Source: UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS submitted to NRP
MARKETING AND DELIVERY OF QUALITY GRAINS AND BIOPROCESS COPRODUCTS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1017772
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
NC-_old213
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2018
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2023
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS
(N/A)
FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72703
Performing Department
Food Science
Non Technical Summary
Research is to be conducted in various aspects of foodprocessing and post-harvest systems' engineering. These include engineering and optimization of innovative processingstrategies to maintain food, feed and pet-food quality, and prevent mycotoxin contamination, especially for grains. Research scope encompasses development of novel techniques for detection, decontamination and detoxification of harmful grain molds and mycotoxins; study of kinetics of grain quality degradation and mold/mycotoxin development during storage; mathematical modeling, optimization andimprovementof classical on-farm in-bin grain drying, storage, chilling and aeration systems; and grain processing byproduct value-added processing and utilization.
Animal Health Component
50%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
25%
Applied
50%
Developmental
25%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
50315992020100%
Knowledge Area
503 - Quality Maintenance in Storing and Marketing Food Products;

Subject Of Investigation
1599 - Grain crops, general/other;

Field Of Science
2020 - Engineering;
Goals / Objectives
To improve management and operational systems to increase efficiency, retain quality, enhance value, and preserve food safety in the farm-to-user supply chain.
Project Methods
Objective 1 - Laboratory and Field based studies Collaboration are being built upon to work with industry partners for field scale experiments. Donation of a German-made grain Chiller from Frigor Tec. Inc. will be made possible through the facilitation of Mr. Johaness Karcher, a Mechanical Engineer and President; donation of a Brazil-made grain chiller from Coolseed Inc. will be made possible through facilitation of Mr. Fransisco Ayala, CEO Coolseed Inc., and Dr. Flavio Lazzari, a plant pathologist and fungi expert. Poisett Rice Inc., Waldenburg Arkansas and Florenden farms, Burdette, Arkansas will provide on-farm storage bins with a rice holding capacity of approximately 65,000 bushels. Rough rice (Long- and medium- grain cultivars) from the respective farms will be cut at optimal harvest moisture contents (18-20%) and placed in on-farm storage bins. Selected bins will have in-built cables and sensors for grain temperature and moisture content monitoring; ambient temperature will be recorded using hobo sensors. At each site, 240 V 3-phase power with at least 50 Amp will be needed to operate a grain chiller installed on an on-farm bin. Rice samples will be taken from the bins by probing each bin at selected depths and locations (bin surface, mid-way the rice filling depth, and bin bottom). Rice probing for sample collection will be carried out from the start date of the chilling operation and continued every two week for up to 16 weeks. Samples from the field bins will be brought to the lab for analysis of milled rice yield and quality parameters of significance to the rice industry. The following parameters will be determined:Milled rice yield (MRY)Head rice yield (HRY)Rice stain/discolorationRice functional characteristics of significate to end-use processing such as paste viscosity indicesRice moisture contentRice temperatureEvolution of fungi/mold infectionThe foregoing parameters will be determined using FGIS standard methods and procedures developed by the Rice Processing Program at the University of Arkansas and as optimized for different rice types.In addition to characterization of rice milling yield and quality parameters, insect traps will be placed in each cooled bin and insect survival and reproduction rate monitored and quantified throughout the storage period. The effect of chilling aeration on the survival rates of the main insect pests that affect rice during storage will be quantify using insect bioassays located at different points (surface of the grain mass and in the bin's plenum) in the treated and control grain bins. Each insect bioassay will consist of an exact number of adult insects (50/50 male: female). After a determined period of time inside the bins, the bioassays will be taken out of the bins and the number of insects dead and alive will be recorded and then discarded. The immatures will be left in the bioassays and put inside growth chambers to be counted 28 days later as adults in order to quantify the progeny count and the effectiveness of the chilled aeration on the rice after treatment. To evaluate the effect of chilling aeration on the endemic population inside the bins, perforated probe traps of approximately 0.6 m will be put in the top of the grain mass at different locations and checked periodically to determine the species present in each of the bins and their development throughout the trial.Objective 2- Modeling and simulation Simulations on stored rice under both chilled and ambient aeration will be conducted by using computer Ecosystem model. The model will be designed to predict grain temperatures, moisture contents, dry matter loss and insect pest population dynamics in a grain bin, silo or tank. The inputs for the model include initial grain temperature and moisture content, ambient temperature and relative humidity, solar radiation, storage structure geometry, and the airflow rate, temperature, and relative humidity of the incoming air.The model will be run for the same conditions (size of storage bin and weather conditions) as the field trials in Arkansas. Data collected from the field trials will be used to verify the model output, and the model will be adjusted as needed. The following parameters will be evaluated between the chilled and ambient aeration simulations and compared to the data collected from the field trials:Time to reduce stored rice temperature below 20°CRice temperatureRice moisture contentInsect pest populationMold count and discolored kernelsTime rice remains at cooler temperatures (<20°C)After the model output have been validated for the field trials, the simulation model will be applied to a select number of rice storage locations in the key U.S. rice growing regions in Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi and California for smaller (on-farm) to larger (commercial) scale storage structures. Simulation analysis will compare ambient versus chilled aeration and associated quality management practices (including mold and pest suppression). For the chilled aeration simulations, the chiller outlet air temperature will be set at 10°C. Depending on the insulation and length of the connecting duct between the chiller and the bin inlet, the cooling air temperature and relative humidity are estimated to range between 12-15°C and 50-75%, respectively. This should reduce rice temperature to 17-20°C while minimizing moisture loss during chilled aeration. For the ambient aeration simulations, the rice will be cooled as low as possible utilizing local weather conditions and utilizing a typical fan control strategy. Historical weather data for at least 10 years will be used for each location during the respective storage periods. The output data generated will be utilized for a comprehensive economic analysis.Objective 3 - Economic analyses The initial economic analysis will focus on the costs of the chilled and ambient aeration field trials. The primary costs of chilled and ambient aeration include electricity consumption, pest control (monitoring and suppression), and labor. Given the in-kind donation of the grain chillers to this project, the cost of buying, renting or leasing the chillers will not be included in this analysis.Collaboration is being cultivated with economist Dr. Alvaro Durand-Morat to provide the base of the model needed for developing the net present cost (NPC) worksheetThe grain chilling units are equipped with electric kWh meters to measure the power used throughout the operating periods. The power consumption by the chillers and the aeration fans is related to ambient temperature and relative humidity which affect length of operation. The chillers require more energy under warmer and more humid climate conditions to maintain the desired temperature of the output air. The aeration fans have to operate for longer periods of time as the automatic controller selectively turns on and off the fans to achieve the cooled grain target temperature of 20°C or below.Collaboration is being cultivated with economist Dr. Alvaro Durand-Morat to provide the base of the model needed for developing the net present cost (NPC) worksheet.Additionally, an evaluation will be developed on the economic viability by a rice farmer on purchasing a grain chilling unit based on a specific amount of time. This allows for quantifying the costs associated with storage practices which are always hard to measure due to the complexity of the value chain associated with grain from harvest to end-user.Statistical analysisStatistical software (JMP version 11.0.0, SAS Institute) will be used to analyze data and determine optimal operating conditions of the grain chiller; Differences within and among samples will be determined with level of significance (α) set at 5%.

Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:This project provides information pertinent to in-bin grain management and novel methods to preserve the grain quality and microbial safety. The target audience included grain producers, grain processors, research and development communities including students, engineers, and scientists in the grain process engineering field particularly dealing with rice, corn, and soybeans Changes/Problems:COVID 19 interfered significantly with our on-farm related research and sample collection. We have less samples to work with this year. Becuase of the disruption of COVID 19, graduate student applications were impacted and we have a lesser pool to pick from the next cohort of students. However our focus to the project objectives remains the same. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two student Graduated PhDs trained successfully and completed. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue studies that improve rice chilling aeration and drying efficiency and intergrate these with important rice quality characteristics. Continue exploring novel ways to decontaminate food products and prevent mycotoxin contamination

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A. EFFECT OF RICE CHILLING ON DRYING, MILLING, AND QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS This study experimentally simulated drying of rough rice subjected to various cold storage/chilling conditions. The rice was dried using slightly-heated air and high temperature air with procedures set to mimic those practiced by commercial systems. The moisture removal, drying rate constant, material state transition, milling and quality characteristics of rice upon drying conditions was investigated. The study provides important reference information for growers and rice processors using the relatively new rice cooling technology. B. PHYSICAL INTEGRITY OF LONG-GRAIN HYBRID, PURELINE, AND MEDIUM-GRAIN RICE KERNELS AS AFFECTED BY STORAGE CONDITIONS Rice kernel physical integrity diminished at higher storage temperature and moisture content. Variation in rice kernel physical integrity was noticeable among rice cultivars. Fungal attack lessened rice kernel physical integrity. C. DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE SORPTION ISOTHERMS OF RICE AND HUSK FLOUR COMPOSITES Moisture sorption isotherms of rice and husk flour composites were determined. Adsorption isotherms were best modeled by the Chung-Pfost and Oswin equations. Desorption isotherms were best modeled by the Polynomial and Chung-Pfost equations. The Modified Oswin model was the best for both adsorption and desorption.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Shafiekhani, S., Atungulu, G. (2020). Effect of rice chilling on drying, milling and quality characteristics. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(5), 767-776. doi: 10.13031/aea.13895.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Mohammadi Shad, Z., & Atungulu, G*. (2020). Physical Integrity of Long-Grain Hybrid, Pureline, and Medium-Grain Rice Kernels as Affected by Storage Conditions. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(4), 579-588. doi: 10.13031/aea.13727.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Luthra K, Shafiekhani S, Sadaka S, Atungulu GG*. 2020. Determination of Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Rice and Husk flour Composites.?Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 36(6): 859-867. (doi: 10.13031/aea.13822)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Smith, D., Atungulu, G*., Wilson, S., & Mohammadi Shad, Z. (2020). Deterrence of Aspergillus Flavus Regrowth and Aflatoxin Accumulation on Shelled Corn Using Infrared Heat Treatments. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(2), 151-158.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Oduola, A. A., Bowie, R., Wilson, S. A., Mohammadi Shad, Z., & Atungulu, G. G*. (2020). Impacts of broadband and selected infrared wavelength treatments on inactivation of microbes on rough rice. Journal of Food Safety, e12764.40 (2); https://doi.org/10.1111/jfs.12764.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Bruce, R. M., Atungulu, G. G.*, & Sadaka, S. (2020). Physicochemical and functional properties of medium?sized broken rice kernels and their potential in instant rice production. Cereal Chemistry, 97(3), 681-692. doi:10.1002/cche.10284.


Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:This project provides information pertinent to in-bin grain management. The target audience included grain producers, grain processors, research and development communities including students, engineers, and scientists in the grain process engineering field particularly dealing with rice, corn, and soybeans. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One student Graduated PhD One student graduated Masters Program Currently 6 students progressing with their PhD programs in Food Science and all are involved in the project How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Peer-reviewed abstracts presented by graduate students at national/international meetings/conferences: 1.Inactivation of Fungi on Corn Using Selective Infrared Heating. 2018 ASABE Annual International Meeting July 29 - August 1, 2018. Cobo Center Detroit, Michigan. An ASABE Meeting Presentation. Paper Number: 1801612. 2. Impact of Radiant-Heat and Tempering Treatments on Decontamination of Aspergillus flavus and ability thereof to Discourage Production of aflatoxin on Shelled Corn. 2018 ASABE Annual International Meeting July 29 - August 1, 2018. Cobo Center in Detroit, Michigan. An ASABE Meeting Presentation. DOI:https://doi.org/10.13031/aim.201801229. Paper Number: 1801229. 3.Functional Properties of Rice Flour Generated from Parboiled and Regular Brokens. 2018 ASABE Annual International Meeting July 29 - August 1, 2018. Cobo Center in Detroit, Michigan. An ASABE Meeting Presentation. Paper Number: 1801631. 4. Quality Characteristics of Pre-cooled Rice upon Drying with Conventional Methods. 2018 ASABE Annual International Meeting July 29 - August 1, 2018. Cobo Center in Detroit, Michigan. An ASABE Meeting Presentation. Paper Number: 1801414. 5.Impacts of Pre-harvest Fungicide Application on Head Rice Yield and Functional Properties of Long Grain Rice in Storage. 2018 ASABE Annual International Meeting July 29 - August 1, 2018. Cobo Center in Detroit, Michigan. An ASABE Meeting Presentation. Paper Number: 1801668. 6.Elucidating Microbial Basis of Stored Rice Discoloration by Using High-Resolution Microscopic Examination. 018 ASABE Annual International Meeting July 29 - August 1, 2018. Cobo Center in Detroit, Michigan. An ASABE Meeting Presentation. 7. The selectivityof Infrared Treatment on Inactivation of Fungi on Corn. Poster Presentation. IFT Annual Meeting & Food Expo McCormick Place South, Chicago, IL USA, July 15-18, 2018. 8.Impact of Radiant-Heat and Tempering Treatments on Decontamination of Aspergillus flavus and ability thereof to Discourage Production of aflatoxin on Shelled Corn. Poster Presentation. IFT Annual Meeting & Food Expo McCormick Place South, Chicago, IL USA, July 15-18, 2018. 9.Effects of Storage at Different Moisture Contents and Temperatures on Head Rice Yield and Functional Properties of Rice. Poster Presentation. IFT Annual Meeting & Food Expo McCormick Place South, Chicago, IL USA, July 15-18, 2018. 10.Modeling Moisture Movement Characteristics in Rough Rice subjected to Chilling Environment. Oral Presentation. ASABE, Boston, Massachusetts, 7 - 10 July 2019. 11.Assessment of New Approaches for On-farm, In-bin Chilling Aeration, and Drying of Rice. Oral Presentation. ASABE, Boston, Massachusetts, 7 - 10 July 2019. 12.Impact of Selected Infrared Wavelengths on Inactivation of Microbes on Rough Rice. 2019 ASABE Annual Meeting July 7 - 10, 2019. Boston, Massachusetts. An ASABE Meeting Presentation. Paper number:1901543. 13.Elucidating Microbial Basis of Stored Rice Discoloration by Using High-Resolution Microscopic Examination. NC?213: The U.S. Quality Grains Research Consortium, February 21-22, 2018, Kansas City, Missouri. 14.Impact of Infrared Heat Treatments on Drying and Decontamination of Corn and the Diversity of Microbiome thereof. Ozark Food Producers Association (OFPA), University of Arkansas, AR. 15.Microbes and their Impacts on Quality Characteristics of Stored Rice. Industry Alliance Meeting (Rice Processing Program), May 23, University of Arkansas, AR. 16.Links among Mold Growth and Rice Kernel Discoloration during Storage of Long-grain Hybrid, Long-grain Pureline, and Medium-grain Rice Cultivars. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), Jul 29 - Aug 1, 2018, Cobo Center, Detroit, Michigan. 17.Links of Rice Kernel Discoloration to Biochemical Attributes as Affected by Storage Environments. NC?213: The U.S. Quality Grains Research Consortium, February 21?22, Iowa State University, Iowa. 18. Impact of Post-harvest Electron Beam Irradiation and Storage Conditions on Quality Characteristics of Long-Grain Hybrid Rice. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), July 7-10, Boston Marriott Copley Place, Boston, Massachusetts. 19.Basis of Rice Discoloration during Storage. Industry Alliance Meeting (Rice Processing Program), May 22, 2019, University of Arkansas, AR USA. 20.Functional Properties of Endosperm Protein from Size Fractionated Broken Rice Kernels Generated After Milling of Parboiled and Non-Parboiled Rice. 2019 ASABE Annual International Meeting in July 2019. Boston MA. 21.Impacts of Size Fractionation, Comingling and Drying Temperature on Physical and Pasting Properties of Broken Rice Kernels. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, October 2019, Jonesboro, Arkansas. 22.Effects of Aging on the Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Medium-sized Broken Rice Kernels and their Potential in Instant Rice Production. Arkansas Association of Food Protection, Fayetteville Arkansas, October 2019. 23.Industry Alliance Meeting, Fayetteville Arkansas. 2019. Impacts of Size Fractionation and Processing on Functional Characteristics of Broken Rice Kernels. Fayetteville Arkansas, May 2019. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Perform investigations in the following: Laboratory research and field-based studies to demonstrate the benefits of the rice chilling technology for securing rice quality during on-farm, in-bin drying and storage management: experimentally simulated drying of pre-cooled rice using slightly-heated air and high-temperature air with procedures set to mimic those practiced by commercial systems The assessment of new approaches of on-farm, in-bin rice chilling, cleaning and drying management Heat and mass transfer properties of rice subjected to low-temperature environments There is more research in progress to find out the links among kinetics of microbial loads and discoloration in rough rice... There is more research in progress to find out infrared wavelengthson the inactivation of microbes on rough rice..

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? a.Size fractionated broken rice kernels. Size fractionation of broken provides the opportunity to better understand the functionality of broken, to direct them to the right end-useprocesses and to maximize the potential of this by-product in producing premium and high-qualityproducts. 3 peer-reviewed journal articles published under this subject. b. Selected Infrared Wavelengths on Inactivation of Microbes on Rough Rice. Formation of harmful microbes and their associated mycotoxins on rough rice during storage present negative socioeconomic impacts on producers and consumers. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of treating rough rice with selected infrared (IR) wavelengths at different IR intensities and heating durations, followed by a tempering step for further inactivation of microbes (mold and bacteria) on the grain.The samples treated at wavelength 3.2μm(product-to-emitter gap 110 mm) for 30 s showed the highest reduction in mold and bacterial load; approximately 3.11 and 1.09 log reduction in the colony-forming unit of mold and bacteria, respectively. Tempering treatment further reduced the microbial load at each IR treatment condition. Molds showed more susceptibility to the IR decontamination than the bacteria population.This study provides useful information on the effectiveness of IR heating and tempering on microbial inactivation on rough rice. c.Post-harvest kernel discoloration and fungi activity. Milled rice grade is diminished as the quantity of discolored kernels increases. This study evaluated the magnitude of kernel discoloration and relationship to fungal growth for long-grain hybrid (XL 753), long-grain pure-line (Roy J.) and medium-grain (Titan) rice, exposed to storage moisture contents (MCs) of 16 and 21%, wet basis, temperatures of 20, 30, 40°C, and durations up to 16 weeks. Impact of post-harvest treatmentwith the antifungal agents, natamycin and sodium chloride, on rice discoloration and fungal growth was compared with untreated (control) samples. The discolorationwas significantly lower by sodium chloride treatment, while natamycin was not effective compared to control. Rice samples treated with sodium chloride also had significantly less water activity (mean aw=0.73) compared to samples treated with natamycin (mean=0.84) and control samples (mean=0.83). Hybrid rice had significantly less discoloration compared to pure-line and medium-grain. Fungal counts were similar across all cultivars. Increasing temperature and duration decreased the fungal count. An inverse relation between fungi and discoloration suggests microbe activities did not explain discoloration. The findings provide important information to growersand processors on conditions necessary to maintain rice quality. d.Biochemical changes associated with electron beam irradiation of rice and links to kernel discoloration during storage. Rice kernel discoloration during storage results in significant economic losses to rice growers and processors. This study aimed to elucidate the extent of chemical changes and microbial involvement on the discoloration of rice kernels during storage. To segregate and/or diminish the effects of microbes, one lot of hybrid long grain rice (XL753) samples were irradiated with a nonthermal electron beam (EB) dose of 14kGy. The irradiated and nonirradiated control samples of rice at a moisture content (MC) of 21% on a wet basis were stored at three temperatures (20, 30, and 40°C) for 8weeks. Samples were taken every 2weeks for microbial and chemical analyses. e. Prediction of rice milling yield and quality attributes during storage using regression analyses. Regression analyses were performed to determine the storage conditions that exhibited the best outcomes for long-grain, hybrid milled rice yield and quality.This study evaluated mold population on rough rice, milled rice discoloration, and head rice yield (HRY) after storage of rough rice in airtight conditions at moisture contents (MCs) of 12.5%, 16%, 19%, and 21% wet basis and temperatures of 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 27°C, and 40°C at two-week intervals for 12 weeks. The experiment used a popular long-grain hybrid rice cultivar (XL745).The response surface method, an extension of second-order polynomial regression, was used to examine optimal treatment conditions. Mold population and milled rice discoloration from a combination of storage conditions were predicted using regression models.From the model evaluation (R2 and lack-of-fit test), the discoloration level is expected to be 57% (49% to 66% confidence interval) under conditions of 20% MC, 40°C, and nine weeks of storage for samples procured from fungicide-treated rice fields. This study suggests a range of storage conditions to prevent losses in milling yield and quality of rice. In addition, the studied storage conditions mimicked the typical conditions for on-farm, in-bin drying, and storage in the U.S. Mid-South, especially for the top layers of rice inside the bin, and therefore provide an important reference for growers and rice processors using in-bin structures to manage the quality of long-grain hybrid rice. f.Evaluation of the performance of a newly developed wireless temperature and moisture sensor for rice. Engineering tools such as temperature/humidity cables with sensors for grain condition monitoring and mobile applications have emerged to provide significant improvements in quality control and automation of the drying process. This research seeks to improve the performance of a recently developed, novel wireless probe for sensing temperature and moisture content of rice.Calibration equations were developed to further reduce the variance in the probe measurements. Both for temperature and moisture content measurements, the calibration equation coefficients were statistically significant with positive slopes and small standard errors (less than 0.5). Thus, these probes could be handy for on-farm in-bin rice temperature and moisture monitoring; with the merits of portability, easy set-up and tear down, low initial and maintenance cost, and precise and accurate measurements.

Publications

  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Atungulu GG*, Shafiekhani S. (2019). Reference on Rice Quality and Safety. In P. Gaspar, & P. da Silva (Eds.), Novel Technologies and Systems for Food Preservation (pp. 226-274). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7894-9.ch010
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Atungulu GG*, Mohammadi Shad Z. Reference on Mycotoxins Occurrence, Prevalence, and Risk Assessment in Food Systems. In P. Gaspar, & P. da Silva (Eds.), Novel Technologies and Systems for Food Preservation (pp. 294-343). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7894-9.ch012
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bruce RM, Atungulu GG*. 2018. Assessment of pasting characteristics of size fractionated industrial parboiled and non-parboiled broken rice. Cereal Chemistry, 95(6), 889899. DOI: 10.1002/cche.10107
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Sadaka S*, Atungulu GG. (2018). Grain Sorghum Drying Kinetics under Isothermal Conditions Using Thermogravimetric Analyzer. BioResources, 13(1), 1534-1547. 36(4) 468-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2017.1345933.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Xu F*, Zhang J, Wang Z, Yao Y, Atungulu GG*, Ju X, Wang L. 2018. Absorption and Metabolism of Peptide WDHHAPQLR Derived from Rapeseed Protein and Inhibition of HUVECs Apoptosis under Oxidative Stress. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2018, 66, 5178?5189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01620.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Sadaka S*, Atungulu GG*. 2018. Drying of Rough Rice Using Heated Husk for Heat Transfer and Moisture Adsorption. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 34(3). 605-615. https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.12739.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Shafiekhani S, Wilson SA, Atungulu GG*. 2018. Impacts of storage temperature and rice moisture content on color characteristics of rice from fields with different disease management practices. Journal of Stored Product Research. 78 (1), 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.07.001.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Luthra K, Sadaka S*, Atungulu GG. 2018. Exploration of Rough Rice Head Yield Subjected To Drying and Retention Durations in A Fluidized Bed System. American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 34(5):877-885. https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.12925.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shafiekhani S, Lee JA, Atungulu GG*. 2019. Predication of rice milling yield and quality attributes during storage using regression analyses. Transactions of the ASABE, 62(5), 1259-1268. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.13441.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Luthra K, Shafiekhani S, Stephens B, Sadaka S, Atungulu GG*. 2019. Evaluation of the performance of a newly developed wireless temperature and moisture sensor for rice under various levels of temperature, moisture content, and dockage. American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 35(3), 311-318. http://doi.org/10.13031/aea.13077.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Bowie RL, Atungulu GG*, Oduola A, Wilson S, Mohammadi-Shad Z. 2019. Impact of Selected Infrared Wavelengths on Inactivation of Microbes on Rough Rice. Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences, 20(1), 13-20.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Mohammadi Shad Z, Steen E, Devlieghere F, Mauromoustakos A, Atungulu, G.G*. 2019. Biochemical changes associated with electron beam irradiation of rice and links to kernel discoloration during storage. Cereal Chemistry, 96(5), 824-835. doi: 10.1002/cche.10183
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Mohammadi Shad Z, Atungulu GG*. 2019. Post-harvest kernel discoloration and fungi activity in long-grain hybrid, pureline and medium-grain rice cultivars as influenced by storage environment and antifungal treatment. Journal of Stored Products Research, 81, 91-99.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Mohammadi Shad Z, Ghavami M, Atungulu GG*. 2019. Occurrence of Aflatoxin in Dairy Cow Feed Ingredients and Total Mixed Ration. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 35(5), 679-686.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Bruce RM, Atungulu, GG*, Sadaka S. Impacts of size fractionation, commingling, and drying temperature on physical and pasting properties of broken rice kernels. Cereal Chemistry, 2019; 00:114.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Bruce RM, Atungulu GG*, Hettiarachchy NS, Horax R. 2019. Functional Properties of Endosperm Protein from Size Fractionated Broken Rice Kernels Generated After Milling of Parboiled and Non-Parboiled Rice. Cereal Chemistry, 96(3), 590-604.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mohammadi Shad Z, Atungulu GG. 2018. Links Among Mold Growth And Rice Kernel Discoloration During Storage Of Long-Grain Hybrid, Long-Grain Pureline, and Medium-Grain Rice Cultivars. 2018 ASABE Annual International Meeting July 29  August 1, 2018. Cobo Center Detroit, Michigan. An ASABE Meeting Presentation. Paper Number: 1800584.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Mohammadi Shad Z, Steen E, Atungulu GG. 2019. Multivariate analysis of rice discoloration and biochemical changes associated with rice storage. In 2019 ASABE Annual International Meeting (p. 1). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Luthra K, Sadaka S, Atungulu GG. 2018. Experimental Study of Drying Rough Rice in a Fluidized Bed 20Exposed to Heating and Hold-Up Duration. 2018 ASABE Annual International Meeting July 29  August 1, 2018. Cobo Center Detroit, Michigan. An ASABE Meeting Presentation. Paper Number: 1801794.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Sadaka S, Luthra K, Atungulu GG. 2018. Effects of Aspect Ratio, Drying Temperature and Drying Duration on the Performance of a Custom-Made Fluidized Bed Drying System. 2018 ASABE Annual International Meeting July 29  August 1, 2018. Cobo Center Detroit, Michigan. An ASABE Meeting Presentation. Paper Number: 1801795.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Atungulu GG*, Shafiekhani S. 2018. A study on Discoloration and Microbial Growth Kinetics of Stored Rice from Plots Sprayed with Conventional Fungicide at the Crop Late Boot Stage. B.R. Wells - Arkansas Rice Research Studies 2017, Research Series. 376-384
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Atungulu GG*, Shafiekhani S. Rice Drying Systems. In. Storage of Grains and Their Products 5th Edition (Eds. Rosentrater, Kurt A). Elsevier Publishers (In Press).