Source: CLEMSON UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
ENHANCING MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY BY RISK ANALYSIS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1016647
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
S-OLD 1077
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2018
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2023
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
CLEMSON UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
CLEMSON,SC 29634
Performing Department
Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences
Non Technical Summary
Our research group will study on-farm interventions including composting and control of insect vectors of pathogens such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. We will develop pCR methodology for Campylobacter and Salmonella that will facilitate the estimation of bacterial populations from poultry and eventually other foods. In addition to composting and insect interventions, natural feed supplements will be evaluated for their efficacy in reducing pathogens and improving the health of feed animals.
Animal Health Component
50%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
25%
Applied
50%
Developmental
25%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
7123299110050%
7121122110050%
Knowledge Area
712 - Protect Food from Contamination by Pathogenic Microorganisms, Parasites, and Naturally Occurring Toxins;

Subject Of Investigation
3299 - Poultry, general/other; 1122 - Strawberry;

Field Of Science
1100 - Bacteriology;
Goals / Objectives
Risk Management: Develop, validate, and apply science-based interventions to prevent and mitigate food safety threats Risk Communication: Convey science-based messages to stakeholders to improve food safety behaviors and practices Risk Assessment: Characterize food safety risks in food systems
Project Methods
We will conduct laboratory scale studies as well as on-farm and in-plant research projects. Methods include traditional bacterial plating for enumeration, PCR analysis for presence and the development of PCR methodology to enumerate pathogens such as Salmonella and Campylobacter,

Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience: Policy makers Fellow Scientists, faculty Academic peers/researchers Educators - e.g. extension agents and specialists, public health, K-12 educators Program administrators/managers Students Veterinarians Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Project #1: One Ph.D. thesis was produced by Muthu Dharmasena based on the project. Evaluation was provided by the graduate committee. Project #2: One Ph.D. thesis was produced by Maple Wang based on the project. Evaluation was provided by the graduate committee. The graduate student working on these efforts was able to interact with poultry litter processing industry professionals. Project #3: This is a part of one Ph.D. thesis produced by Vishal Manujunatha based on the project. The graduate student working on these efforts was able to interact with poultry industry professionals. Project #8: This research is the PhD dissertation for Ahmet Buyukyavuz and Ahmet has worked with the poultry industry in completing this research. Project #9: Yueyuan Zhang has completed her PhD dissertation on this topic and worked with Chemistry faculty at Clemson and Furman University. Project #10: Claudia Ionita is leading this research as a post-doctorate funded by the Center for Produce Safety. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Published peer-reviewed papers. Presented findings at professional meetings to share the results with other researchers. Continuedproject #3 and collected data related to the objectives for future animal trials. Worked with grad students and funding agency to develop a better understanding of the impacts of our study. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Publish peer-reviewed papers. Present findings at professional meetings to share the results with other researchers.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Project 1: (Jiang) Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, Gram-positive and endospore-forming bacillus, which causes enteric diseases in humans and animals. The survival of Clostridium difficile vegetative cells (ca. 5-6 log CFU g-1) and endospores (ca. 5.0 CFUg-1) was compared at different levels of indigenous microflora using autoclaved and unautoclaved dairy composts with different moisture contents (20~40% MCs) aerobically inside a humidity-controlled chamber at room temperature for 1 year. The highly resistant C. difficile endospores to the unfavorable environmental conditions survived for more than a year while vegetative cells died off exponentially upon the initial aerobic exposure. The long-term survival of C. difficile endospores in contaminated compost may transmit the pathogen to fresh produce, animals, or water in pre-harvest conditions. Project 2: (Jiang) This study selected and used indicator and surrogate microorganisms for Salmonella to validate the processes for physically heat-treated poultry litter compost in litter processing plants. Plant validation studies were performed in one turkey litter compost processor and one laying hen litter compost processor using the desiccation-adapted Enterococcu faecium NRRL B-2354 as the surrogate for Salmonella. Based on the data collected under the laboratory conditions, the processing conditions in both plants were adequate to reduce any potential Salmonella contamination of processed poultry litter compost by at least 5 logs, even though the processing conditions varied among trials and plants. Project 3: (Jiang) This project explored Nigella sativa (black seed) and authentic kefir for use in poultry feed or drinking water to inhibit coccidiosis and prevent or lessen NE in broilers. Four brands of black seed oil were analyzed and one brand was selected which exhibited the highest anti-Clostridium perfringens (CP) activity. In trial 1, black seed oil treatments, especially at levels of 2 and 5 ml/kg, were successful in reducing CP infection and mortality, with no adverse impact on growth performance such as feed conversion ratio and weight gain. In trial 2, black seed oil and kefir were effective in reducing NE lesion scores and mortality and improving weight gain significantly (P<0.05) when there was a CP infection in broiler chickens. Clearly, both black seed oil and kefir improved broiler live performance and reduced the incidence of NE lesion scores and mortality rate. Project 4: Development and Implementation of Innovative Food Safety Training Tools for the Production and Distribution of Microgreens - (coPI Fraser). Completed an initial search for online resources (>100) describing the safe growing of microgreens. The resources are being screened for inclusion in our final sample to perform a content analysis to determine the accuracy and clarity of the materials. The protocol, including corresponding checklists, to complete the content analysis have been drafted and are currently being piloted. Project 5: - (coPI Fraser). Environmental assessments on strawberry farms, 2 acres or less were conducted to collect data about farm characteristics and resources to implement seven RMP -- worker health and hygiene, agricultural water, animal control, biological soil amendments, harvesting and packing, storage and transportation, and post-harvest handling. A total of 17 on-farm assessments were conducted. All (100%) farms used plasticulture to grow strawberries and 94% of farms grew other crops in addition to strawberries. The most common physical attributes were drip systems for irrigation (100%) and animal intrusion fences (100%). All except one farm had adequate toilet facilities that were conveniently located (94%). Nearly all (88%) did not have a bodily fluid spill kit, and 82% were using groundwater or surface water with 29% using a water treatment. Project 6: (PI Fraser). Human noroviruses (HuNoV) and Clostridium difficile are frequently attributed to outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in long-term care facilities. At present, no commercially available disinfectant is labeled as having efficacy against HuNoV and C. difficile. To determine the efficacy against both pathogens, nine disinfectants were selected from List G, EPA's Registered Antimicrobial Products Effective against Norovirus. Feline calicivirus (FCV) and Tulane virus (TuV), surrogates of HuNoV, and C. difficile spores were subjected to both suspension and carrier tests with the selected disinfectants. Products consisting of stabilized and accelerated hydrogen peroxide significantly increased efficacy of hydrogen peroxide-based disinfectants. Based on these results, hydrogen peroxide-based products are believed to be effective alternatives to chlorine-based disinfectants. Project 7: (coPI Fraser). A meta-analysis has been performed to determine the strength of the relationship between ATP and indicator/pathogen levels. Fifteen (15) studies were identified as having been conducted in retail/foodservice and 168 in healthcare settings (e.g., hospitals, long-term care, and clinics). Interpretation of the results is on-going with two publications expected in 2021. Project 8: (Dawson). Three poultry farms were sampled by collecting flying insects at 100 meter perimeter and within the growing houses over a three week period. Black flies were the predominant insect caught in traps set on the farms and both Salmonella and Campylobacter were found on flies caught at the 100 meter perimeter. Project 9: (Dawson). Multi-layers of PDA were created then tested for the detection and enumeration of bacteria. Membrane filters were coated with 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) then polymerized on the filter for rapid bacterial detection and quantification. The polymerized PCDA (pPDCA)-coated filter changed color in response to Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli but not to Listeria innocua. The time required for color change of pPCDA-coated filters was determined by a visual panel. A simple linear regression model was generated to fit the observed data and was validated with goodness of fit analysis and residual analysis. The pPCDA-filter method estimated Salmonella Typhimurium populations of 8 to 3 log CFU ml-1 within 1.5 to 7.5 hours, respectively. Project 10: (Dawson). To characterize physiology of the Listeria monocytogenes biofilms, pure culture L. monocytogenes Scott A pNF8 and mixed biofilms with our packinghouse isolated strains (Burkholderia and Pseudomonas) were grown on standard 3 x 1 inch stainless steel coupons mounted in the biofilm reactor. Biofilms were grown for 48 hours and then treated with different concentrations of chlorine. Control (untreated) and treated biofilms were then stained with 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC). L. monocytogenes pNF8 has a constitutively expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP). Biofilms were then subjected to confocal microscopy. CTC staining indicated that cells were viable in controls and sanitizer treated biofilms but mostly for background microflora. A very low cell number of L. monocytogenes Scott A metabolized CTC and exhibited red fluorescence. This result led us to hypothesize that L. monocytogenes cells (pure culture or mixed biofilms) have a substantial decrease in respiration compared with other microbes. This could explain the reduced efficacy low concentration of oxidizing agents, such as chlorine since they interfere with the aerobic metabolism in low concentrations.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Dharmasena, M., T. Wei, W.C. Bridges, and X. Jiang. 2019. Thermal resistance of Clostridium difficile endospores in dairy compost upon exposure to wet and dry heat treatments. J. Appl. Microbiol. 127:274-283. 10.1111/jam.14295
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wang, H.,W. Bridges, Z. Chen, G. Chao and X. Jiang. 2020. Comparing and modeling the thermal inactivation of bacteriophages as pathogenic viruses surrogates in chicken litter compost. Compost Science & Utilization. (in press
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2020 Citation: Dharmasena, M. and X. Jiang. Survival of Clostridium difficile in finished dairy compost under controlled conditions. JAM (Revised)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2020 Citation: Hongye Wang, H., Z. Chen, M. Dharmasena, A. Greene, B. McSpadden Gardener, B. Holden, and X. Jiang. 2020. Plant-Scale Validation of Physical Heat Treatment of Turkey and Laying Hen Litter Composts Using Surrogate and Indicator Microorganisms for Salmonella. AEM (Revised).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Fraser, A., Anderson, J. E. Black, D. Buckley, J. Goncalves, D. Grinstead, J. Hollingsworth, C. Manuel, and A. Starobin. 2020. Sanitizers and Disinfectants: A Retail/Foodservice Perspective. Accepted Food Protection Trends
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Buckley, D., M. Dharmasena, H. Wang, J. Huang, J. Adams, C. Pettigrew, A. Fraser, and X. Jiang. 2020. Efficacy of novel aqueous photo-chlorine dioxide against a human norovirus surrogate, bacteriophage MS2, and Clostridium difficile endospores, in suspension, on stainless steel, and under greenhouse conditions. Accepted Journal of Applied Microbiology.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Jayawardhana, D.N., L. T.T. Cao, T. Yeargin, K. Gibson, and A. Fraser. 2020. The Relationship between Environmental Characteristics and Risk Management Practices on Produce Farms: A Systematic Literature Review. Agriculture. 10(12): 577 https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120577
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Yeargin, T., A. Fraser, and K. Gibson. 2020. Characterization of Risk Management Practices among Strawberry Growers in the Southeastern United States and Factors Associated with Implementation. Accepted Food Control.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Dawson, P.L. 2020. Person to person transfer of microorganisms. Medical Research Archives. 8(5): 1-17. 2105-13-9570-3-10-20200430.pdf
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Dawson, P.L, Al-Jeddawi*, W. and Rieck, J. 2020. The effect of different freezing rates and long-term storage temperatures on the stability of sliced peaches. International Journal of Food Science. Published online Volume 2020 |Article ID 9178583 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9178583
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Zhang, Y.* Tzeng, T-Z., Northcutt, J., Hanks, T., Pennington, W. and Dawson, P.L. 2021. Detecting and correlating bacterial populations to visual color change of polydiacetylene-coated filters. Talanta. 221: published online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121482
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Zhang, Y.* Tzeng, T-Z., Northcutt, J., Hanks, T., Pennington, W. and Dawson, P.L. 2020. A proposed mechanism to induce multi-layer polydiacetylene-coated filter color response to Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Results in Chemistry. Published online 8-4-2020. https://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S2211-7156(20)30043-6
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Hopkins, D. Z., M. A. Parisi, P.L. Dawson and J. K. Northcutt. 2020. Surface decontamination of fresh, whole peaches (Prunus persica) using sodium hypochlorite or acidified electrolyzed water solutions. International Journal of Fruit Science, DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2020.1822269
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Dawson, P.L. Hirt, D. Seydim, A*. 2020. Styrene monomer migration from expanded polystyrene into liquid food simulants. Journal of Food Research. 9 (3): 39-52. DOI:10.5539/jfr.v9n3p39


Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience reached by our work include fellow scientists, the general public, the food industry and regulatory agencies. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been communicated through research publications, presentations and scientific meetings, extension workshops and trainings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to continue research projects to determine and migitate food safety risks in the laboratory and in the field. We also plan to continue to disseminate results through publications, presentations and extension workshops.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1) Risk Assessment: Characterize food safety risks in food systems Based on detailed interviews and surveys, a series of six training modules were developed to address voids in food safety literacy among South Carolina (SC) Food Pantry Supervisors and their Volunteers. South Carolina food pantries typically operate each shift using more than 3 volunteers (84%) that are supervised by unpaid (68%) individuals. Approximately 75% of SC food pantries had policies on worker hygiene, and 70% of food pantries had policies on injury, wound and scab coverage. 2) Risk Management: Develop, validate, and apply science-based interventions to prevent and mitigate food safety threats Project 1: The epizootic viral diseases, linked to highly pathogenic avian virus (HPAI), are major threats to poultry production systems worldwide. The aim of this study was to compare and model the thermal inactivation of bacteriophages as surrogates for avian influenza virus in chicken litter compost. Three bacteriophages [ø6, MS2, and Felix O1 (FO)] were inoculated separately into aged chicken litter compost with various moisture contents (MCs). The inoculated compost samples were then exposed to 75 and 85°C for up to 3 h. Our results revealed that, compared to bacteriophage ø6, both bacteriophages MS2 and FO had higher recovery rates from compost material, and bacteriophage MS2 had a comparable thermal resistance with the reported resistance of avian influenza virus than the thermal resistance of bacteriophage FO. Additionally, the proposed non-linear three-phase model was developed to describe the survival of bacteriophages exposed to the physical-heat treatment into different stages. Considering that virus may survive in some cold-spots of composting piles, this study provides scientific evidence for the fertilizer industry to validate the effectiveness of their heating process in order to inactivate avian influenza virus in chicken litter compost. Project 2: Turkey litter compost is commonly used as a biological soil amendment. However, there is a lack of knowledge on microbial community changes after heat processing of compost. Our study was to evaluate the microbial profiling in the turkey litter compost before and after heat treatment using 16S high throughput sequencing, and the phylogenetic diversity of the microbial community categorized by analyzing operational taxonomic units. The bacterial community structure in the compost following thermal process was reviewed by the PCoA analysis and UPGMA clustering. The clustering analysis showed that the turkey litter compost before the heat treatment was well-clustered together and separated from the heat-treated compost. Taxonomically, the families, namely, Trueperaceae, Rhodothermaceae, Bacillaceae, Moraxellaceae, and Flavobacteriaceae were the most abundant in both before and after heat treatment. Whereas Psychrobacter, B-42, Aequorivita, Halomonas, Salinicoccus, and Demequina were found to be the key taxa contributing to the microbial community variation in turkey litter compost due to the heat treatment. Further, the identification of indigenous bacteria in poultry litter surviving the physical heat treatment may lead to future studies on biological control of pathogens in soil amendment. Project 3: The presence of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. on poultry meat is a major food safety issue and of economic concern to the industry and the industry is looking for natural alternatives to antibiotics and chemical sanitizers to address bacterial pathogens. Essential oils have been shown to have antibacterial activity against Salmonella spp. but little work has been reported on their activity against Campylobacter spp. Furthermore, the delivery of essential oils in aqueous food systems has limited work. Therefore two main objectives of this project were to determine the activity of selected essential oils on both Salmonella and Campylobacter and to evaluate the effectiveness of several emulsifiers in the aqueous delivery of these essential oils. Previous research has used DMSO to emulsify thymol, carvacrol, and orange oil to inhibit Salmonella on chicken meat. Several emulsifiers were tested across the range of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance scale and sucrose stearate was found to be the most effective in emulsifying these essential oils. Thymol and carvacrol were successfully emulsified in water using sucrose stearate (a food-grade emulsifier). Both emulsified thymol and carvacrol inhibited S. Typhimurium in liquid broth at 0.03 and 0.06%. Current experiments include evaluating other essential oils and emulsifiers for inhibition against Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. Project 4: A field study to determine the degree to which flying insects carry Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. from the premises of poultry farms is being determined. Poultry farms in the Western, Midlands and Eastern (coastal) parts of South Carolina have been sampled and rapid PCR techniques are being used to determine if the types of Salmonella and Campylobacter isolated from houses are the same types carried by various flying insects. 3) Risk Communication: Convey science-based messages to stakeholders to improve food safety behaviors and practices Four FSMA Current Good Manufacturing Practice, Hazard Analysis, and Risk-Based Preventive Controls for Human Food, one FSMA Preventive Controls for Animal Food, 12 FSMA Produce Safety Rule, and one Meat and Poultry HACCP Workshops were conducted during FY2018-2019 training and certifying over 300 individuals in food safety practices.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dawson, P.L. and B.W. Sheldon. 2018. Did You Just Eat That? Food Myths. 92nd Street Y. New York, NY. November 28th, 2018.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dharmasena, M. and X. Jiang. 2018. Isolation of Toxigenic Clostridium dif?cile from Animal Manure and Composts Being Used as Biological Soil Amendment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 84:e00738-18.https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00738-18.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dharmasena, M., T. Wei, W.C. Bridges, and X. Jiang. 2019. Thermal resistance of Clostridium difficile endospores in dairy compost upon exposure to wet and dry heat treatments. J. Appl. Microbiol. 127:274-283. 10.1111/jam.14295.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Batt, G., M. Lussier, K. Cooksey and J. Northcutt. 2019. Transportation, handling, and microbial growth performance of molded fiber and expanded polystyrene apple trays. Packaging Technology and Science 32(1):49-56.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Baker, K.A., L. Beecher and J.K. Northcutt. 2019. Effect of irrigation water source and post-harvest washing treatment on the microflora of alfalfa and mung bean sprouts. Food Control 100:151-157.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Izquierdo, K. J., M. A. Parisi and J. K. Northcutt. 2018. Influence of Production System and Level of Dietary Soy on Bone Composition and Bone Strength in Laying Hens. Approaches in Poultry, Dairy and Veterinary Science 3 (1):1-7.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Buyukyavuz, A., Benson, E., Song, J., Ellis, B., Han, I. and Dawson, P. 2018. Escherichia Coli transfer to food by fruit flies during short time exposure. Journal of Food Research. 7(4): 131-140 https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v7n4p131
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dawson, P.L., Al-Jeddawi, W., Remington, N. 2018. Effect of freezing on the shelf life of Salmon. International Journal of Food Science 2018:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1686121
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Parisi, M. A., J. K. Northcutt, J. E. Mc Kendry, W. W. Sherrill, C. J. Dye, and J. Z. Snow. 2018. Extension: The backbone organization in statewide population health management. Journal of Extension 56(2). https://www.joe.org/joe/2018april/pdf/JOE_v56_2iw1.pdf
  • Type: Books Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dawson, P.L. and Sheldon, B.W. 2018. Did You Just Eat That? W.W. Norton and Company, 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Northcutt, J.K. Food Allergens and Food Safety for Food Banks and Food Pantries. Second harvest Annual Meeting, Charlotte, NC. November 27-28, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Northcutt, J.K. Rodent and Pest Control for Food Banks and Food Panties. Golden Harvest Annual Meeting, Columbia, SC. October 10, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Northcutt, J.K. Overview of Food Safety Practices for Food Banks and Food Pantries. Harvest Hope Annual Training, Greenville, SC. October 8, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dawson, P.L. 2018. Double-dipping and other food peculiarities. Distinctive Voices Series National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine in Irvine, CA, Beckman Center September 12, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dawson, P.L. 2018. Did You Just Eat That? Bookmarks Bookstore. 634 W. 4th Street #110, Winston-Salem, NC 27101 | 336-747-1471 | bookmarksnc.org November 15th, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Dharmasena, M. D. Buckley, H. Wang and X. Jiang. 2019. Efficacy of novel photo-chlorine dioxide against Clostridium difficile endospores. IAFP Annual Meeting, Louisville, Kentucky, 7/21-24.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Wang, H., V. Shankar, M. Dharmasena, and X. Jiang. 2019. Analyzing microbial community change of turkey litter compost due to heat exposure using 16S high throughput sequencing. IAFP Annual Meeting, Louisville, Kentucky, 7/21-24.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Harvey, C., J. K. Northcutt, M. A. Parisi, R. Martinez-Dawson, and P. L. Dawson. 2019. Nutrition and Food Safety Literacy among Food Pantry Supervisors and Volunteers in S.C. EPSCor 2019 Annual State Conference April 12, Greenville, SC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhang, Y. Pennington, W., Hanks, T., Northcutt, J. Tzeng, J. and Dawson, P. 2019. Polydiacetylene liposomes as sanitation sensors for food processing, EPSCoR 2019 Annual State Conference, 2019 April 12; Greenville, SC
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Dawson, P., Al-Jeddawi, W., and Rieck, J. The effect of different freezing temperatures and long-term storage on the stability of peaches. 2019 April 12; EPSCoR 2019 annual State Conference Greenville, SC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Dawson, P., Al-Jeddawi, W., and Rieck, J. The effect of frozen storage on the quality of Atlantic Salmon. 2019 April 12; 2019 Annual State Conference Greenville, SC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Buyukyavuz A, Dawson P, Benson E, Ellis B, Song J (2019) Flies as a Vector for Bacterial Pathogens. EPSCoR 2019 Annual State Conference, 2019 April 12; Greenville, SC
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jiang, X.P. and A. Greene. 2018. Validating a Physically Heat-Treated Process for Poultry Litter in Industry Settings Using the Avirulent Salmonella Surrogates or Indicator Microorganisms. 9th Annual Produce Research Symposium, June 19-20, Charlotte, NC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Northcutt, J.K. 2019. Antimicrobial Intervention Strategies on Fresh Produce. Executive Farm Management Program, North Carolina State University. Charleston, SC. February 18-20, 2019.