Source: PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
EFFECT OF ACETATE SUPPLY ON MILK FAT SYNTHESIS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
AFRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1019312
Grant No.
2019-67015-29577
Project No.
PENW-2018-06991
Proposal No.
2018-06991
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
A1231
Project Start Date
May 15, 2019
Project End Date
May 14, 2023
Grant Year
2019
Project Director
Harvatine, K. J.
Recipient Organization
PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY
408 Old Main
UNIVERSITY PARK,PA 16802-1505
Performing Department
Animal Science
Non Technical Summary
Milk fat is currently over 55% of the value of milk, is highly variable, and is responsive to diet and management providing a key opportunity to increase farm income. Acetate is a product of microbial fermentation in the rumen and is a major energy source for the cow and the essential building blocks for milk fat synthesis. However, the effect of acetate on milk fat has been largely ignored over the past three decades. Our hypothesis is that increasing acetate supply increases milk fat synthesis through stimulation of regulators of lipid synthesis in the mammary gland. Specifically we will first determine how increasing acetate increases milk fat synthesis in the mammary gland, we will then identify dietary factors that lead to a limitation in acetate supply, and lastly will determine if genetic factors associated with milk fat yield interact with acetate supply. We expect that acetate is directly stimulating increased expression of enzymes important for milk fat synthesis in the mammary gland. We also expect to identify dietary and cow factors that interact with acetate supply allowing optimal application of this knowledge in the field. The knowledge gained in the experiment will improve our understanding of milk fat synthesis, demonstrate the importance of acetate supply, and provide nutritional strategies to increase milk fat. We expect that optimizing acetate supply can increase milk fat by 0.2 percentage units, which will increase farm income by over $60 per cow per year or over $500 million per year if adopted across the industry.
Animal Health Component
0%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
75%
Applied
25%
Developmental
0%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
3023410101075%
3023410102025%
Knowledge Area
302 - Nutrient Utilization in Animals;

Subject Of Investigation
3410 - Dairy cattle, live animal;

Field Of Science
1010 - Nutrition and metabolism; 1020 - Physiology;
Goals / Objectives
Our goal is to improve economic return and efficiency of dairy farms by increasing milk fat through determining if acetate supply limits milk fat synthesis. To accomplish this goal our specific aims are: 1. Establish the mechanism of increased milk fat synthesis in response to increasing acetate supply. 2. Identify dietary conditions when acetate supply limits milk fat yield. 3. Determine if milk yield and genetic potential interact with milk fat response to increasing acetate supply.
Project Methods
Objective 1 will establish the mechanism of increased milk fat synthesis in response to increasing acetate supply. We have previously demonstrated that ruminal infusion of acetate increases milk fat yield, which may be through either simply increasing substrate availability or changes in mammary physiology. We will determine if increasing acetate supply increases mammary expression of short-chain FA receptors and lipogenic enzymes and regulators and the interaction with trans-10, cis-12 CLA, a well-studied inhibitor of mammary lipogenesis using cannulated cows and mammary biopsies. Secondly, we will use an explant system to determine the direct and acute effects of acetate supply on lipid synthesis and lipogenic enzymes. In objective 2 we will identify dietary conditions when acetate supply limits milk fat yield. It is very difficult to directly measure the amount of acetate absorbed, but observing response to acetate supplementation provides insight into dietary situations that result in acetate limitations. Key dietary factors that impact acetate supply include dietary fiber level, fiber digestibility, and unsaturated FA concentration. We will investigate these factors in three independent experiments. In each experiment, non-cannulated cows will be arranged in a Latin square and a 2x2 factorial arrangement of a dietary factor and acetate supplementation. Lastly, Objective 3 will determine if milk yield and genetic potential interact with milk fat response to increasing acetate supply. A large proportion of the genetic variation in milk fat is explained by a small number of SNPs, allowing efficient testing of gene by acetate interactions. Response of cows to acetate will be observed in a crossover design during mid lactation and the effect of individual SNP, including DGAT1, and milk fat genomic expected breed value on response to acetate supply will be determined.

Progress 05/15/19 to 05/14/23

Outputs
Target Audience:Research and in-field dairy nutritionists and veterinarians and advanced dairy producers. Changes/Problems:We measured gene expression of the mammary biopsies using next-generation RNA sequencing rather than Real-Time PCR. This provided a more robust and comprehensive analysis of gene expression. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project has been part of the graduate program of 4 PhD students and has been integral in their graduate training. Undergraduate students have also been involved in sample collection and processing and has provided important exposure to research. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results from the project have been disseminated to the target audiences. The original research findings were first presented at the American Dairy Science Association annual national meeting and then published in the Journal of Dairy Science, which isthe leading peer-reviewed journal for this research field (additional manuscripts will also be submitted). The findings were also incorporated into invited presentations given by the PI at regional and national nutrition conferences and industry-sponsored symposiums and training sessions. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Milk fat is economically valuable and increasinglydemanded by consumers. Acetate is a main substrate for milk fat synthesis, but the effect of its supply on milk fat yield is not clear. We conducted a series of experiments testing the effect of increasing acetate supply on the regulation of milk fat synthesis to understand the mechanism and determine the conditions for an optimal response. 1. Establish the mechanism of increased milk fat synthesis in response to increasing acetate supply. 1a. We investigated the interaction betweentrans-10,cis­­-12 conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) and acetate supplementation on milk fat production. It is not known if acetate can rescue CLA-induced milk fat depression. Ten ruminally cannulated cows were arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment design. Treatment factors were CLA (10 g/d infused to the abomasum) or sodium acetate providing 600 g/d of acetate as a continuous ruminal infusion. As expected, CLA supplementation decreased milk fat percentage by 40%and milk fat yield by 655 g/d. Acetate increased milk fat percentage by 9%,butthere was no effect of acetate on milk fat yield. Acetate supplementation increased the concentration of 16 C fatty acids (FA) by 7%and tended to decrease the concentration of FA > 16 C. Mammary biopsies were collected, and gene expression was analyzed by RNA sequencing. This experiment demonstrated thatacetate cannot rescue the depression of milk fat induced bytrans-10,cis-12 CLA butacetate supplementation did stimulate mammary lipogenesis regardless of CLA-induced MFD. 1b. We investigated theregulatory roles of acetate and butyrate on de-novo lipogenesis inbovine mammary epithelial cells. The objective of the study was to determine the specific regulatory roles of acetate and butyrate on lipogenesis in mammary cells. The hypothesis was that acetate would increase the expression of lipogenic enzymes and factors. A bovine mammary cell line (MAC-T) was used and treatments of 0, 4, 8, or 12 mM of glacial acetic acid and sodium acetate applied for 24 h. Key lipogenic enzymes and regulators were analyzed by quantitative RT Real-time PCR. Acetic acid linearly increased expression ofSREBP1c(+94, 341, and 772% at 4, 8, and 12mM),ACSS1, andSCD1and increasedINSIG1at 12mM and FASN at 8mM but had no effect on ACACA. However, Sodium acetate quadratically increased SREBP1c and linearly increasedSCD1but had no effect on the other lipogenic genes. In conclusion, acetic acid had a larger effect on lipogenic genes and regulators, while sodium acetate had a more limited response. 2. Identify dietary conditions when acetate supply limits milk fat yield. A series of three experiments were conducted to determine the interaction of dietary starch, digestible fiber, and unsaturated fatty acids on acetate supply was investigated to determine the optimal diet for increasing acetate. 2a. Interaction of acetate and diet unsaturated fatty acid level. Unsaturated fatty acids can decrease fiber digestion. We hypothesized that acetate would increase milk fat yield more when supplemented in diets containing high levels of unsaturated fatty acids. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows were arranged in a replicated 4x4 Latin square with a 2x2 factorial design with 21 d periods. Treatments were a no supplement control (CON), 600 g/d of acetate as sodium acetate, soybean oil at 1.5% DM (UFA), and a combination of UFA and AC. Both acetate and UFA increased milk production (1.2 and 1.7 kg/d, respectively), although there was no interaction of acetate and UFA. There was also no interaction of acetate and UFA for milk fat concentration and yield, but acetate increased milk fat yield 150 g/d and milk fat percent 0.24 units. Milk fat concentration and yield were unaffected by UFA. In conclusion, both acetate and UFA increased milk production and acetate increased milk fat yield and percent, regardless of dietary level of unsaturated fatty acids. 2b. Interaction of acetate and dietary fiber and starch level. Increasing starch can decrease acetate production. Our hypothesis was that acetate would increase milk fat production more in the low fiber diet. Twelve lactating multiparous Holstein cows were arranged in a 4 x 4 Latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of fiber and acetate. The high fiber diet had 32% neutral detergent fiber and 21.8% starch and the low fiber diet had 29.5% neutral detergent fiber and 28.7% starch created by substitution of forages predominantly for ground corn grain. Acetate was supplemented at 2.8% DM to provide approximately 10 mol/d of acetate as anhydrous sodium acetate. Acetate supplementation increased milk fat concentration and yield by 8.6 and 10.5%, respectively, but there was no interaction with dietary fiber. The increase in milk fat synthesis was associated with a 46 and 85 g/d increase in the yield of de novo (<16 C) and mixed source (16 C) FA with no changes in yield of preformed FA (> 16 C). Overall, acetate supplementation increased milk fat yield regardless of dietary fiber level through an increase mostly due to an increase in longer chain de novo FA, suggesting a stimulation of mammary lipogenesis. 2c. Interaction of acetate and dietary digestible fiber. Our hypothesis was that acetate would increase milk fat more in diets lower in digestible fiber. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows were arranged in 4x4 Latin square with 21 d with a 2x2 factorial design. Treatments were lower fiber digestibility with a diet based mainly on forage fiber and a high fiber digestibility diet that substituted soyhulls and citrus pulp for forage fiber with or without acetate supplementation. Sodium acetate was mixed in the TMR targeting 600 g/d.Milk yield was not significant interaction of diet and acetate but acetate slightly increased the milk yield (1.1 kg/d). Acetate increased the milk fat yield significantly (103 g/d) but there was no interaction of diet on milk fat yield. In conclusion, acetate increased milk fat yield independent of digestible fiber level. 3. Determine if milk yield and genetic potential interact with milk fat response to increasing acetate supply. We conducted an experiment with 96 cows to investigate the interaction of DGAT1 genotype and genetic potential for milk fat yield on the response to acetate supply. There was no effect of acetate on milk yield. Acetate supplementation increased milk fat yield and concentration by 117 g/d and 0.31 percentage units, respectively, regardless ofDGAT1polymorphism or parity. Response to acetate supplementation was not related to genomic predicted transmitting ability of milk fat concentration and yield or to pretrial milk fat percent and yield, suggesting that acetate increases milk fat production regardless of genetic potential for milk fat yield and level of milk fat synthesis. In conclusion, acetate supplementation consistently increased milk fat synthesis regardless of parity or genetic potential for milk fat synthesis. Summary We observed a consistent response in milk fat when feeding or ruminally infusing sodium acetate. Mechanistically, the increase in milk fat is mostly due to an increase in 16 carbon fatty acids indicating that de novo lipogenesis is pushed towards completion although a small increase in short chain and 18 carbon fatty acids is also observed. The response was not impacted by dietary changes that were expected to modify endogenous acetate supply or by differences in cow genetics and production that are expected to change acetate demand. This may be do to either acetate being deficient under all conditions tested or acetate is directly stimulating lipid synthesis. Although sodium acetate is not commercially available, the results of this project provide strong support for ration balancing and herd management strategies that increase fiber digestibility and increase rumen fermentation as methods to increase ruminal acetate supply.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2023 Citation: Matamoros, C., C.D. Dechow, K.J. Harvatine. 2023. The interaction between DGAT1 polymorphism, parity, and acetate supplementation on feeding behavior, milk synthesis, and plasma metabolites. J. Dairy Sci.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Matamoros C, F. Hao, Y. Tian, A.D. Patterson, and K.J. Harvatine. 2022. Interaction of sodium acetate supplementation and dietary fiber level on feeding behavior, digestibility, milk synthesis, and plasma metabolites. J Dairy Sci. 105:8824-8838. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-21911
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Matamoros C, Salfer IJ, Bartell PA, Harvatine KJ. 2022. Effect of the timing of sodium acetate infusion on the daily rhythms of milk synthesis and plasma metabolites and hormones in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2022 Sep;105(9):7432-7445.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Haile, A. and K. Harvatine. 2023. Regulatory roles of acetate and butyrate on regulation of lipid metabolism genes in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J. Dairy Sci. 106(Suppl. 1):90.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Harvatine, K.J., T. C. Jenkins, and S. P. Alves. 2023. Best practices in fatty acid analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 106(Suppl. 1):138.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Husnain, M., R. Bomberger, and K. Harvatine. 2023. Interaction of digestible fiber and acetate supplementa- tion on milk fat yield in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 106(Suppl. 1):371.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2023 Citation: K.J. Harvatine. 2023. The Science and Art of Increasing Milk Component Yield on the Dairy. Novus Sponsored Symposium. Clayton, Ny. June 15th.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2023 Citation: K.J. Harvatine. 2023. Understanding types of fats and utilization in a ration. Wisconsin AgriBusiness Classic. Presented remotely on Jan. 10th.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2023 Citation: K.J. Harvatine. 2023. Milk fat: Increasing your expectations. Indiana Dairy Producers Annual Meeting. French Lick Springs, IN. Feb. 7th.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2022 Citation: K.J. Harvatine. 2022. Diet-induced milk fat depression. Digal Ciclo de Conferencias Virtuales. Mexico. Virtual. Sept 23rd.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2022 Citation: K.J. Harvatine. 2022. Managing for milk components. Adisseo Ag Partners Training Meeting. Goodhue, MN. June 9th.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2022 Citation: K.J. Harvatine. 2022. Maximizing milk fat yield. Aqinac Conference. Virtual. Mar 28th.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2022 Citation: K.J. Harvatine. 2022. Increasing milk fat yield: opportunities beyond fat supplements. Tristate Nutrition Conference. Fort Wayne, IN. April 12th.


Progress 05/15/21 to 05/14/22

Outputs
Target Audience:Nutrition researchers and field nutritionists and vetrinarians. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project involved multiple graduate students being trained in nutritional physiology and milk fat synthesis. Additionally, undergraduate students were involved including basic laboratory maintenance and sample collection and preparation. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been published in peer reviewed papers, orgingal research was presented at the American Dairy Science Association national meeting and integrated into invited talks presented by the principle investigator. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will complete the final experiments and laboratory work. We will also submit publications for peer review.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Over the past year we have completed additional experiments and analysis. Key observations made were that acetate supplementation increased milk fat regardless of dietary starch or unsaturated fatty acid level. It also increased milk fat in both primiparous and multiparous cows and increased milk fat regardless of genetic potential for milk fat synthesis.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Matamoros, C., R.A. Bomberger, K.J. Harvatine. 2021. Validation of an alternate method for monitoring the presence of cows at the feed bunk in a Calan Broadbent Feeding System using a 3-axis, data-logging accelerometer. J. Dairy Sci. Comm. 3:26-31. https://doi.org/10.3168/jdsc.2021-0117
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2022 Citation: 8. Matamoros, C., C. D. Dechow, and K. J. Harvatine. 2022. Interaction between DGAT1 polymorphism, parity, and acetate supplementation on feeding behavior, milk synthesis, and plasma metabolites in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. Suppl. 105(Suppl. 1):33.104(Suppl. 1):294.


Progress 05/15/20 to 05/14/21

Outputs
Target Audience:Dairy nutrition researchers, applied nutritionists and vetrinarians, and upper level producers. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project was the main focus of one graduate student and a rotating graduate student. There were also multiple undergraduates involved ranging from sample collection and analysis to an honors student conducted a small trial. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have presented research findings of individual experiments at the annual meeting of the American Dairy Science Association. We have also started presenting data as a portion of invited presentations focused on the effect of diet on milk fat synthesis in presentations to field nutritionists, veterinarians, and other industry professionals. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Laboratory and data analysis will be completed on the animal projects that were initiated. We expect to submit three manuscripts from this work over the next year. We also expect to conduct one animals experiment and in vitro experiments over the next year.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Over the past year of the project we have completed sample collection on three animal experiments. Laboratory and data analysis of previously conducted experiments has been ongoing. The goal of the project is to understand the effect acetate on milk fat synthesis. Thus far, we have observed a consistent increase in milk fat yield with acetate supplementation with little interaction with dietary and cow factors. This work highlights the importance of considering the impact of diets on acetate synthesis to maximize milk fat yield on dairy farms.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Schmidt, A.J., R. Bomberger, and K.J. Harvatine. 2021. Technical Note: Stability of milk fatty acid profile during simulated shipping for analysis by gas chromatography. J. Dairy Sci. Comm. In Press
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Matamoros, C., J. Cai, A.D. Patterson, K.J. Harvatine. 2021. Comparison of the effects of short-term feeding of sodium acetate and sodium bicarbonate on milk fat production. J. Dairy Sci. 104:7572-7582.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Staffin, A.N., R. Bomberger, C. Matamoros, S.L. Bennett, and K.J. Harvatine. 2021. Interaction of dietary unsaturated fatty acid level and acetate supply on milk fat production in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 104(Suppl. 1):294.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Matamoros, C., R.A. Bomberger, and K.J. Harvatine. 2021. Alternate method for feeding behavior monitoring of dairy cows in a Calan Broadbent Feeding System using a 3-axis data logging accelerometer. J. Dairy Sci. 104(Suppl. 1):304.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Matamoros, C. and K.J. Harvatine. 2021. Interaction of parity and sodium acetate supplementation on milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 104(Suppl. 1):106-107.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: 3. K.J. Harvatine. 2020. What we have learned about regulation of milk fat synthesis from the cow. University of Maryland College of Ag & Natural Resources Cornerstone Event: Improve Human, Animal, and Environmental Health. Virtual on Nov. 11th.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Harvatine, K.J. 2020. New insights in milk fat research and reviewing our progress. Cornell Nutrition Pre-Conference. Virtual. Oct. 19th.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2021 Citation: K.J. Harvatine. 2021. Maximizing milk fat & Fat feeding in dairy cattle. Training session for FormaFeeds. Virtual on April 14th.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Harvatine, K.J. 2020. Seasonal feeding strategies and effects on milk component yield. Milk Specialties Inc. Webinar. Virtual on Oct 28th.


Progress 05/15/19 to 05/14/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Research nutritionists, dairy field nutritionists, dairy support industry representatives, vetrinarians, and herd owners and managers. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project is the primary focus of one graduate student. Additional graduate students have been involved through supporting roles. Undergraduate students have been trained from general animal husbandry and sample collection to laboratory analysis. An honors student also conducted a research thesis in an area related to the grant. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research results have been presented at national scientific meeting. Results have also been presented to field nutritionists and dairy producers at regional and national nutrition conferences and industry sponsored conferences and symposiums. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will complete laboratory work on animal experiments that have bene completed and submit manuscripts from that work. We will complete three additional animal experiments and continue to conduct in vitro experiments.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We are currently conducting major efforts to complete animal experiments and laboratory analysis. We have validated a GC-MS method to analyze plasma acetate concentration that will be very useful in the projects. We have one manuscript demonstrating that sodium acetate feeding increases milk fat through a mechanism independent of sodium bicarbonate nearly ready for submission. We have conducted other animal experiments that continue to validate that supplementing acetate incrases milk fat yield.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Matamoros, C.I., I.J. Salfer, and K.J. Harvatine. 2020. Effect of acetate on the daily rhythm of milk synthesis and plasma hormones and metabolites in dairy cows. 2020 ADSA Virtual National Meeting.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Harvatine, K.J. 2020. Recap of 36th Discover Conference on Lipids in Dairy Nutrition. 2020 ADSA Virtual National Meeting.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: C.I. Matamoros and K.J. Harvatine. 2019. Sodium acetate and sodium bicarbonate increase milk fat yield through different mechanisms. J. Dairy Sci. 102(Suppl.1):236.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Understanding milk fat depression and rumen health through milk fatty acid profile & Fatty acid feeding in lactating dairy cows. Standard Nutrition Annual Meeting. Oct. 30th.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Maximizing milk fat yield & Daily and seasonal rhythms in dairy cows. Nelson Consulting Annual Meeting. Detroit, MI. Oct. 17th.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Maximizing milk fat yield & Daily and seasonal rhythms in dairy cows. Hubbard Dairy Nutrition Training Session. Madison, WI. Oct. 3rd.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Maximizing milk fat yield & Daily and seasonal rhythms in dairy cows. ELANCO Nutritionist Summit. Pismo Beach, CA. Aug. 20th.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Maximizing milk fat yield. ELANCO Exchange Conference. Chicago, IL. August 21st.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Maximizing milk fat yield. Purina Animal Nutrition. Wisconsin Delles, WI. June 18th.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Harvatine, K.J. 2019. How is milk fat made in the mammary gland & Lipid functions in diary cattle- from energy to metabolic modifiers (two half hour talks). 36th Discover Conference: Lipids in Dairy Nutrition: From Feed to Milk Fat. Itasca, IL. May 27th to 31st.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Maximizing milk fat yield & Impact of timing of feeding on the dairy cow (4 hours). VitaPlus Animal Nutrition. Madison, WI. May 8th.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Harvatine, K.J. 2019. Impact of time of feeding on the dairy cow & Maximizing milk fat yield (2 hours). Diamond V Leading Innovations Summit. Minneapolis MN. April 23rd & 24th.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Matamoros, C., R. Klopp, L.E. Moraes, and K.J. Harvatine. 2020. Meta-analysis of the relationship between milk trans-10 C18:1, milk fatty acids < 16 C, and milk fat production. J. Dairy Sci. Accepted.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Urrutia, N., R. Bomberger, C. Matamoros, and K.J. Harvatine. 2019. Effect of dietary supplementation of sodium acetate and calcium butyrate on milk fat synthesis in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 102:5172-5181.