Progress 04/01/18 to 03/31/22
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project provided opportunities for continuous training and development of a graduate student, a postdoctoral researcher, and some undergraduate students. The work and results of the project provided the basis to enhance their knowledge and skills, specifically related to subcritical water technologie the project has granted professional development activities of graduate students, such as participation in several conference presentations and scientific seminars. These trainees performed various activities related process development, equipment design, and mechanical fabricatios, bioactive chemistry and recovery, waste valorization, and in development of custom analytical methods for characterization. Additionally,n. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of this project have been documented to be disseminated to the communities of interest through peer-reviewed journal publications and through participation in multiple conference presentations. Communication via emails and virtual meetings were conducted to connect with members of the food processing industry and commercialization team and to enhance understanding and increase interest in the technology. The technology was transferred to a startup company that successfully obtained an SBIR grant to commercialize the technology. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The project goal was accomplished. As summarized below, the research generated new knowledge about the effectiveness of the process, revealed the chemistry of the bioactive compounds in the produces, established engineering parameters for the design of the extraction process, and completed a preliminary techno-economic analysis of the proposed technology. The research approved the validity of the concept of the Sequential Hydrothermal Extraction (SeqHTE) process. Process performance was evaluated in terms of effectiveness, quality, and yields of the bioactive extracts. The highest recoveries of polyphenols were 22.48 and 32.87 mg/g dry peel from the Russet Burbank and peel mixture samples, respectively. The extracts displayed significant antioxidant activities, measured as free radical inhibition, ranging from 40-92%. Moreover, glycoalkaloids, polysaccharides, and soluble nutrients were also recovered through the SeqHTE process. Alkaloid extraction ranged from 20 -450 and from 35 -610 mg/kg dry peel for the Russet Burbank and peel mixture, respectively. Similarly, polysaccharide yield varied from 0 -35.7 wt%. Separating these compounds significantly reduced solid content in the remaining stream, which may effectively alleviate concerns about adverse environmental impacts and costs associated with handling raw potato peels. These results demonstrated the suitability of SeqHTE as a platform for valorizing waste biomass by fractionating and recovering high-value compounds from it. Chemistry in the SeqHTE process for the recovery of valuable bioactives from potato peels was investigated. Extracts were characterized to elucidate process chemistry and reaction pathways, and bioactive mass transfer from the peels was described with a diffusion-based extraction model which incorporated degradation kinetics of the thermo-sensitive substances. The results showed how the polarity of the process was tuned by varying the temperature to selectively recover different compounds. The first stage of SeqHTE favored the retrieval of free-form polyphenols like caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and gallic acid. The more polar conditions also promoted the extraction of polysaccharides and glycoalkaloids. In contrast, the less polar second stage displayed preferential recovery of bound-type polyphenols like p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and catechin, and extraction of solanidine. Based on process chemistry, the acid-catalyzed acyl bimolecular and the unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanisms were considered as the hydrolysis pathways by which the peels are broken down in SeqHTE. Also, the degradation kinetics indicated that the ideal temperature range to enhance bioactive recovery while reducing degradation was from 140-160 °C and from 170-190°C for the first and second stages, respectively. Moreover, for polyphenols and glycoalkaloids, the effective diffusivity ranged from 1.35 to 5.07 (x 10-10 m2 s-1) and from 0.79 to 1.09 (x 10-10 m2 s-1), respectively. The results demonstrated that SeqHTE offers a suitable environment to facilitate proper chemistry reaction to break down the peels for the recovery of structurally diverse bioactives. The economic performance of Sequential Hydrothermal Extraction (SeqHTE) was also evaluated and compared with subcritical water extraction (SWE), associated with recovering bioactive compounds from potato peels. The analysis encompassed the cost estimation of additional units required for extract refinement, including polysaccharide separation, glycoalkaloid isolation, and two final product purification alternatives: filtration or adsorption. An annual plant capacity of 4,540 tonne of peel (dry weight) and an on-stream factor of 300 days were considered as a basis for the study. The tecno-economic analysis showed that the total capital investments for SeqHTE were from 1.5 -2 times of that for SWE. However, the economic performance of the two-stage system compared favorably with the one-stage option in terms of unit production cost. For SeqHTE with filtration for product purification, the lowest price for the obtained polyphenol product was estimated to be $0.43/kg and for SeqHTE with adsorption, the value was $67.00/kg. Contrastingly, for SWE these costs were $0.74/kg and $70.00/kg, respectively. The results of the study also showed that although purification with adsorption was notably more costly, it provided a significantly more refined and presumably superior quality final product. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis showed that operating costs, bioactive recovery and the potential to generate additional co-products were the most important factors that affect the overall economics. Because SeqHTE allows a complete utilization of the biomass and the recovery of potentially more valuable bioactives, the two-stage process may provide an economical option for valorizing potato peels.
Publications
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Progress 04/01/20 to 03/31/21
Outputs
Target Audience:Our target audience is industry for the technology development effort and scientific community for the new knowledge generated. During the reporting period we continued our collaboration with one of the potato processing companies mentioned in the last progress report. The R&D team from the company showed great interest in our updated research progress. During this period, we reached an agreement to move forward beyond the original goal set in the project initiation: to develop downstream process to harvest real products that is ready to show to potential customers. Besides, we also obtained raw materials from their production line for further experiments. We also made efforts to publish the results of the project. Changes/Problems:From the research task perspective, a change was made to replace the continuous system with a modified batch system as described in the earlier section of the report. From project administration perspective, a request was granted for a one time, one-year no cost extension. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project has provided opportunities for continuous training and development of a graduate student and a postdoctoral researcher. The work and results of the project provided the basis to enhance their knowledge and skills, specifically related to subcritical water technologies, bioactive chemistry and recovery, waste valorization and in developing custom analytical methods for characterization. Additionally, the project has granted professional development activities of graduate students, such as the participation in several conference presentations and scientific seminars. During the reporting period, significant activities were performed regarding process design, especially on process development, equipment design, and mechanical fabrication. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of this project have been documented to be disseminated to the communities of interest through peer-reviewed journal publications, and through participation in multiple conference presentations. Moreover, through the commercialization efforts, the results of the project have been presented to potential industry collaborators. Communication via emails and virtual meetings were developed during the reporting period to connect with members of the food processing industry and commercialization team, and to enhance understanding and increase interest in the technology. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?For the next reporting period, the research team will focus on development a whole process to convert raw peels to real market products, which is an extended topic of Task 3.1 from Objective 3. An absorption unit has been implemented after the SeqHTE process for the purification of polyphenol product. Preliminary tests had been done to prove this concept, and a prototype will be built to generate grams of solid polyphenol product. This prototype is capable of delivering the required performance information such as yield and productivity for further scale-up of the system for pilot tests. Further, a significant effort will be made in outreach to promote the commercialization of the technology for the valorization of agricultural by-products.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Obtaining high-value products from fruits and vegetable wastes and processing by-products not only enhances the value chain of agricultural production, but also reduces environmental concerns. The results of this project to date successfully demonstrated the feasibility of recovering multiple valuable bioactive compounds from potato peels via a two-stage sequential hydrothermal extraction process. The highest polyphenol recovery was 32.9 mg/g dry peel, besides additional recovery of glycoalkaloids, polysaccharides, and soluble nutrients in the sperate product streams. Based on the chemistry and kinetic analysis, the lower temperatures (140 -160°C) of the first stage of SeqHTE favored the recovery of compounds with slightly more polar functional chemistry, while the higher temperatures (170 -190°C) of second stage displayed a preferential retrieval of bound-type metabolites and less polar molecules. In terms of process economics, the tecno-economic analysis showed that the SeqHTE process generated concentrated aqueous polyphenol product at $0.43/kg with filtration method, while one-stage process gave the cost at $0.74/kg. The SeqHTE process allows a more complete utilization of the biomass, resulting in a more cost-effective production manner. The results of this project led to new knowledge to advance the sequential hydrothermal extraction technology to the next technical readiness level for commercialization. Moreover, this project contributesd to creating new economic development opportunities to the agricultural communities and improves the global competitiveness of the US agriculture. During the reporting period, Task 1.2 from Objective 1 has been published in Waste and Biomass Valorizationsince April 2020. Task 1.1 from Objective 1 and tasks in Objective 2 had been documented in the manuscript, entitled "Sequential Hydrothermal Extraction Chemistry for Recovering Bioactives from Potato Peels". This manuscript submitted to Food Chemistry is currently under review. Task 3.2 from Objective 3 had been documented in the manuscript, entitled "Techno-economic assessment of bioactive compound recovery from potato peels with sequential hydrothermal extraction". This manuscript submitted to Journal of Cleaner Production had been published since Feb. 2021. A major effort during the reporting period is to achieve the first part of the third goal: evaluate continuous operation of the SeqHTE process. The specific task was to develop a continuous-flow SeqHTE extraction platform for obtaining bioactive compounds from potato peels (Task 3.1). The outcomes of this task will be utilized to optimize the system, and to support the platform scale-up. The design base of this process was derived from results in Task 1.2 and 2.2. Upon investigation, a technical challenge that needs to be overcome is pumping the materials in the established platform under high solids concentration with a small flow rate. However, after consulting with couples of pump manufacturers, the performance of a pump that can handle peel slurry at reasonable particle size with extreme low flow rate and high discharge pressure is hardly guaranteed. Thus, we proposed a new modified two-stage hydrothermal process is in batch operation mode. The continuous operation has limitation in the feedstock loading concentration. The pump used in the continuous system always requires dilute feed slurry with much finer particle size. This leads to a limited processing capacity, a dilute product solution which adds extreme burden for subsequent purification process, and an energy-intensity size reduction process before pumping. Most importantly, the non-ideal backflow mixing can occur in the reactor via continuous operation, which deteriorates the reaction rate and transport. Alternatively, batch operation can avoid these drawbacks and is commonly used for high value natural product recovery. Coupled with series reaction and shrinking core model, we proposed two scenarios. The first design is a Soxhlet-HTE process. Soxhlet extraction performed in the first stage has several advantages: relative mild operating temperature that prevents the extracted polyphenols from extended thermal degradation; using fresh solvent each extraction cycle to enhance the mass transfer by increasing concentration gradient driving force. The extraction yield of polyphenols can be fine-tuned by using different solvent and extraction time. The subsequent second HTE stage promotes the release of insoluble-bound form polyphenols. The second design is a SeqHTL process. In brief, fresh potato peel feedstock was fed into a first stage reactor at lower temperatures serves as pretreatment, breaking down the solid matrix and favoring slightly polar interactions between the hot water and first set of target molecules. Furthermore, dilute acetic acid was added into the first HTL stage to catalyze the bond cleavage reaction for polyphenol recovery. The presence of acid can improve sugar and polyphenol extraction by decreasing the activation energy. Following, the second stage at higher temperatures, where water acts more like an organic solvent, favors less polar interactions and with more pronounced thermal and mass transfer effects facilitates the recovery of bound type polyphenols. The highest polyphenol recovery yield was 44.0 mg/g at the conditions of first stage (170°C, 15 min, 0.9 M acetic acid) and second stage (200°C, 15 min). Although Soxhlet-HTE process showed higher polyphenol recovery over 50 mg/g, it involves the addition of ethanol, long processing time, energy penalty to evaporate solvent, etc. As a conclusion, a dilute-acid aided SeqHTE process has been optimized for polyphenol recovery and the post-aqueous stream could be recycled to the process after downstream purification of polyphenol in extract.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Martinez-Fernandez JS, Seker A, Davaritouchaee M, Gu X, Chen S. Recovering Valuable bioactive compounds from potato peels with sequential hydrothermal extraction. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2021;12(3):1465-81.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Martinez-Fernandez JS, Gu X, Chen S. Techno-economic assessment of bioactive compound recovery from potato peels with sequential hydrothermal extraction. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021;282:124356.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Martinez-Fernandez JS, Gu X, Berim A, Gang DR, Chen S. Sequential Hydrothermal Extraction Chemistry for Recovering Bioactives from Potato Peels. Food Chemistry (under review).
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Martinez-Fernandez JS. Sequential Hydrothermal Extraction for the recovery of valuable Bioactives from Potato Peels. 2020. Doctoral dissertation. Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Progress 04/01/19 to 03/31/20
Outputs
Target Audience:During the reporting period we've successfully engaged with three potential industry collaborators - two major commercial potato processors from the US Pacific Northwest and an agrochemical company, that may represent an indirect customer for the recovered valuable bioactives. The industry has shown great interest in our technology that enables the conversion of the waste material to a substantial revenue generating product stream. We have been encouraged by the industry from the beginning of the project and they have assisted us by providing the raw materials from their production line for use in our research. During this period, besides e-mail and phone conversations, the R&D leadership from one of the potato processing companies visited our facilities and communicated strong interest in a variety of possible collaborations. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The study has provided opportunities for continuous training and devlopment of graduate students. The work and results of the project provided the basis to enhance their knowledge and skills, specifically related to subcritical water technologies, bioactive chemisttry and recovery, waste valorization and in developing custom analytical methods for characterization. Additionally, the project has granted professional development activities of graduate students, such as the participation in several conference presentations and scientific seminars. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of the study have been documented to be disseminated to the communities of interest through peer-reviewed journal publications, and through participation in multiple conference presentations. Moreover, through the commercializaion efforts, the results of the project have been presented to potential industry collaborators. Communication and outreach via emal, phone calls and lab visits were developed during the reporting period to connect with members of the food processing industry, and to enhance understanding and increase interest in the technology. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?For the next reporting period, the research team will focus ondocumenting and publishing the results attained from the activities under Objectives 2 and 3. The main task is finishing the experimental work for Objective 3, Task 3.1,on the development of the continuous flow system. A major technical challenge that needs to be overcome is puping the materials in the prototype under high solids concentration with a small flow rate. This prototype is capable of delivering the required performance information such as yield and productivity for further scale-up of the system for pilot tests. Furthermore, with the collected performance data, the technoeconomic analysis of the continuous flow extraction platform will be evaluated. These data will feed into the process flow design and corresponding ASPEN system model, to further enhance and optimize the prototype system. Besides publishing the research results and training graduate students, a significant effort will be made inoutreachto promote the commercialization of the the technology.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
During the reporting period, Task 1.1 from Objective 1, corresponding to investigating the SeqHTE reaction network and chemistry for extracting bioactives from potato peels was completed. Model compound systems were used to mimic the reactivity and behaviors of the target bioactives in the potato peels, to explore the process chemistry and provide insight into product distribution. The results revealed distinct temperature degradation profiles and favorable reaction conditions that enhance bioactive stability and recovery. The effect of variable operating conditions on product distributions was determined and specific kinetic parameters were estimated for the major target compounds (i.e., polyphenols and glycoalkaloids). For these compounds, degradation kinetics within the given temperature range, seemed to follow first order kinetics. Also, the kinetic constant for both types of bioactive increased with temperature and followed an Arrhenius type relationship. According to the project schedulethe main research focus of the reporting period (Year 2) is Objective 2: Develop the kinetic model and optimize the recovery of bioactives from potato peels. This objective includes two tasks. The first one (Task 2.1) is developing a kinetic model to describe theextraction process ofbioactive compound by SeqHTEfrom potato peels, and the second one (Task 2.2) is determining optimal process parameters to enhance extraction yields of the target bioactive compounds. Significant progress has been made under this objective with both tasks. Coupled with the results attained from Task 1.1, the reaction pathways and chemistry of the desired compounds in potato peels were investigated under different operating conditions. Peel extracts attained with SeqHTE were characterized to provide a better understanding of the effects of key process parameters (temperature and residence time) on bioactive diffusion and extraction efficiency. The results revealed that owing to the polar functional groups (-OH, -COOH) in free form of simple polyphenols and that the presence of the sugar moiety in glycosylated compounds (i.e., glycoalkaloids), these compounds were preferentially recovered under the more polar conditions created by lower temperatures at stage 1. Moreover, the beta-1,6-glycosidic linkages in potato peel starch were easily hydrolyzed in the first stage of SeqHTE. This coupled with the presence of hydroxyl groups in the formed polysaccharides enhanced polar solute-solvent interactions and increased their recovery in this stage. In the second stage, the higher temperature and pressure increased the water density and water concentration that increases the localized acidity function (solvent H+ donating ability), which promoted acid-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions to break down the solid matrix and release structurally bound compounds. Esterified bioactives were likely extracted via the acid catalyzed acyl carbon oxygen bond breaking bimolecular mechanism, where the actual catalyst is the hydroxonium ion, H3O+, formed from the self-dissociation of water under subcritical conditions. Additionally, since water is a protic solvent that may act as a slightly "weaker" nucleophile, bioactives that are bound in an ether structure were presumably released by the SN1 hydrolysis mechanism. Moreover, the 2nd stage at higher temperatures, where water behaved more like an organic solvent, favored less polar solute-solvent interactions that allowed the recovery of molecules with less polar functional groups (i.e., -CH3, -OCH3, aglycones, etc.). Finally, a mathematical mass transfer model that includes bioactive thermal degradation was developed to describe the SeqHTE process. The diffusion model was derived from Fick's law for solid-liquid extraction. Moreover, the model was used to assess parameters that would enhance the recovery of the target bioactives from potato peels. These results may be used for further optimization studies to design an industrial scale SeqHTE system. Additionally, during the reporting period, Objective 3, and specifically Task 3.2, that encompasses developing a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of SeqHTE extraction of Bioactives from potato peels was initiated. For the techno-economic analyses, a comprehensive material flow and elemental balance was used. The process description detailed and highlighted all product streams, stage-wise yields based on experimental results and operational conditions from Objective 1. This data was fed into the process flow design and corresponding ASPEN system model. The results of the study showed that despite the additional engineering intricacy and moderately higher investment required for SeqHTE, its economic performance compared favorably with a one-stage extraction approach. Moreover, because SeqHTE provided a better fractionation of the peels by obtaining different bioactive fractions, this could likely justify its worth and feasibility. The techno-economic analysis also confirmed that the overall viability of SeqHTE will not only depend on the maximum recovery of specific bioactives from the biomass; but also, on the potential for generating additional co-products in an integrated biorefinery model. These results were documented in two manuscripts that will be submitted as peer-reviewed journal articles. The data generated in the second-year work provided extensive knowledge and significant insight of the custom extraction system, further enhancing its development and commercialization potential. This work allowed a detailed understanding of the process chemistry, elucidated the optimal process conditions that would favor the recovery of the target products and suggested key parameters and topics that warrant future research efforts to optimize the process.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Martinez-Fernandez J, Gu X,Chen S., 2020, "Techno-economic Assessment of Bioactive Compound Recovery from Potato Peels with Sequential Hydrothermal Extraction", Journal of Cleaner Production
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Martinez-Fernandez J, Gu X,Berim A, Gang D, Chen S., 2020,"Sequential Hydrothermal Extraction Chemistry and Kinetics for recovering bioactives from Potato Peels", Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry
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Progress 04/01/18 to 03/31/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Industry collaborators Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project has provided opportunities for training graduate students. The work and results of the project provided information to enhance their knowledge and skills related to the hydrothermal processing of biomass, bioactive compound chemistry, and to developing custom and advanced analytical methods. Additionally, the project has granted professional development activities of graduate students, such as the participation in conference presentations and scientific seminars. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of the study have been documented to be disseminated to the communities of interest through peer-reviewed journal publications, participation in multiple conference presentations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?For the next reporting period, we are planning to completing documenting and publishing the results from Objective 1. We will focus on finishing all the experimental work for Objective 2. Furthermore, with the collected performance data, the techno-economic analysis of the extraction platform scheduled for Year 3 will alsobe initiated. For the chemistry and kinetics study a novel extraction set-up is currently being built with 316 stainless steel materials. Once established, preliminary trials and experiments will be developed to fine-tune the system and to elucidate the process chemistry, kinetics and favorable reaction mechanisms.We will use model compounds to mimic their reactivity and behaviors in thecomposite materials.The effect of variable operating conditions on product distributions, such as temperature, pressure, and residence time will be determined.Trials will be developed by testing the following model-compound systems: polyphenol, glycoalkaloid, polysaccharide, polyphenol-glycoalkaloid, polyphenol-polysaccharide, glycoalkaloid-polysaccharide, and one trinary system. For the techno-economic analyses, a comprehensive material flow and elemental balance was developed. The process description details and highlights all product streams, stage-wise yields based on experimental results and operational conditions. This data will feed into the process flow design and corresponding ASPEN system model. We will also publish the research results, train graduate students, and develop outreach activities to promote thecommercializationof the novel technology for the valorization of agricultural by-products.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
According to the project schedule developed in the proposal, the main focus of the reporting period (Year 1) is Objective 1: Developing the SeqHTL process and its reaction network for extracting Bioactives from potato peel side-stream. This objective includes two tasks. The first one (Task 1.1) is investigating the SeqHTL reaction network and chemistry for extracting bioactives from PP, and the second one is performance evaluation of SeqHTL extraction of bioactives from PP. Significant progress have been made under this objective with both tasks. The proposed SeqHTL concept as an environmentally-friendly process for repurposingagricultural by-products and waste streams by recovering of valuable bioactive compounds has been demonstrated. The performance of SeqHTL extraction of bioactives from potato peels have been evaluated by measuring extraction yields, phenolic content and profile, and antioxidant activity of the extracts. The results highlighted the potential of the SeqHTL to valorize different potato peels.The results were documented in a manuscript of referred journal article and a provision patent on the technology has been developed. More specifically, the results revealed that the custom extraction platform allowed the step-wise fractionation of the biomass; for the recovery of significant portions of structurally diverse target molecules, such as strong antioxidant polyphenols, potato glycoalkaloids, and aqueous soluble nutrients. Moreover, the distinctive mild operating conditions, specifically in the first stage, facilitated the harvest of moderate quantities of polysaccharides; an additional product stream that may converted to simple sugars for microorganism culture or may be used as a substitute for starch-derived thermoplastics. Additionally, the results confirmed that the process can effectively reduce the biomass content after each stage; thus, lowering the amounts of unreacted solids that will likely require less complex and costly handling procedures. The maximum recovery of antioxidant polyphenols compared favorably with similar studies and are promising because the wastes were processed without any form of drying. The results also revealed that the polysaccharides recovered from the potato peel wastes also exhibited important antioxidant activity, further enhancing their potential applications in the food or pharmaceutical industries. Likewise, the process allowed the recovery of potato glycoalkaloids that could be used as precursors for chemical synthesis of steroid hormones. Furthermore, the results displayed the potential to retrieve significant amounts of water-soluble nutrients such as phosphate, nitrate and ammonia with the SeqHTL of potato peel wastes. These may be recycled to the agricultural system as fertilizer supplement, or as substrates for microorganism culture to generate value-added products through fermentation or anaerobic digestion.Developing a varied portfolio of bio-products from such waste streams would be of great interest to the processing industries because it could significantly improve the value chain and also contribute to reducing environmental concerns. The knowledge generated in the first-year work laid the groundwork for the development of the customized extraction platform, allowed a preliminary understanding of the process chemistry, discernment of potential issues and suggested key topics for future research efforts. Additionally, this work provided valuable insight in the effect of cultivar-specific attributes on process metrics; results that support the development of both tasks in Objective 2.Finally, the determined process yields were then used for developing comprehensive material balances and elemental distributions. Said batch data provides the preliminary basis for the development of Objective 3, task 3.2, the techno-economic analyses of the extraction platform.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Martinez-Fernandez, J.S., Seker, A., Davaritouchee, M., Chen, S., 2019. Valorizing Potato Peel Wastes via Sequential Hydrothermal Extraction. Waste Management
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