subsequent reduction in runoff and leaching risks.?Organic agriculture - Organic turf management is an increasingly popular goal but additional research is needed to refine organic nutrient and pest management approaches.?Pest detection - New technology provides an opportunity for early pest detection but these modern approaches and mitigation tools are unstudied in turfgrass systems.?Herbicide resistance - Herbicide resistant weeds are becoming increasingly problematic. Education and research on this topic is critical to prevention.?Sustainability - Central to our goal, research that examines reduced inputs helps to refine practices to increase sustainable turf management.?Water use, quantity and quality - Continued research on turfgrass species/cultivars requiring less water as well as practices to protect water quality are needed.Management decisions regarding irrigation, fertilizer use, pesticide applications, and mechanical maintenance practices influence turf quality and vigor on a day-to-day basis. These management decisions carry significant economic costs, raise environmental concerns, and influence the long-term vigor of the turf sward. Our research is designed to investigate economically and environmentally sustainable practices for the establishment and maintenance of high quality amenity turf.

Animal Health Component

80%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

20%

Applied

80%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
102	0199	1070	10%
111	0210	1070	10%
201	2130	1080	10%
203	2130	1020	10%
211	3110	1130	10%
212	4020	1160	10%
213	2300	1140	10%
215	2130	1070	10%
216	2130	1070	10%
112	2130	1070	10%

Knowledge Area
212 - Pathogens and Nematodes Affecting Plants; 102 - Soil, Plant, Water, Nutrient Relationships; 211 - Insects, Mites, and Other Arthropods Affecting Plants; 112 - Watershed Protection and Management; 111 - Conservation and Efficient Use of Water; 215 - Biological Control of Pests Affecting Plants; 203 - Plant Biological Efficiency and Abiotic Stresses Affecting Plants; 216 - Integrated Pest Management Systems; 201 - Plant Genome, Genetics, and Genetic Mechanisms; 213 - Weeds Affecting Plants;

Subject Of Investigation
2130 - Turf; 0210 - Water resources; 4020 - Fungi; 0199 - Soil and land, general; 3110 - Insects; 2300 - Weeds;

Field Of Science
1130 - Entomology and acarology; 1070 - Ecology; 1160 - Pathology; 1080 - Genetics; 1140 - Weed science; 1020 - Physiology;

Keywords

built urban environment

turf disease

environmental quality

fertilizer

turf insects

management

nitrogen

nutrients

pesticides

phosphorus

reduced inputs

sustainability

turf

turfgrass

water

weeds

Goals / Objectives
The principal goal of this multi-disciplinary project is to enhance the sustainability of managed turfgrass ecosystems by reducing the environmental footprint from inputs and developing novel strategies to maintain persistent turf that provides functional, social, and aesthetic benefits. Our previous Hatch project resulted in several referred publications and 84% of practitioners increasing their knowledge of environmentally friendly management practices and 72% modifying their practices. However, we are still working at achieving our project goal. In working toward this goal, our five-year research and extension plan will focus broadly on the following two objectives:Identification of turf species and cultivars that require fewer inputs and refine establishment and cultural management practices for those species.Improve maintenance, pest detection and pest management practices to minimize inputs, and optimize management outcomes.

Project Methods
We will use a combination of field, laboratory and controlled environment experiments to address the following objectives.Objective 1: Identification of turf species and cultivars that require fewer inputs than currently used systems and then refine establishment and cultural management practices for those species.Identify the best-performing, most resilient turf systems for the Midwest (Bigelow, Patton, PIs): Based on recent extreme dry/wet summers and extreme winters in Indiana, it remains critical for us to evaluate new germplasm that is persistent and will help reduce management inputs. In cooperation with the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP), the Turfgrass Water Conservation Alliance (TWCA) and other turf breeders, multiple long-term studies will evaluate the genetically improved species and cultivars for use in diverse environments. Collaborators replicating trials or breeding plant material on this objective will include Drs. Chandra (Texas A&M), Fry (Kansas State), Goatley-McCall (Virginia Tech), Morris (NTEP), Munshaw (Univ. KY), Milla-Lewis (NCSU), Schwartz (Georgia), and Watkins (Minnesota).Determine physiological and genetic mechanisms of adaptation of turfgrasses to drought, flooding, freezing, and salinity stress (Jiang, Bigelow, Patton PI): Enhancing turf quality under stressful environmental conditions is critical for species targeted for turf use. Germplasm will be used to determine a range of growth and physiological responses to stresses. Associations of genes with stress tolerance traits will be identified in the natural populations. Further, the adaptation and use of drought tolerant cultivars such as those being investigated by the TWCA and NTEP will be evaluated. Collaborators will include Drs. Yu (Iowa State), Fei (Iowa State), Bushman (USDA-ARS), Milla-Lewis (NCSU), Zhang and Camberato (Purdue).Nutritional needs for newly planted and mature turfgrass systems (Bigelow PI): Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) applications are under scrutiny for potential negative effects on water quality. Further, there is continued interest in the utilization of natural organic and biological products and the feasibility of grass-legume systems to supply turf nutritional needs and suppress some pests. Co-PIs or collaborators replicating trials on this objective will include Drs. Frank (Michigan State), Soldat (Univ. Wisconsin), Munshaw (Kentucky), Fidanza (Penn State) and Camberato (Purdue).Objective 2: Refine maintenance, pest detection and pest management practices in order to minimize inputs, and optimize management outcomes.Refine nutrient recommendations for turfgrass maintenance (Bigelow PI): Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, creeping bentgrass, annual bluegrass, and bermudagrass will be subjected to various fertilization programs. An emphasis will be placed on nitrogen (N) programs with variations in N source (synthetics, natural organics), annual quantity and application rates and timings. Dr. Frank (Michigan State) is collaborating.Bermudagrass for sports fields (Bigelow, Patton): Genetically improved cultivars with improved winter hardiness have allowed its use on athletic fields much farther north than ever before. Management of this warm-season grass is not well understood and must be refined to optimize performance, minimize inputs, and minimize winterkill. Bermudagrass will be subjected to various cultural management programs to determine appropriate cultivar selection, and optimum mowing, fertilization, winter overseeding and covering practices. Collaborators on this objective will include Drs. Goatley-McCall (Virginia Tech), and Munshaw (Univ. KY).Management of tall fescue and fine fescues for Indiana lawns (Bigelow, Patton). The fescues can likely be maintained with less fertilizer, water, and pesticide inputs than any other cool-season grass adapted to Indiana lawns. We do not fully understand the management requirements of the fescues for Indiana and how it compares to Kentucky bluegrass. Studies will be initiated evaluating tall fescue/fine fescue and Kentucky bluegrass planted side-by-side under a variety of fertilization, irrigation, and mowing regimes to determine, seasonal persistence, overall performance and pest incidence and severity.Supplemental watering practices and plant growth regulators (PGRs) for managed turf systems and stress tolerance (Bigelow, Jiang, PI). These projects will evaluate species, programs and cultural practices that help reduce the supplemental watering needs and scheduling techniques/technologies for managed turf systems. This will involve the exploration of various grasses, watering practices and the use of soil surfactants, PGRs and other technologies to reduce turf water needs and improve turf quality.Understanding billbug biology to improve management (Richmond PI): Efficient billbug management hinges on accurate timing, which varies geographically with species composition and seasonal phenology. Our studies will use genetic distance and phylogenetic based methods to assess billbug species across a broad geographic range. This will advance our understanding billbug population dynamics in North America. Knowledge gained from this work will inform the development of more prescriptive, regional, monitoring and management strategies. Collaborators on this objective will include Drs. Enders (Purdue), Ramirez (Utah), Xiong (Missouri) and Barrett (Missouri).Understanding white grub biogeochemistry and spatial biology (Richmond PI): This research will characterize changes in soil C/N cycling, microbial dynamics, and plant stress responsesassociated with white grub infestations. We will quantify changes in soil microbial diversity associated with white grub invasion, characterize white grub gut microbiota, and quantify microbial genes associated with soil C and N cycling. To understand how plants respond to grub infestation, proximal spectral data will be collected using spectroradiometers. Data obtained from this work could lay the foundation for development of advanced monitoring, detection, and mitigation techniques. Collaborators on this objective will include Drs. Filley (Purdue), Turco (Purdue), Groves (Wisconsin) Scharf and Couture (Purdue).Managing weeds in turfgrass systems (Patton PI): Turf weeds such as annual bluegrass, crabgrass, dandelion, false-green kyllinga, plantain, ground ivy, and wild violet are common, reoccurring weed problems in cool-season grasses despite cultural practices and the application of common herbicides. Various herbicides, combinations of herbicides, timing of application, and adjuvants will be evaluated for optimizing control to reduce herbicide use. Collaborators on this objective replicating research at their locations include Drs. Brosnan (Tennessee) and Elmore (Rutgers).Increasing our understanding of herbicide resistant weeds in turfgrass systems (Patton PI): Reports of herbicide resistant weeds are increasing globally. While there are fewer resistant weed problems in perennial turfgrass systems, resistance cases are increasing nationally. This research will examine the level of resistance and the resistance mechanism in populations of herbicide resistant turf weeds in Indiana. Collaborators on this objective will include Drs. Brosnan (Tennessee), Young (Purdue), and McElroy (Auburn).Establishment and management of fine fescues (Patton PI): Recent advances in low-input, cool-season grass breeding and projected demand for these grasses provides an opportunity to increase sustainable landscape management in northern states. Low-input grasses, such as fine fescue, are in high demand by consumers, but information on their establishment, production, and marketing is lacking. Determine the optimum establishment practices for fine fescue for both homeowners and sod farm businesses. Collaborators include Watkins (Minnesota) and Torres (Purdue).

Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Our target audience includes turf professionals (golf course, lawn care, sod farms, athletic fields, grounds managers) and homeowners/urban land-owners. Over the past year we have collectively contacted over 5,000 individuals through the Purdue Turf Program Outreach/Extension efforts in the form of virtual or in-person formal presentations to support stakeholders. We continue to also have a significant web presence at our Turf Program web-site www.turf.purdue.edu as well as our social media efforts through things like our Twitter account which can be found at @BoilermakerTurf (3,643 followers). Changes/Problems:Due to COVID-19, we have moved many of our in-person education events to virtual. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Our Turf Program provides numerous opportunities for professional development of our turf industry stake-holders. The group holds several major educational events including the Indiana Green Expo (1,600 participants), Turf and Landscape Field Day (300 virtual participants), Turf and Landscape Seminar (100 virtual participants), Turf Herbicide Workshop (230 participants), as well as several other events pesticide applicator trainings in 2019 or 2020. Our major educational event, The Indiana Green Expo, is highlighted at: www.indianagreenexpo.com. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The work of this group continues to be disseminated in print form (journal publications, industry articles, Extension fact-sheets, etc.), face-to-face or in person at various professional and scientific meetings. In addition, much of our information is readily available on the web at our Turf Program website www.turf.purdue.edu and through links via social media (e.g. The Purdue Turf Program Twitter handle @BoilermakerTurf, @PurdueTurfDoc, @doctorDRich, @TurfDoctorApp). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Most of our collective and individual projects will continue as they did the previous year. Our extension efforts have expanded as technology has provided new opportunities for the development and delivery of extension products. The Purdue Turf Doctor App was developed to serve as an easy to use, tool for diagnosing and managing turfgrass disorders. This app, which was released in the Spring of 2017, integrates high quality photos and detailed diagnostic and sampling procedures, to provide a decision-making framework for managing insects, weeds, diseases, abiotic disorders and nuisance animals associated with turfgrass. To date, more than 2,574 copies of the app have been distributed to turfgrass managers, and we have received formal feedback from more than 70 of these professionals. User surveys found that 94% increased their confidence in diagnosing turf problems when using the app and 90% of professional lawn care companies improved their communication with their clients using the app. Turf doctor twitter account has garnered 140,671 impressions and the website has had 9,068 pageviews. We plan on expanding the features of this app as well as these content native to the application.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The overall goal of this group's research studies and outreach events are to provide fact-based information for managers to preserve and protect the environment and enhance our quality of life by using fewer chemical and cultural inputs while maximizing turfgrass appearance and functionality (e.g. provide healthy, safe recreational turf areas). Across our major conferences and workshops, 84% our attendees are better able to manage turf in an environmentally friendly manner and 72% indicated that they would modify their maintenance practices after attending the event. Our objectives are also achieved through the research conducted by each individual associated with this project. For example, in the discipline of Entomology, combined research and extension efforts aim to provide turfgrass managers and the general public with science-based recommendations for sound insect pest management and are laying the groundwork for the development of environmentally sustainable, next-generation pest management tools useful for managing turfgrass insect pests. Our chemical ecology work with billbugs is opening the door for exploiting chemical communication as a way to manage this important pest complex while our efforts to understand the biogeochemical dimensions of white grub larval ecology are providing new insights into the factors driving the ecology of soil insects. A peer-reviewed, review paper on fine fescues (FestucaL. spp.) was published. Fine fescues comprise a group of five cool?season grasses used in turfgrass systems under many conditions: strong creeping red fescue (F.rubraL. ssp.rubraGaudin), slender creeping red fescue [F.rubraL. ssp.littoralis(G. Mey.) Auquier], Chewings fescue [F.rubraL. ssp.commutataGaudin; syn.F.rubraL. ssp.fallax(Thuill.) Nyman], hard fescue (F.brevipilaTracey), and sheep fescue [F.ovinaL.; syn.F.ovinaL. ssp.hirtula(Hack.exTravis) M.J. Wilk.]. Their extensive geographic distribution is a result of adaptation to many different environmental and management conditions especially low?input sites. The review paper published in Crop Science summarizes the history, production, establishment, management, use, and availability of fine fescues; discusses strengths and shortcomings of fine fescue; identifies knowledge gaps; and provides an outlook toward further research on this group of grasses. Improved cultivars have. Research on the whole-plant response to drought, heat, salinity, low nitrogen and flooding stresses is providing insight on how to improve turfgrass stress tolerance. Germplasm characterization and gene identification will benefit turfgrass breeders for genetic improvement of stress tolerance in turfgrass. Lastly, our group continues to work on ways to help turf managers be efficient with the use of water in the landscape. This is a combined approach using both molecular and applied research techniques, such as identifying specific peroxidases, which were closely associated with drought tolerance traits in wild grass species. Finally, we continue to evaluate germplasm (species and cultivars) for turf species (both warm and cool-season) that may be adapted and persist in this cool-humid/transitional climate. We do this through active participation in testing programs like the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program, The Turfgrass Water Conservation Alliance, and co-operation/collaboration with various turfgrass breeders across the United States. We continue to work to increase capacity to solve problems and serve stakeholders. Infrastructure and replicated field plots were established again in 2019 to increase capacity to better assess chronic drought stress at different mowing heights and the supplemental irrigation needs of common lawn species. We initiated research to provide important information on whole-plant response to drought, salinity and flooding stresses. Germplasm characterization and gene identification will benefit turfgrass breeders for genetic improvement of stress tolerance in turfgrass. We also initiated research on the ecology of weeds prevalent in non-irrigated turfgrass to learn more about weed management in non-irrigated turf based on various mowing and fertilization practices. We continue to seek methods to improve all aspects of all of our research and educational programs and will keep working with government and industry partners to further enhance our programs.

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Reynolds, C. (Editor), M. Elmore, G. Miller, A. Patton, D. Richmond, C. Reynolds, M. Chavarria. 2020. Weed, Insect, and Disease Control for Turfgrass Producers, 1st edition. Published by Turfgrass Producers International. pp. 109.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Avila-Arias, H., M. Scharf, R. Turco and D. Richmond. 2019. Microbial communities in host soil and the alimentary tract of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman. Entomology 2019, St. Louis, MO, 17-20 Nov., Poster D3394.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Brown, J., X. Yu, T.D. Tuong, B.M. Schwartz, A.J. Patton, C. Arellano, D. Livingston, and S.R. Milla-Lewis. 2019. Identification and validation of freeze tolerance and cold acclimation associated QTL in zoysiagrass. Paper presented at: Enhancing the Digital Environment. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Annual Meetings, San Antonio, TX. 10-13 Nov. Paper 218-6.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Carroll D., J.T. Brosnan, P.E. McCullough, J.D. McCurdy, A.J. Patton, W. Liu, E. Castro. 2019. When is Poa annua seed most germinable during spring in the transition zone and southern United States? Paper presented at: Enhancing the Digital Environment. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Annual Meetings, San Antonio, TX. 10-13 Nov. Poster 1640.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Genovesi, A.D., M. Meeks, A. Chandra., J.D. Fry, M.M. Kennely, A.J. Patton, M. Xiang, R.C. Braun, M. Chhatri. 2019. Breeding for large patch disease tolerance and cold hardiness in zoysiagrass. Paper presented at: Enhancing the Digital Environment. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Annual Meetings, San Antonio, TX. 10-13 Nov. Poster 1602.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Law, Q.D. and A.J. Patton. 2019. Turfgrass management practices influence buckhorn plantain (Plantago lanceolata) persistence and seed viability. Paper presented at: Enhancing the Digital Environment. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Annual Meetings, San Antonio, TX. 10-13 Nov. Paper 39-4.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Grubbs, R., S.D. Askew, L.B. McCarty, M.T. Elmore, J.T. Brosnan, J.D. McCurdy, P.E. McCullough, J.B. Unruh, T.W. Gannon, A.J. Patton, J.E. Kaminski, A. Kowalewski, J.S. McElroy, M. Bagavathiannan. 2019. Multi-state survey and preliminary screening to evaluate herbicide resistance epidemic in annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) in managed turfgrass systems. Paper presented at: Enhancing the Digital Environment. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Annual Meetings, San Antonio, TX. 10-13 Nov. Poster 1642.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Patton, A.J. and R.C. Braun. 2019. Measurement of turf height using a laser distance device. Paper presented at: Enhancing the Digital Environment. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Annual Meetings, San Antonio, TX. 10-13 Nov. Paper 310-4.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Patton, A.J., J.A. Hoyle, M.D. Richardson, M. Bertucci, and J.T. Brosnan. 2019. Enhancing application timing precision for zoysiagrass seedhead suppression with ethephon. Paper presented at: Enhancing the Digital Environment. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Annual Meetings, San Antonio, TX. 10-13 Nov. Paper 38-9.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Powlen, J., C. Bigelow, A.J. Patton, Y. Jiang, and M. Fraser. 2019. Irrigation needs of drought susceptible and tolerant tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass cultivars at two mowing heights. Paper presented at: Enhancing the Digital Environment. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Annual Meetings, San Antonio, TX. 10-13 Nov. Paper 131-6.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Powlen, J., C. Bigelow, A.J. Patton, Y. Jiang, and M. Fraser. 2019. Supplemental irrigation requirements of various Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue blend ratios subjected to deficit irrigation. Paper presented at: Enhancing the Digital Environment. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Annual Meetings, San Antonio, TX. 10-13 Nov. Poster 1626.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: R.C. Braun, A.J. Patton, A. Kowalewski, E.T. Braithwaite. 2019. Evaluation of low-input turfgrass patch and repair ingredients. Paper presented at: Enhancing the Digital Environment. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Annual Meetings, San Antonio, TX. 10-13 Nov. Paper 418-4.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Richmond, D. P. Dunn. M. Ginzel, J. Holland, J. Neal, C. Oseto and T. Stamper. 2019. Building an insect biology curriculum to propel student learning in the 21st century. Entomology 2019, St. Louis, MO, 17-20 Nov., Poster SD2209.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Rodriguez Soto, M., L. Enders, L. Mason, R. Ramirez, X. Xiong and D. Richmond. 2019. Characterizing billbug (Sphenophorus spp.) seasonal biology across different regions using DNA barcodes and simple morphometric analysis. Entomology 2019, St. Louis, MO, 17-20 Nov., Poster D3164.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Rodriguez-Soto, M., L. Enders, R. Ramirez, and D. Richmond, 2020. Combining CO1 and simple morphometric analysis to inform billbug management . NCB-ESA, 20 April, 2020, Virtual Poster 31.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Sadof, C.S., Beckerman, J.L., Richmond, D.S., Patton, A.J., and Torres-Bravo, A.P. 2019. A sustainable approach for creating and maintain mobile apps for diagnosing plant problems. Entomology 2019, St. Louis, MO, 17-20 Nov. Paper 1924.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Barnes, M.R., K.C. Nelson, A. Kowalewski, A.J. Patton, and E. Watkins. 2020. Public land manager discourse on barriers and opportunities for a transition to low-input turfgrass in urban areas. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126745.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Braun, R.C., A.J. Patton, A. Kowalewski, and E.T. Braithwaite. 2020. Establishment of low-input turfgrass patch and repair mixtures: mulch and starter fertilizer effects. Crop Sci. 60:33623376.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Braun, R.C., A.J. Patton, E. Watkins, P. Koch, N.P. Anderson, S.A. Bonos, and L.A. Brilman. 2020. Fine fescues: A review of the species, their improvement, production, establishment, and management. Crop Sci. 60:11421187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20122
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Brosnan, J.T., G.K. Breeden, J.M. Zobel, A.J. Patton, and Q.D. Law. 2020. Non-chemical annual bluegrass (Poa annua) management in zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) via fraise mowing. Weed Technol. 34:482-488. https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.136
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Brown, J.M., H. McCamy P. Holloway, M. DaCosta, R.P. Bernstein, J. Lu, T.D. Tuong, A.J. Patton, C. Arellano, D.P. Livingston, and S.R. Milla-Lewis. 2020. Differences in proteome response to cold acclimation in Zoysia japonica cultivars with different levels of freeze tolerance. Crop Sci. 60:27442756.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Brown, J.M., X. Yu, H.M.P. Holloway, T.D. Tuong, B.M. Schwartz, A.J. Patton, C. Arellano, D.P. Livingston, and S.R. Milla-Lewis. 2020. Identification of QTL associated with cold acclimation and freezing tolerance in Zoysia japonica. Crop Sci. (In press).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Duffy, G.A. and D.S. Richmond. 2020. Hunting billbug Shenophorus venatus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) adult feeding and attraction to warm- and cool-season turfgrasses. The Great Lakes Entomologist 53(1):8. https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol53/iss1/8
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Gan L., L. Han, S. Yin, and Y. Jiang. 2020. Chlorophyll metabolism and gene expression in response to submergence stress and subsequent recovery in perennial ryegrass accessions differing in growth habits. J. Plant Physiol. 251:153195
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Li, M., A.H. Jannasch, and Y Jiang. 2020. Growth and hormone alterations in response to heat stress in perennial ryegrass accessions differing in heat tolerance. J. Plant Growth Regul. 39:10221029.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Patton, A.J., D.V. Weisenberger, W. Liu. 2020. Efficacy of triclopyr and synthetic auxin herbicide mixtures for common blue violet control. Weed Technol. 34:475-481. https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2020.50
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Patton, A.J., R.C. Braun, G.P. Schortgen, and J.A. Hoyle. 2020. Irrigation volume following fall Proxy (ethephon) application affects spring seedhead suppression of Meyer zoysiagrass. Crop Forage Turf Manage. 2020:6:e20023. https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20023
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Reicher, Z.J., A.J. Patton, M.D. Sousek, W.C. Kreuser, J.C. Inguagiato S.D. Askew, A. Hathaway, T.A. Nikolai, A. Van Dyke, A. Kowalewski, and B. McDonald. 2020. A late fall Proxy (ethephon) application prior to spring sequential applications improves annual bluegrass seedhead suppression. Crop Forage Turf Manage. https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20031https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20031
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Schortgen, G.P. and A.J. Patton. 2020. Weed control from 2,4-D dimethylamine is dependent on mixture water hardness and adjuvant inclusion but not spray solution storage time. Weed Technol. 34:107-116.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wang, X., M. Li, A.H. Jannasch, and Y Jiang. 2020. Submergence stress alters fructan and hormone metabolism and gene expression in perennial ryegrass with contrasting growth habits. Env. Exp. Bot. 179: 104202.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Yue, C., J. Wang, E. Watkins, Y. Xie, S. Shekhar, S. Bonos, A.J. Patton, K. Morris, and K. Moncada. 2019. User preferences for accessing publicly available turfgrass cultivar performance data. HortTechnology 29: 599610. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04390-19
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Zhao, X., G. Nie, Y.Yao, Z. Ji., J. Gao, X. Wang, and Y. Jiang. 2020. Natural variation and genomic prediction on growth, physiological traits and nitrogen use efficiency of perennial ryegrass under low nitrogen stress. J. Exp. Bot. 71:66706683.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Patton, A.J., M. Elmore, J. Hoyle, J. Kao-Kniffin, B. Branham, T. Voigt, N. Christians, A. Thoms, G. Munshaw, A. Hathaway, T. Nikolai, B. Horgan, L. Miller, X. Xiong, W. Kreuser, R. Gaussoin, D. Gardner, Z. Raudenbush, D. Li, P. Landschoot, D. Soldat, and P. Koch. 2020 Turfgrass Weed Control for Professionals. Purdue University Extension Publication. TURF-100. pp. 128.