DEVELOPMENT OF SUPERIOR MEDIUM-GRAIN AND LONG-GRAIN RICE VARIETIES FOR ARKANSAS AND THE MID-SOUTH U.S.

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1018236
• Project Start Date: Jan 1, 2019
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2023
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS
(N/A)
FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72703

Performing Department
Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences

Non Technical Summary
Arkansas ranks first among the six major rice-producing states, accounting for approximately 50 percent of the U.S. rice production. Rice is the state's second highest value commodity and the top agricultural export. The annual Arkansas rice crop contributes more than $4 billion to the state's economy and accounts for thousands of jobs, which are crucial to rural communities (Anonymous, 2015). The rice breeding and evaluation for improved rice varieties projects at the University have released 29 rice varieties since funding through the Rice Research and Promotion Board began in 1980. These varieties are Bond, Newbonnet, Tebonnet, Katy, Alan, Millie, Orion, LaGrue, Adair, Kaybonnet, Drew, Wells, Ahrent, Francis, Banks, Cybonnet, Medark, Templeton, Taggart, Spring, Roy J, CL171AR, CL181AR, CL142AR, Lakast, CL172AR, Diamond, Titan, and Aroma 17. The impact of these varieties on rice production in Arkansas is substantial, which accounted for about 50% rice acreage during the last twenty years. With the release and adaption of new varieties, the state average rice yields increased during the last 20 years by approximately 56 bushels/A (USDA-ERS, 2016). Assigning a conservative value of 60% of the yield increase to the new rice varieties, based on an average 1.4 million planted acres, the average gain per year from breeding research to the Arkansas producers at an average rough rice price of $4.50/ bushel would be $350 million overall and $175 million due to Arkansas varieties. With the increase of production costs and volatile crop prices, further improvement of rice yield and quality is critical for the survival and prosperity of the Arkansas rice industry.

Animal Health Component

15%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

5%

Applied

15%

Developmental

80%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
201	1530	1080	20%
202	1530	1081	80%

Knowledge Area
202 - Plant Genetic Resources; 201 - Plant Genome, Genetics, and Genetic Mechanisms;

Subject Of Investigation
1530 - Rice;

Field Of Science
1081 - Breeding; 1080 - Genetics;

Keywords

rice

breeding

variety

hybrid rice

cytoplasmic male sterility (cms)

selection

and germplasm

Goals / Objectives
1. To develop superior medium-grain rice varieties with emphasis on grain yield potential, quality (milling, appearance, cooking and processing), disease resistance, lodging tolerance, early maturity, and/or resistance to herbicides including imidazolinone for use in red rice control.2. To develop conventional and herbicide resistant long-grain rice varieties includingClearfield®with superior yield potential, good and stable milling, standard US long-grain cooking and processing quality, acceptable grain appearance, lodging tolerance, disease resistance, and early maturity.3. To develop adapted parental lines (male sterile, maintainer, and restorer lines) for the production of conventional and herbicide resistant hybrids.4. To develop improved germplasm to broaden the genetic diversity of southern long- and medium-grain rice.5. To conduct genetic research to improve the selection efficiency and effectiveness including marker-assisted selection (MAS).

Project Methods
Rice breeding is a slow and painstaking activity that depends heavily on the availability of germplasm with appropriate traits. In most cases, a new release is an improved version of a current variety. Thus, commercial varieties and elite breeding lines are the most important germplasm. However, novel traits, such as certain disease resistance, sterility/fertility, and outcrossing, may be lacking from our current gene pool. Germplasm from the USDA world collection and other sources will be introduced, evaluated, and integrated.Single crosses supplemented by double or three-way crosses will be programed to achieve the recombination of alleles associated with agronomic traits from different sources. Backcross breeding or marker-assisted backcross will only be conducted to integrate simply inherited traits from donor parents into released varieties or elite lines. Modified recurrent selection will be carried out to explore both additive and non-additive genetic effects. By working with the Rice Research and Extension Center' (RREC) genetic molecular lab, several PCR-based molecular markers will be applied for MAS of disease resistance, physicochemical traits, and sterility/fertility traits in backcrosses or three-way crosses. MAS will also be attemped to retrieve haplotypes of recurrent parents in a backcross program.Even though the following general breeding procedures apply for pure-line breeding (varieties and hybrid rice lines), specific treatments or applications are needed for both CL rice and rice hybrids. During the development of CL varieties, segregating populations, progenies, yield trails, and seed increases should be treated with NewPath herbicide to eliminate the escape and partially resistant plants. For hybrid line development, a large amount of testcrosses will be continuously produced between promising new male sterile lines or restorer lines and tester restorer lines or male sterile lines for the selection of adapted hybrid lines. Field performance of these test crosses will be evaluated in replicated or non-replicated, single- or multi-location yield trials for identification of ideal hybrid rice varieties. Promising male sterile lines will be closely evaluated for their outcrossing related characteristics like stigma exertion rates, pollen sterility, maturity at different environments (location and time), and critical condition (temperature, day length, and date) for the reverse of sterility to fertility for the environmental sensitive male sterility.Segregating generations will be tested and advanced at RREC near Stuttgart and at the winter nursery facilities in Lajas, Puerto Rico. The pedigree method will be the primary selection technology employed. Bulk selection will be applied for the wide crosses, such as those between the USDA World Collections and elite U.S. genotypes. Single seed descent will normally be appliedin the generation advancement in the winter nursery. Selection for disease resistance will start in F2 generation under naturally infested condition at RREC. In order to identify an ideal genotype, a great number of traits will be considered during this stage of selection including grain quality (shape and appearance), plant type, short stature, lodging resistance, disease (blast, sheath blight, and bacterial panicle blight) resistance, earliness, and seedling vigor. These traits normally have high heritability or are simply inherited. In each generation, about 10% of the progeny rows (or panicle rows) will be either advanced for reselection or bulk-harvested as promising lines for the preliminary yield trials; over 90% of the progeny rows are normally eliminated. Promising lines having a good combination of these characteristics will be further screened in the laboratory for traits such as kernel size and shape, grain chalkiness, and grain uniformity. Small sample milling, physicochemical analysis, and molecular maker analysis will be routinely conducted to eliminate lines with evident quality problems and/or maintain standard U.S. rice quality of different grain types.Promising lines that pass laboratory evaluations will be advanced into the replicated Stuttgart Initial Test trials (SIT or CL SIT) at the RREC near Stuttgart. Grain yield potential, milling yields, and disease reactions under artificial inoculation will be evaluatedat this stage for the first time, while all other important agronomic characters will continually be evaluated. All SIT and CL SIT entries will be genotyped using 13 PCR-based markers for blast resistance genes, waxy allele, and cooking characteristics while rice is growing. Lines excelled from the preliminary yield trials will be advanced to the elite line trial (AYT),which has 3 replications and is tested at the Northeast Research and Extension Center (NEREC) at Keiser, AR and Pine Tree Research Station (PTRS) near Colt, AR in addition to RREC.Outstanding lines out of both AYT and SIT trials will be advanced to the Arkansas Rice Performance Test (ARPT) and/orthe Uniform Regional Rice Nursery (URRN). The ARPT test will be carried out by Dr. Jerrod Hardke at six locations across Arkansas rice growing regions. The URRN is made up of advanced selections from public breeders in Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas and will be evaluated in those states, as well as in California. In these tests, promising breeding lines will be further tested for the performance and stability of yield and milling, as well as their adaptability in diverse environmental conditions. All advanced lines will be evaluated for the resistance to sheath blight, blast, and panicle blight (collaborating with Dr. Yeshi Wamishe), as well as for grain and processing quality (collaborating with Riceland Foods, Inc). Lines having release potential will be evaluated for nitrogen fertilizer requirements (collaborating with Drs. Rick Norman, Nathan Slaton, and Trent Roberts).All lines entered the preliminary yield test and beyond will be planted as headrows for purification and increase purposes. Production and maintenance of breeder and foundation seeds will be handled by the Foundation Seed Program at the RREC.Appropriate experimental designs will be used in these different research areas. Most tests will be conducted by using a randomized complete block design when appropriate. Statistical analysis will be conducted on all studies using appropriate software. Consultation with statisticians in the Department of Experimental Statistics will be utilized when necessary.

Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Rice breeders, rice growers, consultants, industry representitives, processors, end-users, and extension personals Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two program associates attended and presented a poster in 38th Rice Techinical Working Group held in Orange Beach, AL Feb 24-27, 2020. They also attended the Annual Rice Breeders' Conference held in Texas A&M AgLife Beaumont, TX on January 21, 2020. All program personnel attended virtual annual rice field day. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Referred journal articles, research report, presentations in professional meetings, field days, and industry clientele meetings, extension publication, mass media, and newsletter, internet and world wide web. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Rice breeding is always on-going by nature. My 2021breeding researches included 1,400F1 populations, 1,000space-planted F2 populations, and 62,000 pedigree panicle rows ranging from F3 to F7. A total of 1,200breeding lines and check varieties were tested in the replicated Stuttgart Initial Trial (SIT), either Clearfield (CL) CSIT, conventional SIT, or Provisia (PVL) SIT, and 95% of them were new entries. Several advanced yield trials will continuously conducted in Stuttgart, as well as several off-station locations, which include Advanced Elite Line Yield Trials (AYT), Clearfield AYT (CAYT),and the multi-state cooperative Uniform Regional Rice Nursery (URRN). To speed up the breeding effort, 3 winter nurseries will be planted, selected, and harvested in Lajas, PR for the generation advancement and seed purification purposes. A premium cooking quality Southern medium-grain 17AR1127 will be grown for foundation seed production and/or potential varietal release in 2022.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 2020 medium-grain breeding researches included 1,348 F1 populations (142 planted in the greenhouse, 313 hand-transplanted, 426 direct-seeded at RREC and 124 direct-seeded in Puerto Rico winter nursery, in addition to 343 direct-seeded testcrosses for hybrid rice breeding), 994 space-planted F2 populations, and 61,500 pedigree panicle rows ranging from F3 to F7. A total of 1,170 breeding lines and check varieties were tested in the replicated Stuttgart Initial Trial (SIT), either Clearfield (CL) CSIT or conventional SIT, and 95% of them were new entries. Ninety two elite long- and medium-grain lines and hybrids were tested in the Advanced Elite Line Yield Trial (AYT) and/or Clearfield AYT trial, conducted at experiment stations in Stuttgart, Pine Tree, and Keiser. Twenty advanced medium-grain and long-grain experimental lines and three experimental long-grain hybrids were included in the Arkansas Rice Performance Trial (ARPT), Uniform Regional Rice Nursery (URRN), and/or Commercial Rice Trial (CRT) trials. A total of 118 promising breeding lines (32 CL long-grain, 19 CL medium-grain, 51 conventional long-grain and long-grain hybrids, and 16 conventional medium-grain) that outperformed commercial checks in all yield trials were selected for the advancement and/or increase. The first 2020 Puerto Rico winter nursery was planted on August 12 and will be selected, harvested, and processed on-site in late-November for growing the turnaround nursery, while a third nursery of primarily hybrid S lines and Provisia progenies has been shipped and waiting for the field drying out to plant. A record 1,470 crosses were made, including 682 single crosses, 437 backcrosses or 3-way crosses, and 351 testcrosses for pureline, Provisia, and hybrid rice breeding purpose, respectively. The conventional medium-grain variety Lynx (experimental designation RU1701121) was approved for public release by the division in early 2020. Lynx showed a yield advantage over both Jupiter and Titan in statewide and regional trial in last 4 years. Registered and/or certified seeds should be readily available for the 2021 growing season. A very promising semi-dwarf CL long-grain line RU1801101 continued performing in 2020 statewide and regional trials, and the breeder headrow seeds have been produced for purification and increase purposes. Experimental long-grain RU2001185, medium-grain RU1901033, and CL medium-grain RU1901137 showed outstanding yields in 20202 advanced yield trials including ARPT, URRN, and AYT.

Publications

• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Sha, X., Shakiba, E., Hardke, J., Wamishe, Y., McCarty, D.L., Northcutt, C.H., Wisdom, D.K.A., Belmar, S.B., Kelsey, C., Boyett, V.A., Thompson, V.I., Frizzell, Bulloch, J.M., Castaneda-Gonzalez, E., North, D.G., and Beaty, B.A. 2020. Jewel, high yielding, short season long grain rice variety. p. 49-51. In Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Scott, B., and Hardke, J. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2019. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 667. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Shakiba, E., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Sha, X., Counce, P., Scott, R., Bathke, G., North, D.G., Boyett, V.A., Thompson, V.I., Rice, A., Azapoglu, O., and Esguerra, M.Q. 2020. Progress in hybrid rice breeding program. p. 73-74. In Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Scott, B., and Hardke, J. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2019. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 667. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wisdom, D.K.A., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Sha, X., Bulloch, J.M., Boyett, V.A., Thompson, V.I., Belmar, S.B., Kelsey, C.D., McCarty, D.L., and Northcutt, C.H. 2020. Development of aromatic rice. p. 78-80. In Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Scott, B., and Hardke, J. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2019. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 667. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Hemphill, C.C., Esguerra, M.Q., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Sha, X., Shakiba, E., and Counce, P. 2020. Comparing the effects of multiple planting dates on rice grain yield and quality. p. 39-44. In Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Scott, B., and Hardke, J. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2019. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 667. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Clayton, T.L., Hardke, J.T., Frizzell, D.L., Norman, R.J., Plummer, W.J., Hale, K.F., Frizzell, T.D., Ablao, A., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., and Sha, X. 2020. 2019 Degree-Day 50 (DD50) thermal unit thresholds for new rice cultivars and seeding date studies. p. 182-190. In Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Scott, B., and Hardke, J. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2019. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 667. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Hardke, J.T., Frizzell, D.L., Castaneda-Gonzalez, E., Frizzell, T.D., Hale, K., Clayton, T.L., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Sha, X., Shakiba, E., Wamishe, Y.A., Wisdom, D.K.A., Bulloch, J.A., Beaty, T., McCarty, D.L., Runsick, S., Duren, M.W., Mann, M., Clark, S.D., and Ablao, A. 2020. Arkansas rice performance trials, 2017-2019. p. 218-222. In Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Scott, B., and Hardke, J. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2019. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 667. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Castaneda-Gonzalez, E., Roberts, T.L., Hardke, J.T., Slaton, N.A., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Sha, X., Frizzell, D.L., Duren, M.W., and Frizzell, T.D. 2020. Grain yield response of eleven new rice cultivars to nitrogen fertilization. p. 162-169. In Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Scott, B., and Hardke, J. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2019. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 667. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Public rice variety development at a crossroads - great ambition and limited resources. Proceedings of the 23rd Cotton and Rice Conference, January 30-31, Memphis, TN.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: On with the show. Rice Farming Magazine, May 2020.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Arkansas Rice Cultivar Testing, 2018-2020. RIS 180
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Esguerra, Manuel Q., Sha, Xueyan, Hardke, Jarrod T., Scott, Robert C., Wamishe, Yeshi, Counce, Paul A., Bateman, Nick, Beaty Bryan A., and Bulloch, Jill M. 2020. Registration of Clearfield� CLL15 Southern Long-Grain Rice. DOI: 10.1002/plr2.20088.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Esguerra, Manuel Q., Sha, Xueyan, Hardke, Jarrod T., Scott, Robert C., Wamishe, Yeshi, Bateman, Nick, Counce, Paul A., Roberts, Trenton L., Beaty, Bryan A., and Bulloch, Jill M. 2020. Registration of Clearfield� CLM04 Southern Medium Grain Rice. DOI: 10.1002/plr2.20120.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Sha, X., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Shakiba, E., Hardke, J.T., Wamishe, Y.A., Bateman, N., Beaty, B.A., Bulloch, J.M., Wisdom, D.K.A., McCarty, D.L., North, D.G., Boyett, V.A., and Frizzell, D.L. 2020. Development of superior medium-grain and long-grain rice varieties for Arkansas and Mid-South. p. 68-72. In Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Scott, B., and Hardke, J. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2019. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 667. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Sha, X., Beaty, B.A., Bulloch, J.M., Ablao, A., Clark, S.D., Mann, M., and Duren, M.W. 2020. Evaluation of advanced medium-grain and long-grain breeding lines at three Arkansas locations. p. 62-67. In Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Scott, B., and Hardke, J. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2019. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 667. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.

Progress 01/01/19 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Rice breeders, growers, crop consultants, industry representatives, end users, and extension personnel Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two program associates and onetechnician attended the annual rice breeder's meeting in Crowley, LA. All program personnel attended rice field days in Stuttgart, AR and/or Pine Tree, AR. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Refereed journal articles, research report, presentatio in professional meetings, presentation in field days, industry clientele meeting, extension publications, and world wide web. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Rice breeding is an on-going effort by nature.Our 2020 breeding research will include 900 single crosses, 400 hybrid testcrosses, and 100backcrosses, 950 transplanted F1 populations, 850 space-planted F2 populations, and 62,000 panicle rows ranging from F3 to F7. Preliminary yield trials consisting of 1,200 new entries with 2 reps will be conducted in Stuttgart, AR.An 80-entry advanced yield trial (AYT) with 3 reps will be carried out in Kaiser, AR, Pine Tree, AR, and Stuttgart, AR, while a 40-entry Clearfield AYT (CAYT) with 3 reps will be conducted at both Stuttgart, AR and Pine Tree, AR locations that will be applied a 2X rate of NewPath herbicide.A 20-entry Medium-grain rice PREP trial will be conducted at three locations near Fisher, AR. The multistate advanced yield trial, the Uniform Regional Rice Nursery (URRN), with 240 entries will continue in Stuttgart, AR. Three winter nurseries will be planted and selected in Lajas,PR for the generation advancement and seed purification purposes. Foundation seed, breeder seed, and breeder headrow seed of conventional medium-grain 17AR1121 will be grown for potential varietal release in 2020.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? My 2019 breeding researches included a total of 1,154 F1 (180 greenhouse transplanted, 447 field transplanted, and 527 field direct-seeded), 869 space-planted F2, and 58,240 pedigree panicle rows ranging from F3 to F7. A total of 1,212 new breeding lines and check varieties were tested in the replicated Stuttgart Initial Trial (SIT), either Clearfield (CL) CSIT or conventional SIT. Eighty elite lines of both long- and medium-grain were tested in the Advanced Elite Line Yield Trial (AYT) and/or Clearfield AYT trial, conducted at experiment stations in Stuttgart, AR, Pine Tree, AR, and Keiser, AR. Twenty seven advanced medium-grain and long-grain experimental lines were also included in the Arkansas Rice Performance Trial (ARPT), Uniform Regional Rice Nursery (URRN), and Producer Rice Evaluation Program (PREP) trials. A total of 130 breeding lines (51 CL long-grain, 23 CL medium-grain, 30 conventional long-grain, and 26 conventional medium-grain) that outperformed commercial checks in those yield trials were selected for the advancement and/or increase. The first 2019 Puerto Rico winter nursery was planted on July 21 and was selected and harvested on November 12, while the second nursery that included the first ever Arkansas developed Provisia progenies was planted on November 15. An unprecedented 1,440 single crosses, backcrosses, 3-way crosses, and testcrosses were successfully made to incorporate desirable traits from various sources into elite Arkansas rice germplasm. Two new Clearfield varieties CLL15 and CLM04 were released to Horizon Ag LLC/BASF. CLL15 (experimental designation 16AR1111) is a semi-dwarf long-grain, while CLM04 ( experimental designation 16AR1030) is a short-statured medium-grain rice, and both varieties out-performed current CL varieties in last 3 years' ARPT. Certified seeds of both varieties should be readily available for the 2020 season through Horizon Ag LLC. Foundation seeds of a new conventional medium-grain experimental line 17AR1121 were produced and pending approval by the division for potential 2020 release. 17AR1121 consistently showed yield advantage over both Titan and Jupiter in advanced yield trials conducted during 2016-2019.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Famoso, A.N., Harrell, D.L., Groth, D.E., Kongchum, M., Wenefrida, I., Oard, J.H., Zaunbrecher, R.E., Bearb, K.F., Conner, C.A., Guidry, G.J., Angira, B., Sha, X., and Linscombe, S.D. 2019. Registration of CLJ01 Rice. Journal of Plant Registrations 13:143-147, doi:10.3198/jpr2018.06.0035crc.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shakiba, E., Sha, X., Boyett, V., North, D. and Moldenhauer, K. 2018. Developing TGMS line for hybrid rice production in Arkansas, U.S.A. Proceeding of 7th International Hybrid Rice Symposium. 27-28 February - 1 March 2019. Yogyakarta, Indonesia. International Rice Research Institute. Los Ba�os, Philippines. In press.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sha, X., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Shakiba, E., Hardke, J.T., Wamishe, Y.A., Beaty, B.A., Bulloch, J.M., Wisdom, D.K.A., McCarty, D.L., North, D.G., Boyett, V.A., and Frizzell, D.L. 2019. Development of superior medium-grain and long-grain rice varieties for Arkansas and Mid-South. p. 87-92. In Norman, R.J. and Moldenhauer, K.A.K. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2018. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 659. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sha, X., Beaty, B.A., Bulloch, J.M., Ablao, A., Clark, S.D., Mann, M., and Duren, M.W. 2019. Evaluation of advanced semi-dwarf medium-grain and long-grain breeding lines at three Arkansas locations. p. 80-86. In Norman, R.J. and Moldenhauer, K.A.K. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2018. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 659. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Sha, X., Shakiba, E., Wisdom, D.K.A., McCarty, D.L., Hardke, J., Wamishe, Y., Norman, R.J., Northcutt, C.H., Boyett, V.A., Frizzell, D.L., Belmar, S.B., Kelsey, C., Thompson, V.I., Hemphill, C.C., Esquerra, M.Q., Dhakal, R., Bulloch, J.M., Castaneda-Gonzalez, E., North, D.G., and Beaty, B.A. 2019. Breeding and Evaluation for Improved Rice Varieties  The Arkansas Rice Breeding and Development Program. p. 67-73. In Norman, R.J. and Moldenhauer, K.A.K. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2018. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 659. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shakiba, E., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Sha, X., Counce, P., Scott, R., Bathke, G., North, D.G., Boyett, V.A., Rice, A., Azapoglu, O., Esguerra, M.Q., Dhakal, R., and Hemphill, C.C. 2019. Hybrid rice program in 2018. p. 93-97. In Norman, R.J. and Moldenhauer, K.A.K. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2018. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 659. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wisdom, D.K.A., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Sha, X., Bulloch, J.M., Boyett, V.A., Thompson, V.I., Belmar, S.B., Kelsey, C.D., McCarty, D.L., and Northcutt, C.H. 2019. Development of aromatic rice. p. 98-100. In Norman, R.J. and Moldenhauer, K.A.K. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2018. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 659. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Castaneda-Gonzalez, E., Hardke, J.T., Frizzell, D.L., Norman, R.J., Plummer, W.J., Hale, K., Frizzell, T.D., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., and Sha, X. 2019. 2018 Degree-Day 50 (DD50) thermal unit thresholds for new rice cultivars and seeding date studies. p. 228-239. In Norman, R.J. and Moldenhauer, K.A.K. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2018. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 659. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hardke, J.T., Frizzell, D.L., Castaneda-Gonzalez, E., Plummer, W.J., Frizzell, T.D., Hale, K., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Sha, X., Wamishe, Y.A., Norman, R.J., Wisdom, D.K.A., Bulloch, J.A., Beaty, T., Runsick, S., Gibson, C., Duren, M.W., Mann, M., Clark, S.D., and Ablao, A. 2019. Arkansas rice performance trials, 2016-2018. p. 296-301. In Norman, R.J. and Moldenhauer, K.A.K. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2018. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 659. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Norman, R.J., Roberts, T.L., Hardke, J.T., Slaton, N.A., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Sha, X., Frizzell, D.L., Smartt, A.D., Castaneda-Gonzalez, E., Plummer, W.J., Frizzell, T., Mann, M., and Hale, K. 2019. Grain yield response of seven new rice cultivars to nitrogen fertilization. p. 326-336. In Norman, R.J. and Moldenhauer, K.A.K. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2018. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 659. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Esquerra, M.Q., Dhakal, R., Hemphill, C.C., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Sha, X., Shakiba, E., Counce, P.A., and Scott, R.C. 2019. Yield and grain quality characterization of diverse rice cultivars for identification of donors for high nighttime temperature (HNT) tolerance. p. 53-60. In Norman, R.J. and Moldenhauer, K.A.K. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2018. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 659. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Boyett, V.A., Thompson, V.I., Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Shakiba, E., Sha, X., Wisdom, D.K.A., Jin, X., Bulloch, J.M., North, D.G., and Scott, R.C. 2019. Benefits of molecular analysis in rice breeding programs. p. 49-52. In Norman, R.J. and Moldenhauer, K.A.K. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2018. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 659. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wamishe, Y., Mulaw, T., Jia, Y., Gebremariam, T., and Sha, X. 2019. Uniform Regional Rice Nursery and Arkansas Rice Performance Test field evaluation for bacterial panicle blight disease of rice in Arkansas. p. 119-126. In Norman, R.J. and Moldenhauer, K.A.K. (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2018. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 659. Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas.