Source: PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
BIOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENT OF CHESTNUT THROUGH TECHNOLOGIES THAT ADDRESS MANAGEMENT OF THE SPECIES AND ITS PATHOGENS AND PESTS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
REVISED
Funding Source
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1018647
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
PEN04693
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
NE-1833
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Feb 13, 2019
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2023
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Ray, CH.
Recipient Organization
PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY
208 MUELLER LABORATORY
UNIVERSITY PARK,PA 16802
Performing Department
Ecosystem Science & Management
Non Technical Summary
This research project focuses on restoration of American chestnut through transfer of blight-resistance and Phytophthora-resistance genes from Chinese chestnut into American chestnut by genomics-enabled back-cross breeding. Our roles in this project are 1) to discover the genes for blight-resistance and Phytophthora-resistance in Chinese chestnut through genome sequencing, 2) to develop DNA markers in the blight-resistance and Phytophthora-resistance genes to accelerate the back-cross breeding efforts; 3) to establish seed orchards for adaptation of blight-resistant and Phytophthora-resistant American chestnut adapted to local environments; and 4) to disseminate knowledge of the American chestnut genetics, genomics, and restoration efforts through scientific reports and extension products
Animal Health Component
0%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
50%
Applied
50%
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2010699108050%
2020699108150%
Goals / Objectives
Objective 1: Develop and evaluate disease-resistant chestnuts for food and fiber through traditional and molecular approaches that incorporate knowledge of the chestnut genome.
Project Methods
1) Genomics (Carlson): The ultimate goals for the genomics component of the USDA multi-state research project have been to 1) develop a high quality, chromosome-scale reference genome for the Chinese chestnut and American chestnut, and 2) subsequent application of the genome for accelerating the breeding of blight-resistant American chestnut. The remaining work anticipated for developing the high quality reference genome for the Chinese chestnut will involve validating the most recent assembly of chromosome-scale sequences by comparison to multiple high-quality, high-density chestnut genetic linkage maps. The structure of the chromosome sequences will then be analyzed for repetitive DNA and gene content. To aid in identifying genes, new RNA sequence data was collected, which will be mapped to the chromosome sequences to develop gene models supported by gene expression data. The genome assemblyand annotation will also be validated by BUSCO analysis (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologues; Simão et al, 2015) which provides a quantitative measure of the assessment of genome assembly, gene identification, and transcriptome completeness, based on completeness of annotation of the known 330 single-copy gene orthologs shared among higher plants. Gene function predictions and classifications will be conducted to permit disease-resistance studies to focus on likely candidate genes. A stable genome assembly will be released as version 3.0, and published in a high-visibility journal. We will assist Jason Holiday at Virginia Tech University and Jared Westbrook of TACF in developing a Genome-Wide Selection model for use in accelerating the TACF back-cross breeding program. The Carlson lab will use the new chromatin-interaction technology to prepare chromosome-scale DNA assemblies for additional genotypes that are important in the TACF breeding program, including the Chinese chestnut blight-resistance donor genotypes "Mahogany" and "Nanking" and early F1 hybrid "Clapper." Upon validation of the Chinese chestnut genomes, in-depth comparative genomics studies will be conducted to identify regions that differ in structure as well as specific sequence variations related to resistance and susceptibility to chestnut blight and Phytophthora. Comparative studies may be extended to genomes of other speciwes in the Fagaceae family, as well as more distantly related hardwood tree species, to determine the extent that genome organization and gene sequences have been conserved among forest trees.2) Progeny tests (Steiner): Steiner brings over 40 years of experience in plant breeding, quantitative genetics and forest regeneration research to bear on achieving the goals of Objective 1 in the NE1833 project. Steiner's group will expandTACF's 3rd back-cross generation progeny trial be continuously evaluate it for blight resistance and tree form. This trial will be an important source of material and data for the accompanying genomics research studies, as well as for developing seed orchards adapted to regional field conditions.3) Wood phenotyping and extension (Ray): American chestnut is an example of an extirpated species whose previous diversity can be captured in wood collections such as Dr. Ray's xylarium, until such time as the species is restored. Dr. Ray will work with Dr. Carlson and others to develop an "ancient wood" DNA extraction protocol that will be used to not only identify or confirm which samples in the xylarium are from chestnut, but will also elucidate how much past diversity in wood quality and genetics existed in American chestnut prior to the blight. Similar work can be conducted for other species in the eastern hardwood biome. Dr. Ray will select specimens from the Xylarium to test their viability in obtaining useful genetic markers that may lead to insights on potential chestnut species improvement strategies.

Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences reached include the citizen scientists interested in restoration of American chestnut and other threatened tree species, general scientific community, tree-improvement specialists, woody-plant biotechnologists, evolutionary biologists, public research institutes, foundations focused on tree species restoration, tree growers, forest landowners, the general public interested in tree improvement, the USDA Forest Service, state forest and conservation agencies such as the PA Bureau of Forestry and the PA Department of Conservation and Resources (DCNR). Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The chestnut genome project provided opportunities for several young researchers, including graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, and technical assistants, to train in genomics and bioinformatics, to gain experience working within a large multi-state team, and to hold key responsibilities in data production, analysis and writing. The Penn State Xylarium has upgraded equipment to expand the range of wood quality and technology performed on chestnut-specific research. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed science journals, at the annual meetings of the NE-1833 USDA multi-state project and to The American Chestnut Foundation, as well as at international research venues such as the annual Plant and Animal Genome Conference and International Union of Forest Research Organizations(IUFRO) working group meetings. The Chinese chestnut genome was also made available to the public at the Hardwoodgenomics.org website and at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) 'GenBank' data repository. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Carlson is collaborating with the Hudson Alpha Institute to produce a high-quality assembly of the complete chromosomes of the Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima) cultivar 'Mahogany' for The American Chestnut Foundation breeding program. Zhebentyayeva and collaborators will address grant reviewers' suggestion to reduce number of candidate genes with a small-scale experiment of Chinese and American chestnut seedlings challenged with zoospores in liquid media. Roots will be harvested and analyses will be conducted to identify genes within QTL intervals based on expression for functional characterization in transgenic experiments with susceptible American chestnut. Ray is collaborating with the American Chestnut Foundation to establish a baseline of wood quality parameters for Castanea specimens that will be used to evaluate the wood quality of future generations of chestnut plantations.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Chestnut Genome Sequencing Project (John Carlson and the chestnut genome research group) This project year saw the publication by our group of the complete genome and chromosomes of Chinese chestnut cultivar Vanuxem of The American Chestnut Foundation. Our first draft genome sequence was released to the public in January 2014, consisting at that time of 41,260 contigs (consensus sequences). Our 2020 publication in the journal Tree Genetics and Genomes provided an improved, complete genome assembled into 14,110 contigs with 30,832 genes identified. Over half of the sequences were anchored to the 12 genetic linkage groups of Chinese chestnut, providing a platform of chromosome-scale sequences for genome-wide selection and breeding efforts to restore American Chestnut. The paper also provided new insights into the genetics of chestnut blight disease resistance and of signatures of environmental adaptation among chestnut species. Chinese Chestnut Resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi (Tatyana Zhebentyayeva in John Carlson's group) This year research was focused on understanding how Phytophthora cinnamomi (Pc) invades the roots and what are potential molecular mechanisms of defensive response in Castanea species. Using combined genetic and genomic approaches, we delineated quantitative trait locus (QTL) intervals for resistance on genetic maps generated from Chinese x American chestnut progeny with resistance introgressed from two Chinese sources, Nanking and Mahogany. A list of candidate genes underlying QTLs was produced based on aligning flanking markers against the C. mollissima cv. 'Vanuxem' genome assembly. To test the hypothesis that pattern recognition receptors on the cell surface of roots and/or secreted apoplastic proteins are responsible for pathogen-pattern-triggered immunity in Chinese chestnut in response to Pc attack, we submitted a proposal entitled, "Understanding host resistance in the Chinese chestnut-Phytophthora cinnamomi pathosystem" to the NSF Plant-Biotic interaction program. Though not funded, the proposal was assigned by reviewers a "high-priority" rank. Quantifying and prioritizing the determinants of wood quality in chestnut variants (Ray) Work has begun in the Penn State Xylarium to differentiate wood quality parameters based on Castanea species of different species, age, density, and genetic family. Preliminary results are that Castanea color is differentiable from other species, it is differentiable based on juvenile/mature wood within genus and species, and that it is not differentiable by species within juvenile/mature wood classification. Current work is in progress to increase the sampling across the genus and genetic families, and to include specimen specific gravity as a co-variant in the study to determine the effect of environmental factors on the quality of the wood. Herbicide translocation study (Fitzsimmons in K. Steiner's group) Chestnut trees sprout prolifically, and breeding orchards often need to remove unselected individuals to make room for either selected trees to grow more freely or subsequently use that space for replacements. Cut-stump application of concentrated glyphosate is incredibly effective in controlling hardwood root-sprouting, including in chestnut; however, best management protocols suggest avoiding glyphosate to remove undesired trees in closely spaced plantations as the herbicidal actions could translocate to desired individuals across root grafts. In the fall of 2019, four plots of closely spaced, advance backcross American chestnut trees will be treated to investigate the possible action of herbicide translocation, if any, using a cut-stump treatment with a 40% glyphosate product. In summer of 2020, data was collected to monitor whether the cut-stump application had any effect. These data are being analyzed. Fifteentrees were observed to have extreme morphological defects of both stem and leaves. Four of these trees were sent for testing by Bartlett Tree Experts to determine if presence of glyphosate could be detected in the tissues. All four samples tested positive for presence of glyphosate, indicating translocation of the product through root grafts is highly likely to have occurred. Monitoring of untreated trees will continue through fall 2021.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Bourguiba, H., Scotti, I., Sauvage, C., Zhebentyayeva, T., Ledbetter, C., Kraka, B., Remay, A., DOnofrio, C., Iketani, H., Christen, D. and Krichen, L., 2020. Genetic Structure of a Worldwide Germplasm Collection of Prunus armeniaca L. Reveals Three Major Diffusion Routes for Varieties Coming from the Species Center of Origin. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, p.638.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Yu, J., Conrad, A.O., Decroocq, V., Zhebentyayeva, T., Williams, D.E., Bennett, D., Roch, G., Audergon, J.M., Dardick, C., Liu, Z. and Abbott, A.G., 2020. Distinctive gene expression patterns define endodormancy to ecodormancy transition in apricot and peach. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, p.180.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Soltani N, Best T, Grace D, Nelms C, Shumaker K, Romero-Severson J, Moses D, Schuster S, Staton M, Carlson J, Gwinn K. 2020. Transcriptome profiles of Quercus rubra responding to increased O3 stress. BMC Genomics, 21(1): 1-18.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Guo L, Guo S, Xu J, He L, Carlson JE, Hou X. 2020. Phylogenetic analysis based on chloroplast genome uncover evolutionary relationship of all the nine species and six cultivars of tree peony. Industrial Crops and Products, 153: p.112567, (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112567), 10 pages.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Tchatchoua TD, Poethig RS, Doody E, Weathers TC, Swartz K, Mathieson I, Zembower N, Zhebentyayeva T, Carlson JE. 2020. Genetic diversity of Faidherbia albida populations in the Sudano Sahelian region of Cameroon, using SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers. African Journal of Biotechnology, 19(7): 415-425.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Staton ME, Addo-Quaye C, Cannon N, Yu J, Zhebentyayeva T, Huff M, Islam-Faridi N, Fan S, Georgi LL, Nelson CD, Bellis E, Fitzsimmons S, Henry N, Drautz-Moses D, Noorai RE, Ficklin S, Saski C, Mandal M, Wagner T, Zembower N, Bod�n�s C, Holliday J, Westbrook J, Lasky J, Hebard FV, Schuster SC, Abbott AG, Carlson JE. 2020. A reference genome assembly and adaptive trait analysis of Castanea mollissima 'Vanuxem', a source of resistance to chestnut blight in restoration breeding. Tree Genetics and Genomes, 16:57 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-020-01454-y) 23 pages.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Stanton BJ, Haiby K, Gantz G, Shuren R, Hall R, Johnson LJ, Weathers TC, Wu D, Islam-Faridi N; Best T, Stanish A, Staton M, Carlson JE. 2020. Inter-Specific Hybridization of Alnus rubra and Alnus rhombifolia: Preliminary Report of a New Taxon and DNA Marker Resources for Bioenergy Feedstock Production, Accepted July 22, 2020, Tree Genetics and Genomes, In Press.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wang W, Carlson CH, Smart LB, Carlson JE. 2020. Transcriptome analysis of contrasting resistance to herbivory by Empoasca fabae in two shrub willow species and their hybrid progeny. PLoS ONE In Press.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Callahan AM., Zhebentyayeva TN, Humann JL, Saski CA, Galimba KD, Georgi L.L, Scorza R., Main D, Dardick CD (2020) Defining the HoneySweet insertion event utilizing NextGen sequencing and a de novo genome assembly of plum (Prunus domestica). Horticulture Research In Press
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Conrad, A.O., Yu, J., Staton, M.E., Audergon, J.M., Roch, G., Decroocq, V., Knagge, K., Chen, H., Zhebentyayeva, T., Liu, Z. and Dardick, C., 2019. Association of the phenylpropanoid pathway with dormancy and adaptive trait variation in apricot (Prunus armeniaca). Tree Physiology, 39(7), pp.1136-1148.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Bell TH, Kaminsky LM, Gugino BK, Carlson JE, Malik RJ, Hockett KL, Trexler RV. 2109. Factoring Ecological, Societal, and Economic Considerations into Inoculant Development. Trends in Biotechnology, 37(2): 140-151.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jeremy Sutherland, Ryan Crawford, Ryan Trexler, Christopher Tkach, Terrence Bell, Stacy Bonos, Marvin Hall, Julie Hansen, Jesse Lasky, Donald Viands, John Carlson. 2019. Breeding resilient, disease-resistant switchgrass cultivars for marginal lands, DOE/USDA Genomic Sciences Program Annual Contractor-Grantee Meeting, Tysons Corner, VA, Feb 24-26, 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: John Carlson, Kim Steiner, Charles Ray, Tetyana Zhenbentyayeva, Sara Fitzsimmons. 2019. Pennsylvania State University Report, Multi-State Research Project NE-1833. Agriculture Experiment Station Update, NE-1833 Meeting, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, September 6, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: John E. Carlson. 2019. Genetic opportunities for restoring green ash and American beech, Natural Areas Conference, Station Square Sheraton, Pittsburgh, PA, October 8, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhebentyayeva et al. Mapping the QTLs for Phytophthora cinnamomi resistance. The 37th annual meeting NE1833: Biological Improvement of Chestnut through Technologies that Address Management of the Species and Its Pathogens and Pests," Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, September 5, 2019 - September 9, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: L. Gustavsson, K. Dalman, J-E. Englund, H. V�l�z, I. Abreu, F. Odilbekov, J. Skytte af S�tra, I. Semashko, B. Canb�ck, T Zhebentyayeva, E. van de Weg. Towards a better understanding of resistance to European canker in apple: a multidisciplinary approach. XV EUCARPIA Fruit Breeding and Genetics Symposium, Prague, Czech Republic, June 3 - 7, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: T. Zhebentyayeva, S. Fitzsimmons and J.E. Carlson. Restoration of the American chestnut. The 2019 Natural Areas Conference (NAC), Natural Areas Association (NAA), Station Square Sheraton, Pittsburgh, PA, October 7, 2019 - October 10, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Yu J, Conrad A, Decroocq V, Zhebentyayeva T, Williams D, Bennett D, Roch G, Audergon J-M, Dardick C, Liu Z, Abbott A, Staton M. Distinctive gene expression patterns define endodormancy to ecodormancy transition in apricot and peach. Plant & Animal Genome XXVIII Conference, San-Diego, CA, January 11 - 15, 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ray C, Carver G, Fitzsimmons S, Wiemann M. Quantifying and prioritizing the determinants of wood quality in chestnut variants. The 38th annual meeting NE1833: Biological Improvement of Chestnut through Technologies that Address Management of the Species and Its Pathogens and Pests," Online Conference, September 17, 2020.


Progress 02/13/19 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences reached are the USDA Forest Service, numerous collaborators and colleagues at public universities, tree improvement specialists, and membership of The American Chestnut Foundation. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Three past PhD students participated in aspects of this project. Currently one PhD student of collaborating faculty member at the University of Tennessee is participating in assembly and analysis of the Chinese chestnut genome. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of have been disseminated throuh publications in well-respected science journals, at the annual meetings of the NE-1833 USDA multi-state project and The Amercian Chestnut Foundation, and at international research venues such as the Plant and Animal Genome Conference and IUFRO-sponsored conferences. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Finalize the Chinese chestnut chromosome-scale genome assembly. Submit revised manuscript on the Chinese chestnut reference genome. Perform analysis of transcriptome and metabolome datasets generated from chestnut roots challenged with Pc zoospores and summarize results. Submit proposal entitled "Understanding host resistance in Chinese chestnut-Phytophthora cinnamomi pathosystem" to NSF program "Plant Biotic Interactions." Determine which wood properties in chestnut variants result in statistically significant differences between variants. Based on these findings, prioritize these properties and the statistical parameters of investigation for future, long-term chestnut wood studies. Begin a macro- and micro-photographic collection of wood specimens with identifying properties labeled. Write and post on website the findings of the wood study with detailed images. Author and submit a scientific paper on the wood study for peer-reviewed publication.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? I. Chestnut Genome Sequencing Project Our team has further improved the Chinese chestnut Vanuxem cv. reference genome to obtain chromosome-scale sequences for facilitating Genome-Wide-Selection to back-cross breeding in the TACF disease resistance introgression program. We used PACBio sequences to bridge contigs into scaffolds and close gaps within scaffolds, reducing the number of genome scaffolds to 12,684, covering 784 Mb (~98% of genome). Margaret Staton's group identified and annotated 30,832 gene models in the new version 3.2 assembly. Pseudo-chromosome sequences were assembled by anchoring 4,099 of the scaffolds to DNA markers in the Kubisiak et al 2013 reference genetic map for chestnut. The pseudo-chromosome sequences accounted for 421.3Mb, representing about 60% of the genome. Gene positions and overall genome organization of the assembly have been compared to the genomes of other related trees and model plant systems. The resulting new chromosome-scale assembly will be released to the public, along with the v3.2 scaffolds, at the Hardwood Genomics website and via a peer-reviewed publication. II. Resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi (Tatyana Zhebentyayeva, Penn State) 1) We summarized QTL mapping data for five cohorts of three crosses derived from two Chinese chestnut sources of resistance to P. cinnamomi. QTL intervals were delineated on composite linkage maps using sequence-based markers. Genetic maps were assigned to physical map (pseudochromosomes) of the Chinese chestnut (Vanuxem) genome. Using genomic contig sequences, we identified the SSRs and designed PCR primers for genotyping breeding material. Altogether, 30 non-redundant SSRs targeting QTLs on the LG_E were developed for verification genomic regions underlying resistance in Chinese chestnut x America chestnut and European chestnut x Japanese chestnut crosses by TACF and INIAV (Portugal) respectively. 2) Search for molecular signature of selection for resistance to Pc was performed to demonstrate utility of the Chinese chestnut (Vanuxem) genome assembly v3.2 for candidate gene discovery. Five resistant Chinese and five susceptible American chestnut trees were resequenced and aligned against assembled Chinese chestnut genome. 51 genes under purifying or positive selection in Chinese chestnut were identified for further functional characterization. III. Breeding and field trials 1) PSU/TACF B3F2 Seed Orchard at the Arboretum at Penn State Planting at the B3F2 Seed Orchard at the Arboretum at Penn State is almost complete. To date, a total of almost 16,000 trees have been planted, of which close 9,000 are still alive. Close to 5,000 trees have been inoculated and another 6,000 trees are expected to be inoculated in the coming years. Because chestnut blight-resistance is now known to be under more complex control than original thought, plans for additional replications of families within the seed orchard have been cancelled. Inoculation, selection, and rogueing of planted families is ongoing and expected to be completed by 2022. The selected individuals will be analyzed as part of The American Chestnut Foundation's genomic selection model for blight-resistance. 2) SUNY-ESF/VA Tech/PSU BRAG Plantings In the spring and fall of 2019, research plots of 120 chestnuts and red oaks were established at 6 locations as part of a Biotechnology Risk Assessment Grant (BRAG) program. The project encompasses environmental impact studies in three locations - New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. The experiments will assess the influence of GE as compared to non-GE organisms on agricultural and forest ecosystems by directly comparing the GE trees to conventionally bred trees from commercial chestnut hybrids, TACF backcross trees, and wild-type American chestnut trees. 3) SARE and SCBG Project We are collaborating with the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR), the USDA National Agroforestry Center (NAC), and beginning farmers at Windswept Farms and Carversville Farm Foundation, to research, document, disseminate, and enact best management practices for creating chestnut production cooperatives in Pennsylvania. We will also develop resources and a business model for chestnut processing facilities in Pennsylvania, focusing on sustainable tree cropping systems and supplementing with native species to reach niche marketing opportunities. American chestnut research orchards will provide chestnuts for processing and taste-testing, comparing these nuts to commercially available chestnuts. Several chestnut tasting trials and outreach events have been held in conjunction with this project. One presentation was at the PSU Huddle with the Faculty, a recording of which may be found here: https://youtu.be/PxWGO1IwRCw. 4) Herbicide translocation study Chestnut trees sprout prolifically, and breeding orchards often need to remove unselected individuals to make room for either selected trees to grow more freely or subsequently use that space for replacements. Cut-stump application of concentrated glyphosate is incredibly effective in controlling hardwood root-sprouting, including in chestnut; however, best management protocols suggest avoiding glyphosate to remove undesired trees in closely spaced plantations as the herbicidal actions could translocate to desired individuals across root grafts. In the fall of 2019, four plots of closely spaced, advance backcross American chestnut trees will be treated to investigate the possible action of herbicide translocation, if any, using a cut-stump treatment with a 40% glyphosate product. Monitoring of adjacent untreated trees will continue to fall 2020. IV. Wood phenotyping and extension Dr. Ray and his staff are taking high-resolution, magnified photos of the app. 18,000 specimens in the current "Xylarium" (wood collection), with the intent to make the photos available online, and to make the collection easily accessible to researchers studying the genetics and molecular properties of wood. This collection includes chestnut wood samples from various sources, which is already serving as a reference for researchers and TACF members. We hope that the chestnut wood collection will be supplemented with additional material from NE colleagues and other chestnut enthusiasts. Interested parties have questioned and considered the issue of wood quality in both back-crossed and genetically-modified chestnut variants. Up to now, such considerations have been anecdotal and based on extremely limited samplings of stems, most of which are apparently juvenile wood. Dr. Ray and his collaborator, Dr. Gary Carver, proposed a concept of sampling and analysis that will allow the research team to perform a preliminary study to determine and define appropriate parameters to continue to expand knowledge of chestnut evolution with respect to impacts on resulting wood properties. The American Chestnut Foundation funded the proposal in late 2018, funded equipment was obtained, and specimen collection has begun. Analysis will begin in fall 2019 with results expected to be available for reporting by mid-2020.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhebentyayeva, T.N., Sisco, P.H., Georgi, L.L., Jeffers, S.N., Perkins, M.T., James, J.B., Hebard, F.V., Saski, C., Nelson, C.D. and Abbott, A.G., 2019. Dissecting Resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi in Interspecific Hybrid Chestnut Crosses Using Sequence-Based Genotyping and QTL Mapping. Phytopathology, 109(9), pp.1594-1604.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Staton M, Addo-Quaye C, Cannon N, Sun Y, Zhebentyayeva T, Huff M, Fan S, Bellis E, Islam-Faridi N, Yu J, Henry N. 2019. The Chinese chestnut genome: a reference for species restoration. bioRxiv. Jan 1:615047.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Perkins MT, Zhebentyayeva T, Sisco PH, Craddock JH. 2019. Genome-wide sequence-based genotyping supports a nonhybrid origin of Castanea alabamensis. bioRxiv. Jan 1:680371.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Merkle, S. A., Vieitez, F. J., Corredoira, E. and Carlson, J.E. 2019. Castanea spp. Chestnut. In R. Litz, F. Alfaro, & J. Hormaza (Eds.), Biotechnology of Fruit and Nut Crops (2nd ed.). CAB International, In Press, CABI cat # 9781780648279.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhebentyayeva, T., Gitto A.J., Jeffers S.N., Sisco P.H., Perkins M.T., Craddock J.H., Saski C., Westbrook J.W., Hebard F.V., Georgi L.L, James J.B., Staton M., Nelson C.D., Abbott A.G. Genetic mapping the resistance/susceptible response in Chestnut seedlings to Phytophthora cinnamomi infection, Annual Meeting, Forest Health Research and Education Center (FHC), University of Kentucky, 23 -24 April 2019, Lexington, KY.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhebentyayeva T., Jeffers, S. N., Sisco P. H., Staton M. E., Noorai R. E., Bellis E., Lasky J. R., Nelson C. D., Abbott A. G., Carlson J. E. Integrated genomic and genetic approach for discovery candidate genes associated with resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi in chestnut, Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference (SFTIC), 2-7 June 2019, Lexington, KY.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fan S., Georgi L., Hebard F.H., Zhebentyayeva T.N, Carlson J.E., Abbott A.G., Nelson C.D. QTL mapping blight resistance in Chinese x American chestnut hybrid families, Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference (SFTIC), 2-7 June 2019, Lexington, KY.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Nelson C.D., Zhebentyayeva T., Fan S., Georgi L., Hebard F.H., Sisco P.H., Jeffers S., James J.B., Carlson J.E., Abbott A.G. QTL mapping resistance to Cryphonectria parasitica and Phytophthora cinnamomi in Chinese � American chestnut hybrid families. IUFRO Tree Biotechnology Meeting Forests, Technology & Society, 23-28 June 2019, Raleigh, NC, USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Staton EM, Addo-Quaye C, Cannon N, Zhebentyayeva T, Huff M, Fan S, Bellis E, Islam-Faridi N, Yu J, Henry N, Drautz-Moses DI, Noorai RE, Ficklin S, Saski C, Mandal M, Wagner TK, Zembower N, Bod�n�s C, Holliday J, Westbrook J, Lasky J, Georgi LL, Hebard FV, Nelson CD, Schuster SC, Abbott AG, Carlson JE, 2019, The Chinese chestnut genome: a reference for species restoration, Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference, Lexington, KY, June 4-8, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Carlson JE, 2019, Genomic Resources for Environmental Resilience and Species Restoration in Hardwood Forest Trees, Plant 2019 International Conference on Plant Science Research, Baltimore, MD, March 4-6, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhebentyayeva, TN; Noorai, RE; Gitto, AJ; Jeffers, SN; Sisco, PH; Perkins, MT; Craddock, JH; Saski, CA; Carlson, JE; Nelson, CD; Abbott, AG. 2018. Functional genomics analyses of the resistance/susceptible response in chestnut seedlings to Phytophthora cinnamomi infection, The Annual Meeting of the American Chestnut Foundation, Huntsville, Alabama, October 25-27, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: John E. Carlson, 2018, Genomics-enabled breeding for forest resilience. Plants and Animals: Bridging the Gap in Breeding Research Symposium, Center for Integrated Breeding Research, Georg-August-University Goettingen, October 10 - 11, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Carlson JE, 2018. Penn State Ag Experiment Station Update. NE-1833 Multistate NIFA Project Annual Meeting, Alpine Lake, WV, September 6, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhebentyayeva, T.N., Noorai, R.E., Tharayil, N., Gitto, A.J., Jeffers, S.N., Sisco, P.H., Perkins, M.T., Craddock, J.H., Saski, C.A., Carlson, J.E., Nelson, C.D., Abbott, A.G. Response to Phytophthora cinnamomi in chestnut roots: an integrated QTL mapping, transcriptome and metabolome approach. Plant & Animal Genome XXVII, 12-16 January 2019, San-Diego, CA, PE0546.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Carlson, JE; Staton, ME; Addo-Quaye, C; Cannon, N; Fan, S; Nelson, CD; Henry, N; Yu, J; Huff, M; Zhebentyayeva, T; Conrad, A; Ficklin, S; Saski, C; Mandal, M, Islam-Faridi, N; Zembower, N; Drautz, D; Schuster, SC; Swale, T; Sun, Y; Westbrook, J; Holliday, J; Abbott, AG; Hebard, FV.2018. The Chinese Chestnut Genome V2.0, The Annual Meeting of the American Chestnut Foundation, Huntsville, Alabama, October 25-27, 2018.