Source: WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
REDUCING THE IMPACT OF PESTS AND DISEASES AFFECTING WASHINGTON AGRICULTURE
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1016563
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Jun 22, 2018
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2022
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
240 FRENCH ADMINISTRATION BLDG
PULLMAN,WA 99164-0001
Performing Department
Plant Pathology
Non Technical Summary
Washington's variable climate and diverse cropping systems are highly conducive to pest and disease outbreaks. Almost all major and minor crops grown in Washington are affected by pests and diseases resulting in loss of yield and quality. Managing pests and diseases to reduce their impacts is a recurring cost that adds to the total cost of production and reduces profitability and sustainability of farm operations. Rapid detection and diagnosis, sustainable and eco-friendly management tactics, and decision aid systems are needed for enhancing the farming enterprise's sustainability by maintaining yields and reducing costs. Specific goals include, (a) Characterization and control of diseases in diverse cropping systems; (b) Developing management strategies for destructive pests of crops in Washington State; (c) Development and implementation of sustainable biologically-based pest management systems for high value specialty crops in central Washington; and (d) Develop agricultural technologies that estimate and mitigate adverse human and environmental impacts.
Animal Health Component
50%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
50%
Applied
50%
Developmental
0%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2161310116013%
2161110113013%
2161549116012%
2162121116012%
2161451116012%
2161120113012%
2161131116014%
2161112113012%
Knowledge Area
216 - Integrated Pest Management Systems;

Subject Of Investigation
1120 - Blueberry; 1310 - Potato; 1110 - Apple; 1112 - Cherry; 1549 - Wheat, general/other; 1131 - Wine grapes; 1451 - Onion, garlic, leek, shallot; 2121 - Cut flowers, foliage, and greens;

Field Of Science
1130 - Entomology and acarology; 1160 - Pathology;
Goals / Objectives
Objective 1. Develop sustainable management programs for plant diseases in diverse cropping systems.1a. Characterization and control of viral diseases of horticultural crops1b. Develop IPM-based strategies to mitigate postharvest diseases of apple and pear1c. Improve chemical and cultural strategies that address management of plant parasitic nematodes, trunk diseases, and fungicide resistance in vineyard systems.1d. Investigate alternative approaches for controlling diseases of specialty vegetable crops in western Washington1e. Sustainable control of wheat diseases through development of improved varieties and effective chemical control1f. Develop chemical and cultural strategies for managing wheat diseases.1g. Develop disease warning and forecasting systems for potato1h. Develop chemical and cultural strategies that address management of powdery mildews of cherry and hop.1i. Characterize genetic and pathogenic variation within pathogen populations and the potential interaction with disease resistance genes.1j. Improved management of diseases of flower bulb, Christmas tree and ornamental nursery crops.Objective 2. Reduce the impact of economically important insect pests affecting Washington crops2a. Develop and implement sustainable management of pests affecting Washington crops. and biologically-based pest management ssystems for high value specialty crops in central Washington.2b. Develop IPM-based strategies to control arthropods damaging seed crops and small fruit in Western Washington.2c. Reduce the impact of industry-critical arthropod problems in hops through thedevelopment of preventive and predictive strategies.Objective 3. Investigate and reduce the impact of non-target organisms and insect pests to mitigate adverse human and environmental impacts. 3a. Conduct studies of pest and non-target organisms exposure to crop protection agents. 3b. Estimate risk of adverse effects to non-target organisms, including natural enemies of pests and pollinators, from use of modern crop protection agents.
Project Methods
Chemical/Cultural Strategies for Managing Powdery Mildews of Cherry and Hop. Effects of temperature, relative humidity, and dew point on sporulation under controlled-environment will assist in developing forecasting models for improved disease management, made available on AgWeatherNet and DAS. Most effective fungicide classes for critical epidemiological periods will be determined and economic analyses of disease management programs will be conducted.Chemical/Cultural Strategies for Managing Plant Parasitic Nematodes, Trunk Diseases, and Fungicide Resistance in Vineyards. Partnering with the Washington wine grape industry, ~10 year on-farm trials will compare rootstock, fumigation and economic performance to control northern root knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, from vineyard establishment through long-term vineyard development. This will assist growers in developing an economically viable approach.IPM-based Strategies to Mitigate Postharvest Diseases of Apple and Pear. Fungi from decayed apple and pear with their corresponding spray records will be collected from packinghouses, maintained and tested against pre and postharvest fungicides. Development of a molecular detection assay will follow.Alternative Approaches for Controlling Vegetable Crop Diseases in Western Washington. Disease forecasting models for late blight, will include cultivar susceptibility and fungicide residues on foliage as model factors. Quantitative PCR will detect and quantify aggressive strains of Coletotrichum coccodes and Verticillium dahliae in pre-plant field soil. Field sampling designs will be validated by comparing quantitative PCR and bio-plant assays. Dual RNA-Sequencing technology of potato inoculated with aggressive and non-aggressive strains of V. dahliae will be used to distinguish among strains.Sustainable Control of Wheat Diseases Through Crop Improvement. Identify and transfer new sources of disease resistance into wheat varieties. Evaluate control options for eyespot and Cephalosporium stripe. Investigate genetic variation in Washington wheat pathogens and disease management potential. Research biochar and other by-products in reducing wheat diseases in acidic soils. Identify the gene/s conferring resistance to stripe rust in the cultivar Louise. Examine potential of the wheat rhizosphere microbiome to manage diseases through suppression.Characterization and Control of Viral Diseases of Horticultural Crops. Genetic diversity, molecular biology and host-virus interactions in grapes will be studied using contemporary methods. Virus impacts on vine health, fruit quality and transmission via plant materials and vectors will be investigated. Viruses impacting horticultural crops in "Feed the Future" countries will be documented and strategies to reduce crop losses in subsistence agriculture will be developed.Biological/Molecular Studies of Economically Important Viruses of Horticultural CropsTuber necrosis-causing viruses of potato: Potato mop top virus, Potato virus Y and Tobacco rattle virus will be characterized and US genetic diversity determined. Virus-potato interactions following infection, host defense and effects of host transcriptome and metabolome on endemic and emerging tospovirus-host interactions will be studied. Rapid virus detection methods will be developed particularly for dahlias.Disease Warning and Forecasting Systems for Potato. Field, greenhouse and lab research will assist in developing a disease warning and forecasting system for late blight, black dot and Verticillium wilt of potato. Natural and induced infections and outbreaks of the diseases will be used to develop these forecasting models. Susceptibility of potato cultivars and fungicides residues on potato foliage will serve as model factors.Improved Disease Management on Flower Bulb, Christmas Tree and Ornamental Nursery Crops. Characterize Botrytis pathogen diversity of peonies and conifer nursery crops. Determine the level of fungicide resistance within these Botrytis pathogen populations. Assess importance of preharvest Botrytis peony flower bud infections vs. postharvest infections and effectiveness of pre and postharvest control measures on disease development during storage. Survey noble fir bough and Christmas tree plantations to determine the most common needle cast diseases affecting marketability. Evaluate effectiveness of new reduced risk and biopesticides in controlling disease development on these crops. Evaluate effects of soil type and moisture status on steaming to eradicate Phytophthoras. Evaluate effects of harvest date and production site elevation on postharvest moisture and needle retention of noble fir boughs.Develop Agricultural Technologies that Estimate and Mitigate Adverse Human and Environmental Impacts. Databases based on published studies and new experiments will establish potential risk of crop protection technologies on target and non-target organisms and rank them according to riskiness using a probabilistic risk analysis. Exposure studies will include biocontrol organisms, pollinators, and agricultural workers. New crop technology technologies can be assessed for likelihood of adverse effects under PNW regional conditions.Develop and Implement Sustainable Biologically-Based Pest Management for High Value Specialty Crops in Central Washington. Investigate the biology/ecology of arthropod pests and their natural enemies in laboratory and field studies. Establish laboratory cultures and evaluate insecticides and miticides in lab and field trials on targeted pests, emphasizing novel, narrow-spectrum chemistries.Develop/Validate New WSU-Tree Fruit Decision Aid System Models. Field studies will assist to develop and validate additional pest (mites, aphids, pear psylla, multiple natural enemies) and horticultural models (honeybee foraging, fruit set, fruit growth). Pesticide effects models are completed and validated for 5 insects including codling moth, leafrollers and 2 lacewing beneficials with more under construction. Canadian collaboration will add potential future pests creating a larger user base and more DAS flexibility.Develop IPM Methods to Control Pests of Seed Crops and Small Fruit in Western Washington.Evaluate treatments to protect direct-seeded crops from soil pests including germination assays to detect phytotoxicity. Research methods to decrease impact of root maggot flies on transplanted seed crops including timing and insecticide rotational sequences. Investigate potential effects of systemic insecticides on insect pollinated biennial seed crops. Continued research in managing spotted wing drosophila, in small fruits focusing on reducing insecticide residues. Monitor brown marmorated stink bug in Skagit and Whatcom Counties and release the parasitoid, Trissolcus japonicus if warranted.Develop and Implement Biorational Tree Fruit Pest Management in Eastern Washington. Research 8 management strategies for oblique-banded leaf roller in conventional and organic orchards with minimum impact on natural enemies. Evaluate causes of recent outbreaks of western tentiform leafminer using historical records and develop phenology models including its key natural enemy to identify best application windows. Determine appropriate timing and materials for pear psylla and spider mites and investigate nontarget effects to prevent pear IPM collapse. Explore non-insecticidal methods including acoustic disruption and tree washing.Reduce Impact of Industry-Critical Arthropod Problems in Hops Through Development of Preventive and Predictive Strategies. Multiple mutations were discovered in 2016 spider mite samples from hops which may contribute resistance. This prompted the need to develop a sensitive, rapid and cost-effective method to predict multiple acaricide resistance on a portable platform (allowing field use) using CRISPR for commonly used acaricides in hops.

Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Fellow plant pathologists, entomologists, research and extension personnel, industry representatives, government regulatory agencies, members of various stakeholders of commodities, general public Changes/Problems:The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the performance of funded projects, reducing access to field sites, limited laboratory time due to the need for distancing, and shortages of laboratory supplies. Where possible, we have prioritized student projects and time-sensitive activities. ? What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?These projects have provided training and educational opportunities for 2 postdocs, 1 technician, and 2 graduate students. They have produced several publications (2 published, 3 in review), with more in progress, and 1 postdoc, 1 student, and 1 technician were able to present their research at a professional conference. This project has supported the mentoring of a PhD Student working on sprayer technology and powdery mildew management and a new MS student working on nematode biology and alternative management strategies. It is also supporting the mentorship of a Postdoctoral scientist in powdery mildew fungicide resistance. It has also involved the training of a technician on nematode research, trunk disease scouting, and powdery mildew scouting. In 2020, it also support training growers in grant-development for on-farm research and demonstration trials (specifically relating to rootstock evaluations for the management of grape phylloxera and plant-parasitic nematodes). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Presentations of the research findings were made to tree fruit industry representatives (growers, nursery owners) at 3 industry conferences to raise awareness of the pathogens afflicting treefruit crops in Washington state, as well as at a local grower group meeting. Research outcomes were disseminated in three WSU extension factsheets, two training videos, and the PI (Harper) has also given five media interviews (radio and in print) to journalists during 2020. The PI (Harper) is also an executive team member of the Little Cherry Disease Task Force, who have held scouting and sampling webinars, as well a monthly industry members calls to provide a forum for discussion throughout the year. Finally, throughout the year, disease management information has been disseminated to growers during field work - grower questions were answered, IPM advice given, with follow up on disease management. CPCNW activities were reported at five NCPN-stakeholder meetings throughout the year. Oral and poster presentations on rootstocks, fungicide resistance, and sprayer technologies were given at the Washington State Grape Society, the Washington WineGrowers Association, and the 2020 virtual American Phytopathological Society. We hosted 3 local and 3 nation-wide workshops vineyard IPM and fungicide resistance management. We wrote an article on powdery mildew management for a trade journal (Good Fruit Grower) and provided 3 podcast interviews on local ag radio on grape powdery mildew and nematode management. We also provided over 22 in-person and virtual presentations of vineyard IPM to local and national grower groups. We also push articles and information through our email listserv (over 1800 recipients), Viticulture Extension Facebook (over 1300 followers), and Twitter accounts. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?During the next year we aim to 1) continue our investigation into the epidemiology of the X-disease phytoplasma, conducting gut content analysis of vectors to identify primary and secondary hosts, and perform genotyping to map the transmission of phytoplasma from host to host. Understanding these patterns, combined with mapping of samples will aid in 2) building a model of study this pathogen's epidemiology. Building on the improved understanding of the phytoplasma's pathogenicity, we aim to 3) examine gene expression changes in infected hosts, focusing on fruit developmental and sugar transport pathways. We also we aim to 4) determine whether the cost of management of two hop-infecting viruses, HLV and AHLV is justified by the economic losses they cause through assessment of disease expression under controlled conditions. We will continue our nematode work, with additional annual evaluations at our rootstock trial sites. We are also working with several growers to develop large and small on-farm demonstration trials for rootstocks, to enhance their understanding of how to use these genetic tools. In many of these trials, we are working with growers to obtain their own Western SARE grants for establishment of these plots. We are also establishing greenhouse experiments for rapid-evaluation of different rootstocks against Pacific Northwest grape parasitic nematodes. We will be continuing our fungicide resistance monitoring in grape powdery mildew with more focus on seasonal population dynamics, and evaluations of alternative grape powdery mildew management strategies (UV light, ozonated water, thermotherapy and oil). ?

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Research focused on the pathogenicity of the X-disease phytoplasma and Little cherry virus-2, the two causal agents of the epidemic of small, tasteless cherries in Washington. This year we screened 320 cherry samples, from 11 cultivars, tested for pathogens, classified disease symptoms, and examined the fruit sugar and metabolite content. We identified significant differences between early and established infections. Analysis of the host gene expression suggests that the phytoplasma induces disease between the fruit set and shuckfall stages of development; we identified changes in genes involved in fruit maturation and sugar transport in infected plants, and an insect chemoattractant. We are genotyping X-disease phytoplasma in the PNW and found significant movement of phytoplasma between cherry and peach orchards. There is one major genotype present in the PNW, which is distinct from isolates found in California and Utah. The CPCNW, in 2020, screened 114 new treefruit, grapevines, and hops, and released 69 cultivars to stakeholders. We also participated in efforts to streamline the plant quarantine process, surveying 556 apple samples from 11 states, and found that both the well-described and recently discovered viruses are widespread throughout the country. These data will aid in regulatory decision making. Major activities completed include i) identification and quantification of potato, mint, mustard, and Verticillium dahliae genes involved in susceptibility/resistance and pathogenesis/ endophytism; ii) quantification of potato yields and acreage in Washington counties over time; iii) deployment of late blight forecasting models for the Columbia Basin; iv) evaluation of pesticide tank mixes against early blight and aphid populations in potato crops. Potato, mint, mustard, and V. dahliae genes that were differentially expressed during infection were identified and quantified. A subset of these genes are being validated. Likewise, the efficacy of pesticide mixes against potato early blight were quantified and compared. Genes associated with plant susceptibility/resistance and pathogen pathogenesis/endophytism were identified. No significant differences in the effects of pesticide mixes on early blight were identified. Genes involved in plant resistance/susceptibility and pathogen pathogenesis/endophytism can be used by other scientists to develop resistant potatoes. The complete genome sequence of three strains of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4 (GLRaV-4) was determined. Sequence analyses of GLRaV-4 strains reported from different countries revealed recombination events in certain strains leading to genetic diversity of the virus. Experiments were conducted in collaboration with CPAAS to examine the value of hyperspectral imagery for non-destructive field-based detection of GLRaV-3 during asymptomatic and symptomatic stages in a red-fruited wine grape cultivar. Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) infecting highbush blueberries was documented for the first time in WA. The complete sequence of RNA1 and RNA2 genome segments of TRSV was determined to be 7,512 nucleotides (nt) and 3,925 nt, respectively. RNA1 and RNA2 genome segments of TRSV from blueberries showed high sequence identity with corresponding sequences of virus isolates infecting soybean from South Korea. We completed, validated, and uploaded models to our decision support system for five different apple and three pear cultivars (these are bloom stage models), and models for the rosy apple aphid, apple grain aphid and western tentiform leafminers. The models to assess grower spray records were completed and there are now 10 available to the general public and an eleventh model that we are validating in conjunction with a collaborator. These models can be found at https://pesticides.decisionaid.systems. This system allows users to evaluate their spray programs to determine which sprays were most effective in population reductions. We have also incorporated the same programs into our DAS system, but using long range forecasts so that users can evaluate their spray programs in real time. We found outbreaks of western tentiform leafminer were caused by Entrust sprays directed at oblique banded leafroller in early spring. Those sprays were not only toxic to the natural enemies, but also eliminated some of the stages needed by the parasitoids to feed on and reproduce. We continued commercial vineyard trials evaluating grapevine rootstock and fumigation efficacy in parasitic nematode management. We continue to document the lack of long-term efficacy fumigation has on nematode management, and that most "resistant" rootstocks are not resistant to nematodes - they are just simply poor hosts. We've also begun trap- and cover-crop trials for alternative management options for plant parasitic nematodes, in light of the information that rootstocks may not be the only management tool needed to reduce vineyard decline due to nematodes. We've expanded on-farm rootstock trials to include multiple grower demonstration plots, as the recent outbreaks of grapevine phylloxera have shifted grower's attitudes to being more accepting of rootstock use. We expanded our powdery mildew fungicide resistance monitoring and testing, in order to provide in-house testing. The G143A mutation (confers QoI fungicide resistance) in grape powdery mildew populations found persisting, even though many growers have stopped, or restricted their use of QoI fungicides in the last 2 seasons. The nutritional ecology of brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) was studied using developmental studies and gut content analysis (GCA). ?The 3rd year of the sterile codling moth release (SIR) project was completed.A device attached to the drone was calibrated to release 800 or 2,400 moths/acre. Moth activity was monitored with pheromone traps, and in situ georeferenced fruit damage counts were used to determine the success of the treatments. The higher release rate was reflected by a higher recapture rate, but no differences were found in fruit damage. The nutritional ecology of brown marmorated stink bug on arid shrub-steppe plants was studied using developmental studies and gut content analysis (GCA), showed signal persistence using high-throughput sequencing showed that a food plant could be picked up within 24 hours of exposing adult bugs, and the previous food plant detected from 3 to 14 days after the host switch, depending on the primer used. BMSB reared from egg to adult on shrub-steppe (western) versus eastern US plants indicated that the western diet resulted in poorer survivorship, smaller adults, longer developmental periods, and reduced fecundity and longevity. We have obtained a full genome of Podosphaera leucotricha, the causal agent of apple powdery mildew. We have studied the genetic diversity and U.S. population structure of P. leucotricha and assessed sensitivity to major fungicides used for management in commercial apple orchards. We investigated eco-physiological properties of Phacidium lacerum, an emerging postharvest pathogen of pome fruit in the Pacific Northwest. Made good progress in developing effective organic management approaches, and elucidated the biology management of apple powdery fungus. CRISPR-based genome editing was used to generate a virus suppression strategy using begomoviruses as a model system. Using a multiplex approach, several regions in the viral genome were simultaneously edited which reduced the accumulation of virus as well generation of reversions. A rapid and sensitive LAMP-based method for the detection of Tabacco rattle virus and Dahlia mosaic virus were developed. The response of tomato genotypes that differ in Tomato spotted wilt virus infection was characterized at the viral small RNA level. Significant differences were found in the small RNA profiles of TSWV between the two tomato genotypes. ?

Publications

  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: David Enicks, DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE LAMP ASSAY TO DETECT NEOFABRAEA PERENNANS OF APPLE FRUIT. Master Dissertations
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Amiri, A., A.I. Zuniga, and N.A. Peres. 2020. Mutations in the Membrane-Anchored SdhC Subunit Affect Fitness and Sensitivity to Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors in Botrytis cinerea Populations from Multiple Hosts. Phytopathology 110:327-335
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Enicks, D.A., Bomberger, R.A., and A. Amiri. 2020. Development of a Portable LAMP Assay for Detection of Neofabraea perennans in Commercial Apple Fruit. Plant Disease 104:2346-2353
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ga��n, L., White, R.A., Friesen, M.L., Peever, T.L., and A. Amiri. 2020. Draft Genome Resource for the Pome Fruit Powdery Mildew Pathogen Podosphaera leucotricha. Phytopathology https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-05-20-0158-A
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Orpet, R.J., V.P. Jones, E.H. Beers, J.P. Reganold, J.R. Goldberger, D.W. Crowder. 2020. Perceptions and outcomes of conventional vs. organic apple orchard management. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 289, 106723.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Abram, P. K., N. J. Mills, and E. H. Beers. 2020. Classical biological control of invasive stink bugs with egg parasitoids  what does success look like? Pest Manag. Sci.: https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5813.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Acebes-Doria, A., A. M. Agnello, D. Alston, H. Andrews, E. H. Beers, J. C. Bergh, R. T. Bessin, B. Blaauw, G. D. Buntin, E. C. Burkness, S. Chen, T. E. Cottrell, K. Daane, L. Fann, S. Fleischer, C. Guedot, L. J. Gut, G. Hamilton, R. Hilton, K. Hoelmer, W. Hutchinson, P. Jentsch, G. Krawczyk, T. Kuhar, J. Lee, J. Milnes, A. Nielsen, B. Short, and A. Sial. 2019. Season-long monitoring of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (St�l) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), throughout the United States using commercially available traps and lures. J. Econ. Entomol. 2019: 1-13.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Beers, E. H., A. Marshall, J. Hepler, and J. M. Milnes. 2019. Prospects for integrated pest management of brown marmorated stink bug in Washington tree fruits. Outlooks Pest Manag. 30: 25-32.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Cooper, W. R., D. R. Horton, M. Wildung, A. Jensen, J. Thinakaran, D. Rendon, L. Nottingham, E. H. Beers, C. H. Wohleb, D. G. Hall, and L. L. Stelinski. 2019. Host and non-host "whistle stops" for psyllids: Molecular gut content analysis by high throughput sequencing reveals landscape-level movements of Psylloidea (Hemiptera). Environ. Entomol. (Forum) 48: 554-566.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Milnes, J. M., and E. H. Beers. 2019. Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) causes low levels of parasitism in three North American pentatomids under field conditions. J. Insect Sci. 19: 15.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Ozturk, I. K., & Amiri, A. (2020). Pathogenicity and control of Phacidium lacerum, an emerging pome fruit pathogen in Washington State. Plant Disease, (ja)
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Marshall, A.T. 2020. Netting Applications for Insect Management in Apple Orchards. Ph.D. dissertation, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, May 2020.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2021 Citation: East, K.E., I.A. Zasada, and M.M. Moyer*. Field Performance of Wine Grape Rootstocks and Fumigation During Establishment Phase in Washington Vineyards. Am. J. Enol. Vitic.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2021 Citation: Oliver, C.+, M. Cooper, M.L. Lewis Ivey, P. Brannen, T. Miles, W.F. Mahaffee, and M.M. Moyer*. Documenting Wine Grape Growers Understanding of Fungicide Resistance Mitigation Practices in the United States. Am. J. Enol. Vitic
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2021 Citation: McCoy, M.L., G.A. Hoheisel, L.R. Khot, and M.M. Moyer. Assessment of Three Commercial Over-The-Row Sprayer Technologies in Eastern Washington Vineyards. Am. J. Enol. Vitic.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: McCoy,M., G. Hoheisel, and M. Moyer. 2020. Deposition Pattern of Charged and Uncharged Droplets on Field Grown Vitis vinifera differ based on Tissue Age. (abstr.-talk). Plant Health 2020 Annual Meeting. Virtually delivered. https://apsnet.confex.com/apsnet/2020/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/16756
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 1. Jones VP*. 2020. Using phenology models to estimate insecticide effects on population dynamics: examples from codling moth and obliquebanded leafroller. J. Pest Management Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6125
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 2. Cohen A., CH Wohleb, S Rondon, K. D. Swisher Grimm, J Munyaneza, VP Jones, DW Crowder. 2020. Seasonal population dynamics of potato psyllid (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in the Columbia River Basin. Environ. Entomol. 49(4) 974-982. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa068
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 3. Orpet RJ, VP Jones, EH Beers, HP Reganold, JR Goldberger, DW Crowder. 2020. Perceptions and outcomes of conventional vs. organic apple orchard management. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 289 (2020) 106723.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Fuchs M, Almeyda CV, Al Rwahnih M, Atallah S, Cieniwicz E, Farrar K, Foote W, Golino DA, G�mez M, Harper SJ, Kelly M, Martin RR, Martinson T, Osman F, Park K, Scharlau V, Smith R, Tzanetakis IE, Vidalakis G, & Welliver R. Economic studies reinforce efforts to safeguard specialty crops in the United States. Plant Disease: 10.1094/PDIS-05-20-1061-FE
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Beaver-Kanuya E, & Harper SJ. (2020) Development of RT-qPCR assays for the detection of three latent viruses of pome. Journal of Virological Methods 278: 113836.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Wright AA, Cross AR, Harper SJ (2020) A bushel of viruses: Identification of seventeen novel putative viruses by RNA-seq in six apple trees. Plos One 15(1): e0227669
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Hamilton A, Harper SJ & Critzer F. (2020). Optimization of a Method for the Concentration of Genetic Material in Bacterial and Fungal Communities on Fresh Apple Peel Surfaces. Microorganisms 8(10): 1480.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Bar-Joseph M, Harper SJ, Dawson WO (2020) Citrus tristeza virus. In: C. Fauquet, editor. Encyclopedia of Virology, 4th edition. Elsevier.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2021 Citation: Beaver-Kanuya E, Wright AA, Szostek SA, Khuu N, Harper SJ (2020) Development of RT-qPCR assays for the detection and quantification of three Carlaviruses infecting hop. Journal of Virological Methods, In Review.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2021 Citation: Beaver-Kanuya E & Harper SJ (2020) Detection of Malus- & Pyrus-infecting viroids by real-time RT-PCR. Journal of Virological Methods, In Review.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Adiputra, J., Jarugula, S. and Naidu, R.A. 2019. Intra-species recombination among strains of the ampelovirus Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4. Virology Journal 16: 139.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Gao, Z., Khot, L.R., Naidu, R.A. and Zhang, Q. 2020. Early detection of grapevine leafroll disease in a red-berried wine grape cultivar using hyperspectral imaging. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 179:105807.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Mitra, A., Jarugula, S., Donda, B., Jordan, E. and Naidu, R.A. 2019. Elucidating the genetic diversity of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 for managing grapevine leafroll disease in vineyards. Proceedings of the Northwest Center for Small Fruits Research 2019. December 2-4, 2019, Ferndale, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Mitra, A., Jarugula, S., Donda, B., Jordan, E. and Naidu, R.A. 2019. Genetic diversity of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 in Washington State vineyards. WERA-20 virtual annual meeting, May 21, 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Mitra, A., Jarugula, S., Hoheisel, G. and Naidu, R.A. 2020. Tobacco ringspot virus in highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) in Washington State. The American Phytopathological Society Virtual Annual Meeting, Plant Health 2020, August 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Jarugula, S., Adegbola, R., Mitra, A., Chingandu, N., Thammina, C., Swamy, P., Bagewadi, B. and Naidu. R.A. 2020. Rogueing symptomatic vines for controlling viral diseases in vineyards. Washington Winegrowers Convention and Trade Show, March 2-5, 2020, Kennewick, WA, USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Chingandu, N., Jarugula, S., Movva, A. and Naidu, R.A. 2020. The absence of Grapevine red blotch virus in Washingtons certified grapevine nurseries. Washington Winegrowers Convention and Trade Show, March 2-5, 2020, Kennewick, WA, USA.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Chingandu, N., Jarugula, S., Adiputra, J., Bagewadi, B., Adegbola, R., Thammina, C. and Naidu, R.A. 2020. First report of grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus in grapevines from Washington State. Plant Disease (in press).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2021 Citation: Jarugula, S., Chingandu, N., Adiputra, J., Bagewadi, B., Adegbola, R., Thammina, C. and Naidu, R.A. 2020. First Report of grapevine red globe virus in grapevines in Washington State. Plant Disease (in press).
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kaitlin Mckenzie Hadaway. Studies on cost analysis of viral diagnostics and red leaf symptoms in grapevines. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PLANT PATHOLOGY, Washington State University, Department of Plant Pathology. December 2019.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Recombinant variants of cotton leaf curl Multan virus is associated with the breakdown of leaf curl resistance in cotton in northwestern India. Virus Disease. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00568-0
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Davenport, B., Groth-Helms, D., Li, R., Zhang, S., Gray, S., Ingram, J. and Pappu, H. (2020). Development of a real-time duplex isothermal assay for the detection of Tobacco rattle virus and an endogenous internal RNA control in ornamental hosts. Acta Horticulturae 1288, 245-255. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1288.37
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Iftikhar, R., L. Moyo, and H.R. Pappu. (2020). A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of Dahlia mosaic caulimovirus in dahlia (Dahlia variabilis). Annals of Applied Biology 176:203209. DOI: 10.1111/aab.12574
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 8. Manglli, A., L. Tomassoli, A. Tiberini, G.E. Agosteo, A. Fontana, H.R. Pappu, and G. Albanese (2020). A survey on the infection of Onion yellow dwarf virus and Iris yellow spot tospovirus in seed and bulb productions systems of onion in Calabria, Italy. European J. Plant Pathology 156: 767778.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Olaya, C., S. Fletcher, Y. Zhai, J. Peters, P. Margaria, S. Winter, N. Mitter, and H.R. Pappu (2020). The Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) genome is differentially targeted in TSWV-infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) with or without Sw-5 Gene. Viruses. 12, 363. doi:10.3390/v12040363
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Zhai, Y. I. Mallik, A. Hamid, A. Tabassum, N. Gudmestad, S. M. Gray, and H. R. Pappu. (2020). Genetic diversity in Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) populations in the United States and a global analysis of the PMTV genome. European J. Plant Pathology DOI 10.1007/s10658-019-01836-6
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Pappu, H.R., A.E. Whitfield, and A. (2020). Tomato spotted wilt virus. Encylopedia of Virology. 4th edition. Elsevier Press. (Invited contribution)
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Resende, R., A.E. Whitfield, and H.R. Pappu (2020). Tospoviruses. Encylopedia of Virology. 4th edition. Elsevier Press (Invited contribution)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 2. Pierre-Yves Teycheney; Andrew D.W. Geering; Idranil Dasgupta; Roger Hull; Jan F. Kreuze; Ben Lockhart; Emmanuelle Muller; Neil Olszewski; Hanu Pappu; Mikhail M. Pooggin; Katja R. Richert-P�ggeler; James E. Schoelz; Susan Seal; Livia Stavolone; Marie Umber. (2020). ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Caulimoviridae. Journal of General Virology. DOI
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Zhai, Y., H. Peng, M.M. Neff, and H.R. Pappu (2020). Emerging Molecular Links between Plant Photomorphogenesis and Virus Resistance. Frontiers in Plant Science https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00920 (peer-reviewed)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Smith, O., B. Gerdeman, M. Arrington, H. Spitler and L. DeVetter. 2020. Pollination, Crop Productivity, and Arthropod and Bird Communities are Marginally Impacted by Border Vegetation in Highbush Blueberry Production.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: Zhang, H., C. Miles. B. Gerdeman and D. Griffin. 2020. Plastic mulch use in perennial fruit cropping systems - a review.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2021 Citation: Gerdeman, B., K. Sims, A. Dreves and T. Hueppelsheuser. Seasonal reproductive condition of wild populations of Drosophila suzukii in the Pacific Northwest. BC Entomological Society Journal.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Gerdeman, B. 2020. Insect Management in Orchards. WSU NWREC. March 6.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Gerdeman, B., P. Holloway and J. Curtis. 2020. Alaska Peony TASC 2020 Field Trials. APGA Winter Conference. January 31, Fairbanks, AK.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Gerdeman, B., C. Coslor and G. H. Spitler. 2020. Mating disruption in PNW highbush blueberry. Horticultural Growers Short Course. January 30, Abbottsford, BC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Gerdeman, B., P. Holloway, J. Curtis. 2020. Potential new approaches to managing thrips on cut flowers. Wilbur Ellis Technical Seminar, Bulb/Flower Grower. January 8, Puyallup, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Coslor, C., and B. Gerdeman. 2020. Mating disruption of Obliquebanded C. Coslor, C., B. Gerdeman. leafrollers (Choristoneura rosaceana, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Washington blueberry. 79th Annual Pacific Northwest Insect Management Conference. 7 January, Portland, OR.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Diehl, B. and B. Gerdeman. Wireworm Ultimate Foe and Sampling and Management. Virtual Brownbag. WSU NWREC. 13 July.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: B. Gerdeman. Insecticide trials for seed crop production. Virtual lunch and learn WSU NWREC
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: B. Gerdeman. Strategies for contolling lepidoptera in small fruit. Virtual Lunch and Learn. WSU NWREC Oct 7, 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 2020 Proceedings Growers' Short Course Jan 28-30. Mating disruption in PNW highbush blueberry. Abbottsford, BC.
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Grove, G.G., and Swamy, P. 2020. Current Status of the Powdery Mildew Fungicide Toolbox in Cherries. http://treefruit.wsu.edu/newsletter/tree-fruit-news-may-2020/
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Swamy, P., Probst, C., and Grove, G.G. 2019. Incidence of Podosphaera clandestina on sweet cherries (Prunus avium) and the influence of postharvest handling practices on the survival of conidia on harvested fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology 156: 212-220.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Moparthi, S., Pandey, B., Bradshaw, M., Rooney Latham, S., Braun, E., Meeboon, M., and Romberg, M., and Grove, G.G., 2019. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Podosphaera cerasi, sp. nov., ad Podosphaera prunicola sensu lato. Mycologia 111: 647-659.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pandey, B., Naidu, R.A. & Grove, G.G. 2018. Detection and analysis of mycovirus-related RNA viruses from grape powdery mildew fungus doi:10.1007/s00705-018-3714-0
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pandey, B., Naidu, R.A. & Grove, G.G. Next generation sequencing analysis of double-stranded RNAs from sweet cherry powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera prunicola. J Plant Pathol 100, 435446 (2018) doi:10.1007/s42161-018-0092-0


Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Tree fruit growers in the state of Washington, British Columbia, and nation-wide. Also, peer researchers worldwide in ecology, pest management, and population biology Small fruit growers and seed crop producers in Washington, Oregon and British Columbia and nation-wide. Changes/Problems:Gerdeman: Our research direction is dependent on grower commission priorities. Objective 2. The Washington Blueberry Commission did not fund root weevil research in 2018, instead they preferred to fund our Obliquebanded leafroller (Tortricidae) mating disruption field trial in Whatcom County blueberry. The WRRC provided funding to survey for BMSB and its primary Asian parasitoid, Trissolcus japonicus. Objective 5. The Puget Sound Seed Growers Association did not fund research on leafminers, spider mites or root maggots, instead they funded a field trial to test efficacy of Orthene to control lygus infesting beet seed crops but will fund research on various subterranean pests of spinach seed in 2020. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Beers:Two Ph.D students and two post-doctoral scholars have been trained Gerdeman: Two MSAG candidates trained and one Ms Horticultural student trained and graduated. Educational opportunities and field toursincluded WSU NWREC Summer Field Day, Au Sable EcoAg students. Includes three multiple Master Gardener training workshops and training for a local organic intern program. Harper: Provided training and educational opportunities for two postdocs, one technician, and two graduate students. They have produced three publications (2 published, 1 in review), with more in progress, and one postdoc was able to present her research at a professional conference. Furthermore, a total of 3 temporary technicians were able to gain experience of laboratory processes during the LCD survey of 2019. Jones: One post-doctoral researcher who has been given training in the development of insect models and ways to stabilize IPM programs. We have also had to bachelor's degree technicians getting experience in field data collection and experimental design. One of our PhD students completed his program last year (2019). Moyer:This project has supported the mentoring of a PhD Student working on nematode biology. She graduated in 2019, and recently accepted a faculty position. It is also supporting the mentorship of a Postdoctoral scientist in powdery mildew fungicide resistance, another PhD in general foliar disease management, and an undergraduate intern in nematode management. . It has also involved the training of a technician on nematode research, trunk disease scouting, and powdery mildew scouting. It also provided training for viticulture company interns, where a personalized workshop on canopy management, disease scouting. Murray:Two postdoctoral scientists, one M.S. student, one visiting Ph.D. student (Pakistan), and one visiting scientist (China) participated in this project during 2019. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Beers: Updates on brown marmorated stink bug and codling moth control with sterile insect release were given in 27 presentations during the reporting year. Among others, the SIR project was presented at a tree fruit industry field day at the Sunrise Research Orchard. Two websites are maintained, one for the CM-SIR project http://tfrec.cahnrs.wsu.edu/beers-tfentomology/wa-cm-sir/ and one for brown marmorated stink bug, including it's expanding distribution in Washington State: http://tfrec.cahnrs.wsu.edu/beers-tfentomology/bmsb/ Harper: Presentations of the research findings were made to tree fruit industry representatives (growers, nursery owners) at 3 industry conferences to raise awareness of the pathogens afflicting treefruit crops in Washington state, as well as at a 5 meetings of local nursery owner and grower groups. Research outcomes were disseminated in two WSU extension factsheets, and the PI (Harper) has also given media interviews (radio and in print) to 4 journalists during 2019. Finally, throughout the year, disease management information has been disseminated to growers in person during field work - grower questions were answered, IPM advice given, with follow up where necessary. Jones: Published five peer-reviewed publications in high impact journals in 2019. A total of 13 presentations were given at local, state and national venues over the past year. Our WSU-DAS site was visited ≈78,000 times during the last year and the British Columbia version was visited ≈9,500 times. We have also set up a beta user group for our pesticide spray record evaluator web site that gave feedback on the web site and will guide us going forward as the educational program for that site gears up. Moyer:Various articles relating to vineyard pest management (nematode management, fungicide resistance management, grape powdery mildew) were published in the Viticulture and Enology Extension Newsletter, released in the Spring and Fall annually. Oral and poster presentations were also given at the Washington State Grape Society, the Washington WineGrowers Association, the American Phytopathological Society, and numerous (15+) grower meetings. We have also hosted several workshops related to fungicide resistance management and wrote several trade-journal articles on disease management and fungicide resistance. We also push articles and information through our email listserv (over 1800 recipients), Viticulture Extension Facebook (over 1000 followers), and Twitter accounts. Amiri: Published 3 extensions notes summarizing some findings from our work in the WSU-Fruit Matter newsletters; Provided 15 talks to industry stakeholders in the State of Washington and North Oregon. Gerdeman: Results are disseminated to seed grower meetings 3x/year. They are also provided to growers at the WSU NWREC Field Day and at grower workshops including Viva Farms, a farmer incubator organization. Murray: Update on Snow Mold, Stripe Rust, and Eyespot Diseases of Wheat. Highline Grain Growers Annual Meeting, Waterville, WA, February 25, 2019. Soil Acidity - Its Causes and Impacts on Wheat Diseases. Management Matter for Soil Health, WSU Farmers Network, Pullman, WA, February 21, 2019. Biology and Management of Winter Wheat Diseases. Spokane Ag Expo, Spokane, WA, February 5, 2019. Update on Snow Mold, Stripe Rust, and Eyespot Diseases of Wheat, and Hessian Fly. 2019 Syngenta Cereal & Pulse School, Spokane, WA, February 4, 2019. Cultural Management of Soil-borne Plant Diseases. Management Matter for Soil Health, WSU Farmers Network, Pullman, WA, January 22, 2019. Biology and Management of Winter Wheat Diseases. Walla Walla Cereal Seminar, Walla Walla, WA, January 15, 2019. Soil Acidity - Its Causes and Impacts on Wheat Diseases. Far West Ag Expo, Kennewick, WA, December 21, 2018. Biology and Management of Winter Wheat Diseases. Far West Ag Expo, Kennewick, WA, December 21, 2018. Biology and Management of Winter Wheat Diseases. Hermiston Farm Fair, Hermiston, OR, November 29, 2018. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Beers:A third year of the codling moth sterile insect release program is planned. Research on brown marmorated stink bug will include commercial orchard tests of attract and kill, an IPM friendly alternative to full canopy sprays. We will continue to explore the non-target effects of T. japonicus on native pest and predatory stink bugs, and expand re-distribution efforts within the state. Harper:During the next year we aim to 1) continue our investigation into the drivers of the Little cherry disease (LCD) epidemic, monitoring its spread and furthering our understanding of LCD pathogenesis through expanded sampling and establishment of controlled field experiments to determine whether the gene expression changes are consistent for other commercial cultivars beyond Bing and Rainier sweet cherries. Furthermore, we aim to characterize the variable phenotypes observed during this year, and correlate that with location, cultivar, and pathogen genotype. Next, we aim to determine whether the cost of management of two hop-infecting viruses, HLV and AHLV is justified by the economic losses they cause through assessment of disease expression under controlled conditions. Jones:We will gather validation data for a final year on the apple and pear bloom periods and work on the implementation of models for four natural enemy species as well as 4-7 new pest models for WSU-DAS. Amiri:We plan to focus on organic disease management of pome fruit postharvest diseases both pre and postharvest. We will conduct trials to develop new materials critically needed and study the microbiomes of organic versus conventional fruit to better understand potential ecological aspects that would enhance disease management. Moyer:We will continue our nematode work, with additional annual evaluations at our two rootstock+fumigation evaluation sites. We also have numerous product trials that are evaluating the best-timing of available products, adjusted based on our current research into the lifecycle of the Northern Root-knot nematode. We will be finalizing our crown gall scouting and diagnostic testing in winter 2019-2020, to provide reporting and best-practices guidelines for growers starting in the 2020 growing season. We will be continuing our fungicide resistance monitoring, including the set-up of our own in-house testing laboratory to reduce the processing and reporting time for our growers. We also plan on evaluating some new technologies (equipment) for mildew management, starting in 2020. James:Further evaluations of bait trapping, chemical control and biological control will be conducted to enable formulation of an IPM plan for this new pest of wine grapes. Gerdeman: Weanticipate a continuation of the cabbage nectar study in a cabbage seed crop. We are requesting an extension for the Red Raspberry Residue Decline study, TASC. We will repeat the thrips in AK peonies survey and molecular work, plus conduct field trials using 2 insecticides, for controlling thrips. We anticipate a preplant incorporated field trial for spinach grown for seed, to determine the reported decline in Capture LFR and test boosting its efficacy with Mustang Maxx and compare with additional new products including Athena and Verimark. We will survey for leafrollers and cutworms infesting small fruit and determine their flight periods. We will mass rear Obliquebanded leafroller to perform resistance bioassays.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A second year of a project examining the efficacy of sterile insect release for control of codling moth was completed. The sterile moths were released weekly for 22 weeks using drones. A release device on the drone was calibrated to deliver either 800 or 2,400 moths/acre. Unlike the previous season, pheromone trap captures did not show a difference in recapture between the two release rates, and fruit damage in the treated plots was similar to the check. Brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) has been detected in 28 counties in WA. A test of attract-and-kill was performed in an infested orchard. Two trap designs were compared with an untreated check. The panel design captured 3.6x more BMSB than the draped design. However, traps placed in the interior of the orchard did not show a significant difference in the ability of the perimeter traps to prevent incursion into the orchard, and damage levels were similar among treatments. Efficacy testing for Orthene to lygus control in beet seed crops was performed. No difference inefficacy between acephateand bifenthrin but both significantly different than the UTC with 0 germ phytotoxicity. Bioassays on spider mites infesting red raspberry in Whatcom County indicatedresults similar - evidence of resistance in mites to bifenthrin while Acramite performed well. Examined feasibility of mating disruption in a 26-acre conventional highbush blueberry field. Trap shutdown accomplished and no worms detected in the machine harvested fruit unlike the UTC. Completed the first year of the cabbage nectar study. Minute residues of all neonicotinoids were detected in nectar similar to past 2 years. Completed honey bee toxicology tests using bifenthrin on cabbage compared with EPA standard, alfalfa. Results indicated residues were toxic to bees<25% @ 3DATcabbage and <25% @ 7DAT alfalfa. Research focused on 1) the management of Little cherry disease (LCD), which our survey showed has reached epidemic levels in WA, with 60% pathogen incidence from ~6000 samples collected statewide. Surveyed potential reservoirs contributing to the epidemic, and found that the majority of the spread is in-orchard, from infected sweet cherry. Other susceptible Prunus species are another driver, while non-Prunus herbaceous and woody species are not, showing >1% incidence. Investigated how the two causal pathogens induce disease, and they up or downregulate genes involved in sugar and flavor expression, as well as fruit growth and development. Examined the virome of apple trees suffering from Apple decline and found a total of 8 known viruses/viroids and 17 putatively new viral species representing 7 different genera. Work continued on the development and validation of models that can be included in WSU-DAS. We completed a third year of validation for models of bloom for five apple and three pear cultivars, and finished models for pear psylla, rosy apple aphid, apple grain aphid, and western tentiform leafminer that will be integrated this winter into WSU-DAS. Preliminary evaluation of this just for codling moth showed that in 14 different orchard/year combinations that managers could save $283/acre by proper timing of spray programs. This web site can be found at http://pesticides.decisionaid.systems. Finished the study on outbreaks of western tentiform leafminer in organic orchards following sprays of Entrust. In the paired conventional orchards, there was no outbreak and the outbreaks only followed Entrust applications. Completed assessing the biological and molecular activities of difenoconazole, a new fungicide registered to control postharvest diseases of pome fruit. Screened its in vitro and in vivo efficacies against 10 major fungal species. Focused on investigating the molecular mechanisms through which it docks to the target gene CYP51 and conducted a risk assessment for Penicillium expansum to develop resistance to this fungicide. Elucidated the efficacy of difenoconazole against major pome fruit diseases; obtained a whole-genome sequence of Podosphaera leucotricha, the causal agent of apple powdery mildew; and provided timely recommendations to stakeholders on better management strategies, Commercial farm trials with industry partners continued that included the addition of a second long-term rootstock and fumigation evaluation trial. Impacts of fumigation are short-lived in vineyards, and importantly, that preplant fumigation may ultimately have a negative long-term impact on vineyard establishment and productivity. Continued industry surveys for incidence and outbreaks of crown gall and repeated our evaluations of efficacy of diagnostic testing for this disease during different seasons; commercially available diagnostics are inefficient at detecting this pathogen, and are likely not a viable option for screening plant material for this pathogen. Powdery mildew fungicide resistance monitoring and testing showed that we often see co-selection for fungicide resistance for multiple FRAC groups, and that external selection pressure (drift from neighboring non-grape crops) is likely exacerbating fungicide resistance selection. Vineyard monitoring of abundance and phenology of populations of the White-headed leafroller and its natural enemies was completed during May-October. Examination of curated leaffolder moths and discussions with experts on the genus Desmia, have confirmed our earlier diagnosis that the GL we have in WA vineyards is the White-headed Grape Leaffolder, Desmia maculalis. Synthetic pheromone monitoring of adult GL populations has again proven to be unreliable. Used fermenting bait bucket traps that have proven to be far superior (and cheaper) in monitoring adult populations. Early season (June) populations of GL were much lower than in 2018 suggesting that the moth had low overwintering survival. However, by August numbers had increased to high levels in a few vineyards. In contrast to 2018, GL had a mid-summer generation of moths. In one monitored vineyard, compared the impact of the insecticide Altacor on GL with a nearby unsprayed block. Altacor provided good control of GL. Disease reaction of 60 advanced lines and new varieties to eyespot and Cephalosporium stripe was determined in inoculated field plots near Pullman, WA in cooperation with the WSU Variety Testing program. Studies to determine the effectiveness of variety mixtures in controlling eyespot and Cephalosporium stripe were completed. One round of microplot studies to determine the effect of biochar and paper mill fly ash amendments on wheat productivity in low pH soils were completed and the second round initiated. Field plots with biochar and fly ash were established at two locations where acid soil is a problem. Studies to determine the effectiveness of using marker-assisted selection to improve resistance to snow mold diseases were completed in conjunction with the WSU Winter Wheat Breeding program. A protocol was developed to determine vector specificity for Rathayibacter spp. by seed gall nematodes in vitro. Mating disruption was tried to control Leafrollers (lepidoptera: Tortricidae) affecting small fruits. Results indicated "trap shutdown" occurred and no larvae were collected during random sampling on the harvester, unlike the untreated area. This approach provides growers with an additional IPM tool without any additional residues and warrants further investigation. To determine the presence of bifenthrin resistance in Twospotted spider mites infesting red raspberry. Mite samples indicated resistance present at all 4 field locations. DNA was optimized from 85 mites surviving the bioassays. No mutations were identified that conferred resistance. Studies on pesticide residue declines were completed. Twenty-nine different pesticides were studied across a period of 21 days and growers were provided with guidelines for selecting insecticides for their primary export countries based on residue decline.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: East, K.E., M.M. Moyer, I.A. Zasada, and R.P. Schreiner. 2019. Developmental Dynamics of Meloidogyne hapla in Washington Wine Grapes. Plant Dis. 103:966-971
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Orpet RJ, DW Crowder, VP Jones. 2019. Woolly apple aphid generalist predator feeding behavior assessed through video observation in an apple orchard. J. Insect Behavior 32(2): 153-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-019-09722-z
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Orpet RJ, DW Crowder, VP Jones. 2019. Biology and management of European earwig in orchards and vineyards. J. Int.Pest Management 10(1):21,1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-019-09722-z
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Orpet RJ, VP Jones, EH Beers, HP Reganold, JR Goldberger, DW Crowder. 2019. Perceptions and outcomes of conventional vs. organic apple orchard management. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (in press).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Orpet RJ, JR Goldberger, DW Crowder, VP Jones. 2019. Field evidence and grower perceptions of the roles of an omnivore, European earwig, in apple orchards. Biol. Control. 132: 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.02.011
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Orpet RJ, VP Jones, JP Reganold, DW Crowder. 2019. Effects of restricting movement between root and canopy populations of woolly apple aphid. PLOS-ONE 14(5):e0216424. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216424
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jones VP, DW Crowder, RJ Orpet, U Chambers. Evaluating and improving biological control of WAA. WTFRC Apple Crop Protection Review. 24 Jan., Pasco, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jones VP, PW Shearer. Optimizing control for leafrollers and western tentiform leafminer. WTFRC Apple Crop Protection Review. 24 Jan., Pasco, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jones VP, MS Jones, S Borghi, U Chambers. Advancing IPM implementation using pesticide effects models, spray records, and site-specific weather data. Invited symposium presentation, Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society Meeting, San Diego, CA 31 March-3 April.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jones VP, G Degrandi-Hoffman, S. Borghi, U Chambers, PW Shearer, H Graham, MS Jones. Implementing a honeybee foraging model and REDAPOL fruit set predictions in Washington States Decision Aid System. Invited symposium presentation. Int. Pollinator Conference 17-20 July, Davis, CA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jones VP, MS Jones, S Borghi. Apple IPM using models to target pests. Extension ID, Scouting and Management Meeting. 1 Aug., Wenatchee, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jones VP, MS Jones, U Chambers, S. Borghi. WSU-Decision Aid System. Presentation to the predictive agriculture group, Corteva Ag. Sciences. 3 Sept., Wenatchee, WA
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jones VP. Using DSS tools to understand the past, improve the present, and anticipate the future of tree fruit IPM. Invited Entomology Departmental Seminar, University of Georgia, 23 Sept., Athens, GA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jones VP. Using WSUs decision support tools to understand the past, improve the present, and anticipate the future of tree fruit IPM. Invited speaker, Science in our Valley seminar series. 2 Oct., Wenatchee, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jones VP. Timing codling moth and oblique banded leafroller treatments for optimal results and evaluating past performance of your spray programs. Washington State Tree Fruit Association Annual Conference. 9-11 Dec., Wenatchee, WA.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kruse, E.B., K.L.E. Klos, J. Marshall, T.D. Murray, B.P. Ward, and A.H. Carter. 2019. Evaluating Selection of a Quantitative Trait: Snow Mold Tolerance in Winter Wheat. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 2:190059. doi:10.2134/age2019.07.0059.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jones VP, G DeGrandi-Hoffman. Honeybee foraging and fruit set predictions using WSU-DAS: whats new and upcoming. Washington State Tree Fruit Association Annual Conference. 9-11 Dec., Wenatchee, WA.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Cui, L., D. Qiu, L. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Ren, H. Zhang, J. Li, J. Zou, P. Wu, H. Liu, L. Yang, Y. Zhou, Y. Wang, Y. Lv, Z. Liu, T.D. Murray, and H. Li. 2019. Resistance to Heterodera filipjevi and H. avenae in winter wheat is conferred by different QTL. Phytopathology doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-19-0135-R.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Lozada, D.N., J.G. Godoy, T.D. Murray, and A.H. Carter. 2019. Genetic dissection of snow mold tolerance in US Pacific Northwest winter wheat through genome-wide association study and genomic selection. Frontiers in Plant Science. doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01337.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Gill, K.S., N. Kumar, H.S. Randhawa, A.H. Carter, J. Yenish, C.F. Morris, B. Baik, R.W. Higginbotham, S.O. Guy, D.A. Engle, X.M. Chen, T.D. Murray, and D. Lyon. 2019. Registration of Mela CL+ Soft White Winter Wheat. J. Plant Registrations
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Nishio, Z., N. Iriki, M. Ito, T. Tabiki, and T. Murray. 2019. Mapping QTL conferring speckled snow mold resistance in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Breeding Science [IN PRESS 24 October 2019].
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Tancos, M.A., A.J. Sechler, E.W. Davis II, J.H. Chang, B.K. Schroeder, T.D. Murray, and E.E. Rogers. 2019. Discovery of tunicamycin-related biosynthetic gene clusters in three Rathayibacter species, including one endemic to the Northwest U.S. (R. agropyri). Phytopathology S2.36.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jones VP, G DeGrandi-Hoffman, T Schmidt, PW Shearer. Development and validation of a precision pollination model. WTFRC Technology Review. 12 Feb, Wanapum Dam, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jones VP, U Chambers, T Schmidt. Developing and validating models for tree fruit. WTFRC Technology Review. 12 Feb, Wanapum Dam, WA.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Schmidt-Jeffris, R. A., and E. H. Beers. 2019. Insect pests of fruit: mites. Chap. 20 (27 pp). In: X. Xu and M. T. Fountain (eds.), Integrated management of insect pests and diseases of tree fruit. Burleigh-Dodds, Cambridge, UK.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Acebes-Doria, A., A. M. Agnello, D. Alston, H. Andrews, E. H. Beers, J. C. Bergh, R. T. Bessin, B. Blaauw, G. D. Buntin, E. C. Burkness, S. Chen, T. E. Cottrell, K. Daane, L. Fann, S. Fleischer, C. Guedot, L. J. Gut, G. Hamilton, R. Hilton, K. Hoelmer, W. Hutchinson, P. Jentsch, G. Krawczyk, T. Kuhar, J. Lee, J. Milnes, A. Nielsen, B. Short, and A. Sial. 2019. Season-long monitoring of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (St�l) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), throughout the United States using commercially available traps and lures. J. Econ. Entomol. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz240
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Beers, E. H., A. Marshall, J. Hepler, and J. M. Milnes. 2019. Prospects for integrated pest management of brown marmorated stink bug in Washington tree fruits. Outlooks Pest Manag. 30: 25-32.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Moparthi, S., Grove, G.G, , Pandey, B., Bradshaw, M., Latham, S.R., Braun, U., Meboon, J., and Romberg, M. 2019. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Podosphaera cerasi, sp. nov., and Podosphaera prunicola sensu lato, Mycologia, 111:4, 647-659, DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1611316
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Cooper, W. R., D. R. Horton, M. Wildung, A. Jensen, J. Thinakaran, D. Rendon, L. Nottingham, E. H. Beers, C. H. Wohleb, D. G. Hall, and L. L. Stelinski. 2019. Host and non-host "whistle stops" for psyllids: Molecular gut content analysis by high throughput sequencing reveals landscape-level movements of Psylloidea (Hemiptera). Environ. Entomol. 48: 554-566.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Milnes, J. M., and E. H. Beers. 2019. Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) causes low levels of parasitism in three North American pentatomids under field conditions. J. Insect Sci. 19: 15.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Pandey, B., Rayapati, N., and Grove, G.G. 2019. Detection and analysis of mycovirus-related RNA viruses from grape powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe necator. Archives of Virology [22 Jan 2018, 163(4):1019-1030]. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3714-0 DOI: 10.1007/s42161-018-0092-0
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 1. Olaya, C., B. Adhikari, G. Raikhy, J. Cheng, and H.R. Pappu (2019). Identification and localization of Tospoviridae family-wide conserved residues in 3D models of the nucleocapsid and the silencing suppressor proteins. Virology Journal 16:7 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-018-1106-4
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Chuntao, Y, S.R. Ramachandran, Y. Zhai, C. Bu, H.R. Pappu and S.H. Hulbert (2019). A novel fungal effector from Puccinia graminis suppressing RNA silencing and plant defense responses. New Phytologist doi: 10.1111/nph.15676
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hamid, A, Y. Zhai; S.V. Ramesh, and H.R. Pappu (2019). Complete genome characterization and population dynamics of Potato virus Y-NTN strain from India. Virus Disease https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-019-00526-5
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kamal, H, M. Fayyaz-ul-Amir Afsar, F. Muhammad, D. Tripathi, H. Muhammad, R. Mustafa, Z.M. Khan, S. Mansoor, H.R. Pappu, and I. Amin. (2019). In silico prediction and validations of domains involved in Gossypium hirsutum SnRK1 protein interaction with Cotton leaf curl Multan virus betasatellite-encoded ?C1. Frontiers in Plant Science. DOI=10.3389/fpls.2019.00656 https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2019.00656
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Zhai, Y., H. Peng, M.M. Neff, and H.R. Pappu (2019). Putative auxin and light responsive promoter elements from the Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus genome, when expressed as cDNA, are functional in Arabidopsis. Frontiers in Plant Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00804
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Roy, A., Y. Zhai, J. Ortiz, M.M. Neff, B. Mandal, S.K. Mukherjee and Hanu R Pappu (2019). Multiplexed editing of a begomovirus genome restricts escape mutant formation and disease development. PLoS One.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223765


Progress 06/22/18 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Growers, field representatives, industry representatives, agro-chemical consultants, farm managers, crop consultants, state and federal regulatory agencies, and researchers and extension specialists, Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Johnson: Field representatives, 3 undergraduate students and 1 graduate students have been trained. Moyer: This project has supported the mentoring of a PhD Student working on nematode biology. It has also involved the training of a technician on nematode research, trunk disease scouting, and powdery mildew scouting. It also provided training for viticulture company interns, where a personalized workshop on canopy management, disease scouting, and fungicide program designed was offered in the spring of 2018, on an individual request basis from multiple companies (4 companies took the offer, with over 10 more asking for assistance in understanding and designing fungicide programs for resistance management). The companies that participated account for over 80% of the harvested grapes in the state. Amiri: Conducted a field day on organic disease management in pome fruit systems for 45 growers and industry stakeholders. Participants we educated and trained on best management practices to adopt in organic systems. Inglis: Training of (1) Postdoctoral Research Associate and training of (1) Undergraduate Student Intern. Jones: training a PhD student in optimizing IPM strategies for tree fruit production. In addition, there are two post-doctoral researchers that are being given further training in developing insect models and evaluating ways to stabilize IPM programs Beers: Two Ph.D. students went on a policy tour organized by the Entomological Society of America. The tour was in Pennsylvania, and included inspection sites of damage by invasive species, include the recently detected spotted lanternfly. One research intern took a 3-day training course sponsored by the WSDA to learn taxonomy and identification of tortricids, a group containing several key tree fruit pests. Gerdeman: Allison Weston an MSAG candidate will graduate Spring 2019 and Weixin Gan a MS Horticulture candidate, is continuing in her program. Pappu: Two PhD students and two post-doctoral fellows were trained Rayapati: i. Two undergraduate students from Heritage University completed internships in 2018 summer. ii. Five graduate students pursued research towards doctoral degree in Plant Virology. One of them graduated with PhD degree in fall 2018. iii. Five graduate students and two post-doctoral research associates made oral and poster presentations at professional scientific meetings. These opportunities helped them to improve a variety of skills for advancing their careers. Chastagner:The following educational events and field tours were organized: Bulb and Cut Flower Section of the 2018 Wilbur-Ellis University, January 17, 2018 in Puyallup, WA; WSU Bulb and Cut Flower Field Day at WSU Puyallup on May 16, 2018; Field tour of the CoFirGE Turkish and Trojan fir genetic planting at Nisqually, WA on June 8, 2018; and Yard Waste Steaming Demo at WSU Puyallup on October 5, 2018. The bulb and cut flower events were WSDA accredited and provided pesticide recertification credits to all that attended. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Amiri: Disseminated through publications and presentations to grower audiences.Conducted a field day on organic disease management in pome fruit systems for 45 growers and industry stakeholder in June of 2018. Participants were trained on best management practices to adopt in organic systems. Twelve extension presentations were given in this period to different industry stakeholders in the state. These included oral presentations and field days to disseminate new knowledge about major pome fruit diseases such as powdery mildew, blue mold, gray mold, use of new technologies for fungicide applications in conventional and organic systems. Six extension journals were published in well read-magazines and newsletters. Jones: We have given 13 presentations to growers, pest management specialists or peers on various aspects of our projects and hosted a booth at the Washington state tree fruit association conference on the importance of DAS, new features, and how climate change may affect management programs. In addition, we have 10 written progress reports on grants funded. Our decision support systems for tree fruit were accessed nearly 20,000 times with about 75,500 page views. We have also submitted 4 refereed journal articles and had a student complete their dissertation. Moyer:Various articles relating to vineyard pest management (nematode management, fungicide resistance management, grape powdery mildew) were published in the Viticulture and Enology Extension Newsletter. Oral and poster presentations were also given at the Washington State Grape Society, the Washington WineGrowers Association, Benton-Franklin County Master Gardeners, Snohomish Fruit Society, and the International Congress of Plant Pathology. We have also hosted several workshops and field days, of which included local media coverage (news outlets and grower magazines, such as the Good Fruit Grower). We also push articles and information through our email listserv (over 1000 recipients), Viticulture Extension Facebook (over 1000 followers), and Twitter accounts. Beers:Information on stink bug behavior and biological control was presented at professional meetings and to grower groups. Public outreach and education on BMSB identification and research in Washington State was disseminated via an informational booth at the Wenatchee Valley Farmers Market. Two field days were held to update growers on sterile insect release and drone technology. A public website for codling moth sterile insect release was created and posted http://tfrec.cahnrs.wsu.edu/beers-tfentomology/wa-cm-sir/, along with a website to share results weekly with project participants using GIS mapping. The distribution of brown marmorated stink bug and T. japonicus are updated annually on the BMSB website http://tfrec.cahnrs.wsu.edu/beers-tfentomology/bmsb/, as well as being pooled with information from across the country at https://www.stopbmsb.org/. Rayapati: Presentations (oral and poster) were made at grape industry-sponsored annual meetings and scientific meetings to disseminate research-based data with peers, students and growers. Workshops and face-to-face meetings were held with wine grape growers, viticulturists, vineyard managers, participants of WSU's professional certificate program in viticulture and regulatory agencies to disseminate research-based knowledge about virus diseases and their negative impacts for practical applications to control viral diseases in vineyards and strengthening grapevine certification programs. Harper:Presentations of the research findings were made to tree fruit industry representatives (growers, nursery owners) at two industry conferences to raise awareness of the pathogens afflicting treefruit crops in Washington state, as well as at a two meetings of local nursery owner and grower groups. Research outcomes were disseminated in an WSU extension publication, and the PI (Harper) has also given media interviews (radio and in print) to three journalists during 2018. Finally, throughout the year, disease management information has been disseminated to growers in person during field work - grower questions were answered, IPM advice given, with follow up where necessary. Chastagner: The results of this project were disseminated to: bulb and cut flower growers at regional conferences (2) and field days (1); Christmas tree growers at regional conferences (2), field tours (1) and webinars (1); nursery stock producers at local meetings (3); municipal, state and federal agencies at a field tour, and scientist and extension specialist at regional (1), national (3) and international (1) scientific conferences. Information was also disseminated via four articles in industry publications and three media stories. ? What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Amiri: Disseminated through publications and presentations to grower audiences.Conducted a field day on organic disease management in pome fruit systems for 45 growers and industry stakeholder in June of 2018. Participants were trained on best management practices to adopt in organic systems. Twelve extension presentations were given in this period to different industry stakeholders in the state. These included oral presentations and field days to disseminate new knowledge about major pome fruit diseases such as powdery mildew, blue mold, gray mold, use of new technologies for fungicide applications in conventional and organic systems. Six extension journals were published in well read-magazines and newsletters. Jones: We have given 13 presentations to growers, pest management specialists or peers on various aspects of our projects and hosted a booth at the Washington state tree fruit association conference on the importance of DAS, new features, and how climate change may affect management programs. In addition, we have 10 written progress reports on grants funded. Our decision support systems for tree fruit were accessed nearly 20,000 times with about 75,500 page views. We have also submitted 4 refereed journal articles and had a student complete their dissertation. Moyer:Various articles relating to vineyard pest management (nematode management, fungicide resistance management, grape powdery mildew) were published in the Viticulture and Enology Extension Newsletter. Oral and poster presentations were also given at the Washington State Grape Society, the Washington WineGrowers Association, Benton-Franklin County Master Gardeners, Snohomish Fruit Society, and the International Congress of Plant Pathology. We have also hosted several workshops and field days, of which included local media coverage (news outlets and grower magazines, such as the Good Fruit Grower). We also push articles and information through our email listserv (over 1000 recipients), Viticulture Extension Facebook (over 1000 followers), and Twitter accounts. Beers:Information on stink bug behavior and biological control was presented at professional meetings and to grower groups. Public outreach and education on BMSB identification and research in Washington State was disseminated via an informational booth at the Wenatchee Valley Farmers Market. Two field days were held to update growers on sterile insect release and drone technology. A public website for codling moth sterile insect release was created and posted http://tfrec.cahnrs.wsu.edu/beers-tfentomology/wa-cm-sir/, along with a website to share results weekly with project participants using GIS mapping. The distribution of brown marmorated stink bug and T. japonicus are updated annually on the BMSB website http://tfrec.cahnrs.wsu.edu/beers-tfentomology/bmsb/, as well as being pooled with information from across the country at https://www.stopbmsb.org/. Rayapati: Presentations (oral and poster) were made at grape industry-sponsored annual meetings and scientific meetings to disseminate research-based data with peers, students and growers. Workshops and face-to-face meetings were held with wine grape growers, viticulturists, vineyard managers, participants of WSU's professional certificate program in viticulture and regulatory agencies to disseminate research-based knowledge about virus diseases and their negative impacts for practical applications to control viral diseases in vineyards and strengthening grapevine certification programs. Harper: During the next reporting period we aim to examine the pathogenesis of little cherry disease using and 'omics approach, examine the routes of infection of the LCD pathogens through field sampling and diagnostics. The role of the viruses associated with apple decline will be studied to determine the causal agent(s). Finally, the threat of phytoplasma diseases to Washington stonefruit production will be assessed using field sampling, diagnostics, and physiological characterization. Chastagner: Complete the characterization of novel new Botrytis species on peonies, initiate postharvest disease control studies with growers in AK, determine the optimal temperature to store cut peony flowers, continue to evaluate the effectiveness of biopesticides in controlling Botrytis diseases on ornamental bulb crops, confirm the variation in needle retention among sources of Turkish and Trojan firs in the CoFirGE regional Nisqually plot, and optimize the effectiveness of steam treatments as a mitigation treatment. In addition, prepare manuscripts and extension publications, update program web site, organize/co-organize a conference and field day for PNW bulb and cut flower growers, and make presentations at industry and scientific meetings and conferences. ?

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The effect of specific crop rotations of teff and alfalfa with potato on severity of Verticillium wilt in potato was quantified. Teff was shown to potentially reduce the disease and alfalfa was should not to have an effect. The risks and benefits of novel technologies to apply fungicides postharvest were evaluated. Thermonebulization is practical but may not provide sufficient level of control. The in vitro and in vivo potency of difenoconazole, a novel fungicide used for postharvest disease control was evaluated. A life cycle model for northern root-knot nematode (M. hapla) was developed which is being used to improve timing of chemical management. 55 vineyards were surveyed for crown gall (A. vitis), noting that most high-severity vineyards are a result of not using WSDA Certified vines. Over 380 sites were surveyed for isolates of grapevine powdery mildew (E. necator) across the state to test for the allele (G143A) associated with resistance to strobilurin fungicides (FRAC 11). Over 87% of the isolates tested positive for the resistance allele, indicating a wide-spread challenge in mildew management in the state. Work continued on the developing and validation of models that can be included in WSU DAS. This past year, another flowering phenology model for "ambrosia" apple was implemented and the second year's data on five additional cultivars for flower phenology and fruit growth for seven cultivars was collected. Also, flower phenology data for 3 pear varieties and a cherry variety were collected. Several new insect models were completed and are in the validation stage for western tentiform leaf miner, pear psylla, rosy apple aphid, apple grain aphid, and woolly apple aphid models that can be included on DAS. Disease reaction of 80 advanced lines and new varieties to eyespot and Cephalosporium stripe was determined in inoculated field plots. The data from these plots was shared with breeding programs to support the release of new varieties and provide ratings in the Washington State Crop Improvement Association Seed Buyer's Guide. The effectiveness of variety mixtures in controlling eyespot and Cephalosporium stripe was evaluated in four seasons of field testing. Data are being analyzed, but preliminary results demonstrate that some mixtures had less disease relative to pure-line stands. A winter wheat cultivar Madsen population was mapped for resistance to both eyespot pathogens to determine whether the same genes are involved in resistance to both pathogens or if there are other genes present that contribute to resistance. A replicated experiment examining the use of sterile insect release of codling moth was initiated in 2018 in Okanogan County. Sterile moths were purchased from the rearing and sterilization facility in British Columbia, and released weekly for 22 weeks by UAS (drones) in organic apple orchards in Washington State. Two rates (800 and 2,400 moths/acre/week) were compared to a check without sterile insect release. Pheromone trap data revealed that the highest recapture rates occurred in July-August, with considerably lower capture in April and September. Total fruit damage by codling moth was significantly lower in the two sterile release plots compared to the check in preharvest samples. Brown marmorated stink bug was detected in three additional counties in 2018 (Okanogan, Kittitas, and Mason), bring the total to 24 out of 39 counties infested with this invasive pest. The first instance of damage in a commercial orchard in eastern Washington was verified. Preliminary feeding studies indicated that this pest will feed and reproduce on an assemblage of native shrub-steppe plants in laboratory settings. The Asian parasitoid, Trissolcus japonicus, was released at eight sites in eastern Washington, and recovered at three of the sites using a sentinel egg mass survey. Vineyard monitoring of the phenology and abundance of Leaffolder moths, a new threat to central Washington viticulture identified the extent and impact of this pest. An appeal to growers during early spring to report infestations of leaffolders resulted in a number of responses, primarily from areas already known to have populations (Red Mountain, Tri-Cities, Mattawa). No new significant populations were reported from other appellations indicating the pest is not aggressively expanding its distribution. The species involved appears to be Desmia maculalis (White-headed Grape Leaffolder), a different (but closely related species) to Desmia funeralis (Grape Leaffolder), a pest in California grapes. A pheromone developed for D. funeralis was shown to work for D. maculalis, particularly during spring when up to 254 moths per trap were recorded from some vineyards. However, the pheromone appeared to lose its efficacy in late summer/fall possibly because of competition from larger populations of pheromone-emitting female moths. We investigated the occurrence of fungicide resistance of a powdery mildew isolate collected at Washington State University's Roza farm in 2018. The powdery mildew was subjected to inoculations on leaf disks treated with a different group of fungicides, including control that received no fungicide. These fungicides include myclobutanil (Rally, FRAC group 3), trifloxystrobin (Gem, FRAC group 11), penthiopyrad (Fontelis, FRAC group 7), Quinoxyfen (Quintec, FRAC group 13), a combination of trifloxystrobin and fluopyram (Luna Sensation, FRAC group 11 and 7, respectively), a combination of fluopyram and tebuconazole (Luna Experience, FRAC group 7 and 3, respectively), a combination of azoxystrobin and difenoconazole (Quadris Top, FRAC group 11 and 3, respectively) and, a combination of pyraclostrobin and boscalid (Pristine, FRAC group 11 and 7, respectively). Our results indicate that fungicide products containing quinoxyfen and penthiopyrad were most effective. As it may be expected, a combination of synthetic chemicals with different FRAC groups was most effective in inhibiting powdery mildew on cherry leaf discs. Completed the second year of a Brown Marmorated Stink Bug survey in Whatcom and Skagit Counties followed by initial releases of the BMSB parasitoid (Trissolcus japonicus). Completed year 2 of a 3-year red raspberry residue decline study for 24 insecticides and fungicides. Other activities and results include: residue testing of nectar collected from 3750 cabbage flowers; bioassays using 3 acaricides on Whatcom County red raspberry spider mite populations to detect resistance; a field trial to investigate efficacy of Gowan acaricides on red raspberry spider mites; surveys for the latest invasive pest, Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Whatcom and Skagit Counties; studies on the potential for late season applications of systemic insecticides to contaminate cabbage nectar; determined tolerance to bifenthrin in Whatcom County red raspberry spider mite populations; and identified reproducing populations of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in both Whatcom and Skagit Counties and released incipient numbers of the BMSB parasitoid, Trissolcus japonicus in both counties. Using the complete genome sequence, infectious cDNA clones were built for Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) and demonstrated that these clones can replicate in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves using agroinfiltration assays. The complete genome sequence was determined for three strains of GLRaV-4 documented in WA vineyards. Studies in commercial vineyards have shown that grapevine leafroll and red blotch diseases can cause significant impacts on fruit yield and grape quality in several red-fruited cultivars. These negative impacts were found to be variable depending on the cultivar, season and vineyard location. Multi-season studies on the epidemiology of grapevine leafroll and red blotch diseases provided information about spatial and temporal spread of these two distinct viral diseases in vineyards.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. 2018. Challenges evaluating insecticide effectiveness for the control of cabbage maggots, symphylans, wireworms and other soil pests. Specialty Seed Growers of Western Oregon Annual Educational Growers Meeting. 16 Jan. Albany, OR.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. and H. Spitler. 2018. Seed Entomology Research. Western Washington Seed Workshop. 12 Jan 2018. WSU NWREC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. 2018. SWD update in berry crops and rose stem girdler in caneberries. North Willamette Valley Horticultural Society. 11 Jan. Canby, OR.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B., J. DeFrancesco, H. Spitler and C. Holladay. 2017. Washington Small Fruit Conference. Caneberry 2017 Insecticide/Miticide Decline Study. Lynden, WA. 29 November.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. and H. Spitler. 2017. Washington Small Fruit Conference. Spider Mites on Red Raspberry ⿿ Revisiting miticides and biocontrol. Lynden, WA. 29 November.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: DeVetter, L., Gerdeman, B., M. Arrington and G.H. Spitler. 2017. Washington Small Fruit Conference. Effects of blueberry border vegetation patterns on arthropod diversity. Lynden, WA. 29 November.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman B. 2017. Soil pests of selected seed crops in Western Washington. Bejo Seed Meeting. 7 November. WSU NWREC.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Szostek S, Wright AA, Harper SJ (2018) First report of Apple hammerhead viroid in the U.S., Japan, Italy, Spain, and New Zealand. Plant Disease: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-18-0557-PDN
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wright AA, Szostek S, Harper SJ (2018) Diversity of three bunya-like viruses infecting apple. Archives of Virology: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3999-z
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Beaver-Kanuya E, Szostek S, Harper SJ (2018) Development of real-time RT-PCR assays for two viruses infecting pome fruit. Journal of Virological Methods: Accepted.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: McKeever, K.M. and G. Chastagner. 2018. Interactions between root rotting Phytophthora, Abies Christmas trees, and environment. Plant Disease Posted online on 25 Sep 2018, First Look. https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1094/PDIS-01-18-0174-RE
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Elliott, M., J. Yuzon, M. Malar, S. Tripathy, M. Bui; G.A. Chastagner, K. Coats, D.M. Rizzo, M. Garbelotto and T. Kasuga. 2018. Characterization of phenotypic variation and genome aberrations observed among Phytophthora ramorum isolates from diverse hosts. BMC Genomics (2018) 19:320 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4709-7.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Chastagner, G.A., J.M. van Tuyl, M. Verbeek, B. Miller, and B.B. Westerdahl. 2017. Diseases of Lily. In: Plant Disease Management. Handbook of Florists Crops Diseases. R.J. McGovern and W.H. Elmer (eds). Springer Int.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Garfinkel, A., and G.A. Chastagner. 2018. Diseases of Peony. In: Plant Disease Management. Handbook of Florists Crops Diseases. R.J. McGovern and W.H. Elmer (eds). Springer Int.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hanks, G., and G.A. Chastagner. 2018. Diseases of Daffodil. In: Plant Disease Management. Handbook of Florists Crops Diseases. R.J. McGovern and W.H. Elmer (eds). Springer Int.
  • Type: Books Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hansen, E.M., K.J. Lewis, and G.A. Chastagner (eds). 2018. Compendium of Conifer Diseases. Revised Second Edition. APS Press. Saint Paul, MN.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Frederick, Z.A., and Johnson, D.A. 2018. The low potential of Teff (Eragrostis tef) as an inoculum source for Verticillium dahliae. Am. J. Potato Res. 95:164-169.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Johnson, D.A., Geary, B., and Tsror, L. 2018. Potato black dot ⿿ The elusive pathogen, disease development and management. Am. J. Potato Res. 95:340-350.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Frederick, Z.A., Cummings, T.F., Johnson, D.A. 2018. The effect of alfalfa residue incorporation on soil bacterial communities and the quantity of Verticillium dahliae microsclerotia in potato fields in the Columbia Basin of Washington State. Am. J. Potato Res. 95:15-25.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Emran MD.A., K.A. Mulvaney, L.K. Pandit, and A. Amiri. 2018. Sensitivity of Phacidiopycnis spp. isolates from pome fruit to six pre- and postharvest fungicides. Plant Disease 102:533-539
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ali EMd and Amiri A (2018) Selection Pressure Pathways and Mechanisms of Resistance to the Demethylation Inhibitor-Difenoconazole in Penicillium expansum. Front. Microbiol. 9:2472. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02472.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Amiri A and Ganan BL (2018) Biology, epidemiology, and management of Podosphaera spp. of tree fruit. In Integrated management of insect pests and diseases of tree fruit. Ed. Xu X. and Fountain M. Burleigh Dodds.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Amiri A (2018) Fungicide resistance occurrence in Penicillium and botrytis cinerea of pome fruit in the Pacific northwest. APS-Pacific Division, Portland Oregon, June 27th, 2018.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: East, K.E., M.M. Moyer, I.A. Zasada, and R.P. Schreiner. Developmental Dynamics of Meloidogyne hapla in Washington Wine Grapes. Plant Dis. Accepted, in revision.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Beissinger, A. and Inglis, D. March 2018. Greenhouse comparison of two detection methods for Potato virus Y at four potato growth stages. Plant Health Progress: 19:71-75.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ghimire, S., Wszelaki, A.L., Moore, J.C., Inglis, D.A., and Miles, C.A. 2018. Use of biodegradable mulches in pie pumpkin production. HortScience 53(3):288-294. doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI12630-17 (cover article).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Salamone, A., Gundersen, B., and Inglis, D. 2018. Evidence that Clonostachys rosea is a mycoparasite of Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 in western Washington. BioControl Sci. Tchn..: doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2018.1498063.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ghimire, S., D. Hayes, J. Cowan, D. Inglis, L. DeVetter, and C. Miles. 2018. Biodegradable plastic mulch and suitability for organic agriculture. Washington State University Extension Publication FS103E (revised).
  • Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: McMoran, D.W., Benedict, C.A., and **Inglis, D.A. 201x. Potato virus Y and organic potatoes in western Washington WSU Technical Bulletin: (in press).
  • Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Inglis, D., Benedict, C., Gundersen, B., Beissinger, A., and McMoran, D. 201x. Proactive approaches for controlling recombinant strains of Potato virus Y in western Washington. WSU Extension Technical Bulletin: (in press).
  • Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Inglis, D.A. and Gundersen, B. 201x. Silver scurf on potatoes, belowground, in western Washington. WSU Extension Technical Bulletin: (accepted October 16, 2018).
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Under Review Year Published: 2019 Citation: .) Inglis, D.A., Riga, K., and Yan, G. 201x. Nematodes of green pea. Pages x-x in 3rd edition of APS Compendium on Pea Diseases & Pests. Harveson, B., Pasche, J., Burrows, M., Porter, L., and Chen, W. ed. APS Press, Minneapolis, MN. x pp.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Tymon, L., Khumbuzile, B., Sépulveda, L.R., Martins, S., Inglis, D., and Bull, C. 2018. Leaf lesions and fruit warts on pumpkin are caused by Pseudomonas syringae genomospecies 1 phylogroup 2b. Intern⿿l. Congress of Plant Pathology, Boston, MA (abstract and poster presentation).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Orpet, RJ, V Jones, and D Crowder. 2018. Earwigs control aphids and do not damage apples: experimental evidence in four orchards. Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference in Portland, OR.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Orpet, RJ. 2018. What soil sociology, DNA evidence, and earwigs have to do with an apple pest, the woolly apple aphid. Science in our Valley Seminar Series, April 4, Wenatchee, WA.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: Inglis, D.A. Gundersen, B., Beissinger, A., Benedict, C., and Karasev, A. 201x. Potato virus Y in seed potatoes sold at garden stores in western Washington: Prevalence and strain composition. Am. J. Potato Res.: (accepted, Oct 15, 2018).
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Beissinger, A., Benedict, C., and Inglis, D. 2018. Alternative sources of Potato virus Y in western Washington. WSU Extension Technical Bulletin: 49E. 25 p.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Orpet, RJ, D Crowder, and V Jones. 2018. Woolly Apple Aphid Control. Chelan Fruit Company Hort Day, March 1, Okonagan, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Orpet, RJ, D Crowder, and V Jones. 2018. Getting to know European earwig. Science in Our Valley Seminar Series, Wenatchee, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Orpet, RJ, V Jones, and D Crowder. 2018. Evaluating and improving biological control of woolly apple aphid. Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission⿿apple crop protection research review in Pasco, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Orpet, RJ. 2018. Woolly Apple Aphid. North Central Washington ⿿Apple Day⿿, January 18.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Orpet, RJ. 2018. Woolly Apple Aphid. Lake Chelan Horticultural Meeting, January 15.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jones VP. Codling moth management and the importance of timing. WSU Apple Day. 18 Jan. Wenatchee, WA
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jones VP, U Chambers, T Schmidt. Developing and validating models for tree fruit. WTFRC Apple Crop Protection Review. 25 Jan. Wenatchee, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jones VP, U Chambers, S. Borghi. British Columbia Decision Aid System (BC DAS): How it came to be, how it works, and what it will do. BC Fruit Day. 8 Feb. Kelowna, BC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jones VP, U Chambers, S Borghi, K Rajagopalan. Moving the WSU DAS system to the future: new features, new markets, and climate change. Valent Crop Protection Meeting on Visions for the Future. Spokane, WA. 13-14 Feb.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: K Rajagopalan, VP Jones, U Chambers, S Hall, M Liu. Building resilience of NW tree fruit to changing codling moth pressures. (co-Presenter). Advisory Board meeting, 8 March. Wenatchee, WA.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Orpet, R.J. 2018. System-wide study of woolly apple aphid. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Washington State University. 133 pp.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Orpet, RJ, VP Jones, JP Reganold, DW Crowder. Effect of restricting movement of an aphid pest between its root and canopy populations. Environmental Entomology (submitted).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Orpet, RJ, DW Crowder, VP Jones. Video evidence of aphid suppression by complementary generalist predators. Biological Control
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Orpet RJ, VP Jones, EH Beers, JP Reganold, JR Goldberger, DW Crowder. Objective outcomes and subjective perceptions of conventional and organic management of an aphid pest of apple. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lewien, M.J., T.D. Murray, K.L. Jernigan, K. Garland-Campbell, and A.H. Carter. 2018. Genome-wide association mapping for eyespot disease in Pacific Northwest winter wheat. PloSONE 13(4): e0194698. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194698.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Cui, L., Y. Ren, T.D. Murray, W. Yan, Q. Guo, Y. Niu, Y. Sun, and H. Li. 2018. Development of perennial wheat through hybridization between wheat and wheatgrasses: A review. Engineering 4:507-513. doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2018.07.003.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Davis II, E.W., J.F. Tabima, A.J. Weisberg, L.D. Lopes, M.S. Wiseman, M.S. Wiseman, T. Pupko, M.S. Belcher, A. J. Sechler, B.K. Schroeder, T.D. Murray, D.G. Luster, W.L. Schneider, E.E. Rogers, F. Andreote, N.J. Grünwald, M.L. Putnam, and J.H. Chang. 2018. Bacteriophage CS14? and a type I-E CRISPR drive on the evolution of the US Biological Select Agent, Rathayibacter toxicus. mBio 9(4):e01280-18.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Barrantes-Infante, B.L., B.K. Schroeder, S.A. Subbotin, and T.D. Murray. 2018. Afrina sporoboliae n. sp. (Nematoda: Anguinidae), a new seed-gall nematode associated with Sporobolus cryptandrus from West Central Idaho. Phytopathology 108:768-779. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-12-17-0395-R.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: B.K. Schroeder, W.L. Schneider, D.G. Luster, A. Sechler and T.D. Murray. 2018. Rathayibacter agropyri (non O⿿Gara, 1916) comb. nov., nom. rev. isolated from western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii). Intl. J. Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 68:1519-1525. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002708.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bixby-Brosi, A. J., E. H. Beers, and S. V. Triapitsyn. 2017. Discovery of Anagyrus schoenherri (Westwood, 1837) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in the Nearctic Region, a parasitoid of the apple mealybug Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret, 1875) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Washington, U.S.A., with notes on the host. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 93: 163-171.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Thistlewood, H., P. Gill, E. H. Beers, P. W. Shearer, D. Walsh, B. Rozema, S. Acheampong, S. Castagnoli, P. Smytheman, A. B. Whitener, and W. Yee. 2018. Spatial analysis of seasonal dynamics and overwintering of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the Okanagan-Columbia Basin, 2010-14. Environ. Entomol. 47: 221-232.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Whitener, A. B., P. Smytheman, and E. H. Beers. 2018. Toxicity of Insect Growth Regulators to Spotted-Wing Drosophila and Their Offspring by Three Routes of Exposure, 2017. Arthro. Mgmt. Tests 43: tsy017-tsy017.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Beers, E. H. 2018. Preventative restoration of IPM for brown marmorated stink bug in Washington tree fruits. Entomological Society of America, Pacific Branch Meeting, 12 June 2018, Reno, NV.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Marshall, A. T., and E. H. Beers. 2018. Current research on stink bug exclusion. Gebbers Farms Organic stink bug options meeting, January 2018, Brewster, WA.
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Nottingham, L., and E. H. Beers. 2018. Pear Psylla Nymph Bioassay. http://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop-protection/pear-ipm/psylla-nymph/
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Nottingham, L., and E. H. Beers. 2018. 2018 Adult Pear Psylla Bioassays. http://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop-protection/pear-ipm/2018adultpsyllabioassays/
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Beers, E. H. 2018. Mormon Crickets on the Move. http://treefruit.wsu.edu/article/mormon-crickets-on-the-move/
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Dupont, T., E. Beers, L. Nottingham, L. Sosnoskie, G. Grove, A. Amiri, R. Blakey, T. Schmidt, C. Daniels, J. Kangiser, M. Klaus, L. Taylor, and W. Jones. 2018. 2018 Crop protection guide for tree fruits in Washington. Bull. EB0419, Washington State University Cooperative Extension, Pullman, WA.
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: http://tfrec.cahnrs.wsu.edu/beers-tfentomology/bmsb/
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: WA Codling Moth SIR: http://tfrec.cahnrs.wsu.edu/beers-tfentomology/wa-cm-sir/
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Orchard Pest Management Online: http://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop-protection/opm/
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Crop Protection Guide: http://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop-protection/opm/crop-protection-guide/
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Little Cherry Disease: http://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop-protection/disease-management/little-cherry-disease/
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Marshall, A. T., and E. H. Beers. 2018. Utilizing migration behavior for exclusion of stink bugs from apple orchards. Entomological Society of America, Pacific Branch Meeting, 10-13 June 2018, Reno, NV
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Milnes, J. M., and E. H. Beers. 2018. Brown marmorated stink bug biological control options in Washington state. Entomological Society of America, Pacific Branch Meeting, 10-13 June 2018, Reno, NV.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Milnes, J.M., and E. H. Beers. 2018. Biological control options in Washington State. 102st Annual Meeting of the Pacific Branch of the Entomological Society of America, 10 June 2018, Double Tree Inn, Reno, NV [poster]
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: James, D. G., Seymour, L., Lauby, G. and Buckley, K. (2018). Beneficial insects attracted to flowering and non-flowering Artemisia tridentata in central Washington. Insects 2018, 9(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9030076
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jones VP, U Chambers, T Schmidt. Developing and validating models for tree fruit. WTFRC Pear Research Review. 15 Feb. Wenatchee, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Beers, E. H. 2018. When Minor Pests become Major Issues (and how to avoid it). Utah State Horticultural Association, 18-19 January, 2018, Spanish Fork Fairground, Spanish Fork, UT.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Beers, E. H., A. T. Marshall, J. M. Milnes, and J. Hepler. 2018. Management Strategies for the Oncoming Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Invasion. Utah State Horticultural Association, 18-19 January, 2018, Spanish Fork Fairground, Spanish Fork, UT.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Beers, E. H., and R. A. Schmidt-Jeffris. 2018. Choices, Choices: a New Look at Pesticide Selectivity. Orchard Pest & Disease Management Conference, 10-12 January, 2018, Hilton Hotel, Portland, OR.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hepler, J., and E. H. Beers. 2018. Brown marmorated stink bug. Palouse and Panhandle Invasive Species and Exotic Pest Workshop, 3 April 2018, Pullman, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Milnes, J. M., and E. H. Beers. 2018. Update on the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug and Biological Control Options in Washington State. 92nd Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference, 10-12 January 2018, Portland, OR.
  • Type: Books Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: James, DG. (2017). The Book of Caterpillars. A life-size guide to six hundred species from around the world. University of Chicago Press, IL 656 pp.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pandey, Binod, Rayapati, N., Grove, G.G. 2018. Next generation sequencing analysis of double-stranded RNAs from sweet cherry powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera prunicola. Journal of Plant Pathology (2018) 100: 435-446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-018-0092-0
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pandey,B. Naidu, RA, GroveGG. Detection and analysis of mycovirus-related RNA viruses from grape powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe necator. Arch Virol. 2018 Apr;163(4):1019-1030. doi: 10.1007/s00705-018-3714-0. Epub 2018 Jan 22.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Moparthi, S., Bradshaw, M., and Grove, G. 2018. First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces spadiceus on Helianthus annuus. Plant Disease 102 (6): 1176. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-17-1434-PDN
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Beers, E.H., Brunner, J.F., Walsh, D., Grove, G.G., Davenport, J.R., Daniels, C.H., Foss, S.L., Johansen, E., and Tangren, G.V. (2018). 2018 Crop Protection Guide for Tree Fruits in Washington. EB0419.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Moparthi, S., Bradshaw, M., and Grove, G. 2018. First Report of Powdery Mildew on Spiraea japonica Caused by Podosphaera spiraeae in the United States. Plant Disease 102 (3): 682. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-17-1419-PDN
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: James, D.G. (2018). These caterpillars can sure mess up grape leaves! WSU Viticulture and Enology Extension News, Spring p. 8.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Raphael Adegbola, PhD in Plant Pathology (Fall 2018) Title: Biological and molecular studies on three orthotospovirus species
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jarugula, S., Gowda, S., Dawson, W.O. and Naidu, R.A. 2018. Development of infectious cDNA clones of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 and analyses of the 5? non-translated region for replication and virion formation. Virology 523: 89-99.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Adiputra, J., Kesoju, S.R., Naidu, R.A. 2018. The relative occurrence of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 and Grapevine red blotch virus in Washington State vineyards. Plant Disease 102: 2129-2135.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Tantiwanich, Y., Chiemsombat, P., Naidu, R.A., and Adkins, S. 2018. Integrating local lesion assays with conventional RT-PCR for detection of interspecies tospovirus reassortants and mixed tospovirus infections. Plant Disease 102: 715-719.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Nagendran, K., Kumari, S., Rai, A.B., Manimurugan, C., Singh, B., Karthikeyan, G., and Naidu, R.A. 2018. First report of Peanut Bud Necrosis Virus infecting bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) in India. Plant Disease 102:690.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paudel, S., E.J. Bechinski, H.R. Pappu, B. Stokes, and S.D. Eigenbrode (2018). Deriving Economic Models for Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), as a Direct-Pest and a Virus-Vector on Commercial Lentils. J Econ Entomol. DOI:10.1093/jee/toy188
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Krupovic, M., J. Blomberg, J.M. Coffin, I. Dasgupta, H. Fan5, A.D. Geering, R. Gifford, B. Harrach, R. Hull, W. Johnson, J.F. Kreuze, D. Lindemann, C. Llorens, B. Lockhart, J. Mayer, E. Muller, N. Olszewski, H.R. Pappu, M. Pooggin, K. Richert-Pöggeler, S. Sabanadzovic, H. Sanfaçon, J.E. Schoelz, S. Seal, L. Stavolone, J.P. Stoye, P. Teycheney, M. Tristem, E.V. Koonin, and J.H. Kuhn (2018). Ortervirales: A new viral order unifying five families of reverse-transcribing viruses. Journal of Virology families of reverse-transcribing viruses. J Virol. 92:e00515-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00515-18.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Vaira, A.M., L. Miozzi, M. Vallino, A. Carra, R. Lenzi, D. Salvi, J. Hammond and H.R. Pappu (2018). Evidence of new viruses infecting freesia hybrids showing necrotic disease. Acta Horticulturae 1193: 21-28. Proc. XIV Int. Symp. on Virus Diseases of Ornamental Plants. Eds.: J. Hammond et al.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Senthilraja, C., Renukadevi, P., Malathi, V.G., Nakkeeran, S and Pappu, H.R. (2018). Occurrence of tomato spotted wilt virus infecting snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) in India. Plant Disease 102:1676
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Naidu, R.A., Sah, L., Hossain, S., Seng, K.H., and Fayad, A. 2018. Managing virus diseases in vegetable and legume crops in Bangladesh, Cambodia, and Nepal. The 9th International IPM Symposium, "Improving Health, Environment and Global Sustainability,⿝ Baltimore, MD, March 19-22, 2018
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: 15. Naidu, R.A., Jarugula, S., Swamy, P., Natra, N., Mitra, A. and Movva, A. 2018.The mantra of ⿿Start Clean, Stay Clean⿿ for healthy vineyards. Washington Winegrowers Association Annual Meeting, Convention & Trade Show, February 6-8, 2018, Kennewick, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Das, S., Bagewadi, B., Shah, L., Seng, K.H., Fayad, A., Karasev, A.V. and Naidu, R.A.2018. Host-specific lineages of Bean common mosaic virus in Bangladesh, Cambodia and Nepal. The International Congress of Plant Pathology: Plant health in a global economy. Boston, MA, July 28-August 3, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Adegbola, R.O., Jarugula, S., Marshall, S.H., Adkins, S., and Naidu, R.A. 2018. Characterization of two biologically distinct variants of Tomato spotted wilt virus. The International Congress of Plant Pathology: Plant health in a global economy. Boston, MA, July 28-August 3, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Olden, T., Funk. C., Nilson, N., Natra, N., and Naidu, R.A. 2018. Impact of Tobacco ringspot virus on vine growth and grape quality. Gathering of Scholars Symposium ⿿ Advancing Academic Research and Creativity in the Arts⿝, Heritage University, April 3, 2018, Toppenish, WA
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Adegbola, R.O., Marshall, S.H., Batuman, O., Ullman, D., Gilbertson, R., Adkins, S., and Naidu, R.A. 2018. Sequence diversity of Impatiens necrotic spot virus. The American Phytopathological Society- Pacific Division. Portland, OR, June 25-27, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mitra, A., Jarugula, S., Donda, B., Jordan, E. and Naidu, R.A. 2018. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 is present as genetically distinct strains in Washington State vineyards. The American Phytopathological Society- Pacific Division. Portland, OR, June 25-27, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Adiputra, J., Jarugula, S. and Naidu, R.A. 2018. Genetic diversity of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4 strains in Washington State vineyards. The American Phytopathological Society- Pacific Division. Portland, OR, June 25-27, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Funk. C., Nilson, N., Olden, T., Natra, N., and Naidu, R.A. 2018. Impact of Tobacco ringspot virus on vine growth and grape quality. 7th Annual Showcase for Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities (SURCA), Washington State University, Pullman, WA, April 2, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Natra, N.T., Akinbade, S., Schultz, A., and Naidu, R.A. 2018. The tale of two nepoviruses in Washington state vineyards. The 9th International IPM Symposium, Improving Health, Environment and Global Sustainability, Baltimore, MD, March 19-22, 2018
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Naidu, R.A. 2018. Viruses: What They Are, Are Not, Their Damage, And More. Regionalizing Grape Quarantine and Certification Programs in the Pacific Northwest. Yakima, WA, May 1, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Naidu, R.A. 2018. Risk of Viruses in field-grafted vineyards: Case studies. In: Spanish Language Session-When viticulture matters to winemaking. Washington Winegrowers Association Annual Meeting, Convention & Trade Show, February 6, 2018, Kennewick, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Naidu, R.A. 2018. Top-grafting and Virus diseases: Case studies. In: Planting and grafting ⿿ How to? Washington Winegrowers Association Annual Meeting, Convention & Trade Show, February 8, 2018, Kennewick, WA
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Jarugula, S., Swamy, P. and Naidu, R.A. 2018. Impacts of two distinct virus diseases in Washington State vineyards. Washington Winegrowers Association Annual Meeting, Convention & Trade Show, February 6-8, 2018, Kennewick, WA
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Funk. C., Nilson, N., Olden, T., Natra, N. and Naidu, R.A. 2018. Impact of Tobacco ringspot virus on vine growth and grape quality. Washington Winegrowers Association Annual Meeting, Convention & Trade Show, February 6-8, 2018, Kennewick, WA
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mitra, A., Jarugula, S., Donda, B., Jordan, E. and Naidu, R.A. 2018. Understanding the genetic diversity landscape of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 for implementing leafroll disease management strategies in Washington State vineyards. Washington Winegrowers Association Annual Meeting, Convention & Trade Show, February 6-8, 2018, Kennewick, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Natra, N., Jarugula, S., Mitra, A., Movva, A. and Naidu, R.A. 2018. Strengthening the grapevine supply chain for healthy vineyards. Washington Winegrowers Association Annual Meeting, Convention & Trade Show, February 6-8, 2018, Kennewick, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Natra, N. and Naidu, R.A. 2018. Current state of knowledge about nematode-transmitted viruses in Washington vineyards. Washington Winegrowers Association Annual Meeting, Convention & Trade Show, February 6-8, 2018, Kennewick, WA
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gao, Z., Naidu, R.A., Zhang, Q. and Khot, L. 2018. Feasibility of hyperspectral imaging towards early detection of grapevine leafroll disease. Washington Winegrowers Association Annual Meeting, Convention & Trade Show, February 6-8, 2018, Kennewick, WA
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. 2018. Small Fruit Entomology. Small Fruit Workshop, 17 September, Port Hadley, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. 2018. Mechanical Pest Management & Monitoring the BMSB in Skagit Valley. Invasive Bugs & BMSB Workshop. Highline Community College, Des Moines, WA 98198.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Brouwer, B., B. Gerdeman, S. Bramwell, C. Looney and T. Murray. Wireworms (Agriotes spp.) in Western Washington Vegetable Crop Production. 2018. WSU NWREC Field Day, 7/12/18. (poster).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: DeVetter, L., M. Arrington, B. Gerdeman, H. Spitler, O. Smith and B. Snyder. 2018. Impacts of border vegetation on multifunctional biodiversity and crop production in Washington blueberry. American Society for Horticultural Science. Annual Conference 7/31 ⿿ 8/3, Washington D.C. (poster).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: DeVetter, L., M. Arrington, B. Gerdeman, H. Spitler, O. Smith and B. Snyder. 2018. Impacts of border vegetation on multifunctional biodiversity and crop production in Washington blueberry. WSU NWREC Field Day, 7/12/18. (poster).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: B. Gerdeman, C. Coslor, C. Benedict, T. Price and B. Diehl. 2018. The brown marmorated stink bug in Skagit and Whatcom Counties. WSU NWREC Field Day, 7/12/18. (poster).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. and H. Spitler. Hands on Entomology for Small Farms. 2018. Cloud Mountain Intern program, Everson, WA. 5/16/18.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. and H. Spitler. 2018. Selected Pests of Brassicas in Western Washington. Bejo Seed Meeting, WSU NWREC. 5/3/18
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. and H. Spitler. 2018. Wireworm organic management. Carnation Snovalley Tilth. Carnation, WA. 4/9/18
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. Rose Stem Girdler. 2018. Western Washington Fruit Research Foundation. Winter Field Day 3/3/18.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. and G. H. Spitler. Blueberry entomology updates 2018. Sakuma Fruit Grower Meeting 3/2/18. WSU NWREC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. 2018. Beneficials in PNW Potatoes. Western Washington Potato Workshop. 23 Feb. WSU NWREC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. 2018. Subterranean collembolan, a challenging pest of spinach seed production. Feb 14 ⿿ 15. Murcia, Spain.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. 2018. Whatcom MG Advanced Training. BMSB, everything you need to know. Bellingham 2/8/18.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. 2018. Alaska Peony Growers Association Winter Conference. Seasonal pest movement in Alaska peony fields. 27 Jan. Anchorage, AK.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. 2018. West side entomological stories, 2017. Entomology Department Colloquium. 22 Jan.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. 2018. Spider mites on PNW vegetable crops. Columbia Basin Crop Consultant Association Short Course. 18 Jan. Moses Lake, WA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gerdeman, B. 2018. Seed bugs and bulbs an unusual association. Wilbur Ellis Technical Seminars. 17 Jan. WA State Fairgrounds, Puyallup, WA.