Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20
Outputs
Target Audience:The project director (PD) works closely with collaborating scientists in this project, including co-PD's. Information is transferred to dairy nutrition specialists, veterinarians, and dairy producers. The PD and co-PDs mentor several undergraduate research interns and graduate students who move into the workforce as dairy specialists and food animal veterinarians. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The PD and coPDs help train and mentor research associates, graduate students, and undergraduate students. In the past year, at least 4 Ph.D., 1 M.S., and 2 post-doctoral researchers contributed significantly to experiments. All the students learned about animal handling, diet formulation, sample collection, sample processing, and data analyses. All of the graduate students gave presentations about their project results in a national scientific meeting, feed conferences, and seminar classes. The PD is on the planning committee of the American Dairy Science Association "Discover" Conference, which provides foundational information and a forum between academia and industry for critical research needs, and the PD and all co-PDs have spoken at one or more of these conferences). The PD and one coPD are members of the NRC's Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 8th edition, which will provide biological principles and instruction for how nutrient requirements are determined. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?All the results from this project have been shared with scientists via presentations (oral or poster) at national scientific conferences and peer-reviewed papers. Results were shared with technical audiences (veterinarians, nutritionists and producers) by giving presentations at feed conferences (e.g., The Tristate Dairy Nutrition Conference, California Nutrition Conference, and the 4-State Dairy Nutrition and Management Conference) and by writing newsletter articles, eXtension articles, and conference proceedings. These conferences provide continuing education credits for members of the American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists. We actively collaborate with researchers at other institutions (NE, VA, and PA) on laboratory and meta-analytical techniques, and these results and their ramifications to dairy nutrition ultimately get transferred to the industry via published models and even an app for smartphones that is going through beta testing. We all answer numerous phone calls from nutrition advisors or feed industry personnel every year regarding topics related to his research. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Evaluating milk production, fiber digestibility, and microbial protein production in dairy cows fed different ratios of isoacids at two concentrations of crude protein. Integrating rumen microbes sequencing data with ruminal parameters, blood metabolites, and milk production data using machine learning. Evaluating shifts in bacterial lipids from continuous cultures administered different forage:concentrate ratios, presence of unsaturated fat, and BCVFA. Integrate results with bacterial profiles derived using Illumina sequencing of 16S rDNA.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Our objective was to determine the dietary conditions that would increase the uptake of branched chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA), which are required for cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen. Although increasing forage will increase cellulolytic bacterial abundance and therefore the requirement for BCVFA growth factors, decreasing forage increases amylolytic bacteria some of which produce BCVFA while others increasingly compete for BCVFA even if they do not actually require them. Supplemental unsaturated fat hypothesized to fluidize membranes of cellulolytics and therefore influence which BCVFA they needed. The study was an incomplete block design with 8 dual flow continuous cultures used in 4 periods with treatments arranged as a 2x2x2 factorial. The factors were: 67 or 33% forage, without or with supplemental corn oil (CO, 3% DM), and without or with 2.15 mmol/d each of isovalerate, isobutyrate, and 2-methylbutyrate. Data were analyzed with random effects of period and fermenter and fixed effects of diet, CO, BCVFA, and their interactions. The main effect of supplementing BCVFA increased NDF digestibility (NDFd) by 2.97% units, and CO increased NDFd by 6.46% units in low forage diets. BCVFA and high forage increased efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis. After subtracting the dosage of BCVFA, dietary treatments influenced the endogenous production of individual BCVFA, suggesting feedback on production or else concentration-dependent uptake. Our results suggest that providing supplemental BCVFA to dairy cows should improve efficiency of bacterial growth and NDFd, which should improve feed efficiency and reduce environmental impact of nitrogenous waste in dairy cows. Major ruminal cellulolytic bacteria require BCVFA as precursors to synthesize branched-chain amino acids and branched-chain fatty acids. Many studies provided isobutyrate (IB), 2-methylbutyrate (MB), isovalerate (IV), and valerate (V) altogether without exploring optimal combinations. Supplemental BCVFA and valerate (i.e., in the field referred to as 'isoacids') have improved both NDF digestibility and feed efficiency in ruminants. Our objective was to determine a combination of isoacids that is optimal for milk production. Sixty lactating Jersey cows (106 ± 54 DIM) were blocked and randomly assigned to 4 treatments: 1) control (CON) with no isoacids, 2) MB (12.3 mmol/kg DM), 3) IB+MB (12.6, and 7.7 mmol/kg DM), or 4) all 4 isoacids (7.3, 6.2, 4.2, and 5.1 mmol/kg DM IB, MB, IV, and valerate). All cows were fed CON for a 2-wk period, then randomly assigned within block to treatments for 8 wk (n=15). Milk samples from 4 milkings per week were analyzed for milk components. Data were analyzed with the random effect of block and fixed effects of treatment, week, and parity. Data from the wk 2 of the study were used as a covariate, and weekly or biweekly means per cow were repeated measures. Interactions of treatment and parity were detected for fat and protein percentages. The IB+MB treatment increased milk protein percentage in multiparous cows compared to CON and MB treatments, respectively. IB+MB increased fat compared with other treatments. Milk yield and DMI were not affected, but treatment interacted with week for ECM/DMI; IB+MB increased ECM/DMI by 0.15 kg/kg compared to CON and MB, which optimized feed efficiency without changing body weight change. We are continuing our research to optimize isoacids formulas. Milk fat is a major component determining the economic value of milk. Although increasing dietary starch concentration in a diet can increase yields of milk and milk protein, higher starch also decrease milk fat yield, referred to as milkfat depression (MFD). We hypothesized that MFD can be alleviated by supplementation of 2-hydroxy-(4-methylthio) butanoic acid (HMTBa), isoacids (IA; isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate; same ratio as diet 4 in preceding experiment). Ten Holstein cows were used in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design, and the following dietary treatments were fed: a relatively high forage control diet (HF-C), a low forage and high starch control diet (LF-C, projected to promote MFD), the LF-C diet supplemented with HMTBa, the LF-C diet supplemented with IA, and the LF-C diet supplemented with both HMTBa and IA. The LF-C diet decreased milk fat yield and energy-corrected milk compared with HF-C. Supplementing LF-C with HMTBa increased milk fat yield compared with LF-C. Supplementing LF-C with IA increased milk fat yield compared with LF-C. However, the combination of HMTBa and IA did not show an additive effect on milk fat yield. In conclusion, HMTBa or IA can be an option for producers to feed to cows to reduce risk of MFD in lactating cows, but the combination of HMTBa and IA is not recommended. Increasing rumen starch digestibility can improve production and feed efficiency. A corn hybrid (trademarked as Enogen) was developed to contain high alpha amylase expression for various purposes, including to aid in efficiency of ethanol production from corn. In this study, we tested the how Enogen affected milk production and methane emission in lactating cows. Enogen and the isoline hybrid (normal alpha amylase) were grown and harvested for corn silage (CS) and corn grain (CG). Fifteen cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design (5 orthogonal squares; 14-d adaptation and 14-d sampling in each period) with the following diets: a diet containing isoline CS and isoline CG (CON); a diet with Enogen CS and isoline CG (ECS); a diet with Enogen CS and Enogen CG (ECSCG). The diets included 48% CS and 19% CG (DM basis) and contained 15.5% CP, 31% NDF, and 29% starch (DM basis). Milk yield and milk protein yield were greater for ECS compared with CON, but no difference was observed between CON and ECSCG. Milk fat content tended to be lower for ECS compared with CON and ECSCG (no difference between CON and ECSCG). Methane yield decreased only for ECS compared with CON. In conclusion, ECS increased milk and protein yields and lowered methane production compared with CON, possibly because of greater starch availability in the rumen. Manure acidification is an effective strategy to reduce ammonia emission from manure and increase the value of manure as fertilizer. Lowering dietary cation and anion difference (DCAD, which is the sum of sodium and potassium cations minus the sum of chloride and sulfur anions) is known to progressively decrease urine pH and therefore should acidify the manure (combination of feces and urine) in dairy cows. However, reducing DCAD can negatively affect DMI, milk production, and fiber digestibility. Twenty cows were used in a randomized block design and fed one of the following 3 diets: DCAD of 220, 150, or 75 mEq/kg). The experiment was conducted for 5 wk. Decreasing DCAD lowered DMI in a linear manner. Milk yield was not statistically affected but numerically decreased with reducing DCAD. Milk component contents and yields were not affected by DCAD. Estimated daily urine excretion increased linearly and urine pH decreased linearly with decreasing DCAD. In conclusion, lowering DCAD of a lactation diet from 220 to 75 mEq/kg decreased DMI and numerically decreased milk yield while also decreasing reduce manure pH and ammonia emission from manure. Manure incubation to measure ammonia emissions is currently in progress. The result can provide information about a potential strategy for producers to manipulate manure characteristics to lower ammonia emission from manure without altering performance of lactating cows.
Publications
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Firkins, J.L., and R.I. Mackie, R.I. 2020. Ruminal protein breakdown and ammonia assimilation. Pages 383-420 in Improving Rumen Function. McSweeney, C.S., and R.I. Mackie, eds. Burleigh Dodds Publishing. Cambridge, U.K.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Morris, D.L., J.L. Firkins, W.P. Weiss, and P.J. Kononoff. 2020. Relationship between urinary energy and N excretion in lactating Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci. 103(Suppl. 1):109(Abstr.).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Mitchell, K.E., B.A. Wenner, C. Lee, M.T. Socha, and J.L. Firkins. 2020. Stimulation of microbial protein synthesis by branched chain volatile fatty acids (BCFA) in dual-flow cultures varying in forage and PUFA concentrations. J. Dairy Sci. 103(Suppl. 1):150 (Abstr.).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Copelin, J.E., J.L. Firkins, M.T. Socha, and C. Lee. 2020. Effects of 2-hydroxy-(4-methylthio) butanoic acid and isoacids on rumen fermentation, production, and milk fatty acids during mild milk fat depression in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 103(Suppl. 1):157 (Abstr.).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Sujani, S. B. Wenner, J.L. Firkins, and R.R. White. 2020. A network analysis of continuous culture fermentation data. J. Dairy Sci. 103(Suppl. 1):160 (Abstr.).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Mitchell, K.E., B.A. Wenner, C. Lee, M.T. Socha, and J.L. Firkins. 2020. Stimulation of microbial protein synthesis by branched chain volatile fatty acids in dual-flow cultures varying in forage and PUFA concentrations. J. Dairy Sci. 103(Suppl. 1):171 (Abstr.).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Mitchell, K.E., M.T. Socha, L.E. Moraes, Y. Roman-Garcia, and J.L. Firkins. 2020. Assessing milk response to branched-chain volatile fatty acids. J. Dairy Sci. 103(Suppl. 1):247-248 (Abstr.).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Lee, C., J. E. Copelin, L. R. Rebelo, P. A. Dieter, W. P. Weiss, and T. Brown. 2020. Effects of reduced dietary cation and anion difference on production, nutrient digestibility and urine pH in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 103 (E-Suppl. 2):35 (Abstr.).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Rebelo, L. R., W. P. Weiss, M. Eastridge, and C. Lee. 2020. Effects of Enogen Feed corn silage and corn grain on nutrient digestibility, production, and enteric methane emission in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 103 (E-Suppl. 2):171 (Abstr.).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Lee, C., K. A. Beauchemin, K. Nichols, D. L. Morris, J. Dijkstra, P. J. Kononoff, and D. Vyas. 2020. Potential measurement of daily oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide, methane, and heat production using a spot gas sampling technique in cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 103 (E-Suppl. 2):291-292 (Abstr.).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Wenner, B.A., B.K. Wagner, N.R. St-Pierre, Z. Yu, and J.L. Firkins. 2020. Inhibition of methanogenesis by nitrate, with or without defaunation, in continuous culture. J. Dairy Sci. 103:7124-7140.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Firkins, J.L., Z. Yu, T. Park, and J.E. Plank. 2020. Extending Burk Dehoritys perspectives on the role of ciliate protozoa in the rumen. Front. Microbiol. 11:123.
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Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:The project PDand co-PDs work closely with collaborating scientists in this project. They work to transfer his information to dairy nutrition specialists, veterinarians, and dairy producers. The PD and co-PDs mentor several undergraduate research interns and graduate students who move into the workforce as dairy specialists and food animal veterinarians. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The PD and co-PDs help train and mentor research associates, graduate students, and undergraduate students. Multiple graduate students (both PhD and MS) contributed to the studies from this project with activities ranging from animal handling, diet formulation, sample collection, sample processing, and the design and analysis of experiments. Graduate students gave presentations about the project results in national scientific meeting, feed conferences and seminar classes. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The PD and co-PDs have presented and written numerous papers to translate novel information at feed conferences, industry meetings and at national scientific meetings. Results have also been disseminated to the scientific community through peer reviewed research articles and abstracts. Industry partners have worked closely with the PD and co-PDs on experimental and modeling studies to better understand the nutrient supply and requirements of high producing dairy cattle. Further, the project directors answer numerous phone calls from nutrition advisors or feed industry personnel every year regarding topics related to our research. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Evaluate the interaction of branched chain volatile fatty acids in improving the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in vitro, in continuous culture, in vivo and utilizing modeling approaches. Continue evaluating dietary factors influencing efficiency of conversion of amino acids absorbed from the small intestine and converted into milk amino acids and the production of microbial protein in the rumen. Improve the estimation of the requirements of chromium and magnesium by high producing lactating cows. Develop an optimization modeling approach for the simultaneous economic and environmental optimization of diets for lactating cows.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The impact of this project is related to a better understanding of the processes underlying nutrient digestion, utilization and excretion the environment by lactating dairy cows. Our projects aim to increase the availability and utilization of nutrients critical to milk production and lower environmental impacts of dairy production utilizing experimentation and modeling techniques. Objective 1 Optimizing Lysine and Methionine supply to early lactation cows We hypothesized that feeding a diet supplemented with rumen protected lysine (RPLys) and methionine (RPMet) to transition cows may have beneficial effects on milk and milk protein yield after parturition. Eighty eight prepartum Holstein cows were fed a prepartum diet supplemented with or without RPLys and RPMet to provide 7.2% of metabolizable Lys and 2.4% of metabolizable Met in total metabolizable protein. After parturition, cows that did not receive RPLys and RPMet prepartum were split to receive a lactation diet with or without RPLys (7.2%) and RPMet (2.4%). Cows that received RPLys and RPMet prepartum were split to receive a lactation diet with or without RPLys and RPMet. In this experiment, milk production was not influenced by prepartum and postpartum supplementation of RPLys and RPMet except that milk protein content, but not protein yield, was increased for cows fed RPLys and RPMet postpartum regardless of RPLys and RPMet supplies prepartum. In addition, prepartum supply of RPLys and RPMet decreased SCC during the fresh and early lactation period. Examining the effect of feeding corn dried distillers grain on ammonia emissions from manure The objective of this study was to evaluate wether NH3 emissions from manure of cows fed a corn dried distillers grain with solubles (DG)-based diet will be decreased compared with cows fed a soybean meal (SBM)-based diet because of a shift in N excretion from urine to feces. Eighteen lactating cows were fed either a DG diet or SBM diet and manure from individual cows were collected and analyzed for manure characteristics and manures were incubated in a laboratory manure incubation system to measure gas emissions. Inclusion of DG in a ration at 28.8% on a DM basis compared with a SBM-based diet (CON) decreased urine output and urinary N excretion without affecting fecal output and fecal N excretion. This resulted in lower manure N concentration and reduced urinary N contribution to manure N for the DG diet vs. CON. In addition, inclusion of DG in a ration reduced dietary cation and anion difference compared with CON due to high S content, which lowered urine pH. Therefore, altering the route of N excretion and lowering manure pH by feeding the DG diet considerably reduced NH3 emission from manure. However, DG manure had greater H2S emission due to high S content in DG, the DG diet, and then DG manure. However, we also observed that the 28.8% DG diet decreased milk fat and protein yields. Therefore, more studies are needed to find lower levels of DG inclusion that still lower NH3 emission from manure without negatively affecting production. Assessing the recovery of branched-chain Volatile Fatty Acids FA (BCVFA) and Amino Acids into rumen bacterial fatty acids To test if incorporation profile of BCVFA or BCAA influenced elongation into bacterial fatty acids (FA), we dosed 13C-labeled BCVFA and BCAA into batch cultures of mixed rumen microbes. Treatments were 1) Control, 2) 13C-enriched isovalerate, isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyrate, and valerate (1 mM final concentration each), 3) 13C-enriched Ile, Leu, and Val (1 mM final concentration each), or 4) a 50:50 mix of BCVFA and BCAA (MIX). In 2 replicate tubes, 30 mL of a 1:4 dilution of blended rumen fluid in artificial saliva buffer was added anaerobically to 50-mL tubes with either 0.25 g of corn + 0.25 g of alfalfa hay (AHC) or 0.25 g of corn + 0.25 g of orchardgrass hay (OHC). Adding BCVFA or BCAA increased 13:0, iso 14:0, and total odd chain FA (OCFA; g/ 100 g total FA). For dose recovery in 13:0, iso 16:0, 17:0, and iso 17:0, there was a linear increase in enrichment for BCVFA substitution over BCAA. There was a treatment x feed interaction for anteiso 14:0, 15:0, anteiso 17:0, and OCFA enrichment. With AHC, anteiso 14:0 increased enrichment linearly at a decreasing rate with BCVFA substituting for BCAA. For 15:0 and total OCFA, enrichment increased linearly at a decreasing rate with BCVFA substituting for BCAA. With OHC, 15:0, anteiso 17:0, and total OCFA enrichment increased linearly as BCVFA replaced BCAA. Enrichment of anteiso 14:0 was highest with MIX. The enrichment of the OCFA and several BCFA was greatly increased by dosing BCVFA over dosing BCAA, or a MIX, supporting a potential benefit from higher concentration of elongation primers regardless of substrate. Relation of branched chain volatile fatty acid (BCVFA) supplementation with solids passage rate and pH on fiber degradation and microbial function in continuous culture We studied the effects of BCVFA supplementation, pH, and solids passage rate (Kp) on microbial activity in continuous culture. Treatments were: 1) control or BCVFA supplementation (2 mmol each/d), 2) high pH (ranging from 6.3 to 6.8) or low pH (5.7 to 6.2), and 3) either low (2.5%/h) or high (5.0%/h) solids Kp. Fermenters were fed 50 g of a 50:50 concentrate:forage diet twice daily. Apparent OM degradation was not affected by any treatment. BCVFA treatment tended to increase neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation, which also tended to be increased with higher pH but was not affected by Kp. Apparent N degradation increased with high pH and decreased with high Kp. On low pH, BCVFA did not affect redox, but BCVFA increased redox when pH was high. Flows of bacterial N, nonammonia-nonbacterial N, and the efficiencies of bacterial N flow per kg of OM and NDF degraded were not affected by treatment. BCVFA increased methane emission rate from Total volatile fatty acid concentration in the fermenters tended to increase with high pH and decreased with High Kp. PThe anteiso FA precursor, 2-methylbutyrate, seems to be important for increasing membrane fluidity with increasing pH, and this BCVFA (unfortunately typically not separated from isovalerate in evaluation of nutrition experiments) appears to support a more critical role among the BCVFA to improve NDF digestibility with higher Kp and higher pH. Objective 3 Quantifying the relationships between branched chain amino acids in feeds and production responses by lactating cows The objective of this study was to quantify the relationship between the intake of branched chain amino acids and the production of lactating dairy cows. A meta-analysis with 274 studies and 1036 treatment means from published dairy cow experiments was conducted using a Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach. Response variables were: milk yield, energy corrected milk, milk protein yield and milk fat yield. Three levels of models were developed. Level 1 included the diet variables, dry matter intake, rumen degradable protein, rumen undegradable protein, Starch, neutral detergent fiber, fatty acids, ratio of acid and neutral detergent fibers. Level 2 variables included variables in level 1 + Leucine, Ileucine, and Valine. Level 3 included level 1 and 2 variables + rumen ammonia N, rumen pH, rumen isovalerate, and rumen isobutyrate. In general, level 2 models always improved on level 1 models, based on root mean square prediction error and the Lin's Condordance Correlation Coefficient. Milk yield had a positive response to ival and ibut in the level 3 model, but negative to pH and NH3. Likewise, the model for ECM, at Level 3, had a positive response to ival and NH3, and negative to pH and ibut. Adding rumen variables to the model did not improve the MP and MF models on Level 3. Overall, utilizing he diet branched chain AA composition as predictors, improves model over other diet variables.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Roman-Garcia, Y., B.A. Wenner, C.M. Welty, B.K. Wagner, J.E. Plank, R.A. Meller, S.J. Waits, A.M. Gehman, and J.L. Firkins. 2019. Rumen microbial responses to supplemental nitrate. I. Yeast growth and protozoal chemotaxis in vitro as affected by nitrate and nitrite concentrations. J. Dairy Sci. 102:2207-2216.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Welty, C.M., B.A. Wenner, B.K. Wagner, Y. Roman-Garcia, J.E. Plank, R.A. Meller, A.M. Gehman, and J.L. Firkins. 2019. Rumen microbial responses to supplemental nitrate. II. Potential interactions with live yeast culture on the prokaryotic community and methanogenesis in continuous culture. J. Dairy Sci. 102:2217-2231.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Meller, R.A., B.A. Wenner, J. Ashworth, A.M. Gehman, J. Lakritz, and J.L. Firkins. 2019. Potential roles of nitrate and live yeast culture to suppress methane emission and influence ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and milk production in lactating Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci. 102:6144-6156.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Broderick, G.A., J.A. Metcalf, J.L. Firkins and L.R. Miller. 2019. Mini-symposium on Discover 34Re-examining amino acid and energy interactions in the dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 102(Suppl. 1):4. (Abstract)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Copelin, J.E., P.A. Dieter, J.L. Firkins, M.T. Socha, and C. Lee. 2019. Effects of methionine analog and branch chain volatile fatty acids on rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation of linoleic acid in vitro. J. Dairy Sci. 102(Suppl. 1):85. (Abstract)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Roman-Garcia., Y., L.E. Moraes, M. Socha, and J.L. Firkins. 2019. Quantifying the relation between diet branched-chain AA and production responses: A meta-analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 102(Suppl. 1):164. (Abstract).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Copelin, J.E., P.A. Dieter, J.L. Firkins, and C. Lee. 2019. Effects of methionine analog and branch chain volatile fatty acids on rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation of linoleic acid in vitro. J. Dairy Sci. 102(Suppl. 1):238. (Abstract)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Roman-Garcia, Y., B.L. Denton, K.E. Mitchell, C. Lee, M. Socha, and J.L. Firkins. 2019. Assessing recovery of 13C-enriched branched-chain VFA and branched-chain AA into rumen bacterial fatty acids. J. Dairy Sci. 102(Suppl. 1):366. (Abstract)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Roman-Garcia, Y., B.L. Denton, C. Lee, M. Socha, and J.L. Firkins. 2019. Assessing different branched-chain VFA combinations on NDF degradation and VFA production in vitro. J. Dairy Sci. 102(Suppl. 1):409. (Abstract)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Roman-Garcia, Y. B.L. Denton, C. Lee, M. Socha, and J.L. Firkins. 2019. Effects of branched-chain VFA and branched-chain AA supplementation on NDF degradation and VFA production in vitro. J. Dairy Sci. 102(Suppl. 1):409-410. (Abstract)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
C. Lee, D. L. Morris, K. M. Lefever, and P. A. Dieter. 2019. Feeding a diet with high corn distillers grain with solubles to dairy cows alters manure characteristics and ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions from manure. J. Dairy Sci. (accepted)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
C. Lee, N. E. Lobos and W. P. Weiss. 2019. Effects of supplementing rumen-protected amino acids during prepartum and postpartum periods on performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 102:11026-11039.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Lee, C., W. P. Weiss, and N. E. Lobos. Effects of rumen-protected amino acids supplementation during prepartum and postpartum periods on performance of transition dairy cows. 2019. J. Dairy Sci. 102 (Suppl. 1):76. (Abstract)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Lee, C., D. L. Morris, and K. M. Lefever. 2019. Feeding a diet with high corn distillers grain with solubles alters manure characteristics and decreases ammonia emission from manure in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 102 (Suppl. 1):420. (Abstract)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Weiss, W. P., and C. Lee. 2019. Nutrition management in transition cows, whats new? 80th Minnesota Nutrition, Mankato, MN (Sept 18)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Roman-Garcia, Y. B.L. Denton, C. Lee, M. Socha, and J.L. Firkins. 2019. Relation of branched-chain VFA supplementation with solids passage rate and pH on NDF degradation and microbial function in continuous culture. J. Dairy Sci. 102(Suppl. 1):410-411. (Abstract)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Multivariate Modeling for Retained Protein and Lipid. Translational Animal Science 3:1040-1047.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Alqaisi, O., L. E. Moraes, O. A. Ndambi, and R. Williams. 2019. Optimal dairy feed input selection under alternative feeds availability and relative prices. Information Processing in Agriculture 6:438-453.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
van Lingen, H., J. G. Fadel, L. E. Moraes, A. Bannink, J. Dijkstra. 2019. Bayesian mechanistic modeling of thermodynamically controlled volatile fatty acid, hydrogen and methane production in dairy cattle. Journal of Theoretical Biology 480:150-165.
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