STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN FISH AND SEAFOOD MARKETS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: NEW
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1015617
• Project No.: FLA-FOR-005703
• Project Start Date: Mar 21, 2018
• Project End Date: Feb 28, 2023

Project Director
Asche, FR.

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
G022 MCCARTY HALL
GAINESVILLE,FL 32611

Performing Department
Forest Resources and Conservation

Non Technical Summary
Seafood production and the world's seafood markets have gone through substantial changes in recent years. The USA is at the nexus of this development, being the world´s largest importing country for seafood, and having imported seafood making up more than 90% of consumption. Despite stagnating world landings of fish, global per capita seafood consumption continues to rise due to dramatic growth in aquaculture production. Sparked by innovation and increased productivity, aquaculture has been the world's fastest growing food production technology during the last two decades. However, incentives for technological change and the associated increased production would not have been possible without a substantial increase in seafood trade, which created new markets for expanding production. The ability to reach these new markets is at least partly due to the fact that seafood faces fewer trade barriers than most other food products, but there are also a number of other factors. In addition, the organization of the trade chains as will as fisheries and aquaculture management have a strong impact on which products are being produced, the share that goes for human consumption and food waste.

Animal Health Component

0%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

0%

Applied

100%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
603	0810	3010	50%
603	3719	3010	50%

Knowledge Area
603 - Market Economics;

Subject Of Investigation
0810 - Finfish; 3719 - Other cultured finfish;

Field Of Science
3010 - Economics;

Keywords

seafood

international trade

aquaculture

food waste

Goals / Objectives
Goals/ObjectivesThe growth in aquaculture production and the increased seafood trade have created structural changes in most of the world's seafood markets, and have created opportunities as well as challenges. Some hail this development as it holds the potential to substantially increase the world's ability to feed a growing population. Others regard the development as environmentally unsustainable and detrimental to many ecosystems.The objective of this project is to generate knowledge about the processes that are changing the world's seafood production and markets. Because seafood markets are global, the perspective will necessarily be global. Case studies will be taken form a number of countries, but with a special focus on the USA as a large importer. The USA recently overtook Japan as the country with the largest seafood imports as measured by value. Moreover, it is the world's fourth largest seafood exporter, and the third largest seafood consumer. About 90% of the US seafood consumption is imported, and among the five most consumed species, three (shrimp at no. 1, salmon at no. 3 and tilapia at no. 5) are primarily imported and from aquaculture. Florida is highly important in this trade. For instance, Beaver Street Seafood in Jacksonville is the US´s largest importer of several species including tilapia, and Miami the largest port for salmon and several other species.

Project Methods
The research topics to be investigated under this project can initially be grouped into four categories1. Trade competitionThe fact that 39% of all seafood produced is traded is an interesting indicator, but it significantly underestimates the impact of trade on seafood production and the seafood market. Trade is even more important because substantial quantities of seafood that are not exported are still exposed to strong competition from internationally traded fish. Empirical work demonstrates that import prices influence domestic retail and ex vessel prices. To take these factors into account, one must estimate how much of the seafood produced is exposed to trade competition, rather than just look at what quantity is actually traded. To this end, one can assess how much fish is exported and imported relative to the total seafood consumption. Although this ratio does not give any direct information with respect to how domestic species are directly exposed to trade competition, it provides an indication of the importance of trade.To estimate how much of the seafood produced is being exposed to import competition for various species. I will use consumption statistics provided by the FAO. How this indicator has developed over time for different countries will provide insights with respect to the factors that are driving the changes in the seafood market when related to the development in trade patterns and species composition. The USA is a particularly interesting with its combination of being a large importer as well as a large exporter of seafood, making the USA the only major seafood market where all most factors interacts at the same time.2. Trade patternsInternational trade has increased much faster than total seafood production. From 1976 to 2006 the export volume of seafood increased from 7.9 million tonnes to 31.3 million tonnes, or almost fourfold. Adjusted for inflation, the export value during this period increased threefold from 28.3 billion USD to 86.4 billion USD. The differences between growth in traded volume and value likely reflect a complex mixture of the trade composition of high- and low-value species composition, increasing prices of some species due to scarcity, and decreasing prices of other species due to technological advances in aquacultureThe trade patterns are widely different between exports and imports. When measured by value, the export sources were split almost equally between developing and developed countries in 2006. The share for developing countries has increased from 37% in 1976 to 49% in 2006. For imports, it is a very different story. Imports to developed countries comprised 80% of all imports in 2006 when measured by value. Even though the share declined from 86% in 1976, most of the increased trade in seafood is due to developed countries imports, and a considerable share is exported from developing countries. A feature that has received less attention is the fact that the unit price for developing countries imports is much lower than the exports. A result of this is that the imbalance in imports is much smaller when measured in quantities, as developing country imports make up over 40% of total seafood imports. This suggests that developing countries, at least to some extent, are exporting expensive seafood, importing cheaper seafood and are left with surplus income. There are indications that seafood trade on the balance is beneficial for developing countries. However, casual inspection of the data reveals very different patterns for different countries, and a more thorough analysis will provide more knowledge about drivers and beneficiaries of increased seafood trade.3. The Fish Price IndexAs the food crisis of 2007-2008 has shown, sharp increases in food prices have particularly dire consequences for the poor in developing countries. Tracking price developments can be a major tool in fighting poverty, because high prices signal shortages in current and expected future food availability. The most comprehensive source of information about global food prices is the Food Outlook, which summarizes production and price trends for major food groups. Until recently the Food Outlook omitted fish and seafood, which are key contributors of proteins to the global diet. In 2011, the FAO expanded its coverage of terrestrial food to include a full coverage of seafood by introducing the Fish Price Index (FPI), and I was a part of the team that developed this index.The FPI can be disaggregated into different sub-indices. This gives a new tool that we will use investigate how seafood markets in different countries and regions are linked, and how prices for different species and product forms influence each other and thereby determines trade patterns, where processing takes place and species composition. Disaggregating the FPI will also allow us to investigate an emerging trade pattern in which third countries like China process fish from traditional producing countries, and then they ship it to the final market. USA has also become a large importer from these sources in resent years.4. Fish meal, fish oil and (Sea-) Food WasteAbout 30% of the world´s fish landings is reduced to fish meal and oil. This is an increasingly controversial issue partly due to the perception that is unethical to use fish that could provide nutritious food for humans as feed, and partly due to the perceived overfishing that the reduction fisheries lead to. In recent years there has also been substantial focus on the link between aquaculture and reduction fisheries, and some claim that aquaculture is environmentally degrading because increased demand for feed would lead to increased fishing effort for the wild species used to produce the feed. The growth in aquaculture production would accordingly be limited by the availability of wild fish to be used as feed in aquaculture production. In this context I will address two questions.First, is it inevitable that the fish that are reduced to fish meal and oil are used for these purposes? The use of wild fish for reduction has been reduced during the last decade, despite record prices for fish meal and oil. Two specific examples of this development are the Norwegian herring fishery and the Chilean jack mackerel fishery. The evidence so far indicate that a reasonable hypothesis for this development is that with well working regulatory systems preventing Olympic fishing, it is possible to access higher paying markets that in general use the fish for human consumption. Furthermore, if one can identify the drivers of this process, one can also asses to what extent existing sources of reduction fisheries continue to go into these markets as countries with large reduction fisheries reform their fisheries will management systems.Second, what other factors drive the fish meal and oil markets. Fish meal and oil production have been reduced to a much lesser extent than the reduction fisheries because of increased reduction of cut-offs and trimmings, products that until recently mostly has been treated as garbage. FAO indicates that 25% of the global fish meal production is now provided by cut-offs and trimming, up from only a few percent in the 1990s. With the high prices one has seen for fish meal during the last decade, this is to some extent as expected, and is something one also observe for other natural resources. The US fishery for Alaska Pollock provides and interesting case as fish meal plants have been installed at the ends of the fillet lines. This discussion leads to two research questions: 1) To what extent do higher prices for fish meal and fish oil call forth more production of fish meal and oil by creating incentives for higher recovery rates and thereby reduce seafood waste? 2) Given that we know that the fillet yield for most species are between 30% and 65%, what is the scope in terms of production volumes due to this development?

Progress 10/01/20 to 09/30/21

Outputs
Target Audience:Asche, F. (2021) Market Opportunities for U.S. Aquaculture Producers: The Case of Branzino. Aquaculture America 2021, San Antonio, Aug 13. Asche, F. (2021) Aquaculture and the Environment. Invited seminar at the University of Concepcion, Chile. Apr. 28. Asche, F. (2021) Socio-economic impacts of aquatic diseases and economic drivers. Lecture at Nordland University, Norway, Feb 8. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?It has significantly impacted my course Economics perspectives on fishereis and Aquaculture. Bizuan Yang completed her dissertation in 2021, and the project also contribute to the docoral research of Robert Botta, Jordan Moor and Adams Ceballos. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?There are several papers close to completioin with the most important investigatiing growth rates in aquaculture productioin in variious countries. Development of Aquaculture Performance Indicators will be continued, and impacts of COVID-19 will be investigated

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The published papers all contribute to our understanding of the interaction between trade, management and seafoodproduction and consumption. Sumaila et al (2021) expands this to also accounnt for subsidies, an important factor with respect to sustainability and trade. Love et al (2021) directly invsetigates the impact of COVID-19

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Asche, F., H-M. Straume and E. V�rdal (2021) Perish or prosper: Trade patterns for highly perishable seafood products. Agribusiness. 37(4), 876-890.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Sumaila, U.R., ... , F.Asche, ... (296 authors) (2021) WTO must ban harmful fisheries subsidies. Science, 374(6567), 29.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Hersoug, B., M.S. Olsen, A.�. Gauteplass, T. Osmundsen and F. Asche (2021) Serving the industry or undermining the regulatory system? The use of special purpose licenses in Norwegian salmon aquaculture. Aquaculture. 543, 736918.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Fang, Y. and F. Asche (2021) Can U.S. import regulations reduce IUU fishing and improve production practices in aquaculture? Ecological Economics. 187, 107084.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Asche, F., T.M. Garlock, W. Akpalu, E. C. Amaechina, R. Botta, N.A. Chukwuone, H. Eggert, K. Hutchings, R. Lokina, B. Tibesigwa and J, Turpie (2021) Fisheries Performance in Africa: An analysis based on data from 14 countries. Marine Policy. 104263.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Love, D.C., E.H. Allison, F. Asche, B. Belton, R.S. Cottrell, H.E. Froehlich, J.A. Gephart, C.C. Hicks, D.C. Little, E.M. Nussbaumer, P.P. da Silva, F. Poulain, A. Rubio, J.S. Stoll, M.F. Tlusty, A.L. Thorne-Lyman, M. Troell, W. Zhang (2021) Emerging COVID-19 impacts, responses, and lessons for building resilience in the seafood system. Global Food Security. 28(March), 100494.

Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Virtual Capitol Hill briefing, Sustainable Fisheries Briefing: Impacts of COVID-19 organized by the Ocean Caucus Foundation and Marine Stewardship Council, May 19, 2020. https://youtu.be/q4Oq4Lxb9RU Asche, F. and J.L. Anderson. Aquaculture: Dominating global seafood supply by 2040. Invited seminar, Florida State University, Tallahassee, March 6, 2020. Asche, F., D. Lipton and C.A. Roheim. Webinar panel #6 in the Aquarium of the Pascific Series Exploring Sustainable Seafood: Farmed vs Wild: Will Farmers Seafood Push Fishers put of Business? October 29, 2020. Asche, F. Aquaculture in the U.S. Webinar organized by the U.S. Commercial Service, Dept. of Commerce, Sep 24., 2020. Asche, F., U. Landazuri-Tveteras and A. Øglend (2020) The market for Salmonides: Salmon trout. Aquaculture America 2020, Honolulu , 02.12.20. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?It has significantly impacted my course Economics perspectives on fishereis and Aquaculture, and influenced the program for two special topic students. Yang et al (2020) is largely a consequence of the project and will be a part of Bizuan Yang's dissertation How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Virtual Capitol Hill briefing, Sustainable Fisheries Briefing: Impacts of COVID-19 organized by the Ocean Caucus Foundation and Marine Stewardship Council, May 19, 2020. https://youtu.be/q4Oq4Lxb9RU Asche, F. and J.L. Anderson. Aquaculture: Dominating global seafood supply by 2040. Invited seminar, Florida State University, Tallahassee, March 6, 2020. Asche, F., D. Lipton and C.A. Roheim. Webinar panel #6 in the Aquarium of the Pascific Series Exploring Sustainable Seafood: Farmed vs Wild: Will Farmers Seafood Push Fishers put of Business? October 29, 2020. Asche, F. Aquaculture in the U.S. Webinar organized by the U.S. Commercial Service, Dept. of Commerce, Sep 24., 2020. Asche, F., U. Landazuri-Tveteras and A. Øglend (2020) The market for Salmonides: Salmon trout. Aquaculture America 2020, Honolulu , 02.12.20. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?There are several papers close to completioin with the most important investigatiing growth rates in aquaculture productioin in variious countries. Aquaculture Performance Indicators will be developed, and I will continue to work with the Fisheries Performance Indicators.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Garlock et al (2020) show how aquaculture production is not only increasing but also spreading geographicallyglobally, while U.S. is becoming relatively less important as a producer despite increasing production, while imports continue to increase. Love et al (2020) is the fist paper providing a detailed accont of U.S. seafood consumption by species and outlet type. It confirms the commonly held perception that about two thirds of U.S. seafood expenditures occurs away from home, but show that about two thirds by quantity is conusmed at home due to this seafood's much lower cost. There is significant variation by species with resepect to the share that was consumed at home. This has been inportant for understanding the impact of COVID-19, as consumption in general increases for species that to a large extent is consumed at home, while it is reduced for species which primarily is consumed at restaurant.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Garlock, T., F. Asche, J.L. Anderson, T. Bj�rndal, G. Kumar, K. Lorenzen, A. Ropicki, M. D. Smith and R. Tveter�s (2020) A Global Blue Revolution: Aquaculture Growth across Regions, Species, and Countries. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture. 28(1), 107-116.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Love, D.C., F. Asche, Z. Conrad, R. Young, J. Harding, R. Neff (2020) Food Sources and Expenditures for Seafood in the United States. Nutrients. 12(6), 1810.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Yang, B., J.L. Anderson and F. Asche (2020) Determinants of Chinas seafood trade patterns. Marine Resource Economics, 35(2); 97-112.

Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Shamshak, G., J.L. Anderson, F. Asche, T. Garlock and D. Love (2019) U.S. Seafood Consumption. Paper presented at Aquaculture 2019, New Orleans, 03.10.19. Asche, F. (2019)Globalization and product differentiation in commodity markets with a focus on seafood.Guest lecture inAEB 4673 International Agricultural Trade. 04.16.19. Asche, F., J.L. Anderson and T.M. Garlock (2019) Evaluation of fishery management systems: evidence from 118 global case studies. Paper presented at NAAFE 2019, Halifax, 5/23/19. Asche, F. (2019) Offshore Aquaculture Economics: Implications for Seafood Market Growth. Invited presentation at Florida Sea Grant Off-Shore Aquaculture Workshop, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota 6/27/19. Oglend, A., F. Asche and H-M. Straume (2019) Estimating Pricing Rigidities in Bilateral Transactions Markets. Invited seminar at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne, 09/06/19. Asche, F. (2019) Trade measures to improve importers production practices. 11th AD-HOC FAO Fish Price Index Workshop. Siracusa, September 26-27, 2019. Yang, B. and F. Asche (2019) Trade, processing, and food safety: An overview of the Chinese seafood industry. Siracusa, September 26-27, 2019. Asche, F. (2019) Marine Inputs in Agriculture and Aquaculture. Invited presentation at Ocean's Role in Sustainable Food Production, UC Davis, 9/16/19. Asche, F. and J. L. Anderson (2019) Aquaculture: Dominating global seafood supply by 2040. Invited seminar, University of Delaware, 10.31.19 Asche, F. (2019) Economics in fisheries policy. Panelist. International Symposium on Fisheries Sustainability, Nov. 18-21, 2019. Asche, F. (2019) Aquaculture: Dominating global seafood supply by 2040. Invited seminar, University of Akureyri, 12.10.19 Asche, F. (2019) Aquaculture: Dominating global seafood supply by 2040. Invited seminar, University of Iceland, 12.12.19. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Asche, F. (2019)Globalization and product differentiation in commodity markets with a focus on seafood.Guest lecture inAEB 4673 International Agricultural Trade. 04.16.19. Materials from the course have also been used in my class Fisheries and Aquaculture: Aneconomic perspective How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Shamshak, G., J.L. Anderson, F. Asche, T. Garlock and D. Love (2019) U.S. Seafood Consumption. Paper presented at Aquaculture 2019, New Orleans, 03.10.19. Asche, F. (2019)Globalization and product differentiation in commodity markets with a focus on seafood.Guest lecture inAEB 4673 International Agricultural Trade. 04.16.19. Asche, F., J.L. Anderson and T.M. Garlock (2019) Evaluation of fishery management systems: evidence from 118 global case studies. Paper presented at NAAFE 2019, Halifax, 5/23/19. Asche, F. (2019) Offshore Aquaculture Economics: Implications for Seafood Market Growth. Invited presentation at Florida Sea Grant Off-Shore Aquaculture Workshop, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota 6/27/19. Oglend, A., F. Asche and H-M. Straume (2019) Estimating Pricing Rigidities in Bilateral Transactions Markets. Invited seminar at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne, 09/06/19. Asche, F. (2019) Trade measures to improve importers production practices. 11th AD-HOC FAO Fish Price Index Workshop. Siracusa, September 26-27, 2019. Yang, B. and F. Asche (2019) Trade, processing, and food safety: An overview of the Chinese seafood industry. Siracusa, September 26-27, 2019. Asche, F. (2019) Marine Inputs in Agriculture and Aquaculture. Invited presentation at Ocean's Role in Sustainable Food Production, UC Davis, 9/16/19. Asche, F. and J. L. Anderson (2019) Aquaculture: Dominating global seafood supply by 2040. Invited seminar, University of Delaware, 10.31.19 Asche, F. (2019) Economics in fisheries policy. Panelist. International Symposium on Fisheries Sustainability, Nov. 18-21, 2019. Asche, F. (2019) Aquaculture: Dominating global seafood supply by 2040. Invited seminar, University of Akureyri, 12.10.19 Asche, F. (2019) Aquaculture: Dominating global seafood supply by 2040. Invited seminar, University of Iceland, 12.12.19. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?There are several papers close to completioin with the most important investigatiing growth rates in aquaculture productioin in variious countries. Aquaculture Performance Indicators will be developed, and I will continue to work with the Fisheries Performance Indicators.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Four papers were published, whereof three were opportunities proviided to participate in work led by other researchers. Two papers addresses issues in relation to the sustaianble seafood movement. One show that ecolabels not only influence price premiums but also product longevity. This is important as it means that there is also cost incentives associated with labeling seafood as sustainable. A review paper sheds light on how the sustainable seaood movement's narrative have changed over time, whith a focus on what actually creates changes on the water. One paper investiigate seafood consumptioni patterns in the U.S. It is shown that the top 5 consumed species are increasing their share of total seafood consumption. Morover, there is an increasing consumption trend for four of the species and these are primarily from aquaculture, while the only wild top 5 species, canned tuna has a declining consumption. These numbers should not be too surprising as they largely reflects that the U.S. as a major seafood importer primarily consume what is available at the global market. The fourth paper reviews economic research on aquaculture. The review show that while a significant boody of work exist on production economic issues, economist have largely been absent in many of the most important debates that influence aquaculture policiies. This is particularly the case on issues related to the interaction between aquaculture and the environment and aquaculture and public health.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sogn-Grundv�g, G., F. Asche, D. Zhang and J. A. Young (2019) Eco-Labels and Product Longevity: The Case of Whitefish in UK Grocery Retailing. Food Policy. 88, 101750.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Tlusty, M., P. Tyedmers, M. Bailey, F. Ziegler, P. Henriksson, C. Bene, S.R. Bush, R. Newton, F. Asche, D. Little, M. Troell, M. Jonell (2019). Reframing the sustainable seafood narrative. Global Environmental Change. 59, 101991.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shamshak, G.L., J.L. Anderson, F. Asche, T.M. Garlock and D. Love (2019) U.S. Seafood Consumption. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 50, 715-727.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Anderson, J.L., F. Asche, and T. Garlock (2019) Economics of Aquaculture Policy and Regulation. Annual Reviews of Resource Economics. 11, 101123.

Progress 03/21/18 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Seafood markets are becomming increasingly globalized, and the US is a main player in this development as more than 90% of the seafood consumed to the US is being imported. This leads to questions with respect to how well the market functions, the impact on US fishers and the sustainability of various production processes. In a review, we show how the global seafood market is becoming incresingly globalized within the main segments, and also that the main segments are increasingly influencing each other. This indicate an increasingly efficient global seafood market that allocate the seafood to those with the highest ability to pay, but also that on average gives the higest prices to the fishers and fish farmers.Because of the market integration, more tools reducing risk that has been used for terrestial foods can be used for seafood, such as long-term contracts and futures markets. At the same time, it appears to be easier to target specific markets that focus on specific product attributes such as fresh or ecolabeled, creating the oppoortunity for significant price premiums for producers that can supply these attributes. The Rio declaration indicates that sustainabilty has three dimensions, an environmental, an economic and a social. In recent decades a large literature has questioned whether this is true for seafood. A number of case studies have provided evidence that there may be a trade-off between environmental sustainability and economic profits and between economic profits and social development and between social development and the environment. During the last decade, the first issue have largely been resolved in showing that althought the tragedy of the commons will play out in unregulated fisheries due to the race to fish as this is most profitable under those circumstances, fish stocks and profitabilty both are doing better in the long-run when the fish stocks is well managed. This leave the interactions with society. Also here case studies have indicated that there often is a trade-off, and particularly between economic profitability and societal impact as well manged fisheries tend to exclude everyone that do not own a quota. These questions have not been investigated beyond case studies due to lack of data, as fisheries in many regions and countries are not only poorly managed, but also data deficient. Using a unique data set collected using the Fish Performance Indicators for 121 fisheries, we are able to test different hypothesis withe respect to the relationship between the three pillars of sustainability. In aggregat, we find that there is a complementary relationship between all three, and accordingly, there is no evidence of trade-offs. When we segment the data by three management categories, we find that the relathinships disappear for unmanaged fisheries, but they do not become negative indicating trade-offs. For managed fishereies, the relationships become stronger and generally strongest for the best managed fisheries. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One post. doc participated on both articles How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Speaches to industry and academics, and teching at the National Fisheries Institute`s Shrimp school What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Countinue to conduct research on issues that provide insights with respect to the causes for globalization of seafood markets and their impacts

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The two published articles sheds direct light on these issues.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Asche, F., T. Garlock, J. Anderson, S. Bush, M. Smith, C. Anderson, J. Chu, K. Garrett, A. Lem, K. Lorenzen, A. Oglend, S. Tveteras and S. Vannuccini (2018) The Three Pillars of Sustainability in Fisheries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115(44) 11221-11225.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Anderson, J.L., Asche, F., T. Garlock (2018) Globalization and Commoditization: The Transformation of the Seafood Market. Journal of Commodity Markets. 12, 2-8.?