Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this reporting period include oat producers, the oat milling industry, the oat scientific community, and graduate and undergraduate students. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Prakriti Sharma (M.S. graduate student, July 2017 - February 2020) was trained in analyzing drone collected imagery and in developing statistical models. Her thesis project consisted in evaluating the use of unmanned aerial systems for estimating forage yield in oat breeding nurseries. She graduated with an MS degree in February 2020. Girma Ayana (Ph.D graduate student, January 2018 - current) was trained in developing genomic selection models for agronomic and milling quality traits in oats. He also performed association mapping for several milling quality traits and for resistance to leaf spot. Krishna Ghimire (Ph.D graduate student, June 2018 - current) was trained on day-to-day activity of the oat breeding program including collecting notes in the field, and collecting end-use quality data. One of his projects consists in identifying methods for measuring root traits and comparing oat genotypes for root characteristics. He is also working on a project which consists of evaluating the effects of endophytes in oats. Rakshya Dhakal (M.S. graduate student, January 2019 - current) was trained in collecting various milling quality parameters on oat grains, operating a drone, and in analyzing drone collected imagery. Her thesis project consists in evaluating the use of unmanned aerial systems for increasing the throughput of phenotyping in breeding nurseries. Several undergraduate students were hired as hourly student employee to assist with day-to-day activities of the breeding programs: Miranda Dressen (ag education major) October 2017-December 2019; Harlie Malpert (agronomy major) May 2019-March 2020; Maria Holland (agronomy major) October 2019-current; Wyatt Roberts (agronomy major) August 2020-current; and Riley Zimmerman (agronomy major) September 2019-current. As part of this job opportunity, they were trained in performing various tasks related to plant breeding and in collecting agronomic and quality data. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Journal publication: One journal article was published in the Journal of Plant Registration providing detailed information on how oat cultivar Natty was developed. Conference presentations: Findings were shared with the scientific community and/or stakeholders at 7 conferences through oral and poster presentations. Extension publications: Two extension publications provided information to oat producers. Field days: Information was also shared to growers through in person and virtual field days. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Goal One: To develop and release oat cultivars adapted to South Dakota and surrounding states that exhibit increased yield and yield stability, high test weight, lodging resistance, disease resistance, and improved end-use quality. A promising breeding lines (SD150012) will be presented to the release committee for potential release to farmers. Efforts to develop and release oat cultivars adapted to South Dakota with increased yield, test weight, disease and lodging resistance, and improved quality will be continued. This will include performing crosses, deriving new breeding lines, and evaluating agronomic and end-use quality performance of experimental lines. Goal Two: To evaluate and/or implement new breeding methodologies to enhance the efficiency of the breeding program. An MS student will continue to evaluate the use of UAS for phenotyping breeding lines in field nurseries by collecting imagery in 2021 and by developing models based on imagery collected in 2019. A Post-Doc Research Associate will be hired to assist in implementing genomic selection in SDSU oat breeding program. Goal Three: To identify breeding lines and varieties that performs well for organic farming systems and promote oats for improving the sustainability of farming systems. We will continue to evaluate oat breeding lines and varieties under organic management systems, and information will be shared to growers at field days and conferences. A PhD student will assess the diversity in root system architecture of elite breeding lines and conduct genome wide association mapping to identify the regions of the genome involved in controlling root traits.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal One: To develop and release oat cultivars adapted to South Dakota and surrounding states that exhibit increased yield and yield stability, high test weight, lodging resistance, disease resistance, and improved end-use quality (on-going effort). During the reporting period, a new oat cultivar named 'Rushmore' was released to producers. Rushmore is a white hulled oat with mid-maturity, heading approximately one day before cultivar Hayden. When evaluated in the South Dakota oat variety trials over three years (27 environments), average grain yield for Rushmore was 116 bu/ac (9 bu/ac higher than Hayden over the same trial). In addition, Rushmore exhibits excellent test weight, good lodging resistance, and it is moderately resistant to crown rust and barley yellow dwarf virus. Grain of Rushmore is characterized by a high proportion of plump kernels, low thin, and high groat percent which is desirable for the milling industry. Groat protein content in Rushmore is average. Groat beta-glucan and oil content are slightly below average. The release of Rushmore will benefit oat producers, especially in the eastern part of South Dakota and in neighboring states. Test weight is often a limiting factor for marketing oats. Among the varieties currently available to farmers that are high yielding and adapted to South Dakota, Rushmore exhibits the highest test weight. Efforts to continue the development of new breeding lines were continued, with about 200 new hybridizations performed to develop segregating populations. One thousand seven hundred new breeding lines were evaluated in the field. Two hundred and twenty-three breeding lines were evaluated in the preliminary yield trials at 5 locations and thirty-three breeding lines were evaluated in the advanced yield trials at 8 locations. Twelve promising experimental lines were evaluated in the SD Crop Performance Testing oat variety trial at 10 locations. In addition, some of those lines were evaluated in cooperative nurseries, such as the uniform oat performance nurseries. Selection was based on yield, test weight, lodging resistance, disease ratings, seed characteristics, groat percent, and NIR prediction of beta-glucan, protein, and oil concentration. Breeder seed of promising release candidates were provided to Foundation Seed Stocks for large increase, and a summary of their performance will be presented to the variety release committee. Goal Two: To evaluate and/or implement new breeding methodologies to enhance the efficiency of the breeding program (30% accomplished). More than half of the area planted with oats in South Dakota is used for forage production. Phenotyping for forage yield is time-consuming and it is therefore only performed on advanced breeding lines. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the capability to accelerate phenotyping and potentially be used to phenotype material at an earlier stage of line development. This could significantly increase genetic gain for forage yield. The use of UAVs for high throughput phenotyping of oat biomass was evaluated as part as a MS student project. A DJI Phantom 4 pro equipped with a RGB sensor and a Matrice 600 equipped with a Micasense sensor were flown over forage variety trials at regular intervals during the growing season at 4 SD locations in 2019. Multiple vegetations indices (VIs) were derived from the imagery. Depending on the environment, timing of flight, and the type of VIs, Pearson correlation coefficients between fresh biomass and VIs ranged from non-significant to 0.7 and Pearson correlation coefficients between dry matter yield and VIs ranged from non-significant to 0.5. Overall, the strength of the correlations between VIs and biomass was higher at Beresford, SD, and it was higher for fresh biomass than for dry matter yield. The sensor type did not have a consistent effect on the strength of correlations between VIs and biomass. Two methods were evaluated to compute VIs: one considered all the pixels in the region of interest while the other was based on pixel classification. The method based on pixel classification increased the strength of the correlations between VIs and biomass for the Volga location, but the improvement was not consistent across locations. Imagery from forage trials were again collected at 3 locations in 2020. Analysis of data and imagery collected in 2020 is in process. Goal Three: To identify breeding lines and varieties that performs well for organic farming systems and promote oats for improving the sustainability of farming systems (30% accomplished) To ensure that oat cultivars adapted to all management systems are available, testing sites were included to evaluate cultivars for organic and regenerative farming systems. Twenty oat cultivars and breeding lines were evaluated under organic management at two locations in South Dakota in 2019 and 2020. Variety performance was made available to producers online at https://extension.sdstate.edu/oat-variety-trial-results. Information on the productivity, agronomic performance, and end-use quality characteristics of newly released cultivars was presented to farmers at meetings and during virtual field days. Endophytic bacteria invade the tissue of living plants and are known to influence vital activities of host plants, such as promoting plant growth or defense responses against pathogens and acting as remediators of abiotic stress. Since many endophytic bacteria help plants in nutrient acquisition and defense against pathogens, endophytes are thought to be a potential alternative to the use of fertilizers and pesticides. We evaluated the potential of endophytic bacteria to enhance growth in oats by performing root vigor assays. The effect of sixteen different endophytic bacteria on root development was evaluated on two oat cultivars. Inoculation of seed with two of the endophytes evaluated significantly increased total root length, root area, and root volume. One of the bacterial endophytes increased root surface area by 2.3 cm2, total root length by 11.8 cm, and root volume by 0.03 cm3 in cultivar Gopher. A greenhouse study evaluating the effect of endophytic bacteria on additional oat cultivars is under way.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Caffe-Treml, M., L. Hall, R. Bauer, N. Hall, J. Kleinjan, C. Graham, J. A. Ingemansen, B. Turnipseed, P. Krishnan. 2020. Registration of oat cultivar Natty. J. Plant Registration. 14(3): 281-287. https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20074
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Sharma, P., M. Caffe-Treml, J. Wittnebel. 2019. Use of unmanned aerial systems for high-throughput evaluation of forage yield in oat breeding nurseries. ASA Annual Meeting. November 10-13. San Antonio, TX.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Manu, B., M. Caffe-Treml, and P. Krishnan. 2019. Development of an enhanced beta glucan beverage - evaluating satiety, nutrition and shelf stability. AACCI Annual meeting. November 3-5. Denver, CO.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Ghimire, K., H. Bucking, M. Caffe-Treml. 2020. Effect of endophytic bacteria on oat growth. NAPB 2020 Virtual Conference. August 16-20Lincoln, Nebraska.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Rajpurohit, B., P. Krishnan, B. Manu, M. Caffe-Treml. 2020. Development of an enhanced beta glucan beverage: Evaluating satiety, nutrition, and shelf stability. Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) Annual Meeting and Food Expo. July 13-15. Chicago, IL.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Rajpurohit, B., P. Krishnan, D. Paudel, M. Caffe-Treml. 2020. Utilizing near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure the nutritional composition of oats. Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) Annual Meeting and Food Expo, July 13-15, Chicago, IL.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Rajpurohit, B., P. Krishnan, M. Caffe-Treml. 2020. Utilizing near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for rapid and simultaneous estimation of nutritional constituents of oats. Cereals and Grains 20 Conference. October 3-5. Virtual.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Caffe-Treml, M., J. Hall, J. Kleinjan, L. Gutierrez, M. Doulah, K. Smith, and C. Fernholz. 2020. Oat variety trial under organic management: Increasing profitability for organic producers in the North Central Region. NCR-SAREs Farmers Forum at the NPSAS Annual Conference. Jan. 24. Fargo, ND
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Kleinjan, J., C. Graham, M. Caffe-Treml, P. Krishnan, S. Ali, K. Kirby, S. Hawks, and N. Hall. 2020. South Dakota oat variety trial results. Dairy Science Publication Database. 2180.
https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/dairy_pubdb/2180.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Okello, P., M. Caffe-Treml, J. Kleinjan, P. Sexton, K. Glover, H. Hall, B. Rops, C. Sweeter. 2020. 2019 South Dakota organic oat and spring wheat variety trial results. https://extension.sdstate.edu/oat-variety-trial-results
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