SUPPORTING HOMEOWNER IPM PROGRAMS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: TERMINATED
• Funding Source: OTHER GRANTS
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1017418
• Grant No.: 2018-70006-28919
• Project No.: FLA-ENY-005741
• Proposal No.: 2018-04460
• Program Code: ARDP
• Project Start Date: Sep 1, 2018
• Project End Date: Aug 31, 2023
• Grant Year: 2018

Project Director
Oi, F. M.

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
G022 MCCARTY HALL
GAINESVILLE,FL 32611

Performing Department
Entomology and Nematology

Non Technical Summary
After 40+ years of universities providing training to the pest control industry, we calculate that only 6.7 to 11.9% of residential units in the U.S. are treated by Pest Management Professionals (PMPs). The EPA reported 59 million households applied their own insecticides (Grube et al. 2011), far outnumbering the 9.1 to 16.1 million residences that PMPs treat. Everyone deserves to live in a pest-free environment, but many cannot afford professional pest control services. The average consumer purchasing pest control services has an annual income of ~$75,000 or more, yet pest problems are likely to be more prevalent in lower-income, multi-family housing units. The U.S. per capita income is $29,829; median household is $55,322 (U.S. Census Florida Quickfacts, accessed April 25, 2018), far below the average income of a pest control customer or the $100,000 income of a landscape maintenance customer. Do-it-yourself options are simply more affordable. The estimated average cost of a pest control contract is ~$600/yr. The estimated cost of a door sweep that could have prevented a pest is ~$10 and will last many years. Pest prevention is preferred. Exclusion and sanitation are not part of the business model for most pest control companies. These critical practices are left to the homeowner for which there is little guidance. Gaps in integrated pest management (IPM) practices for public health pests can lead to lack of pest control and serious health and economic consequences. We cannot put a price on human suffering, however, some examples include the estimated lifetime cost of microcephaly and other central nervous system disorders associated with Zika is estimated to be $4.1 million (Lee et al. 2017); medical costs due to ticks average $3,000 per patient and between $712 million to $1.3 billion per year nationally (Adrion et al. 2015). Asthma is linked to cockroach and rodent allergens. The estimated cost per patient with asthma is $3,100 (Nunes et al. 2017). Finally, human exposure to pesticides continues to be a significant public health issue (Langley and Mort 2012); very few people follow label directions (Flint 2003).Our methods and approaches to produce data/results and inform target audiences of our efforts include partnering with researchers who understand the applied aspects of pest control in and around structures, evaluation specialists who understand how to most effectively measure knowledge gained, attitude, and behavioral changes from diverse audiences, and Extension specialists/agents who lead diverse programming that will include our IPM message. The research goal of our proposal is to fill data gaps that inhibit integrated, science-based recommendations for the control of perimeter pests that can then be incorporated into Extension programming and delivered to a more diversified audience. Our research objectives will be met by using cockroaches and ants as model insects to determine the preferred interstitial spaces. We will use this information in Extension programming so that homeowners will know how tightly homes should be sealed (i.e., the minimum spaces allowable to exclude perimeter pests) and include these data as part of our field demonstration project on pest exclusion. Results from the research objective that will test over-the-counter products will be incorporated into IPM recommendations that can be used if pests are found in homes. Research results from this project and existing publications will be incorporated into Extension deliverables accessible on state and eXtension websites. Deliverables will include homeowner-friendly recommendations, and up to six, 1-2 minute videos on IPM, exclusion, prevention, and common pests. In working with non-traditional Extension programming, we will also expand Extension's capacity by providing in-service training to agents. We will ensure consistency and scalability of training by providing a resource binder and presentations which includes post-training evaluation tools already developed. We will set a baseline of consumer IPM knowledge and pesticide use via survey to track the outcomes.The ultimate goals of this project are to 1) create public awareness and understanding of IPM; 2) increase adoption of science-based pest management in homes rather than selecting control methods based on advertising; 3) increase agent participation to support homeowner IPM and build Extension's capacity by engaging non-traditional change agents who will then reach a more diversified audience. Increased public knowledge of IPM can allow for fewer pesticide exposures, better management of pests, and the reduction of pests in homes. If pests are better controlled in homes, pest presence in public places such as schools may also be decreased. IPM can delay the onset of insecticide resistance that will preserve the useful life of active ingredients, preserve beneficial insects, and decrease human and environmental exposure to unnecessary pesticide use. Pest exclusion and prevention practiced by homeowners will also assist the pest control industry in fully practicing IPM. This project is scalable and has the potential to benefit anyone nationally.

Animal Health Component

0%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

100%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
216	3110	1130	60%
903	6099	3030	10%
804	6099	3030	30%

Knowledge Area
804 - Human Environmental Issues Concerning Apparel, Textiles, and Residential and Commercial Structures; 216 - Integrated Pest Management Systems; 903 - Communication, Education, and Information Delivery;

Subject Of Investigation
3110 - Insects; 6099 - People and communities, general/other;

Field Of Science
1130 - Entomology and acarology; 3030 - Information and communication;

Keywords

homeowner ipm

exclusion

over-the-counter products

prevention

Goals / Objectives
The main problem we seek to resolve is developing a cohesive dataset and holistic recommendations for pest management in and around structures that can be implemented by homeowners and non-pest management professionals. (We use the term "homeowner" to also include renters.)RESEARCHThe research goal of our proposal is to fill data gaps that inhibit integrated, science-based recommendations for the control of perimeter pests.Research Objective 1. Define the minimum interstitial space that will prevent perimeter pests or serve as harborage using peridomestic cockroaches as a model and expanding to other pests.Research Objective 2. Laboratory efficacy testing of over-the-counter products.EXTENSIONExtension goal is to deliver science-based IPM information directly to consumers by diversifying the IPM message and messengers.Extension Objective 1. Survey citizens about their current knowledge of IPM and pesticide use.Extension Objective 2. Develop homeowner-friendly recommendations that incorporate results from research objectives and use in direct-marketing to the general public.Extension Objective 3. Build Extension's capacity by engaging non-traditional change agents who will then reach a more diversified audience.Extension Objective 4. Demonstration project to complement laboratory research objective on exclusion.

Project Methods
Research Objective 1. Define the minimum dimensions that will prevent perimeter pests using peridomestic cockroaches and ants as models.Research Methods 1. Harboring and foraging are two distinctly different behaviors, but experiments defining harborage preferences can provide a basis for subsequent experiments that will define the minimum dimensions allowable to exclude peridomestic cockroaches. (Exclusion experiments will rely on foraging behavior.) We propose to replicate Appel and Smith's (1996) experiment that measured the interstitial space preferred by a mixed population of harboring American and Smokybrown cockroaches. Exclusion experiments: As harborage preference experiments are completed, we propose to use the preferred harborage dimensions for each species and stage as the initial spacing for exclusion experiments by decreasing the size (diameter) of the hole or creating a slit by cutting a "cork" to the right size in the partition of the Ebeling choice box (1966). We will use a similar approach to determine minimum crevice heights for adult ants. Statistical Analyses. Both harborage preference and exclusion experiments will be conducted in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 to 5 times depending on variance and analyzed separately for each species by ANOVA with SNK means separation (SAS Institute). Preference will be determined for each cockroach stage and for all stages combined. Data that do not meet the assumptions of ANOVA will be transformed appropriately. If data do not meet the assumptions of ANOVA, we will rank the data and do an ANOVA on rank-scores (Conover and Iman 1981).Research Objective 2. Laboratory test the efficacy of over-the-counter products.Research Methods 2. We propose to test at least 3 "green" products that commonly contain diatomaceous earth or essential oils such as lemongrass oil, mint oil, rosemary oil; and 2 over-the-counter contact insecticide products, and at least 2 bait formulations against cockroaches and ants. Frequency of homeowner applications are a concern with broadcast, contact insecticides. Thus, we propose to measure the efficacy of products at initial application, then at one week and one month post-treatment. Bait continuous exposure tests for cockroaches will be modified after Appel (2003). Contact insecticide continuous exposure and choice tests will be modified after Snoddy and Appel (2014). Statistical Analyses. Experiments will be replicated 3 to 5 times, depending on variance. Data analysis will follow Snoddy and Appel (2014): "Mortality (LT50) in the continuous exposure tests and Ebeling choice box tests (will be) analyzed by probit analysis for correlated data (Throne et al. 1995) because multiple observations were recorded from the same individuals. Significantly different LT50values (will be) based on nonoverlap of the 95% CI. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) (will be) used for the choice box repellency data (PROC MIXED; SAS 2011)."Ants: Contact insecticide repellency and efficacy as well as bait acceptance and efficacy assays will be modified from Calibeo et al. (2017). Mortality will be recorded at 10, 20, 30 minutes, then one hour for initially treated arenas. For experiments testing contact insecticide efficacy at 1 week and 1 month after application, mortality will be recorded daily up to one week. Experiments will be replicated 3 to 5 times, depending on variance, with untreated controls. Data tend not to meet the assumptions of ANOVA, so we will use rank-scores to compare treatments (i.e., contact insecticide) in a one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD to separate means.Ant bait tests. Colony fragments described above will subject to the choice and no-choice tests. We will use the same arena set up, except instead of treating one pan with contact insecticides, we will place the nest cell with colony fragment in one pan and bait with water, and bait with another food source (e.g., crickets) and water in the other. Mortality will be recorded daily for ~30 days or until controls show significant decline. We also will record the time to takes to reach 100% mortality. Rust et al. (2004) found that 1 to 4 days of exposure to bait caused maximum foraging worker mortality in Linepithema humile, the Argentine ant. We predict a similar trend in maximum worker mortality. Rank-scores of worker mortality about 3 days after treatment and of the number of days until 100% mortality will also be analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD (Calibeo et al. 2017)Extension Objective 1. Survey citizens about their current knowledge of IPM and pesticide use.Extension Methods 1.We propose to conduct surveys of homeowners and renters modified from Wilen (2011) and Flint (2003).Extension Objective 2. Develop homeowner-friendly recommendations that incorporate results from research objectives and to use in direct-marketing to the general public.Extension Methods 2. We propose to expand the approach piloted by Florida to programs in Alabama and Texas. There are two types of training to consider: agent in-service and clientele programming. Each co-PI will be responsible for their own state. Approach outline:Agents will be required to participate in annual IPM in-service trainings through their home institutions so that everyone understands the learning objectives.As a state team, review the basic IPM module developed by Florida's non-traditional IPM change agents (NICA) and tailor to that Alabama and Texas clientele.Build shared deliverables that include:Homeowner-friendly IPM recommendationsIn-service training resource binder modified from Florida's existing binderMeet once a year and participate in regular communications as part of the NICA working group.Extension Objective 3. Build Extension's capacity by engaging non-traditional change agents who will then reach a more diversified audience.Extension Methods 3.Agents who received in-service training will provide 30 minutes to 1 hour of IPM programming as part of their existing Extension programs.Specialists will be available to provide in-person and off-site support as counties develop their IPM message.Provide measurable impacts via evaluation on IPM knowledge, attitude, and behavior change through agent and clientele assessmentsExtension Objective 4. Demonstration project complement to laboratory research objective on exclusion.Extension Methods 4. Laboratory exclusion experiments are invaluable in delimiting minimum size interstitial space requirements for pest entry. However, as stipulated earlier, harboring and foraging are two distinctly different behaviors. The scope of this grant does not allow us to examine the many different behaviors that might cause a cockroach or ant to enter a structure, but a demonstration project in the form of a controlled field experiment could provide important observations on insect behavior and some quantitative data in a field setting. Both Texas and Florida have training facilities for pest management industry. We propose to use those houses in a demonstration project on the efficacy of exclusion.

Progress 09/01/18 to 08/31/23

Outputs
Target Audience:Homeowners, public and county Extension personnel. Changes/Problems:COVID. Research and Extension objectives initially required travel and face-to-face interactions (in the case of the survey where we planned to collect data at State Fairs. Florida personnel had planned to travel to Auburn to do research bioassays, but we were not allowed to travel. In an attempt to keep the project on track, Auburn did all of the bioassays, but their Extension specialist opted to retire. Florida provided data and deliverables in lieu of Alabama. Extension experienced a significant shift in assignments or loss during COVID and we have failed to recover personnel in the urban / structural pest management subject area. We believe that the addition of the research objective 3 and publication in lieu of Extension Objective 4--field testing of interstitial spaces and exclusion provided NIFA with a stronger return that the results from a demonstration project that would likely not have been publishable in a refereed journal.? What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project has provided the opportunity for Florida Family, Youth, and Community Sciences agents to form a working group and develop Extension material based on the questions they receive from clientele, which is often different from horticulture agents. Content development has required intensive in-service training and cross-training for agents who have taken on another subject area. We have provided at least 3 in-service trainings for agents and plan more. Florida had a graduate student studying German cockroach insecticide resistance partially funded on this project which resulted in a publication credited to this grant, newly collected German cockroach colonies, and field experience in schools that had German cockroaches as well as networking with industry professionals. She also presented her research at the National Pest Management Association (2022), the Entomological Society of America (2022), and at Pest Management University, an Extension program. In Alabama, results were presented at the summer and winter meetings of the Alabama Pest Control Association in 2022 and 2023 and at several county agent in-service training sessions. Based on our results, a master's student completed his thesis on the detection and repellency of essential oil components; manuscripts are in preparation. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?During COVID, Florida was able to expand our online public audience, including Master Gardeners, to n=657 in 2020, and n=745 in 2021, covering topics such as ant, mosquitoes, ticks, termites, bed bugs, delusory parasitosis, fall pests, and create a new online series in the theme of home maintenance is IPM (The Good, the Bad, and the Unwanted series) by collaborating with county Extension faculty (Sumter/Hernando) who already had a public-facing following. After the programs, we found that the average intent to practice IPM behaviors increased to 97%, a 32% gain. Homeowners have a great incentive to practice IPM. In 2021, we delivered 16 programs with county faculty on IPM as it relates to Home Maintenance alone (Jan. 25, Mar. 29, Apr. 26, May 24, June 28, July 26, Aug. 30, Sept 27, Oct 25, 2021) to 148 people whose average pre-assessment practice of IPM were 75.1%. As a result of the webinars, intent to practice IPM post-assessment was 98.3% for an average intent to practice gain of 23.2%. Additional programs included Ticks and the Diseases They Carry (Feb. 10, n=38), Mosquitoes (March 23, n=25), Termites (May 13, n=40), Rodents and Other Vermin (June 29, n=47), Bed Bugs (July 20, n=11), Ant Wars (Aug 31, n=66), Fall Pests (Sept 21, n=39). The average pre-assessment practice of IPM elements was 69%. After the webinar, intent to practice IPM was 88% for a 19% gain. Content knowledge pre-test average was 55.4%, post-test 75.9% for a knowledge gain of 20.5%. Every respondent in the Home Maintenance programs said that they would be more successful in managing pests in and around their homes as a result of the webinars. Participation began to drop off in 2022 and 2023, which resulted in us re-thinking in-person offerings. We will continue to offer content supported by this project with updates through 2024 as part of the Wildlife and Invasive Species Education program developed by County Extension Director Jim Davis and other county faculty as requested. We have also presented our project approach at the Entomological Society of America and are scheduled to do a final presentation on June 2024, organized by the Southern Region IPM Center. Extension publications listed in this report. The Pests in the Home Website https://pestsinthehome.extension.org/ will be updated in 2024 and will also house intranet content for the Southern Region DI IPM working group. We continue to build a YouTube library of household pests, 27 videos. Rodents, ants, spiders, pest proofing, etc. https://www.youtube.com/@pmu2382 which will be connected to the eXtension site. Alabama plans to update Extension materials and recommendations in 2024 to reflect new information on cracks and crevices that should be sealed and concerning homeowner insecticide products. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Our overarching goal is to work toward developing a cohesive dataset and holistic recommendations for pest management in and around structures that can be implemented by homeowners and non-pest management professionals. While do-it-yourself options are more affordable in most cases, we seek to mitigate homeowners acting on misinformation commonly found online. Thus, we proposed the objectives listed below. Research Objectives: Minimum relevant dimensions of interstitial spaces: Using variable height harborage units, we determined that nymphal American cockroaches would segregate by body size (measured as head width and length and pronotal length and width) with smaller individuals in smaller spaces. The smallest nymphs can enter spaces <0.5 mm, corresponding to their head capsule height. Similar results were obtained with smokybrown and Turkestan cockroaches. These results indicated that eliminating narrow cracks and crevices could prevent the entry of small peridomestic cockroaches into homes. These results also imply that small cracks and crevices could be important in the movement of domestic cockroaches, such as German and brownbanded, within and between apartments. Pervasive insecticide resistance: German cockroaches were collected in Alabama and Florida and tested for insecticide resistance. As shown in previous studies, such as Appel et al. (2022), nearly all field-collected German cockroaches were at least somewhat resistant to one or more groups of insecticides. For bait formulations, strains were particularly resistant to dinotefuran, up to 14.2-fold in continuous exposure LT50 assays. These strains were also 6- to 52-fold resistant to permethrin in topical LD50 bioassays; this result is particularly important since the majority of spray formulations contain pyrethroid insecticides. Performance of over-the-counter products: We tested the most common and best-selling over-the-counter insecticide products in 2020. These included: Raid Max spray with deltamethrin, No Pest aerosol with prallethrin and cypermethrin, Raid aerosol with geraniol and lemongrass, Combat bait in stations with hydramethylnon, Raid gel bait with indoxacarb, Combat bait in stations with fipronil, Combat Max gel bait with fipronil, and Roach Away dust with boric acid. All products were applied to test surfaces as described on the product label and used in continuous exposure and Ebeling choice box assays with insecticide-susceptible (control) and field-collected resistant strains of German cockroaches. In continuous exposure assays, the field-collected insecticide-resistant strains exhibited tolerance or resistance to all of the tested products except Combat bait in stations with hydramethylnon and Roach Away dust with boric acid. Tolerance or resistance ranged from 1.3- to >50-fold based on LT50 results. Resistant strains survived longer than the susceptible strain. However, it is unlikely that any strain would remain on a treated surface for any extended period (they would be repelled by most spray treatments). Thus, the resistant strains would probably escape the lethal effects of these treatments. In Ebeling choice box assays, all strains behaved similarly in untreated control boxes (i.e., Performance Index values near 0). However, insecticide-resistant strains either lived longer (most bait treatments), or lived longer and were significantly repelled (all spray treatments) compared with the susceptible strain. These results confirm our continuous exposure results and illustrate the effect of repellency. Even though resistant German cockroaches can be killed by most over-the-counter products, they will not be controlled by these products because they actively avoid or are repelled. Homeowners can control German cockroach infestations by avoiding aerosols and sprays and using gel or solid bait formulations. A third research objective was added: to measure resistance in field collected strains of cockroaches because Research Objective 1 effectively answered the question of the minimum interstitial space that will prevent perimeter pests from entering structures. We sought to measure field-collected insecticide resistance of field-collected strains and build on Gits et al. (2023) who concluded that Optigard (Syngeta, emamectin benzoate) resulted in the highest mortality in vial and no-choice bioassays when tested against MaxForce Magnum (Bayer, fipronil), Vendetta (MGK, abamectin), and Advion (Syngenta, indoxacarb) using German cockroaches from three different strains. Our graduate student had field collected from 6 different locations in Florida and continues to work on insecticide resistance and cross-resistance objectives. Extension Objectives: Survey: A 30-question Qualtrics survey was created that included one binary and two multiple-choice questions about participants' understanding of IPM; two multiple-choice questions about pest problems experienced and methods participants used to identify pests; one binary question and seven multiple-choice questions about participants' pest control use patterns; three multiple-choice questions about factors influencing participants' choice of pesticide products; one binary question, three multiple-choice questions, and five Likert and Likert-type questions about participants' use of a professional pest control company and factors influencing participants' decisions of hiring one; and five socio-demographic questions. This survey was based on the work done by University of California, Mary Lousie Flint who used a telephone survey in the mid- 1990s to poll California residents about their use of pesticides and what is IPM.We used five data collection strategies. Outcome: From the results of this survey our conclusions on developing measures of public awareness of IPM needs to be changed on how we want untrained people to make better choices. A peer reviewed journal article is planned to be published with this data in fall 2023 or winter 2024. Working title: Toward a Holistic Science of Integrated Pest Management: A Survey of U.S. Consumers' Patterns of Pesticide Use and Factors Influencing their Pest Management Decisions Extension Objective 2.Develop homeowner-friendly recommendations that incorporate results from research objectives and use in direct-marketing to the general public. Extension publications are listed this report. We also rebuilt the Pests in the Home Website that was initiated as an eXtension project https://pestsinthehome.extension.org/ will be updated in 2024 and will also house intranet content for the Southern Region DI IPM working group. We continue to build a YouTube library of household pests, 27 videos. Rodents, ants, spiders, pest proofing, etc. https://www.youtube.com/@pmu2382 which will be connected to the eXtension site. ?Extension Objective 3.Build Extension's capacity by engaging non-traditional change agents who will then reach a more diversified audience. In Texas, our school IPM, pest management training, and county pesticide safety programs utilize our knowledge to support educational opportunities. Utilizing all the funds provided to us by USDA-NIFA we are extending our knowledge in urban and rural areas. The Alabama: Urban Extension Specialist retired. There is nothing new to report. Florida: Mentorship of about a dozen county Extension faculty from Family, Youth and Community Science who have developed a work group o work on an "Integrated Pest Management at Home Series" based on the questions they receive from homeowners. Sumter County Extension Wildlife and Invasive Species Education will be an in-person series, with 4 sessions dedicated to household and structural pests intended for public audiences.

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2023 Citation: F. M. Oi, J. Davis, J. McConnell, J. Corbus, N. Nelson, and M. Atkinson. Termite Prevention and Control. ENY2044. Updated Dec. 2023. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1277
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Faith Oi, Dawn Calibeo, John Paige III, and Michael Bentley. Updated June 2023. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of the Tawny Crazy Ant, Nylanderia fulva (Mayr) https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN889
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Faith M. Oi, Jennifer Gillett-Kaufman, Eddie Connor, Marty Overline, Brian Taggart, and Louis Witherington. Updated Sept 2023. What Not To Do for Bed Bugs / Que No Hacer contra las Chinches. ENY2026. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN925
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Faith M. Oi and Marsha Wheeler. Updated June 2023. The Facts About Termites and Mulch. ENY832. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN651
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Davis, J. E., F. Oi, L. Sanderson, B. Moffis, and B. Lester. 2023. Landscaping Methods to Prevent Pests from Entering Your Home: ENY2098/IN1397, 3/2023. EDIS 2023 (2). https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1397-2023
• Type: Other Status: Under Review Year Published: 2024 Citation: Nelly Nelson, LuAnn Duncan, Jenny Rodriguez, Katherine Allen, Karen Stauderman, Lisa Hamilton, and Faith Oi. Submitted Nov 2023. Integrated Pest Management at Home Series: Does Your Head Itch? Facts About Head Lice.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Madison P Gits, Ameya D Gondhalekar, Michael E Scharf, Impacts of Bioassay Type on Insecticide Resistance Assessment in the German Cockroach (Blattodea: Ectobiidae), Journal of Medical Entomology, Volume 60, Issue 2, March 2023, Pages 356363, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjad004

Progress 09/01/21 to 08/31/22

Outputs
Target Audience:Homeowners, public and county Extension personnel, school IPM personnel. Changes/Problems:Objective 4. Demonstration project. Objective modification approved based on research findings: 1 mm is sufficient for a variety of perimeter pests to enter structures. Thus, a field demonstration project as currently described is unlikely to yield more actionable information. Modification: Research Objective 3: To measure resistance in field collected strains of cockroaches. Rationale: Research Objective 1 (Define the minimum interstitial space that will prevent perimeter pests from entering structures) has effectively answered the question: 1 mm is sufficient for a variety of perimeter pests to enter structures. Thus, a field demonstration project as currently described is unlikely to yield more actionable information. However, cockroaches continue to be a significant problem. Florida and the southeast have among the highest cockroach populations in the U.S. Cockroaches are public health pests. There are no recent surveys for insecticide resistance in cockroaches in the southeast. Products and management practices have changed. Wu and Appel (2017, J Econ Entomol 110: 1203-1209) found the highest level of resistance to permethrin in 6 field populations from North Carolina collected from 2011-2012. Recently, California colleagues measured resistance to currently registered baits in field populations of German cockroaches and found that there is multiple resistance across the commercially baits that they tested (Lee et al. 2022, J Econ Entomol 115:259-265). There is also evidence that consumer products significantly worsen the problem posed by resistance (DeVries et al. 2019, BMC Pub Health 19:96 ; Fardisi et al. 2019, Sci Rep 9:8292). These findings are clearly concerning. It is critically important that we measure insecticide resistance and report these results to the pest management industry and the public in the context of encouraging IPM practices. Predicted results from a new Research Objective 3 will directly support Extension Objective 2 (develop homeowner-friendly recommendations) with the added benefit of supporting the structural pest management industry. co-PI Graham retired from Auburn University in2021, but continues to support the project in an advisory capacity. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?See "Other Products"--Presentations are updated annually and delivered collaboratively with county faculty. Presentation planning allows for discussions/mentorship concerning current research. TAMU AgriLife:Offered a special training session to TX Master Naturalists about ways they can assist with survey distribution and demonstration projects. Interest was moderate but with pandemic restrictions the interest has dwindled. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Webinars, website (Pests in the Home), in-person programs. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?1. Present data Research Objective 3: To measure resistance in field collected strains of cockroaches. 2. Complete survey report. 3. Drafts of publications for reseach objectives on interstitial spaces that exclude common pests and evaluation of over-the-counter product efficacy. 4. Training: Continuein-service agent training and working with agents to author Extension resources (expanding Extension's capacity). 5. Dissemination of information to public via webinars and website updates.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1. Survey data led by TAMU being summarized (N=842). Objective 2. Develop homeowner friendly recommendations. eXtension website launched:https://pestsinthehome.extension.org/ . Articles are included in monthly Southern Region IPM Center Newsletter to promote website use. Objective 3. Build Extension's capacity. Website rebuild satisfies a much needed resource for agents. Agents areworking on Extension material to be posted at Pests in the Homes website and UF/IFAS EDIS system. Objective 4. Demonstration project. Objective modification approved based on research findings: 1 mm is sufficient for a variety of perimeter pests to enter structures. Thus, a field demonstration project as currently described is unlikely to yield more actionable information. Modification: Research Objective 3: To measure resistance in field collected strains of cockroaches. Rationale: Research Objective 1 (Define the minimum interstitial space that will prevent perimeter pests from entering structures) has effectively answered the question: 1 mm is sufficient for a variety of perimeter pests to enter structures. Thus, a field demonstration project as currently described is unlikely to yield more actionable information. However, cockroaches continue to be a significant problem. Florida and the southeast have among the highest cockroach populations in the U.S. Cockroaches are public health pests. There are no recent surveys for insecticide resistance in cockroaches in the southeast. Products and management practices have changed. Wu and Appel (2017, J Econ Entomol 110: 1203-1209) found the highest level of resistance to permethrin in 6 field populations from North Carolina collected from 2011-2012. Recently, California colleagues measured resistance to currently registered baits in field populations of German cockroaches and found that there is multiple resistance across the commercially baits that they tested (Lee et al. 2022, J Econ Entomol 115:259-265). There is also evidence that consumer products significantly worsen the problem posed by resistance (DeVries et al. 2019, BMC Pub Health 19:96 ; Fardisi et al. 2019, Sci Rep 9:8292). These findings are clearly concerning. It is critically important that we measure insecticide resistance and report these results to the pest management industry and the public in the context of encouraging IPM practices. Predicted results from a new Research Objective 3 will directly support Extension Objective 2 (develop homeowner-friendly recommendations) with the added benefit of supporting the structural pest management industry. Both research objectives were completed and publications are in progress.

Publications

Progress 09/01/20 to 08/31/21

Outputs
Target Audience:Homeowners, public and county Extension personnel. Changes/Problems:COVID continues to present challenges to in-person training that directly impacts Extension Objective 3. TAMU and Auburn agent personnel and responsibilities have changed. Florida has been able to restart agent in-service training and training for non-traditional audiences in counties that were prepared for online learning and that already had a online following of clientele. Not all counties and clientele have online capability. The resurgence of COVID with new variants continues to be a challenge. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?As part of county faculty professional development and training in delivering content, we cooperatively delivered__programs with county faculty on IPM as it relates to Home Maintenance (2020: Sept 22, Oct 30, Nov 30 and 2021: Jan. 25, Mar. 29, Apr. 26, May 24, June 28, July 26, Aug. 30, 2021) to 225 people whose average pre-assessment practice of IPM were 75.1%. As a result of the webinars, intent to practice IPM post-assessment was 98.3% for an average intent to practice gain of 23.2%. Additional programs included Delusory Parasitosis (October 20, 2020, n=50), Ticks and the Diseases They Carry (Feb. 10, 2021, n=38), Mosquitoes (March 23, 2021 n=25), Termites (May 13, 2021, n=40), Rodents and Other Vermin (June 29, n=47), Bed Bugs (Sept 2020, July 20, 2021 n=63), Ant Wars (Aug 31, n=66). The average pre-assessment practice of IPM elements was 69%. After the webinar, intent to practice IPM was 88% for a 19% gain. Content knowledge pre-test average was 55.4%, post-test 75.9% for a knowledge gain of 20.5%. Every respondent in the Home Maintenance programs said that they would be more successful in managing pests in and around their homes as a result of the webinars. Questions for intent to practice IPM included: 1) I remove all food, water, and shelter from my house; 2) I clean to deal with pests in my home; 3) I currently seal and know how to prevent all pests from coming into my home; 4) I carefully read and follow labels on pest products used in my home; 5) I regularly check my home for pests. We also held an in-service training, "What's Biting Me" covering topics requested by county agents that they encounter from the public: bed bugs, mosquitoes, mites include those on plants, in food,on humans and companion animals, and delusory parasitosis. 30 county agents attended from more than 20 counties. Webinar format. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Through Pests in the Homes websitehttps://pestsinthehome.extension.org/ and through webinars listed above. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?TAMU is responsible for summarizing survey. We will continue to provide in-service training opportunities to county faculty, especially those not traditionally associated with structural pest management. Publish research results.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Both research objectives were completed and publications are in progress. Objective 1. Survey led by TAMU is completed. Objective 2. Develop homeowner friendly recommendations. eXtension website rebuilt:https://pestsinthehome.extension.org/ .

Publications

Progress 09/01/19 to 08/31/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Homeowners, public, and county Extension personnel. Changes/Problems:COVID-19 continued to hamper Extension efforts, including travel related to objective completion. We have pivoted in how content delivery is managed; however, staffing at the county level continues to be a challenge. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?TAMU programming: February 11, 2020: Most Common Household Pests -Titus County Master Gardeners, slide with survey and showed them how to access Residential IPM online course = 21 people April 23, 2020: What's Bugging You Webinar- Hosted by Lamar County Agent via WebEx = 32 people AU programming: July 17, 2020 - Webinar for South Carolina Master Gardener Group - Controlling Pest in and Around Homes July 22, 2020 - Zoom presentation for What's Bugging You Webinar Series - Controlling Pest in and Around Homes August 19, 2020 - Zoom presentation for Smart Yards Webinar Series - Cockroaches September 16, 2020 - Zoom presentation for Alabama Smart Yards - Mosquitos October 14, 2020 - Zoom presentation for Alabama Smart Yards - Fleas and Ticks November 4, 2020 - Alabama Smart Yards - Ants March 30, 2021- Master Gardener Monthly Update - Fire Ants: Its All in Timing April 1, 2021 - Alabama Master Gardener Course - Controlling Pests in and Around the Home How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Website for homeowners/public being built. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Complete website; build Extension's capacity to deliver homeowner IPM programming.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Research objectives completed. Publications in progress. Extension objectives hampered by COVID-19 and variants.

Publications

Progress 09/01/18 to 08/31/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Homeowners are the final target audience. Auburn University: To reach this audience we will conduct training for our Home Grounds Extension Agents that work with homeowner pest problems. Most of their work has been on exterior pests and this will provide information to them to assist homeowners with pest problems in the home also. Texas A&M: In Texas, educating county agents about the need for more education about pests in and around the home has been difficult. Finding the right person within the AgriLife Extension agency to help with disseminating this information has had its challenges but we finally have a path to success. University of Florida: Florida continues to work with counties agents who provide first-time home buyer programs and who are partnered with horticulture agents under the auspices of at 2017 EIP grant. Knowledge of the EIP effort to provide homeowner information has led to involvement with Master Gardeners and interest from other Extension programs that involve homeowner education. Changes/Problems: eXtension's decision to not support Community of Practice websites created an unexpected delay because we needed to rebuild the website from scratch. We reached out to the southern region IPM center for assistance and a private web designer who provided basic guidance. The former eXtension website was converted to Wordpress with no functionality. There is no budget to purchase the plug-ins that would make the Wordpress site more functional for the end user. We also did not budget for a webmaster. We invested a week of time with the southern region IPM center to do the basics of setting up pages, Google Analytics, SEO,and developing content. We chose the Guttenberg editor, but may change to a different one that provides more functionality. Without the website, there would be no place to home the link to the survey, articles that would survey as guidance for homeowners, and short videos proposed. In Texas there was some personnel changes within AgriLife Extension that required PI Janet Hurley to seek new contact for creating the homeowner survey within Qualtrics.Once that person was found, the survey development went quickly. At the same time, there were additional changes with the AgriLife communications department which slowed the progress to work with county agents.This has changed and steps are in place to move forward on demonstration and training of agents within the next fiscal year. Both AL and TX county agents continue to seek ways to integrate new content into their programming. Florida will have to submit a separate IRB for the survey. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?TX: This has been limited in our first year, but had conversation with Associate Director of Extension Communications, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service on July 8, 2019 to discuss getting county agents involved. AL: N/A FL: Florida provides continuous,year-roundopportunities for training and professional development through Pest Management University (https://pestmanagementuniversity.org/), a separate Extension program. Registration for county agents is waived. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A press release for the survey (Objective 1)wasdelivered by TAMU. Information on homeowner IPM is located here https://pestsinthehome.extension.org/and shared through social media: Twitter, @PMU_News, Facebook: @PMUNews, Linkedin, and invited pest control Facebook pages. Florida county agents presented results from related EIP grant at the annual Extension Professsional Association of Florida (https://extadmin.ifas.ufl.edu/epaf/epaf-conference/, Sanibel Harbor, FL, Aug 27, 2019) which generated additional interest for the homeowner IPM initiative and will result in traffic to the Pests in Homes website https://pestsinthehome.extension.org/. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Marketing materialswill be developed so that County Agents can disseminate. Will also use social media links and other methods like bookmarks that will be handed out at the Texas State Fair and other events that county agents participate in. Continue to work on Pests in the Home website. We will continue to refine the content on this website so that anyone who takes the survey can go to this website for more information, as well as place for county agents to reference for basic information. Continue to work with AgriLife Communications and Leadership to engage County Agents in the project. In the process of developing materials to make it easier for TX county agents to use this material. Also working with another group that might have access to new homeowner classes. Continue to work with Alabama Home Grounds Leadership to engage County Agents in the project. In the process of developing materials to make it easier for our county agents to use this material. Analyze survey data and publish. Provide in-service training to agents in all states. Continue to deliver training to homeowner audiences Complete research objectives and begindemonstration project.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Extension Objective 1:Survey citizens about their current knowledge of IPM and pesticide use. Currently, there are no published reports that provide industry estimates of IPM adoption or pest control practices. The survey will help us understand the barriers to IPM adoption by homeowners and devise programming appropriately.The survey has been developed, approved by IRB (IRB2019-0680 ), and disseminated via press release: https://pestsinthehome.extension.org/seeking-individuals-to-participate-in-integrated-pest-management-survey/ Reviewed California survey's for questions and what could be used in 2019/2020 from the survey's written in the early 1990s and 2000s. Our team agreed on a series of questions. Worked with Agricultural Leadership, Education, and Communications Department at Texas A&M University to find a Professor to assist with the online homeowner survey. Extension Objective 2. Develop homeowner-friendly recommendations that incorporate results from research objectives and use in direct-marketing to the general public. The eXtension website where we intended to post the homeowner-friendly recommendation required rebuilding. Two new publications were developed under the auspices of the related Crop Protection and Pest Management Extension Implementation Project, grant no. 2017-70006-27149/project accession no. 10139622 were posted to this site: Selecting a Pest Control Company: https://pestsinthehome.extension.org/resources/selecting-a-pest-control-company/ Termite Prevention and Control: https://pestsinthehome.extension.org/common-pests/termites/homeowners-guide-to-termites-prevention-and-control/ Extension Objective 3. Build Extension's capacity by engaging non-traditional change agents who will then reach a more diversified audience. Florida's agents continue to deliver IPM training and advance evaluation tools under the related relatedEIP grant (Crop Protection and Pest Management Extension Implementation Project, grant no. 2017-70006-27149) and these advances are shared with AL and TX for use with their agents. Extension Objective 4. Demonstration project to complement laboratory research objective on exclusion. N/A

Publications