Progress 09/01/18 to 08/31/21
Outputs
Target Audience:FARAD's immediate clients are practicing veterinarians, regulators, extension officers, producers, and researchers, but it ultimately protects the food consuming public and contributes to human Public Health by equipping these professionals with the best science available. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has provided opportunities for training and professional development for three postdoctoral fellows, three graduate students, one DVM student, and two undergraduate students. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?See data above on call center and internet access which is the primary route for information dissemination for FARAD. We also published our research in peer-reviewed journals (see the Products page) and presented our research findings in local, regional, and national meetings, including the Annual Meeting of Society of Toxicology in 2020 and 2021 (presented virtually with an electronic poster due to COVID-19). In addition, we have been developing an Intelligent Medicine Recommender System (IMRS) named 1DrugAssist (http://1data.olathe.ksu.edu/drugassist/) for humans and animals to reduce the risk level associated with commonly used drugs. 1DrugAssist, partly supported by the USDA FARAD grant, is built via multiple machine learning predictive models regarding different targets such as death, hospitalization, and disability records. The IMRS database has been curated with the FDA Adverse Event Reports for Animal Drugs and Devices and Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) for Human Drugs and empowered by DrugBank database, PubChem, and MedDRA (Internationally standardized medical terminology). This has received considerable media coverageincluding Brakke Consulting (The Experts in Animal Health), BioNexus KC, J. Harvey, and One Health Commission. We also organized a one-day conference about "Accelerating Health through 1Data" in March 2019 (https://olathe.k-state.edu/professional-dev/workshops/1data-conference/index.html). This conference was offered in partnership with BioNexus KC (a nonprofit organization dedicated to enhancing life science initiatives in the region by fostering relationships between the academic and industry), and attended by folks from iShare Medical, Children's Hospital Association, Aratana Therapeutics, and Cerner Corporation. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Accomplishments of the overall FARAD program: The use of FARAD program resources has undergone remarkable growth over the last decade, both in the number of specific residue-related questions received via our telephone hotline plus our internet-based portal, as well as the number of visits to our web-based information resources at www.farad.org. FARAD continued to operate its telephone hot-line and e-mail access systems throughout the past year, with continued growth in the number of calls compared to the previous year. During 2020, the regional access centers answered 3,926 specific inquiries (entailing multiple drugs/contaminants) that directly involved approximately 10.8 million animals. Given the amount of list-serve sharing of FARAD's answers, these calls most likely indirectly impacted other sets of animals, which are unquantifiable. The majority of these inquiries were submitted via the World Wide Web and remain focused on poultry (40%) followed by cattle (20%; dairy, beef and veal), then small ruminants (24%), swine (11%), rabbits (1%) and other species (4%). Depending on species, each request may impact either a single animal or large herds or flocks. In addition to specific cases that were submitted via the hot-line, users sought general information on drug and residue avoidance. The reasons for calls are very diverse and range from "ordinary requests" for drug withdrawal recommendations (related to extra-label drug use or accidental drug overdoses) to "extraordinary requests", which include pesticide and contaminant exposures. The COVID-19 pandemic affected almost every aspect of life in the US. However, essential work continued, including the production of food of animal origin. Food animal veterinarians did not stay home during the pandemic, and in 2020 FARAD responded to a greater number of inquiries (a 4.2% increase) regarding residue avoidance in food-producing animals than in the previous year. In addition, as food animal industries struggled to adapt during the pandemic, FARAD assisted with COVID-19 related cases including providing withdrawal interval recommendations for milk diversion to animal feed, and repurposing of drugs needed for altered production lines. Use of the web-based resources at www.farad.org continued to grow tremendously in 2020, with 85,132 users making 128,915 visits (daily average of 352 visits), representing a 15% increase over the previous year. Of these users, 60,385 (71%) originated from IP addresses located within the United States, up 12% from 53,828 in the previous year. The proportion of visitors originating from outside the US (29%) increased marginally from 25% in 2019, a trend observed for the third year in a row. In total, website visits originated from an impressive total of 188 countries, with the top ten numbers of non-US visitors being from (high to low) Canada, the United Kingdom, India, Australia, Mexico, Philippines, China, Colombia, and Argentina. A continued trend in 2020 was a high demand for the internet-based VetGRAM platform (381 visits per day). Other highly viewed pages on the FARAD website included the Withdrawal Interval (WDI) Recommendation Lookup, the Withdrawal Date Calculator, the Restricted and Prohibited Drugs page and Extra-Label Drug Use information pages. New installs (n=448) of our free VetGRAM apps continued in 2020. Although most interaction with FARAD occurs via the modalities described above, FARAD users also followed us on Facebook (129) and Twitter (83). Several species- or topic-specific web pages added in recent years provide resources for users with specific interests. A Spanish language option was added to the FARAD website in 2018; in 2019, there were 1,334 visits to all the translated pages and in 2020 this increased to 1,547. Accomplishments of the KSU component of the FARAD program: Under the goals and specific objectives of the KSU component of the FARAD program described above, the following projects have been completed, including (1) a PBPK model for flunixin in cattle and swine, (2) a comprehensive review on physiological parameters for PBPK modeling in six food animal species has been completed. These species include cattle, swine, sheep, goats, chicken, and turkey. A physiological parameter database has been created to provide a web portal for access to these physiological parameters, (3) a simple PBPK model for penicillin G in calves, and (4) a web-based interactive PBPK model interface for oxytetracycline in sheep and goats. In addition, as planned in the last three years of the proposal, we have been working on importing existing international databases and online paper repositories and then assimilating these data into one relational database for global FARAD. The gFARAD database has been curated with the Global Maximum residue limits (MRLs) and Global Withdrawal Periods and is being empowered by the 1DATA platform.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Martin KL, Clapham MO, Davis JL, Baynes RE, Lin Z, Vickroy TW, Riviere JE, Tell LA. (2018) Extra-label drug use in small ruminants. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 253(8):1001-1009. [PMID: 30272520]
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Yang F, Lin Z, Riviere JE, Baynes RE. (2019). Development and application of a population physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for florfenicol and its metabolite florfenicol amine in cattle. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 126:285-294. [PMID: 30825586]
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Li M, Mainquist-Whigham C, Karriker LA, Wulf LW, Zeng D, Gehring R, Riviere JE, Coetzee JF, Lin Z. (2019). An integrated experimental and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling study of penicillin G in heavy sows. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 42(4):461-475. [PMID: 31012501]
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Li M, Cheng YH, Chittenden JT, Baynes RE, Tell LA, Davis JL, Vickroy TW, Riviere JE, Lin Z. (2019). Integration of Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) empirical methods for drug withdrawal interval determination with a mechanistic population-based interactive physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (iPBPK) modeling platform: example for flunixin meglumine administration. Archives of Toxicology, 93(7):1865-1880. [PMID: 31025081]
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Clapham MO, Martin KL, Davis JL, Baynes RE, Lin Z, Vickroy TW, Riviere JE, Tell LA. (2019). FARAD Digest: Extra-label Drug Use in Wildlife and Game Animals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 255(5):555-568.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Wang YS, Li M, Tell LA, Baynes RE, Davis JL, Vickroy TW, Riviere JE, Lin Z. (2021). Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food-producing animals. Part II: Chicken and turkey. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 44(4), 423-455. [PMID: 33289178] https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12931
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Li M, Wang YS, Elwell-Cuddy T, Baynes RE, Tell LA, Davis JL, Maunsell FP, Riviere JE, Lin Z*. (2021). Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food-producing animals. Part III: Sheep and goat. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 44(4), 456-477. [PMID: 33350478] https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12938
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Wang YS, Li M, Lin Z. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for penicillin G in calves. Annual Meeting of Central States Society of Toxicology (CSSOT). Manhattan, KS. (October 18-19, 2018)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Reza Mazloom, Josh Staley, Majid Jaberi-Douraki, Booth and Poster Presentation, Symposium of One Health Day Event, K-State Olathe, November, 2018.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Li M, Gehring R, Riviere JE, Lin Z. Application of Population Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models and Interactive PBPK Platform for Penicillin G in Food-producing Animals to Facilitate Food Safety Assessment. Annual Meeting of Central States Society of Toxicology (CSSOT). Manhattan, KS. (October 18-19, 2018)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Majid Jaberi-Douraki, 1DrugAssist: Toward Intelligent Medicine Recommender System Framework, Feb 2019, CTSA One Health Alliance (COHA) 2019 Workshops. Colorado State University. Fort Collins.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Akash Aryal, Reza Mazloom, Mohmmadhossein Amini, Jim E. Riviere, Majid Jaberi-Douraki, A novel relational optimization and predictive modeling of the PubChem Bioassay database. Phi Zeta Research Day, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, April 2019.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Salas JR, Jaberi-Douraki M, Wen X, Volkova VV. (2020). Mathematical modeling of the inoculum effect': six applicable models and the MIC advancement point concept. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 367(5), fnaa012.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Bates JL, Karriker LA, Rajewski SM, Lin Z, Ronette G, Li M, Riviere JE, Coetzee JF. (2020). A study to assess the correlation between plasma, oral fluid and urine concentrations of flunixin meglumine with the tissue residue depletion profile in finishing age swine. BMC Veterinary Research, 16, 211. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02429-w
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Lin Z, Li M, Wang YS, Tell LA, Baynes RE, Davis JL, Vickroy TW, Riviere JE. (2020). Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food-producing animals. Part I: Cattle and Swine. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 43(5):385-420. [PMID: 32270548] https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12861
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Li M, Cheng Y, Chittenden J, Baynes R, Tell L, Davis J, Vickroy T, Riviere J, Lin Z. Integration of Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) Empirical Methods for Drug Withdrawal Interval Determination with a Mechanistic Population-Based Interactive Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (iPBPK) Modeling Platform: Example for Flunixin Meglumine Administration. The 58th Annual Meeting of Society of Toxicology. Baltimore, MD. The Toxicologist, 168, p. 191, #1816. (March 10-14, 2019)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Majid Jaberi-Douraki, Progress on the Intelligent Medicine Recommender System. CTSA One Health Alliance (COHA) 2020 Data Sharing Workshop. Organized by Tufts, UC Davis and Colorado State. Zoom, October, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
FARAD Annual Retreat Meeting. Majid Jaberi-Douraki. Portal for obtaining international Tolerances and updates on Global MRLs. Organized by NC State, Virginia Tech, UC Davis, University of Florida, K-State Olathe: Zoom. October, 2020.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Lin Z. KSU FARAD Annual Progress Report and Future Plan. Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) Annual Summit, Virtual via Zoom. (October 5-6, 2020)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Jaberi-Douraki, M., Dinani, S. T., Millagaha Gedara, N. I., Xu, X., Richards, E., Maunsell, F., ... & Tell, L. A. (2021). Large-scale data mining of rapid residue detection assay data from HTML and PDF documents: improving data access and visualization for veterinarians. Frontiers in veterinary science, 8, 787.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Riad MH, Baynes RE, Tell LA, Davis JL, Maunsell FP, Riviere JE, Lin Z. (2021). Development and application of an interactive physiologically based pharmacokinetic (iPBPK) model to predict oxytetracycline tissue distribution and withdrawal intervals in market-age sheep and goats. Toxicological Sciences, 183(2):253-268. [PMID: 34329480] https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfab095
|
Progress 09/01/19 to 08/31/20
Outputs
Target Audience:FARAD's immediate clients are practicing veterinarians, regulators, extension officers, producers, and researchers, but it ultimately protects the food consuming public and contributes to human Public Health by equipping these professionals with the best science available. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has provided opportunities for training and professional development for three postdoctoral fellows, three graduate students, one DVM student, and two undergraduate students. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?See data above on call center and internet access which is the primary route for information dissemination for FARAD. We also published our research in peer-reviewed journals (see the Products page) and presented our research findings in local, regional, and national meetings, including the Annual Meeting of Society of Toxicology in 2020 (shared virtually with an electronic poster due to COVID-19). We have also been developing an Intelligent Medicine Recommender System (IMRS) named 1DrugAssist (www.1data.life and https://1data.olathe.ksu.edu/drugassist/) for humans and animals to reduce the risk level associated with commonly used drugs. 1DrugAssist, partly supported by the USDA FARAD grant, is built via multiple machine learning predictive models regarding different targets such as death, hospitalization, and disability records. The IMRS database has been curated with the FDA Adverse Event Reports for Animal Drugs and Devices and Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) for Human Drugs and empowered by DrugBank database, PubChem, and MedDRA (Internationally standardized medical terminology). This has received considerable media coverageincluding Brakke Consulting (The Experts in Animal Health), BioNexus KC, J. Harvey, and One Health Commission. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to continue working on the literature review on physiological parameters in food-producing animals, including the sheep, goat, chicken, and turkey. We will develop PBPK models for commonly detected drug residues in sheep and goats, also continue improving the PBPK interfaces in cattle and swine. Additionally, regarding the global FARAD (gFARAD) database, we plan to take advantage and leverage a comprehensive array of AI tools for training machine learning models to analyze the resourceful collected data and understand the underlying patterns defining structure/function properties. From the wealth of alternatives by combining AI/ML and a network of the paired databanks, we first strive to swiftly navigate ADEs in food-producing animals, expand and make sense of data-driven patterns to narrow our research, and more efficiently search for and discover mechanisms and effective statistical data analysis (ongoing project). The network association analysis and relationship between these datasets will be much more noticeable, once our 1DATA ADE database will be wealthier after receiving pertinent information related to a potential or suspected ADE as a result of medication. In fact, collecting the ADE data is of significant importance in residue considerations since toxicity may alter the withdrawal time. Following our last year's objective, we plan to use resource-saving technologies when working with numerical methods, language theory, programming systems of AI that is especially imperative since by utilizing ML-based predictive models we are able to define disease or breed factors that would require modification of a withdrawal time or MRL. In particular, one of our objectives for the next year's plan is to combine AI/ML tools with pharmacostatistical models to improve the methodology for use of non-linear mixed effect models in decision making and derive approaches to estimate withdrawal times for emergency drug and contaminant exposures where minimal data are available.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Accomplishments of the overall FARAD Program: The overall use of FARAD program services has demonstrated remarkable growth throughout the past five years in terms of both the number of residue-related questions received via our telephone hotline plus our internet-based portal as well as the number of visits to our web-based information resources at www.farad.org. FARAD has continued to operate its telephone hot-line and e-mail access systems throughout the past year, which produced continued growth in the number of calls compared to the previous year. During 2019, the regional access centers answered 3,765 specific inquiries (entailing multiple drugs/contaminants) that directly involved approximately 6.1 million animals. Given the amount of list-serve sharing of FARAD's answers, these calls most likely indirectly impacted other sets of animals, which are unquantifiable. The majority of these inquiries were submitted via the World Wide Web and remain focused on small production poultry (34%) followed by dairy and beef cattle (20%), then small ruminants (28%), swine (13%), rabbits (1%) and other (2%). Depending on species, each request may impact either a single animal or large herds or flocks. In addition to specific cases that were submitted via the hot-line, users sought general information on drug and residue avoidance. The reasons for calls are very diverse and range from "ordinary requests" for drug withdrawal recommendations (related to extra-label drug use or accidental drug overdoses) to "extraordinary requests", which include pesticide and contaminant exposures. Use of the web-based resources at www.farad.org grew tremendously in 2019, with 72,096 users making 111,783 visits (daily average of 306 visits), representing a more than 43% increase over the previous year. Of these visitors, 53,828 (75%) originated from IP addresses located within the United States, up 44% from 37,363 in the previous year. The proportion of visitors originating from outside the US (25%) increased marginally from 22% in 2018, a trend observed for the first time in the previous reporting period. In total, website visits originated from a total of 174 countries, with the top ten numbers of non-US visitors being from (high to low) Canada, India, United Kingdom, Australia, China, Philippines, Japan, France and Mexico. One continued trend in 2019 was a high demand for the internet-based VetGRAM platform (352 visits per day). Other highly viewed pages on the FARAD website included the Withdrawal Interval (WDI) Recommendation Lookup, the Withdrawal Date Calculator, the Restricted and Prohibited Drugs page and Extra-Label Drug Use information pages. During 2019, new installs of our free VetGRAM apps continued at similar levels to 2018 for both Android phones (502 active installs) and the iOS-based app for iPhones (460 active installs). Although most interaction with FARAD occurs via the modalities described above, FARAD users also followed us on Facebook (119) and Twitter (73). Several species- or topic-specific web pages added in recent years provide resources for users with specific interests. A Spanish language option was added to the FARAD website in 2018; in 2019, there were 1,334 visits to the translated pages. Accomplishments of the KSU component of the FARAD Program: Under the goals and specific objectives of the KSU component of the FARAD program described above, the following projects have been completed, including (1) a PBPK model for flunixin in finishing age swine, (2) a physiological parameter database for PBPK modeling in cattle, and (3) a physiological parameter database for PBPK modeling in swine. In addition, the 1DATA team focused on developing and leveraging new technologies that can be applied to food-producing animals for collecting, organizing, merging, and cleaning data. As planned in the proposal, (1) the global FARAD (gFARAD) database has been curated with the Global Maximum residue limits (MRLs) and Global Withdrawal Periods and is being empowered on the 1DATA platform (www.1data.life/gFARAD/gFARAD.php). This helps FARAD responders easily submit their queries to obtain information regarding the datasets of Global MRLs and Global Withdrawal Periods. (2) We have recently developed new platform tools to analyze and understand adverse drug events (ADEs) as a result of medication called the 1DATA Adverse Event Reporting System (www.1DATA.life/1dataADE/ADE.php). (3) Another work was related to extracting sensitivity information of bio-assay test related to matrix and tolerance data. This was done by text mining of multiple pdf files to get data tables of all the above information needed for bio-assay sensitivity.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Lin Z, Li M, Wang YS, Tell LA, Baynes RE, Davis JL, Vickroy TW, Riviere JE. (2020). Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food-producing animals. Part I: Cattle and Swine. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, in press. [PMID: 32270548] https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12861
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Salas JR, Jaberi-Douraki M, Wen X, Volkova VV. (2020). Mathematical modeling of the inoculum effect': six applicable models and the MIC advancement point concept. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 367(5), fnaa012.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Bates JL, Karriker LA, Rajewski SM, Lin Z, Ronette G, Li M, Riviere JE, Coetzee JF*. (2020). A study to assess the correlation between plasma, oral fluid and urine concentrations of flunixin meglumine with the tissue residue depletion profile in finishing age swine. BMC Veterinary Research, 16, 211. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02429-w
|
Progress 09/01/18 to 08/31/19
Outputs
Target Audience:FARAD's immediate clients are practicing veterinarians, regulators, extension officers, producers, and researchers, but it ultimately protects the food consuming public and contributes to human Public Health by equipping these professionals with the best science available. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project directly supported one graduate student, two research assistants, and one postdoctoral fellow. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?See data above on call center and internet access which is the primary route for information dissemination for FARAD. We also published our research in peer-reviewed journals and presented our research findings in local, regional, and national meetings, including the Phi Zeta Research Day at Kansas State University, the CTSA One Health Alliance (COHA) 2019 Workshop at Colorado State University, and the Annual Meeting of Society of Toxicology in Baltimore in 2019 (see the Products page). Additionally, we organized a one-day conference about "Accelerating Health through 1Data" in March 2019 (https://olathe.k-state.edu/professional-dev/workshops/1data-conference/index.html). This conference was offered in partnership with BioNexus KC (a nonprofit organization dedicated to enhancing life science initiatives in the region by fostering relationships between the academic and industry), and attended by folks from iShare Medical, Children's Hospital Association, Aratana Therapeutics, and Cerner Corporation. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to continue working on the literature review on physiological parameters in food-producing animals, including the cattle, swine, sheep, goat, chicken, and turkey. We will also continue improving the PBPK interfaces in cattle and swine. Additionally, regarding the global FARAD (gFARAD) database, we plan to finish constructing the secure HTML webpage of gFARAD curated with 1DATA databank. This helps FARAD responders easily submit their queries to obtain information regarding these two datasets of Global Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and Global Withdrawal Periods. Our next main plan is to take advantage of the resourceful collected data to develop an artificial intelligence system in mathematical modeling. The objective of using resource-saving technologies when working with numerical methods, language theory, programming systems of artificial intelligent is especially imperative since by utilizing machine-learning based predictive models we are able to define disease or breed factors that would require modification of a withdrawal time or MRL.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Accomplishments of the overal FARAD Program: The overall use of FARAD program services has demonstrated remarkable growth throughout the past five years in terms of both the number of residue-related questions received via our telephone hotline plus our internet-based portal as well as the number of visits to our web-based information resources at www.farad.org. FARAD has continued to operate its telephone hot-line and e-mail access systems throughout the past year, which produced continued growth in the number of calls compared to the previous year. During 2018, the regional access centers answered 3,645 specific inquiries (entailing multiple drugs/contaminants) that directly involved approximately 6.9 million animals. Given the amount of list-serve sharing of FARAD's answers, these calls most likely indirectly impacted another set of animals, which are unquantifiable. The majority of these inquiries were submitted via the World Wide Web and remain focused on small production poultry (33%) followed by dairy and beef cattle (23%), then small ruminants (27%), swine (11%), rabbits (1%) and other (3%). Depending on species, each request may impact either a single animal or large herds or flocks. Situations leading to concerns about violative residues, ranged from cases involving intentional extralabel drug use for therapeutic purposes to situations involving accidental or unavoidable exposures associated with environmental accidents. In addition to specific cases that were submitted via the hot-line, users sought general information on drug and residue avoidance. The reasons for calls are very diverse and range from "ordinary requests" for drug withdrawal recommendations (related to extra-label drug use or accidental drug overdoses) to "extraordinary requests", which include pesticide and contaminant exposures. During the report period, there were 54,798 visitors to the FARAD website (daily average of 150), which represents a net increase of 25.9% over the previous year. While the preponderance of these visits (40,339 or 78%) still originated from IP addresses located within the United States, it was interesting to note that the proportion of US-based visits showed a decline from 83% in 2017, which is the first time such a decline has been noted. In total, website visits originated from a total of 166 countries, with the top ten numbers of non-US visitors being from (high to low) Canada, India, United Kingdom, France, Australia, Brazil, China, Philippines and Mexico. The total number of visitors to www.farad.org increased by more than 35% from the previous year with 89,488 total page visits. One continued trend in 2018 was the sustained rebound in the number of total visits to VetGRAM, which increased to 127,052 page views following a sharp decline in 2016. Although we had suspected that the sharp decline in VetGRAM use during 2016 might possibly be associated with increased use of free mobile phone apps, data from the past two years reveal a return to a continued high demand for the internet-based VetGRAM platform (348 page visits per day). Other highly viewed pages on the FARAD website included the Withdrawal Interval (WDI) Recommendation Lookup, the Veterinary Feed Directive, the Withdrawal Date Calculator, the Restricted and Prohibited Drugs page and Extra-Label Drug Use information pages. During the past year, several species specific web pages were created to provide resources that were targeted toward users with specific interests in honey bees, dairy cattle, poultry or small ruminants. During the past year, new installs of our free VetGRAM apps continued albeit at reduced levels compared to the previous year for both Android phones (515 active installs) and the iOS-based app for iPhones (408 active installs). The majority of mobile app installations have been with US-based phones including 510 (99%) of Android phone installs and 372 (91%) of iPhone installs. With the continued increased use of mobile phone apps, particularly among US-based users, it is possible that mobile app use has contributed to the slight decline in the proportion of US-based visitors to FARAD websites by traditional desktop computer users. Accomplishments of the KSU component of the FARAD Program: Under the goals and specific objectives of the KSU component of the FARAD program described above, the following projects have been completed, including (1) a population physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for penicillin G in heavy sows, (2) a population PBPK model for flunixin in market age swine and beef cattle, (3) a web-based PBPK interface for penicillin G in swine and cattle, and (4) a web-based PBPK interface for flunixin in swine and cattle. In addition, we have been working on importing existing international databases and online paper repositories and then assimilating these data into one relational database for global FARAD. The global FARAD database has been curated with the Global Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and Global Withdrawal Periods and is being empowered by the 1DATA platform.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Martin KL, Clapham MO, Davis JL, Baynes RE, Lin Z, Vickroy TW, Riviere JE, Tell LA*. Extra-label drug use in small ruminants. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 253(8):1001-1009. [PMID: 30272520]
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Yang F, Lin Z, Riviere JE, Baynes RE. (2019). Development and application of a population physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for florfenicol and its metabolite florfenicol amine in cattle. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 126:285-294. [PMID: 30825586]
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Li M, Mainquist-Whigham C, Karriker LA, Wulf LW, Zeng D, Gehring R, Riviere JE, Coetzee JF, Lin Z. (2019). An integrated experimental and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling study of penicillin G in heavy sows. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 42(4):461-475. [PMID: 31012501]
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Li M, Cheng YH, Chittenden JT, Baynes RE, Tell LA, Davis JL, Vickroy TW, Riviere JE, Lin Z. (2019). Integration of Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) empirical methods for drug withdrawal interval determination with a mechanistic population-based interactive physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (iPBPK) modeling platform: example for flunixin meglumine administration. Archives of Toxicology, 93(7):1865-1880. [PMID: 31025081]
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Clapham MO, Martin KL, Davis JL, Baynes RE, Lin Z, Vickroy TW, Riviere JE, Tell LA. (2019). FARAD Digest: Extra-label Drug Use in Wildlife and Game Animals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 255(5):555-568.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Majid Jaberi-Douraki, 1DrugAssist: Toward Intelligent Medicine Recommender System Framework, Feb 2019, CTSA One Health Alliance (COHA) 2019 Workshops. Colorado State University. Fort Collins.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Akash Aryal, Reza Mazloom, Mohmmadhossein Amini, Jim E. Riviere, Majid Jaberi-Douraki, A novel relational optimization and predictive modeling of the PubChem Bioassay database. Phi Zeta Research Day, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, April 2019.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Li M, Gehring R, Riviere JE, Lin Z. Application of Population Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models and Interactive PBPK Platform for Penicillin G in Food-producing Animals to Facilitate Food Safety Assessment. Annual Meeting of Central States Society of Toxicology (CSSOT). Manhattan, KS. (October 18-19, 2018)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Li M, Cheng Y, Chittenden J, Baynes R, Tell L, Davis J, Vickroy T, Riviere J, Lin Z. Integration of Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) Empirical Methods for Drug Withdrawal Interval Determination with a Mechanistic Population-Based Interactive Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (iPBPK) Modeling Platform: Example for Flunixin Meglumine Administration. The 58th Annual Meeting of Society of Toxicology. Baltimore, MD. The Toxicologist, 168, p. 191, #1816. (March 10-14, 2019)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Wang YS, Li M, Lin Z. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for penicillin G in calves. Annual Meeting of Central States Society of Toxicology (CSSOT). Manhattan, KS. (October 18-19, 2018)
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