Source: COLLEGE OF MICRONESIA submitted to NRP
DEVELOPMENT OF COCONUT FLOUR AND BY-PRODUCTS IN THE RMI WITH SAFETY AND QUALITY FOOD GRADE
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1017428
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Sep 18, 2018
Project End Date
Mar 1, 2022
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
COLLEGE OF MICRONESIA
PO BOX 1179
KOLONIA POHNPEI,FM 96941
Performing Department
COLLEGE ADMINISTRATION
Non Technical Summary
SummaryThe coconut palm is the most important tree crop for the people in Micronesia in general, and for the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) in particular. Actually coconuts are used in cosmetic products, fuel, oils and handcrafts in the RMI. Today many coconut food products such as flour, vinegar, virgin oil and milk have the potential of developing with the possibility of improving dietary habits on the population. The coconut flour arises as an alternative to replace the traditional wheat flour, the most common in the local people diet and with a higher carbohydrates content. Furthermore the process is not complicate and has a big potential for making it locally. The coconut flour will be processed using raw material initially from Arrak campus of College of the Marshall Islands. In the process a convective hot air dryer will be used and the range of temperature will be set in three points in order of select the appropriate temperature to develop the product. The experiments will be conducted at constant air velocity and constant ambient temperature of 25°C will be maintained in all experiments to simulate tropical drying conditions. The experimental design will be conducted at three different drying temperatures and two size reductions: grating and grinding, in order to find the best dryer time achieving at 5% of moisture without affecting the nutritional value. Due to the above, some samples will be made a proximate analysis determination. Also the microbiological analysis will be made to final product to assurance the food safety.The design of raw material specification, the flowchart of the drying process and trials are steps necessary for obtaining food products with security and quality. This project will mainly target but not be limited to the populated atolls of Majuro. It will develop coconut products in order to give the opportunity of community to entrepreneur a local economy sustainable with sanitary and safety standards. The result of this study will be disseminated in different forms of extension materials and conducted activities.
Animal Health Component
40%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
10%
Applied
40%
Developmental
50%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
50118461010100%
Goals / Objectives
GoalDevelop the methodology for obtaining coconut flour with safety and quality standards in order to improve the dietary habits on the population and promote the entrepreneurship in the local economy.Objectives1.To develop coconut flour using raw material from Marshall Islands with good manufacturing practices and security food.2.To introduce the drying technology for producing coconut flour.3.To give alternatives of natural and local products with quality and safety standards.
Project Methods
MethodsObjective 1.Initially coconuts will be collected at CMI's Arrak campus in order to use for trials. Therefore, it will make samples of flour following the next flow chart process:Husking-Waterig-Shelling-Paring-Grinding/Grating-Squeezing-Drying-Expelling-Pulverizing-Sieve-Coconut FlourFor this process will be used the PNS/BAFPS 75:2010 ICS 67.060 specification (Coconut flour - Specification PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD, 2010) to obtain a product food grade with good manufacturing practices and safety standards.Objective 2.Drying is one of the oldest and a very important unit operation in the food industry it involves the application of heat to a material which results in the transfer of moisture within the material to its surface and then water removal from the material to the atmosphere (Ekechukwu, 1999; Akpinar and Bicer, 2005). The importance of the role of water content in food has raised much interest in practice because the drying of fruits and vegetables increases product shelf-life and reduces the bulk and weight of the product, thus simplifying transport if in the future will be thought in commercialization in the local market. Therefore, it is important to understand the basic idea of modeling the drying kinetics of fruits and vegetables. The drying conditions, type of dryer and the characteristics of the material to be dried all have an influence on drying kinetics (Onwudeet al., 2016). For this project, an electric convection oven with a single door at the front will be used. The dryer will have an air velocity control button. The velocity will be measured using a vane anemometer sensor.Experimental procedure:For the experimental treatment will be selected several coconuts using the PNS/BAFPS 75:2010 ICS 67.060 specification. The set dryer temperature will be in 3 different values, with two size reductions: grating and grinding. The samples will be positioned and expanded over surface of trays in uniform way. Two replications will be made for each experience.Experimental design:The experiments will be conducted at constant air velocity (νa), with preference of 0.5 m s-1, the recommended velocity for industrial drying of coconut (Nampoorthiry, 1986). Since heating the ambient air under atmospheric pressure occurs at a constant dew point temperature (Tdp) while decreasing the relative humidity, a tropical Tdp of 25°C will be maintained in all experiments to simulate tropical drying conditions (Guarte, 1996). A total of 12 runs will be conducted with 3 levels of air temperature and 2 levels of size reduction (3x2 factorial experiment) in completely randomized block design (RCBD) following the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. Significant differences of treatment means will be determined by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The value of the moisture content MC will be determine with the method described by ASAE and will be expressed in percent on a wet basis:Moisture content (MC)= (Wi-Wf ) / Wix 100 (% wet basis)Where Wi is the average initial weight of the sample and Wf, is the average final weight of the sample.Data collection and analysis:A 30 minutes time interval will be adopted for the collection of experimental data. The gathered data will be analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.Objective 3.The proximate analysis will be determined during the production process and the final product to control of quality and to have standardized nutritional labels. The analyses will be: moisture, ash, protein (crude), fat, carbohydrates and fiber (crude). The samples of the final product will be microbiologically analyzed to assurance the food safety.

Progress 09/18/18 to 03/01/22

Outputs
Target Audience:Land Grant Program in RMI has already established clientele including schools, households, institutions, communities and population in general whose objective is to assist limited resource audiences in acquiring the knowledge, skills, attitudes and changed behavior necessary to maintain nutritionally sound production. Therefore, contributing to their personal development, the improvement of the total family diet and nutritional well-being. Changes/Problems:COVID-19 impacted directly the research activities due to the Arrak campus was used asquarantine center. The food laboratory materials and equipment didn't have a suitable storage place then relocation spend an extra time that wasn't used for the research. The lack of support from College of the Marshall Islands authorities was exposed when not having a research assistant for more than a year, therefore delated the project. The poor communication with the Land Grant program Management in Marshall Islands didn't permit to follow issues to resolve them. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The opportunities that research gave to people involved in it was knowledge on preservation food methods, skills to build devices that helping to extend of shelf life of the foods, and how to prevent food and water borne illnesses. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results were disseminated to communities through lectures, brochuresand hands on activities. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1.To develop coconut flour using raw material from Marshall Islands with good manufacturing practices and security food. Meetings were coordinate with different stakeholders: Wellness center of the RMI in order to teach good manufacturing practices of foods, and how to replace the white flour for coconut flour. TOBOLAR institution that belongs to RMI government and working with copra and some coconut products like oil and soap, it was contacted to add value to copra cake after extraction of virgin coconut oil. 2.To introduce the drying technology for producing coconut flour. Meetings with the Marshall Islands communities were coordinate to give conferences about drying technology as preservation food method; specifically, the solar dryer construction, and its was communicated to community through flyers, and some trials were made with local crops like okra, breadfruit, pineapple and coconut. 3.To give alternatives of natural and local products with quality and safety standards. During the trials were produced coconut milk, coconut cream, coconut oil and coconut flour. They were tested with bakery products and used into food dishes. Samples were sent to outer island for food laboratory to confirm the food safety standards. Change in Knowledge. Community awareness about the food production with resources own of their land (coconut) according to standards of safety and hygiene foods. We received visits at food laboratory of schools and stakeholders for showing how to produce coconut flour and baking products using it. Change in Action. Some participants applied the solar dryer technology for preserve and produce foods with physical and economic own resources of sustainable and safety way in RMI. Change in Condition. Introducing new technologies for producing foods permit to active the local economy and create new products for changing the nutritional habits on the community of RMI.

Publications

  • Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: DEVELOPMENT OF COCONUT FLOUR AND BY - PRODUCTS IN THE RMI WITH SAFETY AND QUALITY FOOD GRADE (Poster-Presentation COM-Land grant CENTRAL OFFICE)
  • Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: SOLAR DRYING - ALTERNATIVE FOR PRESERVATION FOOD


Progress 10/01/21 to 03/01/22

Outputs
Target Audience:Refer to the final report. Changes/Problems:Refer to the final report. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Refer to the final report.

Publications


    Progress 10/01/20 to 09/30/21

    Outputs
    Target Audience:Collaboration and partnerships with different institutions as public and private schools, local government units like TOBOLAR, Wellness Center of Majuro and individual households were part of this research activity. The connections among these groups were deemed important for the positive outcome of the project. Changes/Problems:COVID-19 impacted directly the research activities due to the Arrak campus was used asquarantine center. The food laboratory materials and equipment didn't have a suitable storage place then relocation spend an extra time that wasn't used for the research. The lack of support from College of the Marshall Islands authorities was exposed when not having a research assistant for more than a year, therefore delated the project. The poor communication with the Land Grant program Management in Marshall Islands didn't permit to follow issues to resolve them. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The opportunities that research gave to people involved in it was knowledge on preservation food methods, skills to build devices that helping to extend of shelf life of the foods, and how to prevent food and water borne illnesses. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results were disseminated to communities and stakeholders through lectures, educational activities, brochuresand hands on activities. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

    Impacts
    What was accomplished under these goals? 1.To develop coconut flour using raw material from Marshall Islands with good manufacturing practices and security food. Meetings were coordinate with different stakeholders: Wellness center of the RMI in order to teach good manufacturing practices of foods, and how to replace the white flour for coconut flour. TOBOLAR institution that belongs to RMI government and working with copra and some coconut products like oil and soap, it was contacted to add value to copra cake after extraction of virgin coconut oil. 2.To introduce the drying technology for producing coconut flour. Meetings with the Marshall Islands communities were coordinate to give conferences about drying technology as preservation food method; specifically, the solar dryer construction, and its was communicated to community through flyers, and some trials were made with local crops like okra, breadfruit, pineapple and coconut. 3.To give alternatives of natural and local products with quality and safety standards. During the trials were produced coconut milk, coconut cream, coconut oil and coconut flour. They were tested with bakery products and used into food dishes. Samples were sent to outer island for food laboratory to confirm the food safety standards. Change in Knowledge. Community awareness about the food production with resources own of their land (coconut) according to standards of safety and hygiene foods. We received visits at food laboratory of schools and stakeholders for showing how to produce coconut flour and baking products using it. Change in Action. Some participants applied the solar dryer technology for preserve and produce foods with physical and economic own resources of sustainable and safety way in RMI. Change in Condition. Introducing new technologies for producing foods permit to active the local economy and create new products for changing the nutritional habits on the community of RMI.

    Publications


      Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

      Outputs
      Target Audience:Land Grant's Program in RMI hasestablished a direct contact with schools and wellness center to create awareness about best practices to produce and preserve foods with safety. Changes/Problems:The COVID-19 pandemic delayed all the activities in the Island. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

      Impacts
      What was accomplished under these goals? To develop coconut flour using raw material from Marshall Islands with good manufacturing practices and security food: Bakery products was developed with coconut flour produced with coconuts of 11 months of mature due to they have a less fat contentin comparison than other coconut stages. In the samples the white flour was replaced in a 70% with coconut flour, and theproducts has good approval by the community. To introduce the drying technology for producing coconut flour: The trials were made at 50ºC, 70ºC and 90ºC. The replication at 50ºC in the solar dryer is the objective to follow because it is necessary to make an accessible flow process for the community. The solar dryer was developed as alternative to overcome the lack of electrical power in the Islands. To give alternatives of natural and local products with quality and safety standards. The samples were sent to laboratory to determinate the nutritional value of the coconut flour produced in RMI.

      Publications


        Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

        Outputs
        Target Audience:Land Grant Program in RMI hasestablished contact with the Ministry of Natural Resources & Commerce to begin creating awareness about Food Security, and promoting the local production with the community. Events like World Food Day helped to disseminate this knowledge. Changes/Problems:Currently there is not an assistant researcher is cause of delates to advance with the trials. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?World Food Day Presentation of partial results about development of coconut flour and by-products in the RMI with safety and quality food grade. 2019 The trials will be finished. The data will be gathered and analyzed for setting up the process and creating the specification of the coconut flour. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The trials will be finished. The data will be gathered and analyzed for setting up the process and creating the specification of the coconut flour. Lectures about food safety were done to handlers food in the wellness center of Majuro.

        Impacts
        What was accomplished under these goals? 1.To develop coconut flour using raw material from Marshall Islands with good manufacturing practices and security food: Different trials were developed with brown coconut with 12-14 months old. These coconuts naturally fall from the tree, and have the highest fat content. For developing coconut cream and oil are usefulness, however to produce flour, it causes challenge to dry fully. At the present the trials are been developed with shakers coconut with 11 months old. Shakers are almost fully mature coconuts are producing a better texture in the flour than the brown coconut because it has less fat content. 2.To introduce the drying technology for producing coconut flour: The trials are been developed at 50?, 70? and 90? for duplicate, with two size reductions: grinding and strips. The best size for drying is grinding. The solar dryer is arising like alternative for communities wherein the energy supply is difficult. 3.To give alternatives of natural and local products with quality and safety standards. Some analysis were done in an outside laboratory. The results showed flours with moisture less of 4%, with high fat content more than 45%, and a protein value of 9% close to standard specification. Trials will be developed to take out the fat to reach the 12% of fat content.

        Publications

        • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: World Food Day Presentation RMI 2019: Development of coconut flour and by-products in the RMI with safety and quality food grade.


        Progress 09/18/18 to 09/30/18

        Outputs
        Target Audience:Land Grant Program in RMI hasestablished clientele as wellness center to begin creating awareness about good manufacturing practices to produce foods with safety. Changes/Problems:The food laboratory facilities is in construction, so it causes some delays to accomplish with the trials. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Lectures about food safetywere done to handlers food in the wellness center of Majuro. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The focus will be set up the equipment and to start the trials to produce coconut flour.

        Impacts
        What was accomplished under these goals? 1.To develop coconut flour using raw material from Marshall Islands with good manufacturing practices and security food. Some meetings was coordinate with the comunnity and possibles clientes, asthe wellness center of Majuroand local coconut industry (TOBOLAR)in order to teach good manufacturing practices of foods, and to analize the alternatives forusingthe COPRA cake for human consuption. 2.To introduce the drying technology for producing coconut flour. The acquisition of production materials is goneto accomplish with the schedule.

        Publications