HEALTH AND SAFETY FOR AT-RISK POPULATIONS WORKING IN PENNSYLVANIA AGRICULTURE AND BIORENEWABLES INDUSTRIES

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1015808
• Project Start Date: Jul 1, 2018
• Project End Date: Jul 1, 2020
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY
208 MUELLER LABORATORY
UNIVERSITY PARK,PA 16802

Performing Department
Agri & Biological Engineering

Non Technical Summary
A sizable migrant and seasonal farm labor force in Pennsylvania is critical to the harvest of fruit, vegetable and mushroom crops. It is estimated that more than 50,000 migrant and seasonal laborers are employed in Pennsylvania (Cason, Snyder & Jensen, 2004). Analysis of census data of the United States labor force revealed that the number of Hispanic laborers has nearly doubled between 1990 and 2000 with future increases predicted (Jenkins et al., 2009; Román-Muñiz et al., 2007). Arcury, Estrada, and Quandt (2010) concluded that the response to the safety training needs of this population has been limited. Arcury et al. recommended that agricultural health and safety resources be developed that are educationally, culturally, and linguistically appropriate. On large dairy farms with 300 or more milking cows, most workers with Spanish as their first language tended to work 11.3 hours longer per week than their counterparts whose native language was English which may result in an overall decrease in the size of the workforce needed on an agricultural operation (Jenkins et al., 2009). A lower number of employees may result in less training and fewer reports of injuries as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration because of the 11-employee exemption clause (Jenkins et al.).Falls were the most common cause of injury, exposure to animal contact was another common cause, and many injuries resulted in broken bones (Gilliam et al., 2007). Gorucu et al. (2015) stated that the majority of youth (78%) involved in a farm- and agriculture-related fatality were Anabaptist, and they were more likely to have occupational fatalities than non-Anabaptists. An additional population at risk includes children on the family farm. Production agriculture is often a family affair. Children are allowed and often expected to assist in the tasks that will be done around the farm. In 2014, 7,469 youth living farms were injured (NCCRAHS, 2017). Smith et al. (2004) identified that 96 children were admitted during a 9-year period to the trauma center for treatment of farm-related injuries at a level 1 pediatric trauma center in Ohio. Thirty-nine patients (40.6%) had animal related injuries, including an additional 36 children (37.5%) who had injuries associated with horses (Smith et al., 2004). In Pennsylvania, a total of 82 fatalities to youth under 20 years were identified between 2002 and 2012.Presently, information regarding surveillance and prevention of farm workers' agriculturally-related injuries is limited. Assessment of effective training interventions is necessary to assure that populations at risk including Anabaptist, Hispanic, and Latino as well as children have the knowledge to make sound production related decisions to protect their health and assure their safety. This project willexamine injury risk factors and the impact of training methods on injury prevention for special populations working in Pennsylvania's agriculture and biorenewable industries.

Animal Health Component

100%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

100%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
806	5310	3020	100%

Knowledge Area
806 - Youth Development;

Subject Of Investigation
5310 - Machinery and equipment;

Field Of Science
3020 - Education;

Keywords

safety

at-risk populations

confined spaces

agriculture

Goals / Objectives
The goals of this project are to understand injury risk factors and provide evidence-based recommendations for training methods to ensure injury prevention for special populations working in Pennsylvania's agriculture and biorenewable industries.The following objectives will be targeted to measure accomplishment towards achieving project goals.Objective 1. Identify differences in risk perception and safety consciousness of work hazards among workers representing special populations.Objective 2. Develop culturally sensitive safety and health resources.Objective 3. Assess teaching-delivery systems/programs that will address the needs of Pennsylvania's diverse agriculture and biorenewable labor workforce.

Project Methods
Methods Objective 1. Survey and interview methods will be utilized to gather information from agriculture and biorenewable industry laborers and managers to define their perceptions of risk and safety consciousness regarding common work tasks.Methods Objective 2. Through formative needs assessments, more can be understood about the risks faced by Anabaptist children who are exposed to agricultural work. An increased awareness about agricultural injuries and how to prevent injuries to their children, as seen through the lens of community stakeholders, will be essential in the development of culturally and geographically relevant safety information to prevent agricultural injuries to Anabaptist children as well as Hispanic and Latino Laborers.Methods Objective 3. Assessment of the effectiveness of current and developing safety training programs with increasing safety-related attitudes and behaviors will be conducted. Individuals will complete a questionnaire to assess their use of respirators, material handling equipment, machine guarding, and utility vehicle riding helmets, perceived barriers and facilitators of safe behaviors, as well as training experience. After completion of the training program, individuals will then complete a follow-up questionnaire to determine behavioral intentions and attitudes towards personal protective equipment use and safety procedures.

Progress 07/01/18 to 07/01/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Farmers, Farm families, Youth living or working on farms, Agricultural Educators, Extension professionals. Changes/Problems:Research efforts needed to be moved to a virtual platform due to the COVID-19 pandemic. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?We were able to co-host a workshop on Child Agricultural Injury Prevention to educate individuals on safe farming practices. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated through extension events, International Society for Agricultural Safety and Health Conference, Agricultural Safety and Health Council of America Conference, ASABE Annual International Meeting'. We also completed the final year of The Say Clearinghouse Evaluation project and project results were disseminated in various agricultural safety conferences and through journal publication. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1.A farm fatality surveillance effort for Pennsylvania is being conducted to provide evidence for safety programming. Efforts have documented 27 fatalities in 2019. Almost 19% of the fatalities were to youth younger than 18 years and 44% of the fatalities were to 65 and older. All victims were male (100%) and 30% of the victims were Anabaptist. Further analysis of the cases showed that all the victims under 18 years old were Anabaptists. Objective 2.Penn State Ag Safety and Health Program co-hosted Child Agricultural Injury Prevention Workshop held in Hershey PA on Sept 17-18. After the program, we collaborated with Ms. Kay Moyer-Cooperative Extension Volunteer. A proposal was drafted on developing educational materials to educate Anabaptist families to gain insight regarding the benefits of using best road safety practices to reduce unintentional injuries and fatalities. Penn State researcher supervised this project. Objective 3.A grant proposal was awarded on investigating agricultural safety and health training methods for multi-generational workforce. In this study, we collected data through paper and online surveys in various agricultural events. A manuscript was submitted to a peer-reviewed journal article. We are in the third year of the "Grain bin safety entry retrofit: An Intervention Assessment" project. The major goal of this project is reducing the number of on-farm grain bin entrapments on farms that are exempt from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) grain handling facilities standard (29 CFR 1910.272). OSHA Standard mandates that any worker entering a non-exempt (i.e., commercial) grain storage facility must wear a body harness with a lifeline. However, majority of grain bin incidents occurs at exempt facilities. Penn State researchers began the testing on an anchor point simulator for retrofitting on-farm grain bins with safe entry systems. By using SolidWorks® 3D CAD (Computer Aided Design), parametrically driven 3D model of a grain bin has been created. Data collection equipment including strain gauges were installed on two of the Penn State Farm Operations grain bins. For predicting structural movement and stresses, the first round of data were collected in Spring 2020. The data collection and modeling will be used to examine the feasibility and factor of safety of retrofitting grain bins with anchor point and lifeline systems. In addition to the grain bin simulations, researchers are exploring barriers to the adoption of safe grain bin entry systems and methods to overcome these barriers. With this information, we are hoping to determine successful implementation and adoption strategies for safe entry systems. Personal interviews and surveys were completed in Pennsylvania and an approximately two-thirds of survey data were collected from New York farmers. Due to COVID-19 restrictions, data collection will be completed online. The research team will focus on completing data collection with agricultural producers in New York and Maryland in the winter months of the 2020 - 2021 project year.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Michael, J.H. and S. Gorucu. 2020. Non-occupational Injuries caused by Transport Packaging: residential and retail hazards. In Press at Journal of Safety Research.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Michael, J and Gorucu, S. 2020. Analysis of Forklift and Pallet Jack Injuries in Wood-Related Industries. Forest Products Journal, Vol 70 No.4.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Gorucu S, Weichelt B, Denning G, Jennissen C, and Oesch S. (In-Press 2020). The Epidemiology of All-Terrain-Vehicle Injuries: 2015-2017. Journal of Agromedicine. doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2020.1763737
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Redmond E, Gorucu S, Sauer M, Burke R, Pilz M, and Weichelt B. (In-Press 2020). Increasing efficiency and reliability of agricultural injury and fatality coding with Standard Operating Procedures: Lessons learned from AgInjuryNews.org. Journal of Agromedicine. doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2020.1765579
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Pate, M.L., Moyer, N., Gorucu, S., & Bendixsen, C. (In-Press 2020). Digital Migration: Will Digital Technologies Transform Hazard Risk Assessment Among an Emerging Agricultural Workforce. Journal of Agromedicine. doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2020.1765573
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Weichelt B, Gorucu S, Shutske J, Scott E, Burke R, Murphy DJ, and Rautiainen R. (In-Press 2020). What About the Rest of Them? Their Lives Mattered too: Fatal Agricultural Injuries Not Captured by BLS/CFOI. Journal of Agromedicine. doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2020.1765612
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Fetzer L, Swenson A, Raygor A, Yoder A, and Gorucu S. (In-Press 2020). Evaluating the SAY National Clearinghouse. Journal of Agromedicine. doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2020.1763734
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Gorucu, S., Weichelt, B., Redmond, E., & Murphy, D. (2020). Coding agricultural injury: Factors affecting coder agreement. Journal of Safety Research.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Weichelt, B., Gorucu, S., Jennissen, C., Denning, G., & Oesch, S. (2020). Assessing the emergent public health concern of all-terrain vehicle injuries in rural and agricultural environments: initial review of available national datasets in the United States. JMIR public health and surveillance, 6(2), e15477
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Pate, M. L., & Gorucu, S. (2020). Agricultural work-related fatalities to non-working youth: implications for intervention development. Journal of agricultural safety and health, 26(1), 31-43.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Pate, M. L., Moyer, N., Gorucu, S., & Bendixsen, C. (2020). Digital Technologies for Mapping Hazard Risk Assessments: Implications for a New and Emerging Agricultural Workforce. In 2020 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting (p. 1). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Weichelt, B., & Gorucu, S. (2019). Supplemental surveillance: a review of 2015 and 2016 agricultural injury data from news reports on AgInjuryNews.org. Injury prevention, 25(3), 228-235.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Weichelt, B., Heimonen, T., Gorucu, S., Redmond, E., Vechinski, J., Pflughoeft, K.,& Purschwitz, M. (2019). Redesigning a sentinel surveillance system for collecting and disseminating near real-time agricultural injury reports: system usability study. JMIR formative research, 3(3), e13621.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Weichelt, B., Gorucu, S., Murphy, D., Pena, A. A., Salzwedel, M., & Lee, B. C. (2019). Agricultural youth injuries: a review of 2015-2017 cases from US news media reports. Journal of agromedicine, 24(3), 298-308.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Pate ML, Lawver RG, Smalley SW, Perry DK, Stallones L, & Shultz A. (2019). Agricultural safety education: Formative assessment of a curriculum integration strategy. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, 25(2): 63-76. doi: 10.13031/jash.13113
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Gorucu S (2020). 2019 Pennsylvania Farm Fatal Injury Summary. Penn State Extension. Available at https://extension.psu.edu/2019-pennsylvania-farm-fatal-injury-summary
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Gorucu S and Michael JH. 2020. 2015-2019 Pennsylvania Farm Fatalities Summary: 5 year report. Penn State Extension. Available at https://extension.psu.edu/2015-2019-pennsylvania-farm-fatalities-summary

Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience reached by project efforts includes Anabaptist communities, Hispanic and/or Latino farm laborers, and Youth/Children working on farms. Anabaptist communities include Amish as well as Mennonite farming operations. Hispanic and/or Latino farm laborers employed by dairy operations and/or specialty crops. Youth/Children engaged in on-farm production activities alongside family members. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? A workshop with Anabaptist communities on hay-hole safety and fall prevention of youth working in livestock barns. Three-day demonstration on grain bin safety during Ag Progress Days. A safety workshop on skidding logs using farm tractors with the Pennsylvania Woodland Owners Tractor Safety workshop for Pennsylvania Association of Sustainable Agriculture Presentations in Spanish: Classroom and hands-on skill testing for migrant and seasonal farm workers on tractor and machinery operations safety. Adams County Fruit Growers Association co-hosted the meeting. Second Annual Agricultural Safety Expo for educating and engaging the public in agricultural safety and rescue measures. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated to local newspapers and organizational newsletter such as Pennsylvania Farm Bureau. Quarterly electronic newsletters were sent to youth educators (FFA and 4H) on updates on safety curriculum and additional resources. A LearnNow video about lighting and visibility was created and is hosted on the Penn State Extension website. Additional avenues for information dissemination include presentations, posters and networking at state, regional, national and international conferences and meetings as well as social media. Currently, the team is working with Extension Educators who work directly with the migrant and seasonal farm populations to develop materials related to agricultural safety and health in both English and Spanish. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continued work with Extension Educators to provide culturally appropriate ag safety and health material for migrant and seasonal farm workers. We will continue to provide quarterly newsletters to the youth educators about agricultural safety curriculum and resources. A final survey with youth educators will be completed and those results will be shared the Safety in Agriculture for Youth National Steering Committee, USDA-NIFA, and the National Children's Center. We will continue working grain bin project for reducing the number of on-farm grain bin entrapments on farms that are exempt from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) grain handling facilities standard. We will start taking stress measurements from the grain bins available through the Penn State Farm Operations unit located on the Penn State University Park campus in Fall 2019. To explore the barriers to the adoption of safe entry systems and methods to overcome these barriers for the purpose of determining implementation strategies for safe entry systems for on-farm grain bins, survey data collections will be completed for New York and Maryland farmers.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1. A farm fatality surveillance effort for Pennsylvania is being conducted to provide evidence for safety programming. Efforts have documented 23 fatalities for 2018 and 15 fatalities in 2019 (not complete) (Table 1). There were 12 Anabaptists killed in these incidents and 8 of them (67%) were under 18 years old. Surveys with youth leaders have generated data useful for developing delivery systems and programs to address the needs of Pennsylvania's ag and biorenewable labor workforce. Objective 2. Meetings between Anabaptist community leaders have generated insightful data relevant to risk perceptions and safety consciousness of work hazards. These collaborative efforts are yielding stakeholder input valuable to development of relevant safety programming. Funding from the Safety in Agriculture for Youth was secured to support a teacher resource guide to assess instructors, both informal and formal venues, to integrate power and machinery safety training within current curriculum programs. Penn State Ag Safety and Health Program co-hosted Child Agricultural Injury Prevention Workshop held in Hershey, PA on Sept 17-18. The purposes of the workshop were to increase knowledge and awareness of agricultural child injuries and to extend the reach and dissemination of childhood injury prevention strategies and sources. Objective 3. Several grant proposals were submitted to fund safety training and research with Pennsylvania's mushroom workers. A recent proposal was funded to support safety training and research with Pennsylvania Farmers who work with grain storage. This funding supports a three-year project through NIOSH to document grain bin safe entry technology and implementation of user training to reduce grain entrapment injuries and deaths. The major goal of this project is reducing the number of on-farm grain bin entrapments on farms that are exempt for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) grain handling facilities standard. We are at the stage of developing and testing anchor point simulator for retrofitting on-farm grain bins with safe entry systems. An on-farm grain bin anchor point simulations are developed to provide simulation models to predict structural movement and stresses by using SolidWorks® 3D CAD (Computer Aided Design) and Simulations packages. We will start taking stress measurements from the bins available through the Penn State Farm Operations unit located on the Penn State University Park campus in this Fall 2019. The predicted stresses from the simulation then will be compared to the stresses measured from the bins available. In addition to the grain bin simulations, we are also exploring the barriers to the adoption of safe entry systems and methods to overcome these barriers for the purpose of determining implementation strategies for safe entry systems for on-farm grain bins. We proposed to accomplish this by conducting personal interviews/surveys and focus group interviews. In the first year, we have collected 32 personal interviews from PA farmers. A focus group study with Penn State Farm Operations unit employees will be conducted this Fall 2019. For year 2 and 3, similar data collection procedures will be completed for NY and MD farmers.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Rood KA, & Pate ML. (2018). Assessment of musculoskeletal injuries associated with palpation, infection control practices, and zoonotic disease risks among Utah clinical veterinarians. Journal of Agromedicine, 24(1), 35-45. doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2018.1536574
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Pate ML, Lawver RG, Smalley SW, Perry DK, Stallones L, & Shultz A. (2019). Agricultural safety education: Formative assessment of a curriculum integration strategy. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, 25(2): 63-76. doi: 10.13031/jash.13113
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Murphy DJ, Gorucu S, Weichelt B, Scott E, Purschwitz M. 2019. Using Multiple Coding Schemes for Classification and Coding of Agricultural Injury. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 62(2): 87-98. DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22932.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: " Gorucu S, Weichelt B, Pate ML. 2019. Fatal Agricultural Injuries in Pennsylvania, 2015-2017: A Comparative Analysis of Two Systems' Data Collection Methods and Datasets. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 25(2): 53-61. (doi: 10.13031/jash.13165).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2019 Citation: Pate ML, Gorucu S. Agricultural Work-Related Fatalities to Non-Working Youth: Implications for Intervention Development. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Gorucu S and Pate ML. (2019) Agricultural Work-Related Fatalities to Non-Working Youth: What can we learn? ASABE Annual International Meeting. July 7-10, 2019. Boston, Massachusetts.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Dyer M, Brown S and ML Pate. (2019). Modelling Retrofit Anchor Points for On-farm Grain Bin Structures. ASABE Annual International Meeting July 7-10, 2019. Boston, Massachusetts.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Pate ML and Gorucu S. (2019). If Walls Could Talk What Would They SAY? Agricultural Work-Related Fatalities to Non-Working Youth. International Society for Agricultural Safety and Health Conference. June 24-27. 2019. Des Moines, Iowa.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Perry DK and Pate ML. (2019). Ag safety education: Efficacy of a train-the-trainer event. International Society for Agricultural Safety and Health Conference. June 24-27. 2019. Des Moines, Iowa.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Brown S. (2019). Prevention and mitigation of agricultural emergencies: Best practices (Brown) International Society for Agricultural Safety and Health Conference. June 24-27. 2019. Des Moines, Iowa.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Chege K and Pate ML. (2019) Safety sense: Understanding economic-based incentives for enhancing farm safety. International Society for Agricultural Safety and Health Conference. June 24-27. 2019. Des Moines, Iowa.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fetzer L and K. Funkenbusch. (2019). Ag safety training for a multi-generational workforce: Application of learning style theory (Fetzer,) International Society for Agricultural Safety and Health Conference. June 24-27. 2019. Des Moines, Iowa.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Gorucu S and Pate ML. (2019). 2018 Pennsylvania Farm Fatal Injury Summary. Penn State Extension. Available at https://extension.psu.edu/2018-pennsylvania-farm-fatal-injury-summary
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Learn now video: Pate ML (2019). Lighting and Marking Implements of Husbandry. Penn State Extension, https://extension.psu.edu/lighting-and-marking-implements-of-husbandry

Progress 07/01/18 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:The target auidence reached by project efforts include Anabaptist communities,Hispanic and/or Latino farm laborers, and Youth/Children working on farms. Anabapistist communities include Amish as well as Mennonite farming operations. Hispanic and/or Latino farm laboreres employed by dairy operations and/or speciality crop. Youth/Children engaged in on-farm production activities along side family memebers. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A workshop with Anabapitist communities on hay-hole safety and fall prevent of youth working in livestock barns. A webinar with dairy farm owners and operators on OSHA regulatory enforcement and dairy farm hazards. A workshop with Enviornmental Protection Agency inspectors on hazard assesssment and hazard communications. A workshop demonstration with youth on grain safety. A workshop with NRCS engineers on safety design for users of manure storage facilities. Three day demonstration workshop on tractor stability and roll-over protection. A safety workshop on skidding logs using farm tractors with the Pennsylvania Woodland Owners Tractor Safety workshop for Pennsylvania Sustainable Agriculture Association How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated to local newspapers and organizational newsletter such as Pennsylvania Farm Burearu. Quarterly newsletters have been sent to youth educators on updates to safety curriculum. Extension factsheets have been developed and disseminated through website publication. Research results have been shared with other safety professionals at national and international conferences. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Plans for next year include submitting additional proposals for funding to develop safety training materials for Pennsylvania's Mushroom workers. Additional curriculum will be developed from survey results. Additional workshops and dissemination activities will be targeted to Anabapitist communities and youth working in agriculture.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1. Identify differences in risk perception and safety consciousness of work hazards among workers representing special populations. A farm fatality surveillance effort for Pennsylvania is being conducted to provide evidence for safety programming. Efforts have documented 24 fatalities for 2018. This is a decrease from 30 fatalities in 2017. Surveys with youth leaders have generated data useful for developing delivery systems and programs to address the needs of Pennsylvania's ag and biorenewable labor workforce. Tractor and machinery work practices continue to comprise over 43% of primary injury sources. Objective 2. Develop culturally sensitive safety and health resources. Meetings between Anabaptist community leaders have generated insightful data relevant to risk perceptions and safety consciousness of work hazards. These collaborative efforts are yielding stakeholder input valuable to development of relevant safety programming. Funding from the Safety in Agriculture for Youth was secured to support a teacher resource guide to assess instructors, both informal and formal venues, to integrate power and machinery safety training within current curriculum programs. Objective 3. Assess teaching-delivery systems/programs that will address the needs of Pennsylvania's diverse agriculture and biorenewable labor workforce. Several grant proposals were submitted to fund safety training and research with Pennsylvania's mushroom workers. A recent proposal was funded to support safety training and research with Pennsylvania Farmers who work with grain storage. This funding supports a three year project through NIOSH to document grain bin safe entry technology and implementation of user training to reduce grain entrapment injuries and deaths.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pate, M. L., Lawver, R. G., Smalley, S. W., Perry, D. K., & Stallones, L. (2018). "Multi-state Agricultural Safety Curriculum Integration: A Formative Assessment of a Professional Development Strategy," Proceedings of the ISASH Annual Meeting. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pate, M., Lawver, R. G., Smalley, S. W., Perry, D. K., Stallones, L, & Shultz, A. (2018). "Agricultural Safety Education: Formative Assessment of a Curriculum Integration Strategy," ASABE Annual International Meeting 2018. Detroit, MI, July 29  August 1. doi: 10.13031/aim.201800862
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pate, M.L., Gorucu, S., & Schaufler, D. H. (2018). 2017 Pennsylvania Farm Fatal Injury Summary. Penn State Extension Website. University Park: Penn State Extension.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hofstetter, D. W., Fabian, E. F., & Pate, M. (2018). Knock me Over! Use personal gas monitors to avoid exposure to toxic hydrogen sulfide. University Park, PA: PSU.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Brown, S. H. & Pate, M. L. (2018). Penn State Agricultural Rescue Training Program. ISASH Annual Meeting 2018, ISASH, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gorucu, S., Murphy, D. J., Yoder, A., & Pate, M. L. (2018). National Research and Extension Agenda for Agricultural Safety and Health Assessment
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fabian-Wheeler, E., Chen, L. Hile, M., Pate, M. L. (2018). Mitigating hydrogen sulfide safety risk and odor for dairy farms using gypsum bedding. Proceedings of the 10th International Livestock Environment Symposium. Omaha, Nebraska, September 25-27. doi: 10.13031/iles.18-136