EVALUATING POULTRY PRODUCTION THROUGH PRECISION NUTRITION

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1016061
• Project Start Date: Apr 24, 2018
• Project End Date: Apr 18, 2023
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
750 AGRONOMY RD STE 2701
COLLEGE STATION,TX 77843-0001

Performing Department
Poultry Science

Non Technical Summary
Precision nutrition is a dietetic approach to improving health that involves altering various constituents of the diet to achieve desired body composition and specific health outcomes. Its primary concern involves balancing the diet to achieve maximum metabolic and nutrient efficiency given varying biological circumstances and environmental conditions. In the poultry industry, the application of precision nutrition translates into using custom diets developed to maximize the production potential of the operations the industry encompasses, each with their own production goals.Production goals vary between and within each operation but generally, the overall goal is an efficient economy. This involves balancing physical production (meat, eggs, whole carcass, etc.), the well-being of stock, human health (food quality, disease transmission, antibiotic resistance, etc.), and environmental impact (waste production, etc.).The focus of these studies is to evaluate how manipulations of diet impact this balance given conditions typical of common poultry industry management schemes. We will use standard nutrient accounting techniques to develop a series of trial diets and evaluate their effectiveness based on our aforementioned criteria. Overall, the goal of our studies is provide the poultry industry with information that can be used to improve the efficiency of their own individual economies; it is applied in nature. Generally, we intend the results of these studies to inform poultry industry-level application directly rather than to develop hypothetical ideals.

Animal Health Component

80%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

80%

Developmental

20%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
302	3220	1010	100%

Knowledge Area
302 - Nutrient Utilization in Animals;

Subject Of Investigation
3220 - Meat-type chicken, live animal;

Field Of Science
1010 - Nutrition and metabolism;

Keywords

precision nutrition

poultry

prebiotics

exogenous enzymes

nutrient bioavailability

Goals / Objectives
Problem Statement:Precision nutrition is a dietetic approach to improving health that involves altering various constituents of the diet to achieve desired body composition and specific health outcomes. Its primary concern involves balancing the diet to achieve maximum metabolic and nutrient efficiency given varying biological circumstances and environmental conditions. In the poultry industry, the application of precision nutrition translates into using custom diets developed to maximize the production potential of the operations the industry encompasses, each with their own production goals.Production goals vary between and within each operation but generally, the overall goal is an efficient economy. This involves balancing physical production (meat, eggs, whole carcass, etc.), the well-being of stock, human health (food quality, disease transmission, antibiotic resistance, etc.), and environmental impact (waste production, etc.).Objectives:The focus of these studies is to evaluate how manipulations of diet impact this balance given conditions typical of common poultry industry management schemes. We will use standard nutrient accounting techniques to develop a series of trial diets and evaluate their effectiveness based on our aforementioned criteria. Overall, the goal of our studies is provide the poultry industry with information that can be used to improve the efficiency of their own individual economies; it is applied in nature. Generally, we intend the results of these studies to inform poultry industry-level application directly rather than to develop hypothetical ideals.

Project Methods
Research Approach:Our studies will generally involve developing a series of precision nutrition based diet trials. Each trial will involve a comparative evaluation of manipulation, addition, and/or withdrawal of certain components (ingredients and nutrients) of interest in the diet which we hypothesize will impact its efficiency. We consider components that effect energy (protein, fat, carbohydrates), macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, minerals, feed additives, antibiotics and their potential alternatives (prebiotics, probiotics copper, silver carrier molecules, etc.) as variables of interest since the overall efficiency of any diet is dependent on the interrelationships between them.Battery brooder studies are designed to last 3 weeks. Each brooder can be set up for a maximum of 24 individual pens. We limit the number of birds per pen to a maximum of 6. Most studies utilize 2 brooder batteries for a total of 48 pens. A large study which may take place once or twice each year will utilize 4 batteries for a total of 96 pens. We may conduct as many as 8 battery trials per year utilizing roughly 2,400 broilers. The design may vary slightly as different dietary treatments are combined with different feedstuffs. Floor pen studies will typically be conducted in 1 of 4 broiler houses. These houses contain 60 pens. A typical floor study will utilize all 60 pens, each containing 15 to 25 birds for a total of 900 to 1,500 chickens. Floor pens can be set up with 6 x 6 ft of floor space or cut in half to 3 x 6 ft of floor space to obtain commercial rearing densities without using excess birds per pen. We will typically conduct about 2-3 floor studies per year utilizing ~ 3,500 birds per year. Many of our studies are designed to evaluate our feed additives against a pathogen or environmental challenge typically faced by the commercial poultry industry.Example of a single battery experiment replicating a Clostridium perfringens challenge often faced by the commercial industry.TreatmentClostridium perfringens ChallengeTotalBirds/PenReplicatesTotal Birds/TreatmentNegative ControlNo6848Positive ControlYes6848XPC-ultra(625ppm)Yes6848XPC (1250 ppm)Yes6848Safmannan1(250 ppm)Yes6848Safmannan 1 (500 ppm)Yes6848Total48 pens288Example of a single floor experiment using previously used dirty litter as a challenge often faced by the commercial industry.TreatmentDirty LitterChallengeTotalBirds/PenReplicatesTotal Birds/TreatmentNegative ControlNo208160Positive ControlYes208160XPC-ultra (625ppm)Yes208160XPC (1250 ppm)Yes208160Safmannan 1(250 ppm)Yes208160Safmannan 1 (500 ppm)Yes208160Total48 pens960Animal ProceduresThe effective application of precision nutrition can be complex in some situations, but is ideal for use in the poultry industry because biological and environmental variables can be well controlled and are fairly easy for operations to replicate in time and space. The type of management methods employed by a given operation will dictate the effect of these variables on the efficiency of their individual economies. An endless variety of methods are possible, however, variations between major commercial operations tend to be small considering common constraints (cost, feasibility, legality, etc.). As a result, the majority of the poultry industry relies on a relatively select set of management methods. It is important to note that these methods differ from those typically seen in a laboratory setting. Differences between industry and laboratory methods result in variations in the types and levels of stress incurred within their respective economic systems. Balancing the effects of each of these variations often require very different adjustments to the diet. Considering this fact, diets that are determined efficient for laboratory maintained stock are highly unlikely to be sufficient for industry kept stock and vice versa. Using a diet developed for one population would likely be detrimental, if not lethal, to the other in terms of economic efficiency. We therefore consider proceeding with this research outside this consideration not only to be logically flawed but also an egregious use of resources, ethically irresponsible, and antagonistic to animal welfare goals. Our experimental methodology will be designed to avoid this flaw by tailoring our trial methodology to match the management methods most commonly used by commercial operations in the USA rather than those of standard research operations. In this study, we will therefore focus on closely mimicking husbandry methods commonly employed by the commercial poultry industry (natural pathogens, temperature, ammonia concentration, sex ratio, housing type, flock density, etc.) to achieve this. All experiments will have the objective of balance the maximizing utilization of nutrients with well-being of the poultry and industry economy.Treatment AssignmentStock will be sexed using non-invasive techniques (if necessary), vaccinated (if necessary) and systematically assigned to treatment groups. Birds showing major deviation from the batch average (illness, injury, largely underweight) will be excluded from the study and euthanized. Excess stock resulting from differences in trial size requirements and purchase minimums will either be maintained under control conditions as potential replacements for mortalities or euthanized.RearingBirds will be reared and housed in one of three systematic ways: a battery brooders, floor pens, or individual cages. These are some of the most common methods used by the commercial poultry industry. All trials will be conducted at the Texas A&M Poultry Research Complex or at the USDA Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center.DietsWe will provide a series of custom diets designed for each treatment group in their respective trial. Multi-phase feeding, which involves the provision of age and production level dependent diets, will be incorporated in some trials. Birds will be provided food and water ad libitium, although certain ingredients or nutrients may be withheld or provided separately on a scheduled timeline for certain trials. For example if we are conducting a study to evaluate the bioavailability or effectiveness of a new for vitamin beadlet these studies will involve a negative control group where the vitamin supplement being studied is withheld from the birds as serves as our negative control or zero level regression point.FeedingAn occasional study may require pair feeding or other methodology that does not allow for continuous ad libitum feeding. For example a standardized digestibility study used to determine nutrient bioavailability may require a control group of birds that are not fed over a period of time (usually 24 hrs max) in order to measure endogenous nutrient losses not related to the specific feed additive or specific diet being fed. Additionally, feed may be withheld for a period of time just prior to euthanasia if a specific study requires further processing of the birds.EvaluationWe will use multiple criteria to evaluate the status of our birds. Body weight, food consumption, mortality, and egg production will be our primary dependent variables but we will also consider bloodwork, dropping production, and carcass composition, etc. in some cases. Data that require handling of birds to obtain to acquire will be collected no more than once a week. Birds will be removed from the respective cages or pens and handled as quickly and gently as possible to obtain necessary data and to perform a rapid health assessment before being returned to their enclosures.

Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Both Industry and Academic professionals associated with Poultry Production. The primary emphasis in nutrition. Changes/Problems:Most problems are directly attributed to the Corona Virus Pandemic and the current debate whether or not our Poultry Science Department will still exist as is or be merged with Animal Science if we don't get $5,000,000 dollars in industry contributions to maintain and grow the department. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Oportunity to host visiting scholars. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?See publication Section. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?It will be significantly tougher next year as my primary sources of funding research are having finadcial difficulties and have not been nor will they likely be in a position to fund as much research as I have been accoustom to.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? See previous publications section. I managed to obtain just enough funding to keep all of my lab group paid.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hubert, Shawna Marie and Al-Ajeeli, Morouj and Bailey, Christopher A and Athrey, Giridhar. (2019). The role of housing environment and dietary protein source on the gut microbiota of chicken,Animals,9(12): 1085.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Al-Ajeeli, Morouj N and Hubert, Shawna M and Leyva-Jimenez, Hector and Hashim, Mohammed M and Abdaljaleel, Raghad A and Alsadwi, Akhil M and Athrey, Giridhar and Bailey, Christopher A. (2019). Impacts of Dietary Protein and Prebiotic Inclusion on Liver and Spleen Gene Expression in Hy-Line Brown Caged Layers, Animals 10(3): 453
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Johnson, Casey N and Hashim, Mohammed M and Bailey, Christopher A and Byrd, James A and Kogut, Michael H and Arsenault, Ryan J. (2020). Feeding of yeast cell wall extracts during a necrotic enteritis challenge enhances cell growth/survival and immune signaling in the jejunum of broiler chickens, Poultry Science, 99(6): 2955-2966.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Bailey, Christopher A. 2020. Precision poultry nutrition and feed formulation. Animal Agriculture Academic Press p. 367-378.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: K. Gardner, M. Jackson, O. Gutierrez, C. A. Bailey. 2020. Evaluation of two different phytase sources when supplemented to broiler starter diets on growth performance, tibia bone ash, and tibia breaking strength. page 34 in Virtual 2020 PSA Annual Meeting - Jonathan Moyle, Management and Production Charles W. Starkey, Metabolism and Nutrition presentation 165.

Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Both Industry and Academic professionals associated with Poultry Production. The primary emphasis in nutrition. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate and undergraduate training with regard to determining nutrient requirements and the affect of antibiotic alternative prebiotics on poultry performance using pathogen challenge models. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Publications cited earlier. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue down the same path.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Evaluation of the effects of Lactobacillus strains and their combination on starter broiler performance in birds subjected to a Clostridium perfringens challenge (October 2018) Final Project Report The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of three different strains of Lactobacillus and their combinations on starter broiler performance in birds subjected to a Clostridium perfringens challenge. Chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery (Holmes Foods, Gonzales Tx) on day of hatch. Chicks were transported to the USDA South Plains Research Center in College Station, Texas. Birds were individually banded upon arrival, and distributed amongst the 48 battery pens. Due to the severity of the challenge that the birds experienced, this trial was terminated early (Day 17), in order to stay within animal welfare regulations. This was due to the high mortality seen at the end of Day 16 and early on Day 17 of the experiment, in which the animal welfare limit of 5% mortality was exceeded. Following the three-day challenge period, all treatment groups had higher average body weights than the challenged control group, with Treatment 7 having significantly higher body weights than the challenged control group (p<0.05). Regarding lesion scoring, all treatment groups except for Treatment 4 had lower mean lesion scores when compared to the Challenged Control. Treatment 7 had significantly lower (p<0.05) mean lesion scores when compared to the Challenged control and was not significantly different than the negative control group. This follows the same results we see in body weight and growth parameters in which Treatment 7 showed significant differences compared to the challenged control as well. These Lactobacillus strains showed some efficacy with regard to their ability to reduce Clostridium challenge in these broilers, however the administration to the birds likely caused some stress factors that could be acting as confounders in this experiment. In order to determine their true effectiveness and applicability in an industry setting, an easier method of application will need to be determined at a future point. High Concentration Bioavailability Comparison of Commercial 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Sources In Growing Broiler Chickens (2019) Final Project Reports Thesestudies were designed to evaluate the bioavailability of three established sources of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Cobb-500 male broiler chickens (1 day-old) were fed a custom vitamin trace mineral premix for 10 days in an attempt to deplete maternal stores from the day-old chicks. Treatments consisting of 15, 30 and 75 mg 25-OH D3 products were introduced on day 10 after a 12-hr fasting period. Productivity data were assessed on day-17 and then again on day-21 of the trial. In addition to productivity assessment on day-21 both tibia breaking strength and bone ash were determined. For this particular trial we were not able to deplete the negative control birds of vitamin D3 sufficiently enough to demonstrate any symptoms of rickets even after 21 days of being fed the diet devoid of vitamin D3. We have seen this from time to time and it suggests maternal vitamin D stores were very high in the chicks we received from the hatchery. It was not possible to check the complete history of the specific breeder flock from which our chicks came. We can conclude from all variables measured that none of the three established sources of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol were different from each. Unfortunately, we were not able to fit the data to a broken line regression model for the bioavailability assessment. It was interesting to note that at Alpha = 0.10 the Duncan's analysis differentiate both 17-21 day weight gain and 17-21 day FCR by level. Birds receiving 75 mg/kg of 25-OH D3 products gained significantly more than birds receiving 15 mg/kg with the 30 mg/kg group falling in the middle. Day 17-21 FCR was also best in the birds receiving the highest concentration of 25-OH D3 products. Given that we did not observe any significant deficiency symptoms from our negative control treatment we will be repeating the trial with a slight modification. Rather than focusing on bioavailability at low levels of supplementation we will formulate our treatments to contain 1000, 2000 and 4000 IU/kg diet based on 40,000 IU/kg per mg of 25-OH D3 of each product. This study was designed to re-evaluate the bioavailability three established sources of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in treatments to contain 1000, 2000 and 4000 IU/kg diet based on 40,000 IU/kg per mg of 25-OH D3 of each product. Cobb-500 Male broiler chickens (1 day-old) were fed a custom vitamin trace mineral premix devoid of vitamin D3 for 10 days in an attempt to deplete maternal stores from the day-old chicks. For this particular retrial we increased the concentrations of our treatments to help see an effect of source and inclusion levels more typical of the industry. The treatments consisting of either 1000, 2000 or 4000 IU 25-OH D3/kg of feed for the products that were introduced on day 10 after a 12-hr fasting period. Productivity data were assessed on day-17 of the trial. Vitamin D3 activity was based on 1 mg 25-OH D3 = 40,000 IU D3. Data were analyzed as a 3x3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Only one bird died in this study (DSM - 1000). As in the first trial comparing these 3 products there were no significant differences (p < 0.05) seen by either product or concentration.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Christopher A. Bailey. Good Animal Feeding Practices. A Training Program Proposal In Microscopic Analysis of Rendered Products, 2019. Leaders in Agriculture Program The Borlaug Institute for International Agriculture.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Christopher A. Bailey. Least Cost Feed Formulation presented at the Practical Short Course on Aquaculture Feed Preparation, Nutrition, and Feed Management, Food Protein Research and Development Center, College Station, TX, Sept 30, 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Christopher A. Bailey. Least Cost Feed Formulation presented at the Practical Short Course on Feeds and Pet Food Extrusion, Food Protein Research and Development Center, College Station, TX, February 8, 2019.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Mohammed M Hashim, Hector E Leyva?Jimenez, Morouj N Al?Ajeeli, Yasser J Jameel, Thomas A Gaydos, Christopher A Bailey. (2019). Performance of broilers fed diets supplemented with two yeast cell wall strains using two feeding strategies, Veterinary Medicine and Science(2019),5, pp. 435441.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hector Leyva-Jimenez, Kimberly Gardner, Yansoon AL-Jumaa, John C Padgett, Christopher A Bailey. (2019). Partial Replacement of Dietary Cholecalciferol with 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol on Broiler Chickens Subjected to a Coccidiosis Vaccine Challenge, J. Appl. Poult. Res. 28:743754.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hector Leyva-Jimenez, Momin Khan, Kimberly Gardner, Raghad A Abdaljaleel, Yansoon AL-Jumaa, Akhil M Alsadwi, Christopher A Bailey. (2019). Developing a novel oral vitamin D3 intake bioassay to re-evaluate the vitamin D3 requirement for modern broiler chickens, Poultry Science, Volume 98, Issue 9, September 2019, Pages 37703776.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: PT Price, T Gaydos, JC Padgett, K Gardner, C Bailey. (2019). Salmonella Colonization of Production Hens Fed a Parietal Yeast Fraction with High Levels of Mannan and Beta-Glucan, International Journal of Poultry Science, 18: 410-415.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Christopher A. Bailey, 2019. " Nutrition and feeding of poultry. Chapter 21 in Animal Agriculture: Sustainability, Challenges and Innovations. Expected on: November 2019.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Kimberly Gardner, Momin Khan, John Padgett, Jeff Tomberlin, Christopher Bailey, and Delbert M. Gatlin, III,(2019) Evaluation of black soldier fly larvae substituting soybean meal at two inclusions on broiler performance. Conference proceedings (abstract), Poultry Science Association, Montreal, Canada. July, 2019. Poult. Sci. 98(E-Suppl. 1) p47.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: John Padgett, Paul Price, Thomas Gaydos, Kimberly Gardner, and Christopher Bailey,(2019) Salmonella colonization in hens fed a yeast cell wall supplement with high levels of mannans and beta-glucans. Conference proceedings (abstract), Poultry Science Association, Montreal, Canada. July, 2019. Poult. Sci. 98(E-Suppl. 1) p245.

Progress 04/24/18 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Both Industry and Academic professionals associated with Poultry Production. The primary emphasis in nutrition. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate student training for projects. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Some results are being published with the sponsors permissions. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue seeking grants and research opportunities.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Evaluation of Biomin Additive on Starter Broiler Vitamin A, E, and D Absorption This study was designed to evaluate whether the Biomin additive increased the efficiency of absorption of the fat soluble vitamins A, D, and E when fed in a starter broiler feed. The hypothesis was that the supplementation of the Biomin additive would enhance the absorption of the three fat soluble vitamins observed in this study, which would help the broilers get to better performance. A replacement pullet starter diet containing no vitamin premix was formulated as the basal diet and then split into two equal size batches. The basal diet served as our negative control (NC) and the basal diet containing the Biomin additive at an inclusion rate of 125g/MT served as the positive control (PC). Beginning at 7-days of age, birds were orally gavage with 0.5 mls of oil containing the calculated treatment ratio based on a 14 day-old broiler consuming a diet containing 750:200:5 IU of A:D:E per kg of feed respectively. Results revealed that the body weight and weight gain of the chicks was not significantly different between the two treatments at day 7 and 14 respectively. However, results revealed that the chicks fed the PC diet had higher serum concentrations of vitamin D and E as compared with the chicks fed the NC diet on day 14. The chicks fed the PC diet also had a significantly higher concentration of vitamin D in the liver but not vitamin A or E when compared to the NC diet chicks. "REALATIVE BIOAVAILABILITY EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL 25-HYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL SOURCES IN GROWING BROILER CHICKENS" The objective of this trial was to evaluate the relative bioavailability of 3 different 25-hydroxycholecalciferl (DSM, Hy-D, and Super-D) supplemented at 3 levels (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 ug 25-OH/kg feed) to corn-soy broiler starter diets, on live performance, 25-OH-D2 serum status, and bone mineralization of growing broilers. Male newly hatched Cobb-500 broiler chicks (n=240) were randomly allocated in 2 stainless steel battery brooders (7 birds per pen) inside an environmentally controlled rearing room. The chicks were fed a basal D3 deficient diet ad libitum for the first 10 days to deplete the maternal stores of D3 followed by a 12-h fasting period. On day 11 of the study bird were weighted in groups of 10 to calculate an average body weight. The average body weight of 940 + 20g was used to create 48 groups of six chickens with close to "identical" body weight and variance. Treatment diets were created from a single basal diet formulated to contain a marginal concentration of calcium (0.75%) and available phosphorus (0.375%) to put more pressure on the 25-OH-D3 supplements to work, which was then subdivided into 10 different batches. There was 1 control diet which was the negative control (NC) containing 0 ug/kg of D3. The remaining 9 treatments (DSM-2.5, HYD-2.5, SUPERD-10, DSM-5, HYD-5, SUPERD-5, DSM-10, HYD10, SUPERD10) were supplemented with one of the D3 sources at three different levels intended to spare 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 ug D3/kg feed respectively. Experimental treatments were arranged in a 3x3 factorial design. The control treatment served as reference and was analyzed separately. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded at the beginning of each feeding phase (0-10 and 11-17 days) to evaluate performance. At the end of the trial (17 days), blood was drawn from two randomly selected birds from each pen and analyzed for serum 25-OH-D3 status using a commercial ELISA kit. Additionally, the remaining 3 birds were subjected to a whole body scan using GE® Prodigy Lunar Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to determine bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC). Finally, the right tibia was used to determine % tibia ash (TBA) and the left tibia was used to determine breaking strength (TBS). EVALUATION OF DIETARY CHOLECALCIFEROL AND 25-HYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL ON BROILER CHICKENS SUBJECTED TO A COCCIDIOSIS VACCINE CHALLENGE This study was conducted with the objective of comparing the effect of high dietary levels of D3 and partial replacement of D3 with 25-OH-D3 on performance, bone mineralization, intestinal integrity, vitamin D status, and plasma cytokine levels of broiler chickens after a live coccidiosis vaccine challenge. In conclusion, the combination of both D3 and 25-OH-D3 was more effective than D3 alone in promoting bone mineralization and enhancing VDS in young broiler chickens fed diets with suboptimal levels of Ca and NPP after a live vaccine coccidiosis challenge. The supplementation of D3, independent of the source, above NRC (1994) recommendations yielded better performance, bone mineralization and VDS in starter broiler chickens fed a low Ca and NPP diet and subjected to a live coccidia vaccine challenge.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hashim MM, Arsenault RJ, Byrd JA, Kogut MH, Al-Ajeeli M, Bailey CA, 2018. Influence of different yeast cell wall preparations and their components on performance and immune and metabolic pathways in Clostridium perfringens-challenged broiler chicks. Poult Sci. 97(1):203-210. doi: 10.3382/ps/pex290.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: M. N. Al-Ajeeli, H. Leyva-Jimenez, R. A. Abdaljaleel, Y. Jameel, M. M. Hashim, G. Archer, and C. A. Bailey, 2018. Evaluation of the performance of Hy-Line Brown laying hens fed soybean or soybean-free diets using cage or free-range rearing systems. Poult Sci. 97(3):812-819. doi: 10.3382/ps/pex368.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Morouj N. Al-Ajeeli, Rhonda K Miller, Hector Leyva, Mohammed M. Hashim, Raghad A. Abdaljaleel, Yasser Jameel, and Christopher A. Bailey, 2018. Consumer acceptance of eggs from Hy-Line Brown layers fed soybean or soybean-free diets using cage or free-range rearing systems. Poul. Sci, 97(5):1848-1851. doi: 10.3382/ps/pex450.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Leyva-Jimenez H, Alsadwi AM, Gardner K, Voltura E, Bailey CA, 2018. Evaluation of high dietary phytase supplementation on performance, bone mineralization, and apparent ileal digestible energy of growing broilers. Poult Sci. 2018 Aug 30. doi: 10.3382/ps/pey389. [Epub ahead of print]
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: H Leyva-Jimenez, Y Jameel, M N Al-Ajeeli, A M Alsadwi, R A Abdaljaleel, C A Bailey, 2018. Relative bioavailability determination of highly concentrated cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) sources employing a broiler chick bioassay. J. Appl. Poult. Res. Volume 27, Issue 3, Pages 363370, https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfy007.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: W. He, K. Furukawa, H. Leyva-Jimenez, C. Bailey, and G. Wu, 2018. Oxidation of energy substrates by enterocytes of 0- to 42-day-old chickens. Poult. Sci. 97(E-Suppl. 1) p 3.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: K. Furukawa1, W. He, H. Leyva-Jimenez, C. Bailey, F. Bazer, M. Toyomizu, and G. Wu, 2018. Developmental changes in the activities of enzymes for polyamine synthesis in chickens. Poult. Sci. 97(E-Suppl. 1) p 3.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Y. Al-Jumaa, H. Leyva-Jimenez, A. Alsadwi, K. Gardner, R. Abdaljaleel, and C. Bailey, 2018. Evaluation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae products and Bacillus on Broiler Performance. Poult. Sci. 97(E-Suppl. 1) p 62.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: K. Gardner, H. Leyva-Jimenez, and C. Bailey, 2018. Effect of choline chloride on the stability of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) sources used in animal nutrition evaluated by two different assays. Poult. Sci. 97(E-Suppl. 1) p 70.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: H. Leyva-Jimenez, M. Khan, K. Gardner, R. Abdaljaleel, Y. Al-Jumaa, A. Alsadwi, and C. Bailey, 2018. A precision intubation intake bioassay to re-evaluate vitamin D3 requirements for growing broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 97(E-Suppl. 1) p 95.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: A. Alsadwi, H. Leyva-Jimenez, K. Gardner, Y. Al-Jumaa, R. Abdaljaleel, M. Al-Ajeeli, and C. Bailey, 2018. Effect of dietary silver acetate and antibiotic on broiler performance, apparent ileal digestible energy and total bone mineral content. Poult. Sci. 97(E-Suppl. 1) p 178.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: H. Leyva-Jimenez, M. Khan, K. Gardner, R. Abdaljaleel, Y. Al-Jumaa, A. Alsadwi, and C. Bailey, 2018. Vitamin D3 requirement for growing broiler chickens using a precision intubation intake bioassay. Poult. Sci. 97(E-Suppl. 1) p 203.