WATER RESOURCES AND SALINITY MANAGEMENT IN THE FAR WEST TEXAS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1017965
• Project Start Date: Nov 1, 2018
• Project End Date: Nov 1, 2023
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
750 AGRONOMY RD STE 2701
COLLEGE STATION,TX 77843-0001

Performing Department
El Paso-TAMU Agr Res Cntr

Non Technical Summary
Water scarcity and salinity are the major challenges confronting sustainable development in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world (Szabolcs, 1989; Horney et al., 2005). Irrigation in arid areas, along with improved productivity, has also been the cause of extensive salinization (Khan et al., 2006). Best available estimates indicate that worldwide about 1030 million hectares and 30% of the land in the conterminous USA suffer from varying degrees of salinity and sodicity (FAO and ITPS 2015; Tanji and Wal-lender 2012). Nearly 73% of the irrigated area in Rio Grande basin is affected by salinity and sodicity (Ghassemi et al., 1995). Salinity of Rio Grande has long been recognized as a major water-quality problem throughout the basin (Levings et al., 1998). Often Rio Grande salinity and sodicity exceeds limits considered safe for irrigating sensitive crops (Ayers and Westcot, 1985; USIBWC, 2002; Moyer et al., 2009). Salinity and sodicity problems in the region have resulted in reduction in irrigated acreage, shift in cropping pattern from high value horticulture crop (chilies onion to low value fiber or forage crops (cotton, sudangrass), and loss in productivity of soils and farm profitability (Miyamoto et al., 1995). It is therefore important to manage soil and water salinity to reduce adverse impacts on agriculture and urban sectors for the economic and environmental well being of the region.Many arid regions affected by salinity are also regions that are facing increasing water scarcity (Qadir and Oster, 2004). Nowhere it is more evident than in El Paso region which covers parts of Dona Ana county, New Mexico, Ciudada Juarez, Mexico, and El Paso county in Texas. Water demands are increasing in the region, driven largely by rapid population and economic growth (Paso del Norte Water Task Force, 2001). Precipitation contributes little to the water availability and major source of irrigation (~80%) is Rio Grande. The region is heavily dependent on groundwater for meeting its urban water demands and during the extended periods of drought even the agriculture irrigation depends on groundwater. Groundwater quality in many parts of the region is poor with salinity levels often exceeding 3000 ppm, and heavy withdrawal in the recent past have contributed to saline water intrusion into shallow aquifer which has a better-quality water. As a result, El Paso City has been trying to reduce its dependence on groundwater by drawing more water from the Rio Grande River, which has been the traditional source of irrigation. This has put even more pressure on surface water supplies and can potentially reduce the availability of freshwater for agriculture.Studies have indicated that irrigation efficiency and crop water use efficiency can be improved by scheduling irrigation based on soil moisture content. In the past, soil moisture content has been measured using neutron scattering but these techniques are not available to growers to schedule irrigation. In recent years, development of several inexpensive sensors and data loggers has made monitoring of real time continuous measurements of soil moisture content by growers possible at an affordable cost (Evett et al., 2009). Improving irrigation and on farm water use efficiency can save significant amount of precious freshwater resources. Therefore, it is important to improve water use efficiency and develop alternative sources through water reuse to meet future agricultural/urban needs to extend the availability of freshwater sources in the region.

Animal Health Component

100%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

0%

Applied

100%

Developmental

0%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
103	0110	1060	100%

Knowledge Area
103 - Management of Saline and Sodic Soils and Salinity;

Subject Of Investigation
0110 - Soil;

Field Of Science
1060 - Biology (whole systems);

Keywords

freshwater scarcity

salinity

sodicity

marginal water

irrigation water quality

water reuse

Goals / Objectives
The major objective of this project is to develop set of efficient water and salinity management practices to ensure sustainability of irrigated agriculture and landscape water management.Specific objectives of the project are to:Assess extent and degree of salinity at field scale and develop appropriate salinity management practices to ensure long-term viability of irrigated agriculture in the region.Develop appropriate techniques to facilitate environmentally safe reuse of waters with elevated salinity such as reclaimed wastewater, agricultural return flows, and gray water.Improve on-farm water use efficiency to conserve freshwater resources.

Project Methods
Objective 1: Salinity Assessment and Management Research will be conducted to develop distribution of salts and identify salinity hotspots within affected areas at field scale using traditional methods as well as electromagnetic induction technique and UAV based sensors. Developing salt distribution information at fieldscale will aid in the development of appropriate salinity management practices and reduce cost of remediation by target application of amendments. Experiments will be conducted to study retention mechanisms of salts on the soil exchange complex. Suitable isotherm models such as Langmuir or Freundlich will be used to provide quantitative description of salt exchange processes. Soil column experiments under controlled conditions involving different types of soils receiving water with varying ionic composition, pH and ionic strength will be conducted to determine salt adsorption and buildup in soil. Leachate samples will be collected and analyzed for chemical composition using standard methods (Eaton et al., 2005). Soil water movement, transport and transformation of salts will be evaluated using a suitable chemical transport model (e.g., Hydrus 3D). Results of these experiments will help in evaluating potential risks associated with transport of salts from the soil profile to underlying groundwater bodies.Performance of different amendments such as synthetic polymers or precipitated wastes from water supply pretreatment (predominantly inorganic flocculants such as alum) to ameliorate calcareous/gypsic sodic soils will be evaluated using soil column experiments. Since the project proposes the use of commercially available polymers and industrial wastes such as water supply pretreatment wastes, it is hoped that these amendment technologies will be economically viable. Collaborative research with resource economists will be carried out to evaluate the cost effectiveness of different technologies utilizing amendments. Depending upon the efficiency of salts removal in effective root zones and cost effectiveness, these amendments will be evaluated using field experiments involving suitable experimental design (use of amendments such as water supply pretreatment waste may be subject to permitting requirements). Research in collaboration with plant scientists (e.g., Dr. Genhua Niu/ Dr. Calvin Trostle) will be carried out to evaluate remediation of calcareous sodic soils using plants. Collaborative research with irrigation engineers (e.g., Dr. Juan Enciso) will be conducted to develop appropriate irrigation methods to manage salinity. The results of these experiments will provide information on efficiency of different amendments in reducing the salinity in the effective root zones of major crops grown in the region.Objective 2: Water ReusePotential for reuse of waters from different sources (such as reclaimed wastewater, desalination concentrate blends, gray water and blowdown water) for irrigating suitable plants will be evaluated both under controlled conditions and in the field (subject to permitting requirements). Column studies under controlled conditions involving different soil types receiving water with elevated salt concentrations will be used to evaluate changes in soil properties (permeability and salt concentrations), and to develop suitable management practices. Changes in soil salinity and moisture conditions will be monitored by direct soil sampling at different depths within effective root zones and also by using moisture/salinity probes. Chemical properties of wastewaters from different sources and leachate samples will be analyzed. Suitable soil salinity and sodicity management practices identified through different experiments conducted to achieve objective 2 will be implemented to minimize the adverse effects of reuse of water with enhanced salinity. A suitable chemical transport model will be utilized to understand salt transport through the soil profile receiving irrigation with water with elevated salts concentration to assess potential for groundwater contamination. The results of these experiments will be useful in determining appropriate management practices for use of water with elevated salinity.Objective 3: Improving on-farm water use efficiency to conserve freshwaterImproved irrigation scheduling will be developed using readily available inexpensive real-time continuous soil moisture sensors. The performance of different soil moisture sensors will be evaluated in the laboratory. Based on the outcomes of laboratory examination, the best performing moisture sensor will be installed in select fields representing variations in soil types encountered in the irrigation district (EPCWID#1). Data collected from soil moisture sensors will be utilized to predict the lower limit or threshold soil moisture level to trigger irrigation. Given the challenges growers face in the irrigation district regarding the uncertainty about the time of water delivery, it is important to determine when the soil moisture will be at the threshold level several days in advance. This project will develop a method using daily evapo-transpiration data available (free of cost) on Texas ET network (http://texaset.tamu.edu) to decide when to order irrigation water. Amount of irrigation water applied using improved irrigation scheduling will be compared to that by traditional method of irrigation scheduling to compare water savings. Results of this project will be widely disseminated through grower's meetings, extension agents, project factsheets, presentations at scientific meetings, and technical articles to encourage wider adoption of improved irrigation scheduling to save irrigation water applied existing crops such as pecans.

Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Fellow Scientists and Researchers. Local growers/farmers Water utilities and managers policy makers the public of the region Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One Postdoc, and three undergraduate students were supported during 2020. Postdoctoral research scientist completed greenhouse study that evaluated salinity tolerance and performance of twenty five quinoa cultivars. Three Hispanic undergraduate students (part-time)and on postdoctoral research associate were trained on various laboratory, greenhouse and field procedures necessary for the conducting the research. They were also trained on data management and analysis techniques. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research results from above activities have been presented at grower, state level commodity group and national scientific meetings. A majority of my research projects were developed in consultation with the growers (cotton, pecan). Irrigation water use efficiency and burner study site is being conducted in commercially managed fields. Preliminary results of the above studies were Annual ASA-SSSA-CSSA meetings, Texas state support committee/Cotton Inc in addition to USDA-NIFA project meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Field evaluation of switchgrass performance under saline water irrigation will continue. Evaluate Quinoa performance and soil chemistry changes under field conditions under irrigation withtreated municipal wastewater Continue 2nd year evaluation of feasibility of novel method to manage belt press filtrate water A new project on improving soil health under saline water irrigation in Dell City, TX will be initiated.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Goal 1: Research to evaluate effectiveness of sulfur burner treatment of irrigation water in salt affected cotton field under both field and greeenhouse conditions were completed. This study is funded by the texas state support committee/Cotton Inc and will continue for one more year. As a part of USDA-NIFA project effects of two irrigation methods (drip and flood) on rootzone salinity of an irrigated pecan orchard in west Texas is underway. The outcomes of this study will provide necessary information to convince pecan growers to adopt improved irrigation methods that help extend the freshwater availability in the region. Goal 2: Third year research on evaluation of reclaimed wastewater irrigation on golf course soil salinity and turf quality is underway. The goals of this project are to identify salinity hotspots within the affected golf course, develop precision salinity management practices and improve turf quality. Research continued in two field studies that to evaluate the feasibility of bioenergy crops (Switchgrass, energy sorghum and canola) under irrigation with reclaimed municipal wastewater on salt affected land. These studies are being funded by USDA-NIFA Water Challenge Grants. Preliminary data from first two years were presented at international annual conferences of trisocieties and as peer reviewed articles in scientific journals. In 2021 field evaluations of switchgrass will continue and performance of most tolerant quinoa cultivar will be evaluated under field conditions during fall of 2020. Goal 3: Research continued in the field study that was initiated last year to evaluate the irrigation water use efficiency under drip and surge irrigation in pecan orchards. This project being funded by another USDA-NIFA water for agriculture grant is evaluating climate change impacts on water availability and mitigation/adaptation strategies. Since pecan is a major cash crop grown in the region, which requires about 60 inches of water per year, it is important to improve water use efficiency and conserve precious freshwater in these orchards. The current practice of flood irrigation has low water use efficiency but grower's perception is that it is required to develop superior yield levels and reduce elevated salinity of the root zone. Demonstrating the effectiveness of improved irrigation methods such as drip, micro sprinkler and surge irrigation in maintaining yields and salinity under threshold can lead to growers adapting these methods which in turn can lead to freshwater conservation.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Chaganti, V., G.K. Ganjegunte, A. Somenahally, W. Hargrove, A. Ulery, J. Enciso, and R. Flynn. 2021. Response of soil organic carbon and emerging soil health indicators to treated wastewater irrigation in bioenergy sorghum production on an arid soil. Land Degradation and Development (Accepted, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3888).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Hooks, T., G. Niu, J. Masabni , Y. Sun , and G. Ganjegunte. 2020. Performance and Phytochemical Content of 22 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Varieties. HortScience (Accepted, https://doi.org/ 10.21273/HORTSCI15551-20).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Poulose, T., S. Kumar, and G.K. Ganjegunte. 2020. Robust Crop Water Simulation using System Dynamic Approach for Participatory Modeling. Environmental Modelling and Software (Accepted, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105894).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Chaganti, V.N., G.K. Ganjegunte, G. Niu, A. Ulery, R. Flynn, J.M. Enciso, M.N. Meki, and J. Kiniry. 2020. Effects of treated urban wastewater irrigation on bioenergy sorghum and soil quality. Agricultural Water Management, 105894.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ganjegunte, G.K., and G. Lucas. 2019. Managing salt loading through irrigation practices Ag Mag 32 Nov-Dec, 2019. https://issuu.com/theagmag/docs/issue_32
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Hooks, T., G. Niu, X. Wang, G.K. Ganjegunte, 2020. Relative Salt Tolerance of Eight Pecan Rootstocks 2020 ASHS Annual Conference.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Chaganti, V.N. G.K. Ganjegunte.2020. Changes in Soil Health Indicators and Organic Carbon Under Treated Urban Wastewater Irrigation for Bioenergy Sorghum Production on an Arid Soil. 2020 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2020am/2020
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ganjegunte, GK, V.N. Chaganti, VN, and W. Hargrove. 2020 . Salinity, Water Use Efficiency and Yield Under Sprinkler and Surge Irrigation Methods in Pecan Orchards of the West Texas 2020 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting. https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2020am/2020
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Flynn, R.P., G.K. Ganjegunte, L.M. Lauriault, A.U. Ulery. 2020. Performance of Irrigated Bio-Energy Crops Under Groundwater and Salinized Water. 2020 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting. https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2020am/2020
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Chaganti, VN; and G.K. Ganjegunte.2020. Screening for Salinity Tolerance of Quinoa Cultivars Subjected to Different Irrigation Water Salinities 2020 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2020am/2020
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ganjegunte, G.K., V.N. Chaganti, and K. Grover. 2020. Root Zone Salinity in Organic Cotton Fields in West Texas 2020 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting. https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc /2020am/2020
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Babirye, N., P. Schwab, J. Howe, G.K. Ganjegunte, and B. Herbert. The Effects of Oilfield Brine on Soil Properties and Plant Growth 2020 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2020am/2020

Progress 11/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Fellow Scientists and Researchers University Students Local growers/farmers Water utilities and managers policy makers General public of the region Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One Postdoc, Ph.D. student (exchange scholar from Pakistan), graduate student and three undergraduate students were supported during 2018.Exhange PhD student completed the greenhouse study that evaluated salinity tolerance and performance of several guar cultivars. The student also made use of the time in US to get three manuscriptspublished in peer reviewed journal. Three hispanic undergraduate students (part-time), one full time technician and on postdoctoral research associate were trained on various laboratory, greenhouse and field proceedures necessary for the conducting the research. They were also trained on data management and analysis techniques. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research results from above activities have been presented at grower, state level commodity group and national scientific meetings. A majority of my research projects were developed in consulatation with the growers (cotton, pecan). Irrigation water use efficiency andburnerstudy site is being conducted in commercially managed fields. Preliminary results of the above studies were presented at two international, Annual ASA-SSSA-CSSA meetings, Texas state support committee/Cotton Inc, and Southern regional ASA in addition to USDA-NIFA project meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Research on salinity and sodicity management with S burner treated water in salt affected cotton fields, water reuse field studies involving irrigation with municipal wastewater will continue. In addition research work to evaluate feasibility of novel method to manage belt press filtrate water will be initiated. This new project is being funded by El Paso Water Utilities.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Goal 1: Thirdyear research to evaluate effectiveness of sulfur burner treatment of irrigation water in salt affected cotton field under both field and greeenhouse conditions were completed. This study is funded by the texas state support committee/Cotton Inc and will continue for one more year. As a part of USDA-NIFA project effects of two irrigation methods(drip and flood) on rootzone salinity of an irrigated pecan orchard in west Texas is underway. The outcomes of this study will provide necessary information to convince pecan growers to adopt improved irrigation methods that help extend the freshwater availability in the region. Goal 2: Second year research on evaluation ofreclaimed wastewater irrigation on golf course soil salinity and turf quality is underway. The goals of this project are to identify salinity hotspots within the affected golf course, develop precision salinity management practices and improve turf quality. Research continued in two field studies that to evaluate the feasibility of bioenergy crops (Switchgrass, energy sorghum and canola) under irrigation with reclaimed municipal wastewater on salt affected land. These studies are being funded by both South Central Sungrant Initiative and USDA-NIFA Water Challenge Grants. Baseline soil properties were determined and switchgrass and energy sorghum crops were grown during summer. Plots were recently harvested, biomass and year end soil samples from the effective rootzone are being collected. Goal 3: Research continued in the field study that was initiated last year to evaluate the irrigation water use efficiency under drip and surge irrigation in pecan orchards. This project being funded by another USDA-NIFA water for agriculture grant is evaluating climate change impacts on water availability and mitigation/adaptation strategies. Since pecan is a major cash crop grown in the region, which requires about 60 inches of water per year, it is important to improve water use efficiency and conserve precious freshwater in these orchards. The current practice of flood irrigation has low water use efficiency but growers perception is that it is required to develop superior yield levels and reduce elevated salinity of the root zone. Demonstrating the effectiveness of improved irrigation methods such as drip, micro sprinkler and surge irrigation in maintaining yields and salinity under threshold can lead to growers adapting these methods which inturn can lead to freshwater conservation.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Juan Enciso, Jose Carlos Chavez, Girisha Ganjegunte.2019. Energy Sorghum Production under Arid and Semi-Arid Environments of Texas. Water 11(7): 1344; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071344
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sheng, Z., Abudu, Z, and G.K. Ganjegunte. 2019. Impacts of graywater irrigation and soil conditioning with mulch on cotton growth and soil properties. Water Supply 75:1080-1087
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ganjegunte, G.K., G. Niu, A. Ulery, Y. Wu. 2019. Organic carbon and nutrients dynamics in saline soils under energy sorghum irrigated with treated municipal wastewater. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 65:345-359 DOI:10.1080/03650340.2018.1503414
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Suthar, J. D., I. Rajpar, G.K. Ganjegunte and Zia-ul-hassan. 2018. Evaluation of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) genotypes performance under different irrigation water salinity levels: Growth parameters and seed yield. Industrial Crops and Products 123:247253.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Niu, G., Y. Sun, Y, J.G. Masabni, and G.K. Ganjegunte. 2018. Relative salt tolerance of 22 pomegranate (Punica granatum) cultivars. Hortscience 53:1513-1519. Industrial crops and products 123, 247-253
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Abudu, S., Z. Sheng, and G.K. Ganjegunte. 2018. Assessing vegetable growth and yield response to graywater irrigation. American Journal of Agricultural Research 3:19. DOI:10.28933/ajar-2018-06-0501
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Suthar, J. D., I. Rajpar, G.K. Ganjegunte and Zia-ul-hassan. 2018. Comparative study of early growth stages of 25 guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) genotypes under elevated salinity. Industrial Crops and Products 123:164172
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ganjegunte, G., and J. Clark. 2019. Causes and Management of Root-zone Salinity and Sodicity in the Arid West Texas: Field-scale Experience. Pp.307-330. In: Dagar J., Yadav R., Sharma P. (eds) Research Developments in Saline Agriculture. Springer, Singapore.
• Type: Other Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ganjegunte, G.K., Niu, G., Ulery, A.L., and Wu, Y. 2019. Developing alternative water sources for bioenergy crops production on marginal lands. Project progress reports submitted to South Central Region-Sun Grant Initiatives, Oklahoma State University, Final report and 4 quarterly reports
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Suthar, J. D., I. Rajpar, G.K. Ganjegunte, Z. Shah, G. Niu, and K. Grover. 2019. Germination, growth and ion uptake of fifteen guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) accessions under elevated salinity. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 2:190020. doi:10.2134/age2019.03.0020
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hargrove et al. (Ganjegunte Co-PI). 2019. Sustainable water resources for irrigated agriculture in a desert river basin facing climate change and competing demands: From characterization to solution. Third year progress report submitted to USDA-NIFA.
• Type: Other Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Tracy et al. (Ganjegunte Co-PI). 2019. Diversifying the Water Portfolio for Agriculture in the Rio Grande Basin. Four quarterly reports and Annual progress report submitted to USDA-NIFA.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ganjegunte, G.K. 2019. Evaluation of sulfur burner for salinity management in irrigated cotton fields in the west Texas.Third year progress report submitted to Texas State Support Committee/Cotton Inc.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ganjegunte, G.K. Genhua Niu, April Ulery, Robert P. Flynn, Yanqi Wu, James Kiniry and Manyowa Meki. 2018. Effects of Marginal Quality Water Irrigation on Fall Canola Yield and Soil Salinity in an Arid Environment. Annual meetings of ASA Enhancing Productivity in a Climate Change, Nov 4-7, 2018, Baltimore, MD.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Suthar, J.D., I. Rajpar, G.K. Ganjegunte and Z. Shah. 2018. Evaluation of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) Genotypes Performance Under Different Irrigation Water Salinity Levels: Growth Parameters and Seed Yield. Annual meetings of ASA Enhancing Productivity in a Climate Change, Nov 4-7, 2018, Baltimore, MD.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Chaganti, V., G.K. Ganjegunte, G. Niu, and W.L Hargrove. 2019. Evaluation of Irrigation Potential of Treated Wastewater to Produce Fall Canola in an Arid Environment. USDA-NIFA Project Symposium Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin, held on January 8, 2019 at UTEP, El Paso, TX.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Suthar, J.D., I. Rajpar, G.K. Ganjegunte and Z. Shah. 2019. Germination, Growth and Ion Uptake of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) Accessions at Different Salinity Levels. Annual meetings of SSSA Soils Across Latitudes, Jan 7-9, 2019, San Diego, CA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ganjegunte, G.K., and W.L. Hargrove. 2019. Evaluating Different Irrigation Methods on Pecan Nut Yield, WUE and Root Zone Salinity in West Texas. Annual meetings of SSSA Soils Across Latitudes, January 7-9, 2019, San Diego, CA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ganjegunte, G.K. G. Niu, A. Ulery, R.P. Flynn, Y. Wu, J. Kiniry and M. Meki. 2019. Field Evaluation of Irrigation Potential of Treated Wastewater for Bioenergy Crop Production Under Arid Conditions. Annual meetings of SSSA Soils Across Latitudes, Jan 7-9, 2019, San Diego, CA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ganjegunte, G.K. G. Niu, A. Ulery, R.P. Flynn, Y. Wu, J. Kiniry and M. Meki. 2019. Evaluation of Irrigation Potential of Treated Wastewater to Produce Fall Canola in an Arid Environment. Golden Jubilee International Salinity Conference (GJISC-2019) Resilient Agriculture in Saline Environments under Changing Climate: Challenges & Opportunities, February 7-9, 2019, Karnal, India.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ortiz, K.M., S. Kumar, T. Poulose, W. Atwah, Y. Kobayashi, and G.K. Ganjegunte. 2019. Salinity Effect on Golf Courses. USDA-NIFA Project Symposium Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin, held on January 8, 2019 at UTEP, El Paso, TX
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Poulose, T., S. Kumar, Y. Kobayashi, K.M. Ortiz, W. Atwah, and G.K. Ganjegunte. 2019. Using Landsat 7 Data to Understand Changes in Cropping Patterns over the Middle Rio Grande Basin. USDA-NIFA Project Symposium Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin, held on January 8, 2019 at UTEP, El Paso, TX.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kobayashi, Y., S. Kumar, T. Poulose, K.M. Ortiz, W. Atwah, and G.K. Ganjegunte. 2019. Improving the output of a farm field model through data assimilation. USDA-NIFA Project Symposium Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin, held on January 8, 2019 at UTEP, El Paso, TX.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ganjegunte, G.K. S. Kumar, and B. Leinauer. 2019. Effects of Reclaimed Wastewater Water Irrigation on Golf Course Soil Salinity and Sodicity in West Texas. Annual meetings of SSSA Soils Across Latitudes, January 7-9, 2019, San Diego, CA.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hooks,T., G. Niu, and G. Ganjegunte. 2019. Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth of Mustard and Rapeseed Genotypes under Salt Stress. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 2:190062. doi:10.2134/age2019.07.0062
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Chavez, J.C., J. Enciso, S. Zapata, G. Ganjegunte, N. Rajan and V.P. Singh. 2019. Growth response and productivity of sorghum for bioenergy production in south Texas. Transactions of ASABE 62(5): 1207-1218