Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project includes grain and agricultural research scientists, engineers, grain industry practitioners, ethnol and biofuels processors, and wet and dry processing mills. Extension professionals and acacemic research personnel - including graduate students and faculty - are a secondary target audience. Research generated will have impact small farmers in the U.S. and in developing countries. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Several graduate students gained research experience. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Findings and results have been communicated through reports, journal and extension publications, and website postings. Results have also been communicated through scientific, extension, and invited presentations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Research will continue on technologies to prevent post-harvest losses, both those observed domestically and internationally. Research examining the measurement and regulatory systems guiding the management of grain with specialized traits. Risk management protocols to mitigate food and feed safety and quality will continue. Factors influencing the efficiency and effectiveness of ethanol and co-product production will also play a role in the next reporting period.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1. Measure, model, and assess factors which influence quality and safety attributes in the post-harvest usage, drying, handling, and distribution of cereal grains and oilseeds. Properties of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) were characterized, compliled, and published as an ANSI/ASABE standard D606. The information contained within the standard are used by ethanol plant management as they consider the most effective methods of production for high-protein feed ingredients. Other research was completed to optimize ethanol production processes, with protein-rich coproducts. The first study completed an environmental and economic analysis of flocculation technology as applied to a corn-based ethanol plant. The second study measured the impact of using a gravity separator on fractionation of DDGS. Both projects assessed the cost impacts of new technologies and increased the understanding of how to best optimize the production of ethanol and protein-rich coproducts to yield high-protein feed ingredients. High protein feed ingredients increase the growth efficiency and rate of gain in food animals. We also investgated an automated physical disturbance machine to control stored grain insect pests in maize. The automated disturbance intervals of 8, 12, and 24 hours reduced the population of maize weeviles by 75 percent, 95 percent, and 95 precent, respectively, as compared to undisturbed jars, after 160 days of maize storage. Quality of the maize in the disturbed storage containers was higher in terms of moisture content, test weight, broken corn and foreign material, insect damag and mold damage, than was the maize in undisturbed storage containers. Mechanical stirring was evaluated in a corrugated steel bin. Even when the population of maize weevils was increasing, 40 days of stirring achieved 100% control of weevils. The quality of the stirred maize was also improved. Objective 2. Improve management and operational systems to increase efficiency, retain quality, enhance value, and preserve food safety in the farm-to-user supply chain. This research involved the use of wireless sensors to monitor and manage stored grain inventories. The project tested the number of wireless sensors needed to effectively predict temperature of aerated maize stored in three sizes of silos for two weeks. The number of sensors needed to monitor stored grain temperatures in three silos depended in part on how well the aeration controlled the temperature before sealing the silo bin. Fifteen to thirty sensors were sufficient to monitor grain temperatures during the aeration cooling period in the smaller bin, but in the two larger silos, more than thirty sensors were needed. As silo size increased, grain temperatures remained lower during the storage period. Results support the best management practice recommendation of leaving cooled grain cold and not warming it up in the spring ahead of storage into the summer. We also measured the costs and likelihood of success in isolating and segregation non-genetically modified (GM) feed ingredients from conventional feed ingredients. Factors that influenced the failure of segregation included cross-contamination, seed purity, and bucket elevator and pit and drag conveyor receiving. Mitigation strategies included comprehensive testing, tighter controls on seed purity, dedicated lines for grain reciept, dedicated storage, transportation, and conveyance equipment. The cost analysis measured the costs of segregating non-GM feed ingredients or feed. On the farm, the costs to segregate soybeans was estimated at $2.55 per bushel and between $0.52 and $.058 per bushel for maize. In the grain elevator, costs to segregate soybeans were estimated to be between $1.09 and $1.11 per bushel. For swine feed, costs were estimated to be between $15.92 and $16.15 per ton. Poultry broiler feed costs were estimated to be between $20.78 and $21.02 per ton, while poultry layer feed costs were estimated to be between $18.88 and $19.11 per ton.Preliminary interpretations suggest that segregation costs are significant, but that in years where prices for non-GM mitigate the additional costs, the risk is less for the producer and handlers. In years where the differences between conventional and non-GM feed and feed ingredients is less, the risk is higher for producers and handlers. Another project examined decision-making of grain handling workers in two quality-specific scenarios: the presence of aflatoxin and with flooded grain.Workers were asked how they would respond when receiving grain that showed a high likelihood of aflatoxin. Workers were asked to consider several alternatives and justify their decisions using factors identified by previous literature. Approximatley three-quarters of workers surveyed indicated that they would test suspect grain if they were serving a sensitive market, but nearly half also said they would not test if the market was not sensitive or if testing was not required by future buyers. With flooded grain, the power of known networks seemed to be a deterrent to following best practices, with only 40 percentindicating they would treat grain differently after a flooding event if they knew the supplier. Workers also stated that they would consider grain as potentilaly flooded if they observed an off odor or appearance, higher than expected moisture, and dryer damage.The results suggest that worker actions play a role in maintain grain and feed safety and quality. Further, the findings also suggest that frequent reminders of policies are warranted during harvests where aflatoxin, flooded grain, or other damaging characteristic is present. Objective 3.To work with multi-institutional colleagues to improve the cereal grain and oilseed supply chain by creating measurable impacts that preserve quality, increase value, and maintain food safety / food security. The presence of COVID-19 had impact on several project activities that address the third goal. Several activities took place, in both face-to-face and virtual formats, including a FSMA Preventive Controls Qualified Individual course, offered in January 2020. A second course was offered virtually in August 2020. The Advanced Grain Elevator Management course was offered to 30 participants in January 2020. Support services for grain and feed firms who wish to improve their food or feed safety programs continued in 2019 and 2020. Existing opportunities for training and professional development included the delivery of the Grain Elevators Elevator Management continuing education course in collaboration with the Agribusiness Association of Iowa (AAI). The FSMA Preventive Controls Qualified Individual (PCQI) course for animal feed was offered in January and August of 2020. The August course was offered online. Harvest updates were given virtually to many producers, handlers, and processors in the state of Iowa. The web-based presentations focused on handling and storing damaged grain, which was in great abundance in Iowa because of an August 2020 derecho storm that flattened a good portion of maize in Iowa. The storm also damaged and destroyed many grain storage facilities, so educational training and professional development sessions also addressed challenges of storage and construction of storage facilities. A new project involves the development of a 10-unit standardized training course in collaboration with the American Feed Industry Association. The course is intended to support the traiing of feed industry professionals in the application of the American Feed Industry Association (AFIA) FSC36 Safe Feed/Safe Food Certification Program.
Publications
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Aby, R.G. & Maier, D.E.2020. Advances in techniques for monitoring the quality of stored cereal grains. In "Advances in postharvest management of cereals and grains (pp 363-387). Burleigh Dodds Sciences Publishing, Cambridge, UK.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Aby, R.G. 2019. Wireless sensors for quality monitoring and management of stored grain inventories. Norman Borlaug Poster Competition. Ames, Iowa. October 2019.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Sserunjogi, M. 2020. Physical disturbance as a non-chemical approach to control weevils in stored maize. M.S. Thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Sserunjogi, M., Bern, C. J., Brumm, T. J., Maier, D. E. 2020. Physical Disturbance Time Interval for Control of Maize Weevils in Stored Maize. ASABE Virtual Annual International Meeting. Omaha, Nebraska, July, 2020.
- Type:
Books
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Maier, D.E. (editor). Advances in Post-Harvest Management of Cereals and Grains. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Chikez H.B. and Maier D.E. Analyzing Post-Harvest Loss in Kenya and Tanzania: Lessons learned from the Yieldwise Initiative Data. Consortium for Innovation in Post-Harvest Loss and Food Waste Reduction (Webinar), August, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Sserunjogi, M., Bern, C. J., Brumm, T. J., Maier, D. E., Phillips, T.W. (2020). Mechanical Stirring of Maize Stored in on-Farm Steel Bins to Control Maize Weevils a preliminary study. ASABE Virtual Annual International Meeting. Omaha, Nebraska, July, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Sserunjogi, M., Brumm, T. J., Bern, C. J., Maier, D. E. 2019. Physical Disturbance Time Interval for Control of Maize Weevils in Stored Maize. Norman Borlaug Graduate Student Poster Competition. Ames, Iowa, October, 2019.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Chikez H.B., Maier D.E., Olafsson S., and Sonka S. Predicting the impact of various agricultural practices on Post-Harvest Loss (PHL): The case the mango value chain in Kenya. 2020 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting, Omaha, Nebraska, July, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Chikez H.B. and Rosentrater K.A. Predicting the specific mechanical energy (SME) of a single screw extrusion process. 2020 ASABE Annual International Meeting,(Virtual and On Demand), July, 2020.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Baributsa D. and Ignacio M.C.C.D. (2020). Chapter 6. Developments in the use of hermetic bags for grain storage. In: Maier, D.E. (editor). Advances in Post-Harvest Management of Cereals and Grains. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Ignacio M.C.C.D., Rosentrater K.A., and Maier D.E. Estimation of Environmental Impacts of Hermetic Bag Storage Technology. 2020 ASABE Annual International Meeting (Virtual and On Demand), July, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Rosentrater K.A. Modeling of Dough Density in a Single Screw Extrusion Process. 2020 ASABE Annual International Meeting (Virtual and On Demand), July, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Ignacio M.C.C.D. and Maier D.E. Engineering Properties to Characterize Hermetic Storage Technology. 2019 Norman Borlaug Poster Competition, Iowa State University, October, 2019.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Mompremier, R. K. (with C.J. Bern).2020. Field testing of PICS bag maize storage in Haiti. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers K. K. Barnes Undergraduate Student Paper Competition entry.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
K.A. Rosentrater. 2020. ANSI/ASABE D606 (Standard). Properties and relationships for distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). St Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Oliveira, M. d. C. T. B. e., and K. A. Rosentrater. 2020. An environmental and economic analysis of flocculation technology applied to a corn-based ethanol plant. Processes 8(271): 1-20.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Xie, K. and K. A. Rosentrater. 2019. Optimization of fractionation of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) through a gravity separator. Recent Advances in Food Science 2(4): 217-239.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Dolphin, C.J., G.A. Mosher, R.P.K. Ambrose, and *Ryan, S.J. 2020. Meeting the tolerance: How successful is coexistence in commodity corn handling systems . Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(5), 777-784.
doi: 10.13031/aea.14042@2020
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Sharma, R., C.R. Hurburgh, and G.A. Mosher. Developing guidance templates and terminology to support multiple traceability objectives in the grain supply chain.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Salish, K., G.A. Mosher, and R.P. K. Ambrose. 2020. Developing a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to predict the contamination of GM corn in non-GM corn. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(1), 25-31.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Pizarro, M., E. Bowers, and G. Mosher. 2020. Isolation and segregation of non-GM feed: A cost estimation model. Presentation given virtually at the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, July, 2020.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Tenboer, H. H. Verification of the use of a model for quantification of granular mixing due to load out from a flat-floored cylindrical steel bin. M.S. Thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Dantes, Princess Tiffany. NIR hyperspectral imaging for animal feed ingredient applications. Doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Sharma, Richa. 2019. Development of a standards-based traceability system for the U.S. grain and feed supply chain. Doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Tenboer, H.H., G.A. Mosher, and C.R. Hurburgh. 2020. A quantitative model to characterize granular flow behavior A measure of grain layer mixing in storage facilities. ASABE Virtual Meeting Paper #2000735.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Tenboer, H. and G. Mosher. 2020. A quantitative model to characterize granular flow behavior: A measure of mixing in storage. Presentation given virtually at the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, July, 2020.
|
Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:The primary audience of this project included grain and agricultural research scientists, grain industry practitioners, ethanol and biofuels processors, and wet and dry processing mills. Extension professionals and academic research personnel (including graduate students and faculty) were a secondary target audience. Small farmers in the U.S. and in developing countries were also impacted by the research. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Findings and results have been communicated through reports, journal and extension publications, and website postings. Results have also been communicated through scientific, extension, and invited presentations. A continuing education course in Advanced Grain Elevator Management was offered three times in 2018, to 90 professionals in the grain handling industry. The FSMA Preventive Controls Qualified Individual course was offered twice in 2018, qualifying feed industry professionals. Three workshops on near infrared analysis were offered to 68 processing industry professionals. A support service for firms wanting to improve their food/feed safety programs was started; this program conducted 11 projects in FY2019 with various industrial clients, creating an estimated impact of over $8 million and creation/retention of 60 jobs. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Research will continue on effective methods of segregating GM and non-GM crops in the commodity elevator, with specific attention on improved methods of determining seed purity of non-GM seeds and sampling process improvements. Risk management protocols will be tested for effectiveness related to isolation, handling, and traceability practices. Implications of the research has the potential to add value to corn and soybeans by improving the quality measurements used to determine market value. This is expected to increase the precision and accuracy of quality measures and with that, market value.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1. To measure, model, and assess factors which influence quality and safety attributes in the post-harvest usage, drying, handling, and distribution of cereal grains and oilseeds. Lysine concentrations were measured for three primary feed ingredients - soybean meal, dried distiller's grains with solubles and ground corn - using NIR hyperspectral imaging. Lysine is an important amino acid in feed ingredients. Rapid determination of essential amino acids in feed ingredients has the potential to create cost savings of 1 to 5 percent in the feed ration balance for monogastric animals. Objective 2. To improve management and operational systems to increase efficiency, retain quality, enhance value, and preserve food safety in the farm-to-user supply chain. Business risk management tools such as Failure Mode Effects Analysis were applied to identify grain supply chain operations that are most responsible for failures in a segmented marketing system. The focus marketing system of interest was non-GM ingredients in an animal feed supply chain. The project seeks to understand how the impact of increased demand for non-GM livestock feed would influence U.S. grain and feed industry operations and the economics of such operations. An enhanced understanding would improve the efficiency of a non-GM feed and grain supply chain, increasing the revenue for growers and handlers. A model was created and tested to determine the role of seed purity, isolation distance in the field, equipment residue, and grain elevator handling on the segregation of non-genetically modified corn in a commodity handling environment. The model examined factors influencing the "adventitious presence" of genetically modified (GM) corn contained within corn that has been identified as "non-genetically modified" (non-GM). Adventitious presence describes the small amounts of GM corn in the non-GM load, which can negatively influence the market value of the non-GM crop. Nations set tolerance levels to allow for some adventitious presence in a commodity and open-air growing environment. Isolation distance was found to have a large effect on the amount of adventitious presence, but when GM and non-GM corn is planted at least 20 meters apart, much of that effect is mitigated. A second significant contributing factor was seed purity. A significant finding of the research was that the variation in seed purity has a large impact, especially with lower tolerance levels, making it difficult for non-GM growers to meet non-GM market requirements. Varability of seed purity also impacts the ability of commodity elevators to effectively segregate and handle non-GM crops because the primary factor influencing the genetic modification within the load of corn is within the seed, outside the control of the grain handler. Implications of the findings suggest that lower tolerance levels may not be appropriate or possible in production systems where GM and non-GM corn coexist. Grain elevator handling and equipment residues were found to play a negligible role in the level of adventitious presence in non-GM corn, suggesting that human actions have a low influence on successful segregation and isolation practices in the grain elevator. Objective 3. To work with multi-institutional colleagues to improve the cereal grain and oilseed supply chain by creating measurable impacts that preserve quality, increase value, and maintain food safety / food security. During the fall 2018 soybean harvest, samples were collected from 32 country elevator locations of one company. Samples were analyzed for protein and oil content. An Estimated Processing Value (EPV) model determined value differences of soybeans among elevator locations. Variability among location averages represented a $0.23/bushel EPV spread. Analytical errors were simulated and included in the model, which decrased the apparent value spread between locations. Implications of the research demonstrate the importance of accounting for errors in analytical tasks. To validate these research findings, additional samples were collected during the 2019 harvest.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Kumar, V., H.-P. Wang, R. S. Lalgudi, B. Mcgraw, R. Cain, and K. A. Rosentrater. 2019. Processed soybean meal as an alternative protein source for yellow perch (Perca flavenscens) feed. Aquaculture Nutrition 25(4): 917-931.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Fallahi, P., K. A. Rosentrater, and K. Muthukumarappan. 2019. Twin-screw extrusion processing of plant-based blends using graded levels of high protein fermented soybean meal (FSBM). Journal of Food Research 8(5): 1-19.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Caratini, C. and K. A. Rosentrater. 2019. Development and testing of gluten-free spaghetti using quinoa. Journal of Food Research 8(5): 20-32.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Hurburgh, Charles R. and Anderson, Meaghan J. B., "Managing Wet Soybeans in a Late Harvest" (2018). Integrated Crop Management News. 2522.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Hurburgh, Charles R.; Bowers, Erin; Robertson, Alison; and Ross, Jason, "Toxin Levels in 2018 Corn" (2019). Integrated Crop Management News. 2510.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Tenboer, H.H., G.A. Mosher, and C.R. Hurburgh. 2019. A model of factors influencing grain traceability: A quantification of grain layer mixing in storage facilities. Paper presented at the 2019 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Boston, MA. Paper #1900594.
doi:10.13031/aim.201900594
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Barr, Bennett Elizabeth, "A study of soybean processing value maximization using selective handling strategies based on the analysis of soybeans received at Iowa elevators" (2019). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 17398. (Hurburgh and Mosher also involved).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Davoudi Kakhki, F., S.A. Freeman, and G.A. Mosher. 2019. Evaluating machine learning performance in predicting injury severity in agribusiness industries. Safety Science, 117, August 2019, 257-262.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Salish, K., G.A. Mosher, and R.P.K. Ambrose. Developing a graphical user interface (GUI)to predict the contamination of GM corn in non-GM corn. Under review by Applied Engineering in Agriculture.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Dolphin, C.J. 2019. Segregation strategies for non-GM corn: Improving effectiveness through a structured modeling approach.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Dolphin, C.J. and G.A.Mosher. 2019. Modeling the feasibility of existing tolerance levels for non-GM corn. Poster presented at the ASABE Annual International Meeting, Boston, MA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
E. Bowers and G.A. Mosher. 2019. Role of worker decision making in effective Food Safety Modernization Act implementation. Presentation given at the North Central (NC) 213 Quality Grains Research Consortium. Ames, IA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Dolphin, C.J., R.P.K. Ambrose, and G.A. Mosher. 2019. Segregation strategies for non-GM corn: Improving effectiveness through an analytical modeling approach. Presentation given at the North Central (NC) 213 Quality Grains Research Consortium. Ames, IA.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Suleiman, R., K. Xie, and K. A. Rosentrater. 2019. Physical and thermal properties of chia, kaniwa, triticale, and farro seeds as a function of moisture content. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35(3): 417-429.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Von Eschen, A. J., M. L. Brown, and K. A. Rosentrater. 2019. Influence of amino acid supplementations in juvenile yellow perch fed plant protein combinations. Open Journal of Animal Sciences 9: 183-195.
|