Progress 09/01/18 to 08/31/23
Outputs
Target Audience:Plant breeders, organic bean growers, and bean processors. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A PHD was granted to Weijia Wang in Plant Breeding and Genetics at Michigan State University in 2023 through the support of this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?An extension and outreach event was hosted on May 24, 2019 for organic dry bean producers and employees of Everbest Organics. Participants were given a tour of the MSU Food Processing and Innovation Center (FPIC) in Okemos, MI. Kirk Dolan from MSU introduced canning operations and processing safety. Karen Cichy from USDA-ARS talked about dry bean canning quality evaluation, followed by the group participating in the quality evaluation of a batch of opened cans. Brittny Bauer, the Quality Control Manager at Everbest Organics, talked about their general company goals and processing needs. Dr. A survey was conducted during the 2021 growing season to investigate the mechanical seed coat damage occurring in Michigan-grown dry beans during harvest. A total of 48 Michigan bean growers participated in the survey. The collected samples were tested for seed coat check severity and evaluated for canning quality at Michigan State University (MSU) and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agriculture Research Service (ARS) facilities. And an extension article entitled: Mechanical seed coat damage in dry beans and its effect on end-use product quality was published on March 16, 2023. Another extension outreach event was held at FPIC, in Okemos, in July 2023, where representatives from Burnette Foods and Honee Bear Company were present. Karen Cichy and graduate student Weijia Wang gave a presentation on the overview of the OREI Bean Project, and the results, focusing on the bean quality differences between processing in cans versus in pouches. The stakeholders needs were discussed, including different types of pouches that could be used for organic beans, and sealing methods for pouches. Stakeholder plans for producing thermally processed organic beans, and the bean types preferred, were also discussed. Kirk Dolan discussed technical issues on processing the beans, and how the safety levels were measured and assured. A manuscript on, "Processing and quality evaluation of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in flexible pouches" was submitted to Legume Science in September 2023. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
With the increasing demand for organic dry beans, the desire for better seed and end use product quality of organic beans is also rising. Pouch processed bean products as a popular alternative to cans, are convenient for consumers, but the inferior product quality (such as mushy seed texture) has been a major concern, especially in organic products due to the limitation of additives that can be used. Calcium chloride is commonly used in the canning process to maintain firmness and reduce splitting of the beans, but consumers are less interested in additives and prefer a clean label. This study aimed to test the effect of calcium usage on the quality of pouch processed organic beans and to compare the processing quality of canned and pouch processed bean products. It was found the most significant impact of calcium in processing quality was on the texture while no effect was observed on appearance scores. Firmer seed texture can be achieved by adding calcium during hydration process but not in brine so that the additives are limited in the final product. It was also found that samples with better canning quality also had better pouch processing quality, which means the varieties previously selected for canning quality can be directly adopted for pouch processing products. Even though the investigated pouch processing protocol worked for both the foil and non-foil pouches, the aluminum layer of the foil pouches makes them harder to seal and made the preparation of the pouches before retorting very time-consuming. The use of non-foil pouches significantly reduced the sealing time. The retort temperature of 250 F/121.1 C instead of 245 F/118.3 C shortened the processing time and can potentially reduce energy cost and elevate the bean product quality especially for black beans. The major findings of this research can be summarized as: 1) Genotypic variations were identified that can impact the pouch processing quality of organic black and kidney beans. And genotype had significant effect in all processing quality traits, thus, the selection of appropriate bean genotype is important for achieving optimum processing quality. 2) The year-to-year difference was also significant in both black beans and kidney beans for processing quality and cooking time. 3) In general, fresher seeds and genotype with moderate cooking time are more suitable for pouch processing to achieve more ideal processing quality. 4) The threshing methods did not have significant effect in the processing quality of black beans but had some effect on kidney beans. 5) The kidney beans were more susceptible than the black beans to mechanical seed coat damages that happened during the more severe combine threshing, which affected their pouch processing quality. Overall, the results of this study can benefit the organic dry bean industry by providing methods to enhance the processing quality of organically produced dry beans.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2023
Citation:
Wang, W., Siddiq, M., Dolan, K., Cichy, K. (2023) Processing and Quality Evaluation of Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Flexible Pouches . Legume Science. In press
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Progress 09/01/21 to 08/31/22
Outputs
Target Audience:Dry bean growers, seed handlers, and canners were the target audience. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One PhD student and one undergraduate student received training in this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?An extension bulletin is in preparation and the findings have been disseminated through talks and posters. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Complete the extension bulletin, processor workshop, and peer reviewed publications.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1) Dry Bean Mechanical Damage Harvest Survey A survey was conducted during the 2021 growing season to investigate the mechanical seed coat damage occurring during harvest. The survey goals were to learn about 1) mechanical seed coat damage prevalence in Michigan-grown beans 2) key factors contributing to mechanical seed coat damage 3) how seed coat damage affects canning quality. We believe this article will provide useful information to dry bean growers and processors to better under mechanical seed coat damages and ways to prevent it. A total of 48 Michigan bean growers participated in the survey. Each participant was requested to provide 2lb of seeds at harvest. The questionnaire collected information from participants about seed market class, seed variety, harvest methods, and seed moisture content. The collected samples were tested for seed coat check rate and evaluated for canning quality at Michigan State University (MSU) and USDA-ARS facilities. The samples collected included 22 black beans (BL), 12 navy beans (NA), 8 small red beans (SR) and 6 light red kidney (LRK) beans (Figure 2). The varieties of black beans included Black Beard, Specter, Zenith, Zorro and Nimbus. The varieties of navy beans included Medalist, Bounty and Merlin. The small red beans were all Viper. The light red kidney beans included California Early, Big Reds and Pink Panther.The days from planting to harvest ranged from 92 to 117 days depending on seed types and varieties. The seed moisture content at harvest ranged from about 12.9 to 19.7% among all samples.All black beans and most navy and small red beans were directly harvested, while all light red kidney beans were harvested through windrowed method. In the direct harvest method, either auger head or flex draper head were used on the combine. Auger head combine uses an intake auger to deliver the collected bean plants into the combine-feeder house to get threshed, while flex draper head combine uses conveyer belts to feed bean plants down into the feeder house and to create flexibility over variable topography. The flex draper head is designed to increase delivery efficiency while reduce mechanical damage on seeds. Mechanical seed coat damage was found in all four seed types in this survey. The levels of seed coat check varied among seed types as well as among varieties within each seed type.Seed moisture is a very important factor affecting seed coat damage at harvest according to our survey results. Even though the moisture content of 12-18% is the recommended moisture content during harvest, we see that a moisture content close to 12 led to severe seed coat damage while beans with moisture content at the higher end (18%) had significantly less seed coat damage. The impact of the machinery operation is another important factor for seed coat damage during harvest. The flexible draper head has a reputation for the reduction of seed coat damage. However, our data do not show a statistically significant difference in SCC index between auger head and draper head. Another machinery-related factor is the cylinder speed and cylinder capacity of the harvest combine, which was not measured in this survey. P The canning quality of beans in each seed type in this study varied from unacceptable to good. Samples with lower SCC index received less seed coat damage during harvesting and thus tended to have better appearance scores in canning quality evaluation. But when we compared varieties in black beans, a significant difference in canning quality was identified, which indicated that variety choice is important in terms of achieving a better quality of canned bean products. Our work indicates that mechanical seed coat damage has a negative impact on bean canning quality. The damage is not a result of any single factor, but a series of factors including the genetics of the seeds, the seed moisture content, the environmental condition, and the operation of the harvesting machine. Dry beans are highly susceptible to mechanical damage and the seed coat damage may result in not only inferior end-use product quality but also impact germination and field production that leads to economic consequences for growers. Thus, extra care is always needed during the harvest and post-harvest process to maintain the integrity of the seeds. The choice of the right bean variety, the right equipment and timing for harvest, the suitable environment condition, the adjustment of the operation according to the environment, and even the right operators are all important to prevent severe seed coat damage. 2) Dry Bean Pouch ProcessingA pouch processing experiment was conducted with organically grown black, dark red kidneylight red kidney, white kidney beans and conventionally grown fast cooking yellow beans. Black, yellow, and white kidney bean germplasm with very good pouch processing quality were identified. The dark red kidney and light red kidney had many seed coat splits and did not hold up well to processing. Therefore more breeding efforts are needed to reduce seed coat damage in kidney beans. We expect some of our new germplasm will be better suited for pouch processing based on seed coat check measurements.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Wang, W. and Cichy, K. Improving Seed Quality Characteristics of Kidney Beans for Organic Production. National Association of Plant Breeders (NAPB) Annual Conference: Poster (2022) Ames, IA
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Progress 09/01/20 to 08/31/21
Outputs
Target Audience:Growers, pant breeders, food processors, and bean industry professionals. Changes/Problems:As reported last year, the pandemic restrictions have prevented us from doing the taste evaluation of the kidney bean lines, but we believe that the addition of the genetic evaluation of seed coat thickness via ct-scan and the work with farmers to measure seed quality is a suitable substitute. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has provided training to one PhD student in the Plant Breeding and Genetics program at Michigan State University. It has also provided training in dry bean breeding and canning quality evaluation to two undergraduate students at Michigan State University. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated through a peer reviewed publication and through canning quality training videos. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to 1) complete the development of an extension bulletin on mechanical damage in dry beans 2) complete pouch processing study 3) complete kidney germplasm seed coat study 4) continue organic kidney breeding process.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Field Trial A field trial was conducted in 2020 growing season in the organic field provided by Michigan State University (MSU) Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) at Hickory Corners, MI. This trial consisted of 12 black bean lines and 24 kidney lines (including commercial varieties and advanced breeding lines). Both the black bean and kidney bean lines in this year had generally earlier maturity and higher yield than previous field trials, by comparing the shared lines in the past three years. The yield of black beans varied from 23.3 to 44.9 CWT/Acre. The USDA-ARS breeding line BL1402-15, which was the highest yielding line in 2018 and 2019 kept the high yield and there were two newly added USDA-ARS breeding lines (BL1717-1 and BL1709-4) had even higher yield. Variation in yield was also identified among kidney bean lines. The MSU light red kidney line Coho, which was the top yielding line in previous year, kept the high yield. Two USDA-ARS breeding lines (WK1802-4-1 and WK1807-1-2) ranked on top for yield among white kidney lines. However, the acceptability of the bean lines, which measures the general performance including plant architecture, pods number and dry-down uniformity, was not very good for most of them due to the heavy weeds competing with the plants in the field. Seed Coat Check All the lines in 2020 field trial were tested for seed coat check (SCC) with the staining test method used in previous year. SCC index (1-5, 1=no visible seed coat damage in any seeds; 5=all seeds split) and SCC rate (Number of seeds with checks(cracks) / Total seed number) were calculated. The SCC rate varied among genotypes within each seed type as well as between seed types. In black bean lines, the two highest yielding lines, BL1717-1 and BL1709-4, had the highest (52.5%) and lowest (9.5%) SCC rate, respectively. SCC rate varied from 17.5% to 48% for dark red kidney beans (DRK) and 3% to 61% for white kidney beans (WK). The SCC index and SCC rate of both black bean and kidney bean lines were generally higher than last year, due to the moisture content of the seeds were low (9-11%) at threshing. It is ideal to achieve a seed moisture content of 12-18% at harvest to minimize mechanical seed coat damage. In general, the genetic variation of the tolerance to mechanical seed coat damage among the tested genotypes will assist us to make selection for this trait. Canning Quality Evaluation Selected lines (nine black bean lines and 12 kidney bean lines) from the 2020 organic field trail as well as three commercial organic samples (one black bean and two kidney bean samples) purchased from local organic farms were canned in Jun.22nd 2020 at MSU Food Processing and Innovative Center (FPIC). Pouch Processing The pouch processing for 2018 and 2019 harvested trials was conducted in November 2020 at MSU FPIC. Nine black bean genotypes and nine kidney bean genotypes were selected from 2018 trial with two replicates. Nine black bean genotypes and nine kidney bean genotypes were selected from 2019 trial with two threshing methods and two replicates. The processing method followed the canning protocol with some adjustments. The solid weight of samples was 90g instead of 100 or 115g. In each pouch, 270ml brine was added. The retort temperature was set to 245°F with 11min cooking time to achieve F0 = 6. The sensory and processing quality evaluation followed the protocol for canned samples. Another pouch processing has been planned for the 2020 harvested seeds and the commercial samples. The retort temperature will be adjusted to 250°F instead of 245°F to achieve a shorter cooking time as is favored by processors and consumers. Commercial organic black bean and kidney bean will be used to test the variation in processing quality of beans by changing the use of calcium in different steps in the process. The changes of calcium usage include: 1) adding calcium in soaking and blanching water, but no calcium in brine; 2) adding calcium in soaking water only (for kidney beans only since black beans are not soaked); 3) no calcium in soaking and blanching water but adding calcium in brine; 4) no calcium in any step; 5) adding calcium in every step. This experiment has been postponed due to the failure of the vacuum sealer and will be conducted once the sealer is fixed. All pouches will be opened for processing quality evaluation. A publication will be prepared on organic dry bean pouch processing method and the effect of calcium in processing quality. Cooking Time All lines from 2020 field trial were cooked to measure cooking time, using the Matson Cookers in Cichy lab. The cooking time of kidney beans varied from 17min to 35.6min and variations was also found in each subgroup (DRK and WK). The cooking time of black beans varied from 15.2min to 27.3min. In general, beans from 2020 field trial cooked faster than the beans from 2019 field trial for both black and kidney beans. Field Harvest Survey A survey has been conducted to collect dry bean samples at harvest from multiple Michigan bean farms in 2021 growing season. The seed types in the collected samples consist of black bean, small red beans, and kidney beans. The participants were asked to provide 2lb of dry bean seeds and fill out a short survey form. The information collected include bean market class, variety name, date of planting, date of harvest, harvest method (direct harvest or windrowed harvest), model and type of combine, seed moisture content, and the use of harvest aid chemical. The collected samples will be tested for seed coat mechanical damage (seed coat check rate) and end-use product quality (canning quality) to investigate the impact of different harvest conditions on seed coat damage. The results from this study will be used to develop a research extension bulletin on mechanical damage to dry beans. It will present information on the mechanical damages that beans can experience during the harvesting and handling, the consequences from damaged beans and the methods to prevent mechanical damages. ADP-kidney panel A group of kidney beans has been selected from the Andean diversity panel (ADP) to test for their genetic diversity in seed coat damage resilience, in order to identify potential resource for variety improvement in our organic dry bean breeding program. The selected panel of kidney lines include 33 light red kidney (LRK) beans, 24 dark red kidney (DRK) beans and 9 white kidney (WK) beans. They were planted in the 2020 and 2021 field season at MSU Montcalm research farm with two field replicates. Agronomic data of days to flower, days to maturity, disease and lodging scores were recorded through the seasons. All plants were hand harvested at maturity and threshed with two threshing methods (belt threshing and research combine threshing). All 2020 seeds were tested for seed coat check rate, measured for seed coat thickness with CT-scan images, and cooked for cooking time. The measurements will be conducted for 2021 seeds. All seeds will also be evaluated for canning quality. The relationship among seed coat thickness, seed coat check rate, cooking time, and canning quality within the ADP kidney panel will be investigated. The seed coat thickness ranged from 107um to 130um for DRK, 105um to 138um for LRK, and 81um to 117um for WK. The SCC rate ranged from 10% to 75% with an average of 45% in the whole panel. The cooking time ranged from 15.6min to 42.8min. A positive correlation was identified between seed coat thickness and cooking time (R2=0.41), but no significant correlation was identified between seed coat thickness and seed coat check index/rate. Several lines from this ADP kidney panel have been selected to use in our breeding program.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Wang, W., Wright, E., Uebersax, M., and Cichy, K.A. A Pilot-scale Dry Bean Canning and Evaluation Protocol. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation: In Press
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Progress 09/01/19 to 08/31/20
Outputs
Target Audience:Organic dry bean growers and processors Changes/Problems:COVID related lockdowns, social distancing requirements,and telework orderscaused major disruptions to this project. We planted at a research farm instead of on a farmer's field and that reduced the quality of the data. We have also been limited in our ability to do sensory evaluation. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A graduate student has received training in developing outreach and extension bulletins and presentations. There has also been training of undergraduate and graduate students in plant breeding, organic bean production, bean processing, and quality evaluation. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated bean farmers and other industry members through a presentation at a virtual field day. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Finish post-harvest seed processing of 2020 field trial Staining test for seed coat check for all 2020 harvested seeds Pouch processing quality evaluation for 2018 and 2019 trials Submit a manuscript on the canning and evaluation protocol and draft a manuscript on the pouch processing protocol. Continue outreach and extension activities. Complete bulletin on seed coat check.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: provide organic farmers access to new dry bean varieties with improved harvestability and end use quality attributes appealing to processors and consumers Field Trials: In 2019 a field trial was conducted on an organic certified plot provided by Everbest Organics. The yields of kidney beans in 2019 field trial ranged from 17.5 to 28 CWT/Acre. Black bean yields ranged from 22.2 to 38.8 CWT/Acre in 2019 field trial and the USDA-ARS breeding line BL1402-15 was the top yielding line. Early maturity of beans in organic system is important because organic beans are usually planted later in the season and have shorter growing period. Uniform dry-down of the beans is also critical to maximize yield. We recorded the days to maturity (DM) of each genotype and scored them for acceptability at harvest which is a score ranged from 1-9 (1=best) for the general performance including plant architecture, pods number and dry-down uniformity (Table 1). The DM of kidney beans ranged from 85 to 101 days and their general acceptability ranged from good to medium. The DM of black beans ranged from 91 to 102 days and the acceptability was not very good for most of them. We conducted another field trial in 2020 growing season in the organic field provided by MSU Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) at Hickory Corners, MI. This trial consisted of 12 black bean lines and 24 kidney lines (including commercial varieties and advanced breeding lines) and was planted as a randomized complete block design with two replications of each line. Each replication consisted of a plot with two 26ft. rows. Another 32 early generation breeding lines (including kidney and yellow bean lines) were space planted for single plant selection. The trial was planted with a four-rows planter on Jun.26th, 2020 and harvested by hand in three days on Oct.9th, Oct.14th and Oct.16th. For each field plot, one row of plants was threshed with the belt thresher at MSU and the other row was threshed with the same research combine as previous year. The trial harvested from 2020 is under post-harvest seed cleaning process. The agronomic data is currently being processed. Seed Coat Check: A staining test for seed coat check (SCC) was adapted from a previous study (Gillard & Park, 2000). This method randomly took one hundred seeds from each genotype field replicate and soaked the seeds in Iodine solution for 5min. Seeds were then checked under a magnify glass and placed into five groups (Group1 = no visible seed coat damage, Group 2 = one or two minor cracks in the seed coat, Group 3 = several minor cracks or one major crack in the seed coat, Group 4 = more than 1 major crack, Group 5 = split seed). All seeds harvested from 2018 and 2019 were tested for SCC. Seed coat cracking rate was calculated as SCC rate = Number of seeds with checks (cracks) / Total seed number, in addition to SCC index (Table 3). The SCC rate varied among genotypes within each seed type as well as between seed types. Kidney beans tend to have more seed coat check problem than black beans. Canning Quality Evaluation: Canning quality measures how well beans withstand the canning process regarding appearance, color, and texture. The canning process was conducted at MSU Food Processing and Innovative Center (FPIC) in January 2019 and 2020 for seeds harvested in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Canning process followed the small-scale bean canning protocol that specifically designed for canning research purposes. A manuscript on this canning protocol is in preparation for publication. For 2018 canning trial, black beans were scored for appearance and color and kidney beans were scored for appearance by a trained sensory evaluation panel. For 2019 canning trial, kidney beans were evaluated for appearance and bean split in sensory evaluation. Black beans were evaluated for appearance and color in sensory evaluation. All canned samples were also rinsed and drained and a picture of each sample was taken with a machine vision system. The machine vision system consists of an illumination source, a color digital camera and an image processing software to adjust the camera settings (Mendoza et al., 2017). Texture of each sample was measured with 100g subsample using TA.XTPlus texture analyzer (Texture Technologies Corp., USA). Color Hunter Labscan XE colorimeter (Hunter Associates Laboratory Inc., USA) was used to measured CIE L*, a*, and b* values for each sample. Objective 2) to provide food processors the tools and knowledge to create superior products from improved organic bean varieties; Objective 3) to reduce the inputs and energy needed to cook and process beans through developing fast cooking varieties coupled with energy efficient processing and packaging (flexible pouches), thereby increasing the consumer demand for organic dry beans; A stainless steel rack system to prevent pouch movement was constructed and installed in the retort in Jan. 2020. Retortable flexible pouches (Laminated Film Retort Pouches, 4.6 mil thickness (Flair Flexible Packaging Corp., Appleton, WI) and a seamer (Sammic, S.L., Azkoitia, Spain) were purchased and tested to ensure seam integrity. Flexible thermocouples appropriate for pouches were purchased from Ecklund. These thermocouples were used to record the internal pouch temperature of the bean-water mixture. A pilot test of the pouch processing was conducted at FPIC in January 2020. Three black bean lines and three kidney lines were used in this pilot run. One black bean and one kidney bean variety were processed with two treatments: with added calcium (100ppm) and without added calcium in soaking/blanching water and brine. The pouch processing followed the small-scale canning protocol with cans being replaced by pouches. After filling blanched beans in flexible pouches, hot brine was added to pouches and pouches were sealed with a vacuum sealer. Thermocouples (Ecklund-Harrison, Fort Myers, FL) were attached to the pouches to record the internal temperature during retort. Beans were processed to achieve six minutes of sterilization at 250F or 121C. Processed pouches were opened after two weeks for quality evaluation. Kidney bean samples were scored for general appearance, bean splitting, brine clarity and free starch by a trained panel. Black beans were evaluated with the same traits plus color (darkness). However, the same genotype treated with or without added calcium in the process had significant difference especially in texture for both kidney bean and black bean. The beans with added calcium in the pouch processing were much firmer than the ones than did not receive added calcium (Table 9). Cooking Time: All beans harvested from 2019 field trial were cooked to measure the time length they take to cook, using the Mattson Cookers The cooking time of kidney beans varied from 32.7min to 46.2min. Good variation in cooking time was also found in black beans from 27.3min to 46.7min. Cooking time results provide us reference for selection of fast cooking varieties. Objective 4: to develop strong outreach and extension programming that help farmers to grow this high value, nutritious specialty field crop. Farm to fork infographic: An educational infographic was made on the topic of "Farm to fork: a story of beans", which demonstrates the process beans experience from farm to consumers tables. The target audience of this infographic are kids aged from 0-12. Mechanical damage bulletin: A research extension bulletin on mechanical damage to dry beans is been developed. It will present the mechanical damages beans can experience during the harvesting and post-harvest handling process, the consequences from damaged beans and the methods to prevent mechanical damage.
Publications
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Progress 09/01/18 to 08/31/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Organic dry bean growers and processors. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?An extension and outreach event was hosted on May 24, 2019, that a group of Everbest Organics employees was invited to visit at MSU FPIC. Brittny Bauer, the Quality Control Manager at Everbest Organics, talked about their general company goals and processing needs. Dr. Kirk Dolan from MSU introduced canning operation and processing safety. The group also had a tour of the FPIC facility, conducted by its director. Dr. Karen Cichy from USDA-ARS talked about canning quality evaluation, followed by the group participating in the quality evaluation of a batch of opened cans. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research results have been disseminated through written progress reports and meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Project plan 2019-2020 Continued breeding and evaluation of early generation varieties. Harvest and thresh the plants for all trials in the same manner as previous year and collect post-harvest agronomic data. Evaluate canning quality of canned and pouch processed 2018 varieties. Testing genetic variability of seed coat cracking via simulated harvest damage on 2018 and 2019 varieties, including drop test and seed coat check. Conduct cooking experiment with all varieties to explore their characteristics associated with cooking time to optimize quality. Sensory test on all 2018 and 2019 varieties with a panel of trained participants. Publish a manuscript on small-scale canning method.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
A black bean variety trial, a kidney bean variety trial, and a breeding nursery were conducted in 2018 on a plot provided by Jim Sattelburg (Everbest Organics). The field was located at the corner of Rogers and Dickerson Roads in Akron, MI. The trial was planted within an Everbest Organics white kidney bean field (cv. Beluga). The trial was planted at the same row spacing and managed the same as the rest of the commercial field by Sattelburg. The black bean variety trial consisted of 12 lines (including popular varieties and breeding lines) and the kidney bean variety trial consisted of 12 lines (including white, light red, and dark red kidney varieties and breeding lines). Both variety trials were planted as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each replication consisted of two 15 ft. rows planted within the commercial field rows. An early generation kidney bean breeding nursery was also planted. This consisted of the F2 progeny of 36 different kidney, cranberry, and yellow bean crosses. The three trials were planted on July 2, 2018. Planting was done by hand with an Earthway Precision Garden Seeder model 1001-B planter at an approximate seed depth of 1.5 to 2 inches and seed spacing of 1.25 inches (Pea Plate part# 1002-18 with 1.25 inch spacing). Harvest took place on October 11 and 12, 2018 by hand pulling entire plants from two 15 ft rows per plot. The plants were taken to Michigan State University, where they were threshed with an Almaco (Nevada, Iowa)belt threshermodel BT14. The seed yields were calculated based on 18% seed moisture. Black bean yields ranged from 19. 5 to 41.5 CWT/acre and the top yielding lines were advanced breeding lines from MSU (B17220) and USDA-ARS (BL1402-15). Kidney bean yields ranged from 14.1 to 29.5 CWT/acre and the top yielding line was the MSU white kidney variety Snowdon. The NDSU light red kidney Talon, was also one of the top yielding lines. In the breeding nursey, 29 single plant selections were made based on plant architecture, pod load, maturity, and seed type. These lines will be advanced through the breeding program for further evaluation and selection. The black and kidney entries were canned at the Food Processing and Innovation Center (FPIC), (Okemos, MI) on January 17 and 18, 2019 using a small-scale canning protocol. The beans were also processed through flexible retortable pouches at FPIC, along with 18 of the same genotypes (10 black and eight kidney genotypes) from conventional fields. The pouch process followed the small-scale canning protocol with cans being replaced by pouches. The objective of using consumer-convenient, flexible pouches (versus cans) is to process beans using shorter time duration for improved physical and sensory quality, while ensuring food safety. The quality evaluation of beans processed in pouches is ongoing. One batch of the canned black and kidney varieties were opened for evaluation as preliminary data. Black beans were rated with a 1-5 scale for appearance (1= poor, 5= excellent with no split) and color (1= very light, 5= very dark), while kidney beans were rated for appearance only. The black bean variety Zenith and B17536 (MSU advanced breeding line) ranked on the top in appearance. BL1402-15 (USDA-ARS advanced breeding line) and B17220 (MSU advanced breeding line) performed the best in color with a score of 4.3. Zenith showed the best canning quality with both appearance (score= 4) and color (score= 4) considered. The kidney bean variety Red Hawk and K16136 (MSU advanced breeding line) ranked on top for appearance with score of 4.25 and 3.75, respectively. In 2019, a plot was provided by Everbest Organics within its white kidney bean field (cv. Snowdon) located at the corner of Thomas and Bay Park Rd in Unionville, MI. A black bean variety trial, a kidney bean variety trial, a yellow bean variety trial and a breeding nursery were conducted in this plot. The black bean variety trial consisted of 12 lines (including eight lines same from previous year and four new breeding lines) and the kidney bean variety trial consisted of 12 lines (including nine lines same from previous year and three new breeding lines). The yellow bean variety trial consisted of 10 advanced breeding lines.The three variety trials were all planted as a randomized complete block design with three replications and planted in the same way as described in previous year. A total of 87 F2 lines were planted in the breeding nursery, which consisted of cranberry, kidney, yellow and black bean crosses.
Publications
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